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    <item>
      <title>Vorwort zur wissenschaftlichen Ausrichtung des XV. Internationalen Symposiums für Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099409</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099409</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K.</author>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The series of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) has long been recognised as the leading international forum dedicated to the scientific study of human movement in aquatic environments. Since the inaugural symposium held in Brussels in 1970 under the leadership of Léon Lewillie and Jan P. Clarys, the BMS series has provided a unique platform for the dissemination of research spanning biomechanics, physiology, medicine, coaching science, motor learning, engineering, and, more recently, computational sciences and aquatic health. Over more than five decades, the symposium has accompanied, and frequently anticipated, the major scientific developments that have shaped contemporary aquatic research.
Throughout its history, the BMS symposium has mirrored the evolution of swimming science itself. Indeed, it was the main catalyst of this evolution. The earliest meetings were primarily devoted to understanding the mechanical and phys-iological determinants of swimming performance. Fundamental investigations into propulsion, hydrodynamic resistance, energy expenditure, and stroke mechanics established the scientific foundations upon which modern swimming biome-chanics was built. The pioneering work of researchers such as Lewillie, Clarys, Cureton, Cousilman, Astrand, Holmér, Miyashita, Schleihauf, Hay, Morehouse, Costill, Reilly, Persyn, Daly, Hollander, Toussaint, Mason, Chollet, di Prampero, Pendergast, Nomura, Ungerechts, and many other contributors transformed the analysis of swimming from predomi-nantly descriptive observations into a rigorous experimental discipline supported by quantitative measurement and bio-mechanical modelling.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wissenschaft des Schwimmens in der neuen, von KI geprägten Welt</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099410</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099410</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For more than half a century, swimming resisted scientific analysis. When Leon Lewillie opened the first International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming in Brussels in 1970, he identified the obstacle precisely: a barrier of water had isolated our sport from rigorous measurement. This lecture explores how this barrier became permeable. Starting with Lewillie's balloon-borne electromyograms, it follows the development through Jan Pieter Clarys's five decades of towing-tank and muscle work, which demonstrated that technique rather than body form governs resistance, and on to my own nine editions of this symposium, where the focus shifted from developing instruments to understanding the properties of water itself. The second half turns to the force now reshaping the field: artificial intelligence. Computer vision can already segment races and measure the underwater dolphin kick, while wearable sensors can classify strokes and explainable models can rank the variables behind performance and flag injury risk before it occurs. However, these tools can produce inaccurate results, hide their reasoning and have not read much of our literature. The argument is simple yet demanding: machine learning provides scale and speed, while fluid mechanics provides cause. Only their collaboration — with the scientist firmly in the loop — yields understanding. Fifty-six years after Lewillie, the water still resists; the machine is powerful, yet blind; and the researcher must still ask the right questions and stand by the answers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der aquatischen Literacy: Die neue Herausforderung des Schwimmenlernens</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099411</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099411</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Learning to swim has been the subject of theoretical reflection and pedagogical development for more than five centuries. Although early scientific approaches emerged during the Renaissance, contemporary swimming education still relies partly on empirical knowledge and pedagogical beliefs rather than robust scientific evidence. This paradox highlights the need to reconsider both the foundations and future directions of learning to swim education. Historical analyses reveal that swimming instruction has been shaped by changing conceptions of the learner, as well as by cultural, social, and scientific influences. While research in competitive swimming has considerably improved knowledge of propulsion, biomechanics, and physiology, investigations specifically aimed at improving swimming instruction and drowning prevention have emerged more recently. Current evidence has contributed to clarifying what should be taught, particularly through the concept of Water Competence, which identifies fundamental skills required for safe aquatic engagement. However, the question of how to teach these skills remains an important scientific challenge due to the complexity of instructional contexts. In this perspective, the emerging concept of Aquatic Literacy provides a new theoretical framework integrating motor, psychosocial, and cognitive dimensions. By combining safety and lifelong engagement in aquatic activities, Aquatic Literacy addresses the dual challenge of contemporary swimming education: protecting individuals from drowning while encouraging active lifestyles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Wassersicherheitskompetenzen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zur Verhinderung von Ertrinkungsunfällen: von den derzeit angewandten Methoden bis zur Realität in Amazonien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099412</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099412</guid>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: In middle and low income tropical regions characterized by high humidity, dense rainforests, and complex hydrographic networks, drowning represents a neglected public health crisis, disproportionately affecting youth. Traditional