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    <item>
      <title>Tagungsband des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums für Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:40:06 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4091867</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4091867</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Buch ist eine Aktualisierung des Titels "XIVth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Book of Abstracts" und umfasst zustätzlich zu den ursprünglichen Inhalten die Keynote Beiträge des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, welches vom 6.-9. September 2023 an der Sportwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig stattfand und vom International Council Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (Vorsitzender Prof. Paolo Vilas Boas) organisiert wurde.
Alle Beiträge sind einzeln erfasst und, wo vorhanden, mit den Volltexten ergänzt und sind in den Datenbanken SPONET (https://sponet.de) und  Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (https://bms.sport-iat.de/) auffindbar.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XIV. Internationales Symposium über Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen. Abstract-Band - Langversion - </title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4086437</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4086437</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Buch umfasst die Abstracts der Präsentationen und Poster des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, welches vom 6.-9. September 2023 an der Sportwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig stattfand und vom International Council Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (Vorsitzender Prof. Paolo Vilas Boas) organisiert wurde.
Alle Beiträge werden noch einzeln erfasst und, wo vorhanden, mit den Volltexten ergänzt und sind dann in den Datenbanken SPONET (https://sponet.de) und  Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (https://bms.sport-iat.de/) auffindbar.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologisch basierte Trainingszonen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085013</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085013</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The establishment of accurate training zones for developing performance in individual, cyclic and continuous sports, like swimming, has been debated for many decades. Aiming for more objective data to complement coaches knowhow, experience and intuition, exercise monitoring is decisive for accurate training load prescription, involving decisions regarding intensity, duration, frequency and exercise mode. Monitoring swimmers performances increased even more its importance with the appearance of new technologies, such as the portable heart rate (HR) monitors, blood lactate concentrations ([La-]) analysers and oxygen uptake (VO2) apparatus, justifying a new paradigm concerning the traditionally used training zones.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsentwicklung und -variabilität im 200-m-Einzelmedley der Männer bei den letzten Weltmeisterschaften 2022</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085014</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085014</guid>
      <author>Santos, C.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2022</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of study was to compare performance progression and variability between entry times and all rounds in men's 200 m individual medley (200IM) at the 2022 FINA World Championships. Sixteen male swimmers who participated in the 200IM event at the 19th FINA World Championships were considered. Entry times (Et) and official race times for the heats (H), semi-finals (SF) and finals (F) were extracted from official websites and then converted from min to s. The Top16, semi-finalists (SFinalist), and finalists were considered. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed to analyse the round-to-round progression. Effect size (Partial Eta Squared, ES), the percentage of performance improvement (IMP, in %) and intra-swimmer's variation (%CV, in %) were also computed. A moderate and strong effect were found in Top16 and Finalist groups, respectively. A negative progression was found between Et-H for Top16 and Finalist, while a positive progression was observed between H-SF in the Finalist group. Thus, performance in the 200IM changed between rounds during the 2022 FINA World Championships. While the finalists race times got worse between Et-H, those improved between H-SF. SFinalist performance remained unchanged throughout all rounds. Thus, positive improvements between H-SF were crucial to achieve the final of the 200IM.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines Kerntrainings vor dem Wettkampf auf die Leistung beim 50-m-Kraulen - Fallstudie mit Schwerpunkt auf der individuellen Rumpfmuskelaktivität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085015</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085015</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Hasegawa, M.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Daiki, K.</author>
      <author>Namio, D.</author>
      <author>Miina</author>
      <author>Muranaka</author>
      <author>Yamakawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hasegawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daiki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Namio, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miina</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muranaka</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Activating the muscle is one of the main objectives for the warmup before competition (Bishop, 2003). In competitive swimming, swimmers need to complete their warmup inside the pool, approximately 45 min before the race for inevitable reasons (Zochowski et al., 2007). However, it is reported that the effect of the warmup lasts only for 30 min (De Bruyn- Prevest et al., 1980), there is a possibility that the effect of warmup may be diminished before the race at a competitive swimming situation. Therefore, additional pre-race strategies are needed to maintain or improve the warm-up effects. One of the procedures that can be used as a pre-race strategy is a phenomenon called postactivation potentiation (PAP). PAP is a short bout of high-intensity exercise which enables athletes to improve the muscle`s capability of generating high force over a short period of time after a proper recovery period (Sale, 2002). There are previous researchs reporting a positive effect of PAP on swimming performance (Hancock et al. 2015; Ng et al. 2020), however, there are also studies finding no change in performance after PAP exercise (Abbes et al. 2015; Sarramian et al. 2015). There is inconsistency in the effect of PAP in swimming, further research is warrented to identify the reason for different outcomes. Furthermore, most of the PAP exercise were selected to stimulate the upper or lower limbs muscle. Trunk muscle play an important role to maintain a horizontal position during swimming, and contribute to optimum production, transfer, and control of force. There are several studies reporting the effectiveness of core training on sprint performance (Weston et al, 2015; Gencer, 2018), and Matsuura et al. (2019) reported that higher intensity trunk stabilisation improves both alignment and swimming speed. However, it is not well studied whether PAP exercise targeting the trunk muscle can enhance sprint performance or not. This case study aimed to examine the effect of pre-race core exercise on 50 m front crawl performance by investigating the individual activation pattern of trunk muscles during front crawl sprint and dryland exercises in two well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verringert das Bedecken des Halses mit den Händen den Wärmeverlust des Körpers bei Personen, die in kaltes Wasser getaucht werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085016</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085016</guid>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine whether covering the neck with both hands reduces the loss of body heat. Fifteen healthy male university students (height: 1.71 ± 0.05 m, body mass: 66.1 ± 6.9 kg, body fat: 17.1 ± 4.0%) participated in this study. Each participant was instructed to sit on a stack of two bricks in an indoor swimming pool (water temperature: 20.6?, water depth: 0.6 m) to maintain their chin at the water surface level. Seven participants covered their necks (CN group) with both hands, and eight participants underwent the test without covering the neck (w/o CN group). An ingestible thermometer and battery-powered temperature logger were used to measure the gastrointestinal temperature (TGastrointestine) and the skin surface temperature around their armpit (TArmpit). Heart rate was measured using a waterproof optical heart rate sensor. In the comparison of the rate of increase and decrease in the TGastrointestine, only the rate of decrease was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group (p = 0.027). Similarly, in the comparison of the rate of increase and decrease in the TArmpit, only the rate of decrease was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group (p = 0.052). The total temperature drop was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group for the TArmpit (p = 0.049). No significant differences between the groups were found for any heart rate variables. Based on the rate of heat loss and other factors, it is likely that covering the neck area may have a negative impact on deep body temperature, possibly due to the heat loss from the armpits.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Positionierung des starken Beins auf die Startleistung im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085017</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085017</guid>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Position</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In short-distance swimming races, the time that elapses during the start phase (15-m) contributes significantly to the total race time (Cossor & Mason, 2001). Therefore, to enhance swimming performance in short races, it is necessary to improvement the start performance.
In the kick-start in competitive swimming, swimmers place either their right or left foot on the front edge of the starting block and their other foot on the back plate (Fig. 1). Regarding the above-water phase, Tor et al. (2015) reported that 81% of the variance in start performance could be accounted for by horizontal velocity at take-off. Therefore, a higher horizontal velocity at take-off will lead to improved start performance. Moreover, in the kick-start, the impulse from the front foot was dominant with respect to generating vertical velocity at take-off, whereas the impulse from the rear foot was dominant for horizontal velocity (Ikeda et al., 2016; Takeda et al., 2017). As noted above, we assert that the front and rear legs play different roles in the kick-start. With respect to leg characteristics, however, it remains unclear which foot should be placed on the starting block`s front edge or back plate.
