BACKGROUND: Performance in open-water swimming (OWS) is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon; however, the majority of research has depended on reductionist methodologies. Network analysis provides a systems-oriented theoretical framework to investigate the relationships among physiological, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors influencing performance. This study aimed to examine the multifaceted factors influencing 5-km OWS performance in highly trained age-group swimmers. METHODS: Eighteen (n = 18) male and female highly trained age-group open-water swimmers (Tier 3) were monitored longitudinally throughout the initial macrocycle of a three-peak yearly training program. Evaluations encompassed anthropometric measurements, maturation status, pulmonary function, neuromuscular performance, tethered force, speed endurance, and aerobic power. Performance was assessed with official 5-km OWS race times. Variations among phases were examined by one-way ANOVA. Network analysis was performed utilizing Gaussian graphical models with LASSO regularization and centrality measures. RESULTS: Notable enhancements were noted in 5-km performance (p < .001), maximal oxygen uptake (V*O2max; p <.01), and swimming velocity at V*O2max (vV*O2max; p <.02). The tethered force increased whereas the fatigue index decreased (p <.001). Network analysis demonstrated a consistent negative correlation between race time (performance) and V*O2max, indicating that higher aerobic power is associated with better performance, as well as phase-dependent influences from neuromuscular and fatigue-related factors. Lower-limb power and tethered force exhibited the greatest centrality throughout all phases. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the 5-km OWS event is regulated by a dynamic and interrelated system. Network analysis provides a thorough framework for identifying critical factors, facilitating integrated and personalized training strategies for highly trained age-group open-water swimmers
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