swimming programs fail to secure open-water safety and ensure robust aquatic literacy, a multidimensional construct integrating motor, cognitive, and affective competencies. In these equatorial, flood-prone environments, structural reliance on river systems escalates drowning exposure, yet global pedagogical models neglect these specific hydrodynamic realities; METHODS: This study comprises two phases: (i) a literature review (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science) to identify pedagogical aspects for child and youth drowning prevention; and (ii) a scoping review (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) following JBI guidelines to scrutinize biophysical and mechanical-validation parameters of existing aquatic competence instruments; RESULTS: The literature review (n=8) identified a structural shift from isolated motor tasks toward open-water survival curricula, though procedural skills dominate. The scoping review (n=45) showed a marked ecological bias, with a vast predominance of assessments conducted in controlled swimming pools. Cross-environmental transferability of these standards is low: motor patterns validated in linear, steady water conditions cannot be extrapolated to complex, natural open-water environments where river currents, thermal shock, and unconditioned fluid dynamics demand complex adaptations; CONCLUSIONS: Global protocols lack ecological validity and fail to quantify mechanical principles (buoyancy, drag, turbulence) under real-world conditions. This study establishes a diagnostic framework to develop and validate adapted aquatic literacy tools tailored to high-humidity, riverine environments, using the Amazonian hydrodynamic reality as a primary structural matrix to directly inform targeted public policies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung von Wasserkompetenz: eine konzeptionelle und pädagogische Perspektive für den Schwimmunterricht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099413</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099413</guid>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming teaching has traditionally been associated with the acquisition of formal stroke techniques. Although stroke learning remains important, this perspective may be insufficient to prepare learners to interact with different aquatic environments safely, autonomously, and meaningfully. Aquatic competence offers a broader framework by including motor, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and environmental dimensions of aquatic learning. METHODS: This paper presents a conceptual and pedagogical perspective based on selected literature related to aquatic competence, ecological dynamics, skill acquisition, constraints manipulation, instructional strategies, and assessment of aquatic learning. The analysis was organized around five pedagogical axes: (i) aquatic competence as a central pillar, (ii) the teacher as mediator and safety advocate, (iii) repetition and exploration, (iv) individual-task-environment interactions, and (v) progression indicators. RESULTS: The synthesis suggests that knowing how to swim should not be reduced to the execution of formal strokes. Rather, it should involve the ability to move, breathe, float, remain at the surface, make decisions, regulate behavior, and adapt to different aquatic situations. From this perspective, the teacher should design meaningful tasks, manipulate constraints, promote exploration, and monitor progression beyond technical performance. CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic adaptation is proposed as a pedagogical pathway for developing aquatic competence. Contents such as discovery of the aquatic environment, breathing, floating, active body support in water, gliding, jumping, rotation, and basic propulsion can be organized as progressive experiences that help learners build a safer, more autonomous, competent, and meaningful relationship with water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strömungsmechanik der Schwimmleistung: Druck, Vortrieb, Widerstand und menschliche Koordination</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099414</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099414</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming performance is often described as a balance between propulsion and resistance, but this view can remain too static for coaching because the swimmer and the surrounding water continuously shape one another. The aim of this invited review is to present a pressure-based conceptual framework that links fluid mechanics with coordinated human movement. METHODS: This manuscript synthesizes selected biomechanical and hydrodynamic evidence on hand and arm propulsion, active drag, leg action, underwater undulation, and whole-body coordination. Instead of reporting a new experiment, it organizes these findings into a Fluid-Movement Coupling framework for interpretation and coaching translation. RESULTS: Effective swimming emerges when body motion creates useful pressure differences, organizes vortical flow, and limits unnecessary resistance while maintaining whole-body timing. The hand and forearm should therefore not be understood simply as tools that push water backward, but as moving surfaces that interact with relative flow to generate pressure-based forces. Active drag also differs from passive drag because limb motion, posture, wave formation, and body alignment change the flow around the swimmer. CONCLUSIONS: Fast swimming is not produced by propulsion alone. It arises from the coupled ability to create pressure, redirect water, control resistance, and coordinate the body with the surrounding fluid. This framework may help scientists, coaches, and swimmers communicate more clearly about technique and convert hydrodynamic evidence into practical coaching cues.