A previous study reported that the stronger leg should be positioned to the rear on the starting block (Burkhardt et al., 2023). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the stronger leg should be placed in the front or rear when setting up the kick-start posture. It was hypothesized that swimmers would be able to perform better by using their stronger leg in the rear, in the kick-start posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Aufwärmprotokolle auf die Startleistung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085018</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085018</guid>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, N.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <author>Stojiljkovic, N.</author>
      <author>Trajkovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojiljkovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trajkovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, especially in short events swim start performance has a positive influence on the final result (Arellano, Brown, Cappaert & Nelson, 1994). Warm-up strategies could be a significant contributor to performance in swimming (Ðuroviæ, Stojanoviæ, Stojiljkoviæ, Karaula and Okièiæ, 2022). Warm-up intensity, duration and the recovery time between the warm-up and event represent the most important elements on which the final outcome of the race depends (Zochowski, Johnson, Sleivert, 2007). Therefore, it is necessary to apply adequate warm-up protocols to prepare swimmers more efficiently. The recovery period after warm-up should be more than 5 min but less than 15-20 min (Bishop, 2003). The recovery period between 5 and 15-20 min allows an optimal performance after post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) stimuli (Kilduff, Cunningham, Owen, West, Bracken, & Cook, 2011). Study Zochowski et al. (2007) showed that international swimmers reduce time by 4 s at 200 m swim time after 10 min recovery period compared to the 45 min recovery period, and did not increase blood lactate or heart rate. In practice, it is not possible for swimmers to have a recovery period of 10 minutes before the race after the warm-up because they have to appear in the call room 20 min before the start of the race. Therefore, swimmers do an extra warm-up before the race. PAPE has been described as a very effective method that can significantly contribute to the performance of movements requiring maximal voluntary effort (Cuenca-Fernández, Smith, Jordan, MacIntosh, López-Contreras, Arellano, & Herzog, 2017) as the swim start. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of three different warm-up protocols on swim start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMU-basiertes Clustering der intra- und interzyklischen Variabilität zur Extraktion der technischen Fähigkeiten beim Kraul-Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085019</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085019</guid>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <author>Delhaye, E.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delhaye, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to cluster swimming intra- and inter-cyclic variability to identify effect of technical skills profiles on performance. 91 trained to world-class swimmers performed 25m front crawl sprints with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the sacrum. Data were clustered based on stroke pattern and dispersion around it. Technical and performance profiles of each cluster were respectively determined based on mean cluster curves with credibility regions and discrete parameter, and swimming speed. Results showed that combining high levels of both kinds of variability are associated with sprint performance. Coaches should target the development of a jerky and unsteady stroke pattern for sprinters along with huge longitudinal and anteroposterior acceleration variations while reducing body roll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Kopf- und Hüftstellung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085020</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085020</guid>
      <author>Mingyu, S.</author>
      <author>Yan, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mingyu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming stance is one of the important factors affecting swimming performance. In this study, the head and hip stance angles and angular velocities of four swimming stances were collected and analyzed by using our own inertial measurement unit, and the body stance change characteristics in swimming were quantified in the analysis of high sampling rate and large amount of time series data, and the key head/hip stances of athletes were evaluated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abweichung bei der Prüfung der Kraft-Geschwindigkeit im Kraulen mit festen oder individuellen Lasten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085021</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085021</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load-velocity profiling can be used to assess swimming specific strength and velocity capabilities and determine training objectives. When establishing load-velocity profiles it is important to apply loads to the swimmer which impose a large velocity decrease (vdec) between the lightest and heaviest trial. Also, it is important not to use a load that is too heavy as it could inhibit a consistent stroke pattern. A previous study established a reliable protocol with vdec of more than 50% for males and 40% for females in front crawl with fixed loads (Olstad et al., 2020). However, the study found large individual differences, and stroke frequency (SF) was not investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether assigning individual loads would impose a large vdec, but with less inter-individual variability and a consistent SF.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sind die Parameter des Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profils wichtig für die Leistung beim 200-m-Kraulen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085022</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085022</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Ophus, E.</author>
      <author>Buvarp, M. H.</author>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ophus, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buvarp, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load-velocity profiles have shown the importance of swimming-specific strength and velocity capabilities for male front crawl sprint performance (Gonjo et al., 2021). Whether these relationships also exist for middle-distance swimming is unknown. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate whether load-velocity profile outcome parameters would be related to 200 m front crawl performance for national elite junior swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der Trockenlandekraft männlicher Schwimmer und der Auszugskinematik beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085023</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085023</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Catarina, S.</author>
      <author>Melo, M.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Catarina, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between dry-land strength and the breaststroke pull-out kinematics. Nine senior male swimmers completed 3 x 25 m maximal breaststroke using the glower limbs firsth pull-out technique. Three underwater sequential phases were defined: glide, propulsion and recovery. A mechanical speedometer retrieved the maximum and mean velocities (vmax and vmean, in mEs-1) during the underwater phases. Sagittal plane aerial and underwater images were recorded using two GoPro 6 video cameras (7 m far from the swimmer) and a Kinovea 0.9.5 video annotation tool was used to measure the breakout distance (in m). A handheld microFETR2 dynamometer retrieved the isometric peak force (in N) during knee extension and shoulder internal rotation (at 60 and 90‹, respectively) of dominant (KED and IRD) and non-dominant (KEND and IRND) limbs. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was computed for dry-land strength and kinematic variables (p . 0.05). The breakout distance showed high associations with glide and propulsion vmean values. The glide vmean was associated to a high KED and KEND. Likewise, the propulsion vmean was associated with higher KED, KEND and IRND. High mean velocities in glide and propulsion phases of the breaststroke pull-out technique are crucial for longer breakout distances, with the higher mean velocity achievement within each phase being dependent on the dry-land force, mainly from high isometric knee extension levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beitrag der oberen und unteren Gliedmaßen beim maximalen Kraulschwimmen: Ein Frequenzansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085024</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085024</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Goethel, M. F.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goethel, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We seek to separate and analyse each limb frequencies energy relative to the velocity signal total energy throughout wavelet transform. Eight elite swimmers (two males and six females) completed a 25 m front crawl maximal effort. A mechanical speedometer attached to a belt around the swimmers hip acquired the instantaneous velocity. The velocity vs. time curve (without the gliding and finishing sections) was analysed by continuous wavelet transform using the Analytic Morlet wavelet family. Frequency groups were formed for the upper and lower limbs (0.6 to 2.5 and 2.5 to 7.5 Hz) based on the stroke frequency associated to sprint swimming and the ratio of 1:3 for upper to lower limbs. The energy of each group of frequencies oscillates during the maximal front crawl bout ranging from 23.7 ± 2.8 to 47.2 ± 5.0 and from 36.2 ± 8.3 to 62.4 ± 4.8% of upper and lower limbs frequencies (respectively). The energy frequencies of the upper and lower limbs explained 72-93% of the total energy of the velocity variations signal, and in 50.0 ± 4.6% by the lower limbs corresponding frequencies. These surprisingly results suggest that the contribution of the lower limbs in maintaining or rising sprint swimming velocity may be much greater than previously thought.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der auf einen Fuß wirkenden Flüssigkeitskraft und der Muskelaktivität der unteren Gliedmaßen beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085025</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085025</guid>
      <author>Yamakawa, K. K.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Breaststroke is one of the swimming styles used in competitive swimming, and this swimming technique is consisting of a symmetrical stroke movement of upper limb and a symmetrical kicking movement of lower limb. A large proportion of the propulsive force in breaststroke swimming is generated by the kicking of lower limbs1, and it was reported that the phase in which the swimmer accelerates the most is when the swimmer kicks out the water2-3. Therefore, the kicking performance is important for improving total swimming performance in breaststroke events.
