Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows simulation of complex fluid flow regimes and geometry to overcome limitations with current empirical testing techniques. The CFD model can predict net propulsion or net drag of each body segment when gliding and kicking. Thus, one can determine the differences between the forces on body components at depth and the surface. This study aimed to predict how and where changes in net forces of a swimmer gliding and kicking at the water surface compared with being fully submerged. These analyses increased our technical understanding regarding net forces produced during gliding and freestyle kicking; and reported large differences in forces on various body components when fully submerged and at the air-water interface.
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