INTRODUCTION For relay races, the most common start techniques include one or two footsteps on the block coupled with an arm swing. The goal is to increase the horizontal impulse on the block and, thus, to achieve higher horizontal velocities at take-off (Takeda, 2010). However, competitive swimmers do not always succeed performing faster relay than individual track starts (Qiu et al., 2021). The aim of the present study was to examine the kinetic and kinematic determinants of relay start performances (RSP) versus individual start performances (ISP).
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