Breaststroke kicking consists of following five movements1: 1) Recovery: bending the knees and bringing the feet close to the hips; 2) Catch: bending the knees and turning the toes outwards; 3) Out sweep: extending the knees and pushing the feet backwards outwards; 4) In sweep: moving the foot inwards while extending the whole lower limbs; 5) Lift and glide: extending both lower limbs while turning the soles of the feet upwards for making a streamline position. Among these, the out-sweep and in-sweep are the primary propulsive phases during breaststroke kicking4.
Recent swimming studies have used pressure distribution measurements to estimate the fluid forces exerted by the individual movements of upper limbs or lower limbs during swimming5,6, and Tsunokawa et al.4 applied this technique to assess the fluid forces acting the foot during the breaststroke kicking. This methodology enables the evaluation of temporal alterations in fluid forces exerted on specific segments during the swimming. A previous study of front-crawl swimming has reported that the fluid force acting on a hand increase with increasing swimming velocity7. However, it was unclear whether the fluid force acting on a foot during breaststroke swimming increase with increasing swimming velocity. On the other hand, Olstad et al.8 had reported that the muscle activity of upper and lower limbs during breaststroke swimming increased with increasing swimming velocity. Although the propulsive forces during breaststroke kicking are caused by the muscular activity of lower limb, no study had investigated the relationship between the fluid forces acting a foot and muscle activity of lower limb. Therefore, the purposes of this study were 1) to clarify the relationship between the swimming velocity and fluid force acting a foot during breaststroke swimming and 2) to investigate the relationships between the fluid force acting a foot and muscle activity of lower limb.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen von Kraft und Symmetrie bei jungen Schwimmern während einer vollen Wettkampfsaison und bei Trainingsausfall</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085026</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085026</guid>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study aimed to analyse the effects of a competitive season and detraining in force and symmetry of young competitive swimmers. Nine young swimmers, six boys and three girls (12.0±0.8 years, 48.1±8.5 kg of body mass, 156.6±7.9 cm of height), were evaluated over a competitive season followed by detraining (i.e., five testing moments; Mi). The swimmers were instructed to perform two maximum repetitions of 25 m at front crawl (full-body). The subsequent peak force (SFPEAK, in N) for the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) hand was measured using a differential pressure system (Aquanex 4.1, STR, USA). The symmetry index (SyI, %) was calculated from the force data. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was computed to analyse the variation between the Mi (p?0.05). The percentage of variation (?) between Mi was also considered. Results showed a moderate time effect in FPEAK D and SyI. The pairwise comparisons reveal differences between M1-M4 in FPEAK D (M1: 46.6±13.0; M4: 66.3±18.2; p = 0.01, d = 1.3), and between M4-M5 in SyI (M4: 66.3±18.2; M5: 10.7±5.6; p = 0.04, d = 1.7). So, younger swimmers' force seems to remain similar after 54 weeks, however, an increase in the force of the dominant side seems to occur before training cessation. Plus, a competitive annual training plan seems to impose an increase in the SyI (i.e., asymmetric motion), while a more symmetric motion is seen after training cessation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Unterschied im aktiven Widerstand zwischen Kraulen und Rückenschwimmen: ein kinematischer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085027</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085027</guid>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The existing active drag assessments assume a uniform flow velocity around the body, which is not the case in whole-body swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a new index of active drag in light of the ununiform flow velocity and determine the difference in active drag between front crawl (FC) and backstroke (BS) swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fallbericht über die Veränderung der Schwimmökonomie während einer Saison, bewertet im Bereich hoher Intensität, aerobe Kapazität und 200-m-Freistilleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085028</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085028</guid>
      <author>Kim, J.</author>
      <author>Muranaka, M.</author>
      <author>Tanji, F.</author>
      <author>Nabekura, Y.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muranaka, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanji, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nabekura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Middle-distance swimming performance is predicted by swimming economy (SE) and various energetic parameters (Ribeiro et al., 1990; Costa et al., 2020). In swimming, Middle-distance swimming performance is predicted by swimming economy (SE) and various energetic parameters (Ribeiro et al., 1990; Costa et al., 2020). In swimming, VO2max is usually used as one of the most important physiological parameters to predict middle-distance swimming performance. However, VO2max values are similar among well-trained swimmers, as reported by Ribeiro et al. (1990). In contrast, SE is suggested to be a better predictor of swimming performance in well-trained swimmers compared to VO2max (Ribeiro et al., 1990). SE is defined as the amount of energy cost per unit of distance for given swimming velocity (Di Prampero et al., 1986), and is used as a parameter to evaluate swimming efficiency in previous research (Chatard et al., 1990). Most study on SE have reported assessing the aerobic energy demand by measuring steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2) at an intensity below the lactate threshold (LT), where most of the energy source is cover by aerobic metabolism. For instance, Kjendlie et al. (2004) assessed SE in children and adult swimmers at 1.0 m/s. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, assessing SE at intensities above the LT requires measuring the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism by increasing the contribution of anaerobic metabolism. Secondly, VO2 above the LT intensity does not reach steady state and continue increasing until exhaustion, known as the slow component of VO2. Notably, middledistance swimmers generally perform above the LT intensity during their competitive events. Therefore, SE evaluated at high intensity domain may provide more informative results than SE evaluated at low intensity domain. However, despite various methods to assess SE at high intensity domain are reported (Termin & Pendergast, 2000), the relationship between swimming performance and SE evaluated at high intensity domain have not been investigated. Recent study reported that VO2 steady state is observed up to %40? (between LT and VO2max) during freestyle swimming in well-trained swimmers, and 200-m freestyle performance has a higher coefficient of determination with VO2max, LT and SE at an intensity above the LT compared to physiological parameters including SE at an intensity near the LT (R2 = 67% vs. 39%, respectively) (Kim et al., 2022). However, the relationship between change in physiological parameters and 200-m freestyle performance has not been investigated in welltrained swimmers. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between one season changes in SE at high intensity domain, aerobic capacity, and 200-m freestyle performance in well-trained swimmers.O2max is usually used as one of the most important physiological parameters to predict middle-distance swimming performance. However, VO2max values are similar among well-trained swimmers, as reported by Ribeiro et al. (1990). In contrast, SE is suggested to be a better predictor of swimming performance in well-trained swimmers compared to VO2max (Ribeiro et al., 1990). SE is defined as the amount of energy cost per unit of distance for given swimming velocity (Di Prampero et al., 1986), and is used as a parameter to evaluate swimming efficiency in previous research (Chatard et al., 1990). Most study on SE have reported assessing the aerobic energy demand by measuring steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2) at an intensity below the lactate threshold (LT), where most of the energy source is cover by aerobic metabolism. For instance, Kjendlie et al. (2004) assessed SE in children and adult swimmers at 1.0 m/s. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, assessing SE at intensities above the LT requires measuring the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism by increasing the contribution of anaerobic metabolism. Secondly, VO2 above the LT intensity does not reach steady state and continue increasing until exhaustion, known as the slow component of VO2. Notably, middledistance swimmers generally perform above the LT intensity during their competitive events. Therefore, SE evaluated at high intensity domain may provide more informative results than SE evaluated at low intensity domain. However, despite various methods to assess SE at high intensity domain are reported (Termin & Pendergast, 2000), the relationship between swimming performance and SE evaluated at high intensity domain have not been investigated. Recent study reported that VO2 steady state is observed up to %40? (between LT and VO2max) during freestyle swimming in well-trained swimmers, and 200-m freestyle performance has a higher coefficient of determination with VO2max, LT and SE at an intensity above the LT compared to physiological parameters including SE at an intensity near the LT (R2 = 67% vs. 39%, respectively) (Kim et al., 2022). However, the relationship between change in physiological parameters and 200-m freestyle performance has not been investigated in welltrained swimmers. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between one season changes in SE at high intensity domain, aerobic capacity, and 200-m freestyle performance in well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alters-Leistungs-Profilierung bei Elite-Brustschwimmern: quantitatives Karrieremodell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085029</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085029</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Šiljeg, K.</author>
      <author>Zoreti, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Šiljeg, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zoreti, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The modeling procedure represents the process of objectifying the most likely outcome of the observed phenomenon. One of the problems in the sports training system is the recognition of the chronological age-result potential for top performance achievements as a function of the career duration of elite athletes. The aim of this study is to profile the possible ultimate chronological limits of career performance in 50m pool at elite breaststroke swimmers, and to numerically define the characteristics of a given age trajectory model of career best performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crawl oder Trudgen? Eine faktorielle Struktur der beiden wichtigsten Schwimmstile bei Jugendwasserballern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085030</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085030</guid>