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profilierung im Schwimmen: kein Zauberstab, sondern ein Kompass zum Verständnis von Leistungsänderungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099415</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099415</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load-velocity (L-V) profiling has emerged as a practical method for evaluating swimming performance through a series of semi-tethered resisted sprints performed with different external loads. By linearly modelling the relationship between swimming velocity and external resistance, key parameters can be derived, including theoretical maximal velocity (velocity at zero load: V0), theoretical maximal load (load at zero velocity: L0), and the L-V slope. Since its introduction, a growing body of research has examined the reliability, validity, and practical applications of the swimming L-V profiling approach. Current evidence consistently supports V0 as a strong indicator of sprint swimming performance and that the L-V slope is related to active drag. The L-V profiling approach relies on several assumptions, and careful methodological setup is required for consistent outcomes. Given the growing attention towards this approach, this paper provides an overview of the development of swimming L-V profiling, summarises the current evidence, and highlights key methodological considerations. In addition to understanding the key methodological assumptions and background, L-V profiling should not be viewed as a standalone measure of swimming velocity or forces, but rather as a framework for interpreting performance changes and their underlying mechanisms]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Spitzenathleten noch weiter vorantreiben: Leistungswissenschaft mit Weltklasse-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099416</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099416</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper discusses how performance science can support immediate decisions while generating cumulative knowledge in world-class swimming. The proposal combines five foundations with a hierarchical mechanistic framework that links underlying determinants to clean-swimming time. First, coaches and athletes are treated as the primary stakeholders, and their observations are regarded as potential expressions of phenomena requiring investigation. Second, the scientific literature guides method selection and mechanistic interpretation without assuming that findings derived from group averages predict outlier performance. Third, questions and measures are prioritized according to their plausible relevance to race time, particularly clean-swimming performance. Fourth, measures used to inform decisions must demonstrate adequate validity, reliability, and sensitivity, regardless of whether publication is intended. Fifth, findings are delivered across two timescales. Rapid feedback characterizes the athlete`s current profile and supports immediate decisions, whereas standardized longitudinal monitoring allows evidence to accumulate across seasons under comparable procedures and supports time-series and retrospective analyses. Findings are returned to practice through reports, conversations, and educational activities. Although publication is not a required outcome, it is encouraged because manuscript preparation requires continued engagement with current knowledge, while peer review provides external scrutiny that may improve both the work and the performance scientist over time. The framework orders questions, while the five foundations guide practice. This approach cannot isolate every cause or guarantee improvement, but supports plausible rather than definitive conclusions]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>European Aquatics als Innovationsbeschleuniger im Wassersport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099417</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099417</guid>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Costa, S.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this talk was to present the design and implementation of evidence-based, innovation-driven sports development policies that support the growth of Aquatic Sports across Europe. The presentation covered a selection of policies and initiatives being implemented by European Aquatics, the governing body for Aquatic Sports in Europe. It outlined the coaches' education framework, the accreditation of laboratories and training centres, the establishment of the Innovation Hub, funding and awarding opportunities available to the aquatic sports community, and programmes aimed at raising awareness of water safety and promoting learn-to-swim initiatives.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hypoxietraining im Schwimmsport: Mechanismen, Leistungsanpassungen und praktische Anwendungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099418</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099418</guid>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <author>Manchado-Gobatto, F.</author>
      <author>Figueira, T. R.</author>
      <author>Gobatto, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manchado-Gobatto, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueira, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gobatto, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Hypoxic training is used in swimming to augment physiological stress and potentially improve sea-level performance. However, hematological, peripheral, or molecular responses do not necessarily translate into faster competitive swimming. Methods: This narrative review was developed from a scientific lecture on hypoxic training in swimming. The initial sources reflected the authors` accumulated reading, scientific experience, and previously selected literature. A complementary, non-exhaustive update through July 2026 was undertaken in major bibliographic databases to identify recent publications and refine the discussion. Swimmer-specific evidence was prioritized; studies from other sports were used only as indirect mechanistic or contextual support. Results: Live-high-train-high and live-high-train-low protocols frequently increased total hemoglobin mass or red-cell volume in swimmers, but performance benefits were inconsistent and depended on the protocol, individual response, training quality, and timing of assessment. Live-low-train-high findings were mixed, some land-based interventions in moderately trained swimmers reported favorable changes, whereas controlled swimming-specific protocols did not consistently demonstrate an additional benefit of hypoxia. Inter-effort recovery hypoxia (IEH) can increase hypoxemia and cardiovascular stress while preserving acute external work, but swimmer-specific evidence remains predominantly acute, based on small samples, or available only as conference abstracts. Chronic IEH studies have been conducted mainly in runners and do not establish efficacy in swimming. Conclusions: Hypoxia is not a universal ergogenic stimulus. Its application should be aligned with the intended adaptation, event demands, athlete level, iron availability, training-load management, technical quality, and the post-altitude assessment window. IEH introduces the timing of hypoxic exposure within a session as a relevant methodological variable, but it cannot yet be recommended as a proven means of improving competitive swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kritische Schwimmgeschwindigkeit: Vom Konzept der kritischen Leistung zu einem physiologischen Rahmenmodell für die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099419</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099419</guid>