      <author>Perazzetti, A.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Tessitore, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perazzetti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tessitore, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A strong performance in water polo requires a balance of several skills, including the ability to change the swimming style, as fast as possible, according to the game situations. To cope with horizontal phases, crawl and trudgen are the most required styles, which could be performed with the head above water, while leading the ball and while handling the ball1. The purpose of this study was to define the most important modality of these two swimming styles for the assessment of two youth water polo age (U14 and U16).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freestyle swimming sprint velocity and body roll angle at young swimmers measured by imu sensors</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085031</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085031</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Anton, K.</author>
      <author>Stefan, M.</author>
      <author>Anton, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anton, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stefan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anton, U.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was macht einen Staffelstart besser als einen Einzelstart?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085032</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085032</guid>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Braun, C.</author>
      <author>Qiu, X.</author>
      <author>Stosic, J.</author>
      <author>Fuhrmann, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Braun, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stosic, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
For relay races, the most common start techniques include one or two footsteps on the block coupled with an arm swing. The goal is to increase the horizontal impulse on the block and, thus, to achieve higher horizontal velocities at take-off (Takeda, 2010). However, competitive swimmers do not always succeed performing faster relay than individual track starts (Qiu et al., 2021). The aim of the present study was to examine the kinetic and kinematic determinants of relay start performances (RSP) versus individual start performances (ISP). ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Postoperative Nachuntersuchung eines Schwimmers, der sich einer mikroendoskopischen Diskektomie bei lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfällen unterzog</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085033</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085033</guid>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bandscheibe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
Swimming is a sport that places a relatively small load on joints6) . However, competitive swimmers practice a great deal, which leads to a high frequency of sports injuries5) . Lumbar problems are frequently observed during swimming, and lumbar disc disease such as lumbar herniation is a common cause of lower back pain among swimmers2) . Microendoscopic discectomy (MED), which removes a herniated disc using an endoscope through a small skin incision, is currently gaining attention3) . In this report, we describe the case of a competitive swimmer who underwent MED and was able to return to competition. [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der relativen Schlaglänge beim Tethered-Swimming-Test</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085034</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085034</guid>
      <author>Reis, G.</author>
      <author>Porto, D.</author>
      <author>Peres, M.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F. C. A.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Porto, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peres, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
The sports training process for water polo and for swimming aims to promote the accumulation of training loads to improve the athlete's performance. Movement can be assessed in different ways, although there are different ways of positioning in the water. Nevertheless, displacement capacity is an indicator of athletes' movement efficiency (Tucher et al., 2016). In this sense, protocols for assessing propulsive force, stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) are important for monitoring and training athletes (Morais et al., 2013). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zwei-Jahres-Follow-up-Studie: Laktaterholung nach dem Rennen als Maß für die spezifische Anpassung - Studie mit individuellem Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085035</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085035</guid>
      <author>Siljeg, K.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Erholung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Siljeg, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
In competitive swimming, and especially when elite athletes are regarded, lactate tests are usually used not only to describe the level of current adaptation of athletes` metabolic performance but also to define appropriate goals, intensity and volume of training (Olbrecht, 2011). Lactate is also the most studied metabolite in the human body, which is related to defining the basic training parameters, i.e. with the intensity of the athletes' load (Ferguson et al., 2019). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung und Verringerung des passiven Widerstandes von Schwimmern mit Hilfe eines kreisförmigen Schleppsystems, das die Wirkung der geführten künstlichen Gravitation nutzt (ein Pilotversuch).</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085036</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085036</guid>
      <author>Petrovich, K. A.</author>
      <author>Rostislavovich, V. A.</author>
      <author>Victorovich, S. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petrovich, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rostislavovich, V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Victorovich, S. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
Towing devices have a long use history as a tool for assisted strength and pace training, as well as a testing device for measuring the strength and hydrodynamic resistance which a swimmer develops or experiences during locomotion (Sacilotto G., Ball N., Mason B., 2014). In such towing systems, the velocity of assisted "swimming" is a function of towing velocity. We designed a new generation of circular towing devices based on the effect of artificial guided gravitation, which (via a special transmission mechanism) generates a precisely measurable assisting force (Kiselev A. P., 2020). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Unterwasserschwimmens auf physiologische und wahrnehmungsbezogene Parameter bei Leistungsschwimmern unter Normoxie- und Höhenhypoxiebedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085037</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085037</guid>
      <author>Guimard, A.</author>
      <author>de la Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Segovia, C.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Frutos, P.</author>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Normoxie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guimard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de la Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Segovia, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Frutos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the underwater swimming is commonly used by swimmers, to the point of becoming a central element in competition. In competition, swimmers spend a large part of the races swimming underwater (Pla et al., 2021). Obviously, when the swimmers are underwater, they are in apnea and is therefore confronted with a well-known reflex called the diving response. Apnea response is known to preserve oxygen store to avoid hypoxia-induced cardiac and brain damage (Alboni et al., 2011). In swimming, it has also been shown that apnea effort is logically perceived as harder when swimming on the surface at the pace of a 400 m race (compared to normal breathing) (Guimard et al., 2018) and when increasing the number of undulatory kicks in underwater (Veiga et al., 2022). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Intensitäten von Wassergymnastik auf Anthropometrie und Muskelkraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085038</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085038</guid>
      <author>Fail, L. B.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Neves, P. P.</author>
      <author>Marques, M. C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, R.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neves, P. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The literature demonstrates there is not enough information to indicate the intensity at which some aquatic activities should be performed to obtain the intended results (Faíl et al., 2022). Therefore, it becomes essential to further understand the impact of different intensities that can be used in aquatic activities. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effects of 12 weeks of water aerobics carried out at two different intensities in anthropometrical and muscle strength variables. [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik des Kraul- und Rückenschwimmens bei Schwimmerinnen im Sprinttempo</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085039</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085039</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Goethel, M. F.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, A. S.</author>
      <author>Alves, M.</author>
      <author>Mezencio, B.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goethel, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mezencio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl and backstroke are characterized by trunk rotations and upper/lower limbs propulsive actions allowing a continuous displacement. Despite of their similarity, swimmers accomplish faster velocities in front crawl with comparable upper limbs frequency and distance and intracycle velocity variation at aerobic velocities. At higher efforts, high hydrodynamic drag configures different conditions for maintaining technique, usually deteriorated due to muscle fatigue. Considering that backstroke is mainly performed in short races, we aimed to compare the kinematics of both techniques at sprint pace. Nine junior female elite swimmers were recorded performing 2 x 25 m maximal sprint each swimming technique. Aerial and underwater cameras placed in the sagittal plane followed the swimmers for kinematic calculations. Mean, maximum and minimum velocities, intracycle velocity variation, upper limbs frequency and distance, index of coordination, stability and complexity were calculated. An independent samples t-test compared kinematics between swimming techniques (p.0.05). Front crawl mean, maximum and minimum velocities were higher than in backstroke (1.69}0.03 vs. 1.50}0.07, 2.03}0.16 vs. 1.88}0.11, 1.30}0.13 vs. 1.15}0.10 m/s, p<0.05). Intracycle velocity variation (10.49}2.21 vs. 11.79}2.70%), relative minimum and maximum velocities (1.23}0.04 vs. 1.25}0.06 and 0.93}0.41 vs. 0.77}0.06%), upper limbs frequency (49.8}10.8 vs. 48.0}4.0 cycles/min) and distance (1.87}0.24 vs. 1.89}0.18 m, respectively), upper limbs index (3.19 } 0.38 vs. 2.84 } 0.33 m2/s), index of coordination (-9.5}4.6 vs. -7.8}4.2%), stability (0.26}0.18 vs. 0.18}0.05) and complexity (0.99}0.30 vs. 0.97}0.35) presented no differences between the swimming techniques. In short races, hydrodynamic drag increases contributing for a more demanding mechanical effort. The current study did not allow to determine what makes backstroke slower than front crawl in the same swimmers but propelling efficiency may be the main discriminator. Dynamic variables showed comparable adaptation in both swimming techniques, suggesting that the swimmer-environment-task complex interaction behaves similarly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Off-Kinetik der Sauerstoffaufnahme beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085040</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085040</guid>
      <author>Monteiro, A. S.</author>
      <author>Azevedo, R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Buzzachera, C. F.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Erholung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azevedo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buzzachera, C. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Analysing oxygen uptake (V.O2) kinetics during exercise is of great importance to better understand the physiological determinants of performance. A validated, free and open-source software (VO2FITTING) was recently developed to characterize V.O2 kinetics during continuous exercise (Zacca et al., 2019). The aim of the current study was to present an update of VO2FITTING, demonstrating its benefits for the analysis of post-exercise data and interpretation of V.O2 off-kinetics.
METHODS
The VO2FITTING was updated to allow editing, processing, filtering and modelling the post-exercise V.O2. Using mono- or bi-exponential models, it characterizes the V.O2 response at different exercise intensity domains, with installation instructions and supplementary documents available at https://shiny.cespu.pt/vo2_news/. In swimming, this software is useful for analysing sets like 200 m incremental intermittent protocol (see Monteiro et al., 2020), with V.O2 assessment being made breath-by-breath through a
respiratory snorkel and valve system connected to a portable gas analyser unit (AquaTrainerR and K4b2, Cosmed, Italy).
RESULTS
Figure 1. Mono-exponential V.O2 off-kinetics model after a moderate intensity front crawl.
DISCUSSION
VO2FITTING allows to dynamically improve raw signals and to easily understand the model that best fits the swimming data through the software outputs (Zacca et al., 2019). The analysis of V.O2 off-kinetics allows a better understanding of the recovery phase, particularly the symmetry/asymmetry with the V.O2 on-kinetics and the post-swim physiological mechanisms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung von Fehlern beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085041</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085041</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Stibilj, J.</author>
      <author>Muha, K. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stibilj, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muha, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimming is based on times achieved for a selected swim distance. Therefore, quantitative analysis is most commonly used by swimming coaches. In addition to measuring swim times, they are usually determined by measuring stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, index of coordination as well as breathing frequency. In addition, methods of quantitative analysis may include video-based techniques from which kinematics and kinetics can be derived by direct measurements of velocity and force using various velocity and force measurement devices (Sanders et al., 2006). However, in some cases, a quantitative approach may not reflect progress in the athlete's swimming technique. In fact, feedback from a coach to a swimmer is often based on qualitative observations. Swimming coaches perform technique analysis themselves by observing and qualitatively evaluating. The latter is based on their own knowledge and experience (Lees, 2002). They need to identify the technique mistakes and evaluate them in terms of their impact on the swimmer's performance. For this reason, there is a clear need for an assessment tool that can help swimming teachers and coaches in their work with swimmers of different quality levels. In this regard, it is surprising that the researches of Pion et al. (1988), Stibilj et al. (2020) and Kapus et al. (2022) were, to our knowledge, the only attempts to date to evaluate a swimming technique, i.e. breaststroke and backstroke, respectively, using an mistakes rating. Therefore, we sought to identify the perceptions of experienced swimming teachers and coaches regarding common mistakes in breaststroke swimming. In addition, we compared their perceptions with those of participants who have no professional experience teaching/coaching swimming. Finally, we attempted to develop a breaststroke assessment tool (BrAT).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schmetterlingskicks mit geradem Knie auf die Leistung und die Laktatsäure bei 50 m Schmetterling: die cse-Studie mit dem ehemaligen Weltrekordhalter der Männer und dem ehemaligen asiatischen Rekordhalter</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085042</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085042</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Johnson, W. F.</author>
      <author>Yoshimura, Y.</author>
      <author>Schoeman, R. M.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Takase, S.</author>
      <author>Hicks, L. R.</author>
      <author>Noel, A. L.</author>
      <author>Mikish, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshimura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schoeman, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takase, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noel, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikish, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of study was based on the above evidence it is clear the most preferred butterfly technique is to use a straightness knee butterfly kick. Although straightness knee technique results in high speeds and better body position, it also creates more lactate acid. Swimmers using this technique should be aware of the potential benefits of using a straightness knee butterfly kick, but also the potential shortcomings. Although the straightness knee butterfly kick increased the stroke velocity by one, distance per cycle and max speed it also creates too much lactate acid for the swimmer to hold the form for more than 30 seconds under current conditions. This study analyzed the butterfly kick technique of former world record holder and former Asian record holder were found butterfly performance significantly improved to an in distance per cycle and reducing resistance compared to a bending knee butterfly kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kontrolle des Beinschlags nach oben beim Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085043</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085043</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Skrzydlo, S.</author>
      <author>Rudnik, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skrzydlo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudnik, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study it has been assumed, that the value of forces generated in time function (impulse) during the downward and upward phases of dolphin kicking, can be treated as a quantitative measure of the dolphin-kick propulsion effect. In the presented context, there is evidence that especially in upward dolphin kicking, the ability for kinesthetic control of the propulsive forces generation, as a qualitative measure of the dolphin-kick propulsion effect, can improve the dolphin kicking performance. Therefore, apart from analysis of the process of propulsive forces generation in butterfly swimming technique (BS) or dolphin kick only (LK), direct diagnosis of controlling activation of upward kick (AUK), will be taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to analyze the process of the propulsive forces production as a result of upward and downward dolphin leg movements. It was hypothesized that skilled butterfly swimmers are able to kinesthetically control their movement during upward kicking and this way they can learn how to use this phase to improve their performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effekte von Weltklasseschwimmern, die verschiedene Muskeln bei der Rückenschwimmbewegung einsetzen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085044</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085044</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Johnson, W. F.</author>
      <author>Takise, S.</author>
      <author>Hicks, L. R.</author>
      <author>Inada, N.</author>
      <author>Fujimori, H.</author>
      <author>Fujimori, T.</author>
      <author>Noel, A. L.</author>
      <author>Mikish, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takise, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimori, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimori, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noel, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikish, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, we assess the effectiveness of utilizing a straight knee butterfly kick for world class backstroke swimmers measuring the time, max speed, and distance per stroke. We analyzed freestyle kick of knee angles from 7 times Olympic medalist, 1970`s S-shaped pulling pattern stroke with a bending knee freestyle kick. The straightness knee kick used in butterfly competitions resulted in improvements from 54.74 to 51.00in men`s 100-meter butterfly and 24.01 to 23.46 in men`s 50-meter butterfly. Using a straightness knee kick in backstroke competitions resulted in improvements from 1:01.74 to 1:00.55in the women`s 100-meter backstroke event. Increases in performance speed, max speed and distance per stroke among 9 world class elite swimmers are highly correlated to duration of the kick resistance, and straightness knee kick in backstroke. The straightness knee backstroke kick also resulted in an increase in lactate acid.