      <author>Barroso, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barroso, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Critical Swimming Speed (CS) has evolved from the classic Critical Power model into a practical, comprehensive physiological framework for competitive swimming. Derived from the hyperbolic relationship between exercise intensity and time to exhaustion, CS represents the threshold between heavy and severe intensity domains, marking the highest speed at which continuous aerobic metabolism can be sustained. Paired with D*, the finite distance capacity or energetic reserve performable above CS, the framework offers an objective, non-invasive alternative to traditional fixed-percentage training prescription models. Because work performed above CS depletes D* and induces rapid neuromuscular and metabolic fatigue, integrating CS and D* allows coaches to precisely individualize both continuous and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). By framing training stress around the relative expenditure and restoration of D*, interval sets can be tailored to an athlete's unique physiological capacity. Beyond training prescription, the combined parameters enable performance prediction, longitudinal monitoring of seasonal adaptations, and physiological profiling. Furthermore, using public race data to model competitors' CS and D* profiles provides strategic utility for opponent analysis, pacing optimization, and tactical race planning. By framing pacing as the controlled distribution of D* to reach the finish line without inducing premature exhaustion, the CS framework unifies physiology, biomechanics, and tactics into a cohesive model for optimizing swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Ein quantitativer Blick auf die Biomechanik des Schwimmens" - eine Neubetrachtung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099420</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099420</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper revisits the pioneering contributions of Antônio Carlos Stringhini Guimarães (and James Hay) to the field of swimming biomechanics and examines their lasting influence on subsequent research. Their systematic framework for analysing the start, swimming technique, and turn proved instrumental in establishing the now widespread practice of race analysis and in structuring subsequent biomechanical investigations of each of these key components of swimming performance. The present paper places these contributions in their historical context to highlight their seminal role in the development of swimming biomechanics. Recognising Antônio Guimarães's pivotal contribution to the growth of swimming biomechanics in Portugal, particularly at the University of Porto, the author also emphasises the strong scientific links established between the Portuguese and Brazilian research communities. After paying tribute to Antônio Guimarães (known to many simply as "Guima"), the paper examines the importance of deterministic models in advancing biomechanical research and discusses the enduring impact of his ideas on race analysis and the study of starts, swimming technique, and turns. Finally, it reflects on how these fundamental components of swimming performance can contribute to improving competitive results, with the ultimate goal of facilitating the transfer of scientific knowledge into coaching practice, as Guima had long envisioned.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jenseits der Vortriebskraft beim Schwimmen: Eine Brücke zwischen konventioneller Biomechanik und dem Energie-Impuls-Kontinuum</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099421</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099421</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming biomechanics still explains propulsion as the hands and feet 'pushing water backwards'. However, years of flow visualisation have revealed a different story. During a cycle, the hand does not propel the body by pushing a compact mass of water. Instead, it continuously modifies the surrounding flow, creating pressure gradients, fluid accelerations and vortical structures. These evolving flow structures redistribute momentum and mechanical energy throughout the surrounding water. Consequently, the hydrodynamic force measured at a particular instant only represents one aspect of the interaction. A complete physical description must also account for the transient storage, convective transport, and dissipation of mechanical energy within the flow field generated by the swimmer. We therefore describe human aquatic propulsion as an energy-momentum continuum and argue that the force-based and continuum concepts are complementary rather than competing. METHODS In a conceptual, conference-length format, the case is built in three linked steps — "Bridging the Gap", "Decoding the Mechanics of Speed", and "Beyond Force" — explained in an illustration in each case. The reasoning rests on the Navier-Stokes equations, on global energy and momentum balances, on a Helmholtz decomposition of the flow, and on a BIV-CFD validation chain; derivations are kept to a minimum. RESULTS: The framework redefines the single force value per cycle in terms of power flow (in watts), energy turnover per cycle, momentum transfer and work cycles. It explains why the Strouhal number determines which mechanism dominates in each body segment, yielding quantities that can be used by coaches and equipment designers. CONCLUSIONS: "Beyond force" means thinking past it by putting energy, momentum and vortices at the centre, while keeping what kinematics has already taught us.