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Brückenschlag zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis im Schwimmsport: von der Blackbox zum multifaktoriellen Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085045</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085045</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Modern training of elite swimmers makes a steady and rapid transition from training based on a «black box» model: «input (parameters of physical workload) - output (training or racing results) » to training which requires a regular evaluation and monitoring of physical and technical preparedness parameters of athletes. Apparently, this approach demands close cooperation and understanding between sports coaches and scientific support staff. Such cooperation results in better knowledge among sports coaches about internal mechanisms of adaptation and functioning of metabolic and biomechanical systems. Knowledge of the functional relationship between metabolic abilities and biomechanical characteristics on the one hand and useful result of motor activity (swimming velocity) on the other been formalized in the form of several biophysical models (Di Prampero et al., 1974; Toussaint & Beek, 1992; Ribeiro et al., 2017; Zamparo, Cortesi, & Gatta, 2020; Kolmogorov et al., 2021). These biophysical models allow using a more efficient multi-factorial approach to the planning of training and monitoring of its efficiency. Thus, the aim of the study was to improve the efficiency of training swimmers for medium distances based on a regular and interconnected analysis of the main biophysical fitness criteria.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Profile des Abstoßens während eines 50-m-Schmetterlingsrennens</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085046</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085046</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Raffalt, P.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raffalt, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although evidence indirectly suggests that swimmers likely adjust their movement in a complex manner, no studies have quantified how the frequencies, as well as other related kinematic factors, change throughout the underwater and surface swimming segments during butterfly races. Identifying such behaviours is of great importance for practitioners to consider appropriate training and drills that are directly related to swimming races. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematic profile throughout a butterfly swimming race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirkung von Bojen zur Unterstützung des Gleichgewichts unter Wasser auf die Schwimmleistung von Schwimmanfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085047</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085047</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S. I.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of an underwater balance assist buoy (swim balancer: SB) jointly developed by the author and Dunlop on the underwater posture and swimming performance of beginning swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schwimmleistung und Leistungszielorientierung junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085048</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085048</guid>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Pensgaard, A. M.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pensgaard, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance cannot be determined by physiological or biomechanical factors alone. Psychological factors, such as motivation, should also be considered. Load-velocity profiling has shown that front crawl performance is related to theoretical maximum velocity (V0 ) and load (L0 ) (Gonjo et al., 2021). Task goal orientation, based on the Achievement Goal Theory, has been associated with improved performance and increased effort (Roberts et al., 2018). Sixty-seven swimmers aged 11-13 completed the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) and performed three 25 m semi-tethered swims using the 1080 Sprint. Results showed no significant correlations, suggesting that performance level is independent of motivation at this age. Regardless, the non-significant results should not lead to disregard of goal orientation`s influence on performance through persistence in hard-work and intrinsic enjoyment (Roberts et al., 2018).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraulen im Freiwasser: tatsächliche Schwimmstrecke, Kinematik und Effizienz des Armzugs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085049</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085049</guid>
      <author>De Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Guedes, J. P.</author>
      <author>Ongaratto, D.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, D. H.</author>
      <author>Trindade, C. Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ongaratto, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trindade, C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming in open water, even for experienced swimmers, is a challenge. The aim of this study was to verify the actual distance swum, the kinematic, and the arm-stroke efficiency during a 2000-m front crawl test performed in open water. Eight male swimmers (38.8±7.8 years old) performed a 2000-m (GPS in a boat) front-crawl test in three laps in a lagoon. Each participant wore a GPS (XT; Garmin® Smartwatch). Performance and the distance swan were, respectively, 2617±355 s and 2197±80 m (p<0.001 to 2000-m). The speed and stroke rate have decreased (p<0.001), respectively from 1.12±0.13 to 0.93±0.16 m/s, and from 35.7±3.4 to 30.1±3.7 cycles/min. Stroke length (1.90±0.24 m) and arm-stroke efficiency (34.6±4.5%) remained constant. The distance swan was almost 20% higher than the measured circuit. However, we do not rule out possible measurement error of the individual GPS. The swimmers decreased V and SR, as expected; but surprisingly the SL and ? remained constant along the circuit.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parametrische Untersuchung der Vortriebskräfte beim Kraulschwimmen - Beschleunigungseffekt und Strömungsverhalten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085050</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085050</guid>
      <author>Raphaël, G.</author>
      <author>Eon, A.</author>
      <author>Decatoire, A.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T.</author>
      <author>Laurent, D.</author>
      <author>Samson, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raphaël, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decatoire, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laurent, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The arms play a key role in propulsion (Maglischo, 2003; Takagi et al., 2016). Numerous authors have studied the links between the kinematics of aquatic strokes of the upper limbs and propulsive forces, which are defined as the component of the resultant force in the swimming direction (Berger et al., 1999). The main kinematic parameters in optimising propulsive force have been shown by (Samson et al., 2015). Among these, arm acceleration holds an important place and many authors have studied its role in propulsion (Gardano & Dabnichki, 2006; Kudo et al., 2013; Rouboa et al., 2006; Sanders, 1999). Variations in velocities (accelerations) can generate up to 9 times more force than at constant velocity (Kudo et al., 2013). Although these studies have shown the relevance of acceleration in propulsion, to our knowledge, no parametric study has been carried out to model a relationship between acceleration and propulsive forces. To deepen our understanding of propulsive forces in relation to acceleration, we carried out a parametric experiment under unsteady conditions using a robotic device. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of acceleration on arm propulsion from a basic rotation movement. This work is based on both force and fluid velocity measures, from a robotic arm. Concurrently, a CFD study has been carried out. In so doing, we were able to experimentally observe the evolution of propulsive force versus acceleration (force measurements). Simultaneously, experimental and numerical 2D-PIV fields have enabled us to understand the phenomena (vortex dynamic and flow behaviour around swimmers` arms) behind the generation of these forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des Flatterbeinschlags auf den aktiven Widerstand beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085051</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085051</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antriebsregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In front-crawl swimming, the swimmer generates propulsive forces by both arm strokes and leg kicks. And the alternating left-right up-down motion of both legs seen in front-crawl swimming is called the flutter kick. It has been reported that the flutter kicking motions increase swimming velocity by 10% compared to without flutter kicking motions (Deschodt et al., 1999). Flutter kick is seen 6-kicks per 1-stroke cycle in short-distance events, and 2 or 4 kicks in the long-distance events. It is unclear whether flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming generate propulsive forces, since these motions are primarily in the vertical direction, not in the propulsive direction. In the previous studies, the role of the flutter kick is thought to lift the lower limbs not only to generate propulsion forces (Yanai, 2001). Thus, there is no consensus on the role of flutter kicks, and it is not certain whether it is providing propulsion or reducing active drag. Unfortunately, flutter kicking motions generates bubbles and unsteady turbulence around feet, making it difficult to analyse the motions due to low visibility. In recent studies on front-crawl swimming, researchers have conducted to estimate fluid forces acting on the hand by measuring the pressure distribution on the hand surface (Tsunokawa et al., 2018: Tsunokawa et al., 2019). This method allows for the quantification of hand propulsive forces. As another approach, a method for evaluating active drag acting on the whole body using MRT method has been reported (Narita et al., 2018). Although the analysis of flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming is still difficult, clarifying the relationship between different kicking motions and hand propulsive forces and active drag by combining pressure analysis and MRT method could allow for indirect investigation of the role and contribution of the flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of the flutter kick indirectly by estimating active drag and hand propulsive force by using pressure analysis and MRT method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modell zur Bewertung des Potenzials für das Kraulschwimmen von Jugend-Wasserballspielern: Internationaler Standardisierungsansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085052</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085052</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Perazzetti, A.</author>
      <author>Özkol, M. Z.</author>
      <author>Ošljak, A.</author>
      <author>Novoselac, N.</author>
      <author>Tessitore, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perazzetti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, M. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ošljak, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novoselac, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tessitore, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
Beside the technical and tactical skills, the most swimming or physical activities in water polo last for <20 seconds, with mostly very intense movements, where swimming sprints averaging between 7 to 14 seconds, mostly by the use of crawl stroke1. The purpose of the study was to define model for assessment potential for front crawl sprint swimming at youth water polo players through an international standardisation approach.

METHODS:
Two-hundred and thirty (n=230) youth water polo players (Age=13.9±0.8 yrs., training experience=5.5±1.4 yrs.) from five countries (Serbia, n=74; Italy, n=28; Turkey, n=15; Slovenia, n=11; Germany, n=102) were tested. The subjects swam 25m at maximum intensity using two swimming modalities: crawl with head in water (25CHeadIN) and with ball (25CBall)2. Skill index was calculated, as corrected crawl skill index, 25CSkillIndxCORR=(25/25Ball)*(25HeadIN/25Ball), expressed in arbitrary unit. Two specification equations were calculated: SCSP (sprint crawl swimming potential, summary distribution score for 25CHeadIN and 25CBall), and SCSSP (sprint crawl swimming skill potential, summary distribution score for 25CHeadIN, 25CBall and 25CSkillIndxCORR). Descriptive, factorial and multiple linear regression statistical analyses were used.

RESULTS:
Mean values (MEAN) and standard deviation (SD) for observed variables were: 25CHeadIN=14.80±1.05 sec.; 25CBall= 15.64±1.15 sec.; and 25CSkillIndxCORR= 1.52±0.14, respectively. SCSP specification equation had the following form= 292.0943 - (25CHeadIN*8.3184) - (25CBall • 7.6096). SCSSP specification equation had the following form = 159.8392 - (25CHeadIN*5.366) - (25CBall*5.8613) + (25CSkillIndxCORR*40.192).

DISCUSSION:
The obtained equation models indicate a high practical applicability of two field swimming tests and skill index at youth water polo players providing a specific tool to monitor the development of young water polo players, i.e., as a deterministic model of the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Strömung um den Fuß des Schwimmers und Schätzung der Schubkraft in einem Schwimmbecken.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085053</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085053</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies have revealed the propelling technique of natural swimmers by applying the flow visualization technique, specifically the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method (Matsuuchi et al., 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011). Utilizing the PIV method involves calculating the velocity vector field within the measurement area, thereby aiding in comprehending fluid dynamics such as jet flows and vortex generation, which may contribute to our understanding of propulsion mechanisms (Takagi et al., 2014). While this method enabled the visualization of wake flow around a skilled swimmer's foot during leg-kick swimming in a water flume (Shimojo et al., 2019), the wake flows within an indoor swimming pool using the same equipment and settings remain ambiguous. Furthermore, a study by Epps and Techet (2007) demonstrated the estimation of wake force for forward acceleration in maneuvering fish by integrating complementary approaches, including capturing wake structures like vortex ring geometry. This study aimed to visualize the wake flow around a human foot during leg-kick swimming in an indoor swimming pool and subsequently estimate the associated thrust force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Standardisierung von Beobachtungs- und Bewertungskriterien für die Armschlagtechnik "Kraulschwimmenl" auf die Inter- und Intra-Rater-Reliabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085054</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085054</guid>
      <author>Peres, M. V.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, T.</author>
      <author>Ramos, W.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, L.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Standardisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peres, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The intervention carried out with the raters in an attempt to standardize the observation and rating criteria did not have the desired effect on inter- and intra-rater agreement. The results found are in line with those of other studies in the literature, but there was a belief in the possibility of improving reliability. Actually, despite the discussions raised in the intervention, what seems to have prevailed during the evaluations were the raters` prior experiences. Thus, it is important to propose an intervention with quality and sufficient criteria to enable greater standardization as to the criteria for swimming teachers with different training and professional experiences to observe and rate swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lumbale Spondylolyse bei Leistungssportlern im Tauchen ~Fallserie~</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085055</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085055</guid>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lumbar spondylolysis is a fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebral arch and is common in adolescent athletes. Lumbar spondylolysis is also the most common identifiable cause of low back pain in young athletes and the main symptom of it is low back pain during exercise. The first line of treatment is conservative therapy, which includes rest and a brace. The incidence of spondylolysis has been shown to be 6% in the general adult population and the incidence is higher in the athletic population, with studies showing as many as 52% of athletes with low back pain suffering spondylolysis. Lumbar spondylolysis is also reported to be common in gymnastics, where the movements are similar to those of diving. In the present study, we investigated the trend of lumbar spondylolysis in competitive divers and its relationship to competition, using three cases of early-stage lesions in our experience.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Schwimmfähigkeiten in britischen und deutschen Büchern für Kinder</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085056</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085056</guid>
      <author>Vogel, M.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Kronenbürger, S.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vogel, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kronenbürger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Previous research on British and German children`s books has shown that they may serve as transfer of knowledge to a society but might lead to a distorted representation of the importance of the competencies (i.e., submerging, and floating) [1]. To identify cultural differences or similarities in the learn-to-swim process, the competencies submerging and floating are compared by considering their frequency and implementation in the children`s books.

METHODS
For the selection of the British children`s books the PRISMA statement was used. By a screening of a total number of 625 fictional children`s books on swimming, 11 were eligible for analysis. The selection of the German children`s books is based on the principle of the most up-to-date and well-known works, with no further restrictions on selection. Thus, nine books were identified eligible for analysis. The analysis is limited to a macroanalysis of the content and representation of the text and pictures, as well as their interdependence.

RESULTS
The competence submerging, in an initial phase and not as part of swimming, is described in detail in 56% of the German and 27% in British children`s books. In the German books, submerging is illustrated in 44% by retrieving an object. In the British books, the competence is displayed by text and corresponding illustration. The second competence analysed, floating, is addressed in 67% of the German and in 45% of the British children`s books. The position of floating varies in the British books with 40% on front and 60% on back and is mediated by text and illustration. Floating in German children`s books is described as both, on front and back. In both, German and British children`s books, a distinction must be made whether buoyancy aids are used or not.

DISCUSSION
In German children`s books, submerging is portrayed congruent with German scientific literature and in British children`s books it is also portrayed congruent with international literature. That the German children`s books significantly more often depict submerging as important competence for the learn-to-swim process, may be because submerging is not only a prerequisite but also one element of the first swimming badge in Germany. Moreover, the international literature distinguishes between submerging and a safe entry into water [2], which is not treated so sharply in German literature [3]. Concerning floating, German, and British children`s books portray the competence congruent to each scientific literature. However, it should be noted that in international literature, compared to German literature, water treading also belongs to the competence of floating [2], but here it has not been considered. Both competencies, submerging and floating, are similarly treated as essential elements of the learn-to-swim process. Further studies may consider the choice of the first swimming technique in each children`s books.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des Vortriebs von Schmetterlingsschwimmern mittels statistischer parametrischer Kartierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085057</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085057</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Lopes, T.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Quirós-Vásquez, A.</author>
      <author>Morais, J. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quirós-Vásquez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The butterfly swim stroke, as also the remaining swim strokes, is highly dependent on the propulsive force. This is characterized by a symmetrical and simultaneous motion of both upper limbs. It is expected that swimmers do not exhibit significant imbalances to maximize swim velocity. Differing from discrete variables (0-D), continuous variables (1-D) allow retrieving deeper insights about where within the stroke cycle such differences may occur (Morais et al., 2022). Also, it may be expected that butterfly sprinters present a propulsive force decline in maximal trials as well as it occurs with swim velocity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to: (i) verify the propulsive force variance over three consecutive arms-pulls in the butterfly stroke (i.e., time effect), and; (ii) verify differences in propulsive force between upper limbs (i.e., side effect).

METHODS
The sample was composed of seven male adolescent swimmers (15.40 ± 0.30 years, 67.39 ± 9.17 kg of body mass, 1.76 ± 0.07 m of height, 1.83 ± 0.08 m of arm span, and 59.81 ± 2.47 s at the 100 m short-course butterfly event). After the warm-up, swimmers underwent a 25 m maximal trial in butterfly. The propulsive force was acquired with an AQUANEX system that measures both upper limbs separately. Three consecutive arm-pulls in the middle of the
swimming pool were used for analysis. A Statistical Parametric Mapping two-way ANOVA was used to understand the propulsive force variance during three consecutive stroke cycles and the side effects.

RESULTS
The left upper limb presented a mean propulsive force of 32.59 ± 2.00 N, 31.29 ± 3.92 N, and 31.13 ± 2.03 N for the first, second, and third arm-pull, respectively. The right upper limb presented a mean propulsive force of 31.51 ± 3.34 N, 28.80 ± 3.54 N, and 30.31 ± 3.37 N for the first, second, and third arm-pull, respectively. The Statistical Parametric Mapping two-way ANOVA revealed both non-significant time and side effects (p > 0.05), as well as a non-significant interaction (p > 0.05). This indicates that swimmers were able to maintain their propulsive force levels, and without significant imbalances over a butterfly maximal trial. Notwithstanding, using this kind of statistical approach will help researchers and coaches to understand where within the stroke cycle such differences may occur. This would provide more specific details for the swimmers technical training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Rumpfmuskelaktivität beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085058</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085058</guid>
      <author>Hyodo, H.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwimmkanal</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hyodo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In crawl swimming, rotational movement around the long axis of the trunk is performed in conjunction with the stroke movement of the upper limbs, and this movement is defined as trunk rotation movement. In crawl swimming, since the upper and lower limbs are moved alternately, contraction and control of the trunk muscles are important [1]. It has been reported that the timing of switching the torsion motion of the knee shifts to an early stage [2]. The purpose of this study was to clarify the trunk muscle activation with changes in swimming speed during crawl swimming and to investigate the relationship with trunk twisting movements.

METHODS
The subjects were 7 male swimmers. After a sufficient warm-up, the first trial was a 100m swimming speed trial (V_100m), and the second trial was a 50m swimming speed trial (V_50m). The trial was performed in an experimental circulating water tank. The target muscles were the muscles of the trunk, and a total of 6 muscles were attached (Latissimus dorsi, Erector spinae, abdominal oblique). We attached LED markers to 11 locations on the body, divided the movement into phases, and calculated the maximum rotation angle (MRA) for each "Shoulder roll, Hip roll, Trunk twist". In the propulsion phase, the phase up to MRA was called Roll Phase (RP), and the phase after MRA was called Roll Back Phase (RBP). The EMG was converted to an RMS waveform and normalized by the peak value (mvc) obtained by manual muscle strength measurement, which was defined as "%mvcRMS". From these values, Active Phase (%) in each phase was compared between trials.

RESULTS
Higher swimming speed decreased stroke time (V_50m: 0.99 s, V_100m: 1.09 s, p<0.01) and increased trunk twist rotation angle (V_50m: 27.92°, V_100m: 30.97°, p<0.05). A significant increase in the active phase of the trunk muscle group was observed in the right oblique muscle of the trunk twist MRA RP between trials. Similarly, a significant increase in trunk twist MRA RBP was also observed in the left erector spinae muscle.

DISCUSSION
At higher swimming speeds, the active phases of the erector spinae and abdominal oblique increased significantly with increasing trunk torsion angles. This suggests that these two muscles may contribute to the torsional movements during crawl swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Eigenschaften von Sportlern, die in der Startphase eine hohe Absprunggeschwindigkeit erreichen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085059</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085059</guid>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The results of this study showed that the elite swimmer obtained high take-off velocity at the start phase had high velocity by the time the rear foot left and accelerated further before the front foot left. This finding suggested that increasing the time holding the start block may increase the horizontal force exerted by the rear leg, thereby resulting in a higher horizontal velocity at take-off and better start performance. Further collection of data from many elite swimmers is necessary to clarify the techniques and training methods to improve the horizontal velocity at take-off.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Raumkontrolle und Torschusseffizienz im Elite-Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 04:40:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085060</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085060</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Hohenstein, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2018</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohenstein, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Shooting is one of the most important performance prerequisites in water polo (Alcaraz, Abraldes, Ferragut et al., 2012). The subject of this study was the throwing behaviour of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final "World Cup Water Polo" tournament 2018 in Berlin. On the basis of the dynamical systems approach, the goal shot has to be interpreted as the result of a macroscopic interpersonal coordination of the attackers
in relation to the interpersonal coordination of the defenders. An important key performance indicator describing the macroscopic formations of the players as agents in a complex adaptive system is the space control in front of the goal (Headrick, Davids, Renshaw et al., 2012).

METHODS
On the basis of video data from cameras mounted to the rooftop 15 m above the playground, and notational analysis we investigated all N = 1482 goal shots from all 24 tournament matches, and obtained an observational quality for observer agreement with a Cohens` Kappa of k =0.903. Specifically, we analysed successful throwing actions only in the position attacks (during 6-vs-6 position attack and 6-vs-5 man-up attack) within an 8*15 m rectangular game zone in
front of each goal. Based on the positions and trajectories of the players and the ball the key performance indicator space control was analysed by means of Voronoi-cells (Hochstein, Hohenstein & Hohmann, 2022).

RESULTS
The area of the Voronoi- cells differed in defending and attacking teams as well as between successful and non-successful teams. Thus, space control was validated as a key performance indicator for successful versus failed goal shots. The attacking six players controlled a significantly larger field area in front of the opponent`s goal than the six defensive players together with their goalkeeper (p < 0.05). In the case of unsuccessful attacking attempts, this area ratio was exactly reversed (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION
Generally speaking, when scoring a goal in water polo, the top international water polo teams try to increase their control of space in front of the opponent`s goal primarily through quick position changes in the attack. On elite level, that superior space control both in the positional attack and in defence leads to a significantly higher rate of goal scoring or goal prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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