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse im Schwimmsport: modernste Methoden und aktuelle Fallstricke</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099422</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099422</guid>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Conventional optoelectronic motion capture systems for swimming analysis present critical limitations in portability, cost, and ecological validity, motivating the development of alternative approaches. Our research group has systematically validated action sport cameras (ASCs) as an accurate, low-cost solution for dual-medium 3D kinematic reconstruction in aquatic environments. Despite these methodological contributions, exploring newer and more versatile technologies remains essential to further enhance biomechanical assessment in aquatic sports, both in controlled pool settings and open-water conditions. Aim: This presentation aim to highlight established methodological contributions to swimming kinematics using ASCs, and to explore the feasibility of emerging technologies — including drone-based aerial tracking and inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors — for motion analysis in swimming pools and open-water environments. Methods: First, the accuracy of our validated multi-camera ASC setup and dual-medium calibration framework is presented. Second, literature data exploring the use of drones for overhead swimming capture and extraction of macroscopic spatiotemporal parameters are reviewed. Third, the potential of IMU sensors as a complementary approach for continuous, wearable kinematic monitoring in aquatic settings is discussed. Results: Our established ASC protocol demonstrated high reconstruction accuracy, with mean absolute errors below 3.0 mm for 30 kinematics in both aerial and underwater environments. Regarding emerging technologies, aerial drone tracking enabled seamless, non-invasive capture of continuous over-water displacements at the field scale. However, this approach remains limited to macroscopic biomechanical variables, as camera lens distortion, water surface reflections, and drone stability currently compromise precise coordinate extraction. IMU sensors showed complementary potential for stroke-level kinematic monitoring, independent of optical constraints. Conclusions: While our previous contributions firmly establish ASCs as reliable tools for complex 30 dual-medium kinematics, emerging drone technology and IMU sensors offer promising horizons for simplified, large-scale ecological assessments. Ongoing systematic evaluation of accuracy, precision, and ecological validity of these technologies remains essential before widespread adoption in applied swimming biomechanics research and coaching practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Periodisierung und Tapering im Schwimmsport: belegte und unbewiesene Fakten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099423</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099423</guid>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Long-term swimming career paths are most often planned for athletes to peak at the end of a quadrennial period culminating with the Olympic Games, coinciding with their athletic maturity. Recent investigations indicate that exceptional junior performances, high progression rates, and optimized technical and physiological variety contribute to successful senior performances. Future performances, generally faster at the Olympic Games than at World Championships, can be determined by highly accurate performance prediction models, contributing to evidence-based decision making for coaches and swimming federations. In the short term, international-level swimmers usually design their annual training to qualify for major championships, then attempt to improve further at these events. However, faster performances at the main events occur in just ~40% of races, and performance progression at a major competition is necessary to win a medal or make the final, independent of race event, sex, and age. Peak performance is usually attained by skillfully intertwining periodized phases of hard, intensive training and shorter phases of reduced training (i.e. tapering) throughout the season. Periodization has traditionally focused on the exercise aspect of athletic preparation, while neglecting other elements that can impact a swimmer`s readiness for peak competition performances. Integrated periodization, on the other hand, allows the coordinated inclusion of multiple training components best suited for a given training phase into an athlete`s program, such as recovery, nutrition, psychological skills, skill acquisition, body composition, altitude training and heat adaptation. Tapering can facilitate peak performance by diminishing residual fatigue, increasing muscular force and power, improving hematological and hormonal function, and facilitating psychological readiness to perform. Performance gains of ~0.5-6.0% are independent of sex, event duration, technical aspects of competition, and the calibre of the athlete. Mathematical models of the effects of training on performance have contributed to understanding tapering-induced performance gains, and the development of innovative tapering strategies]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf dem Weg zum idealen funktionellen Klassifizierungssystem im Para-Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099424</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099424</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: To compete in Para sport, athletes must have an eligible impairment of sufficient severity to meet the sport`s minimum impairment criteria. Since 1992, Para swimming has used a Functional Classification System, however, the effectiveness and fairness of this system have been questioned and research is needed to develop a more evidence-informed process. Aim: this paper outlines approaches to conducting classification research, summarises progress made to date, and identifies areas for future research. Methods: two distinct methodological approaches are required: 1) developing objective, standardised tests of impairment - these should provide valid, ratio-scaled measures specific to the impairment of interest, e.g., strength, motor coordination, range of motion (ROM). Severity of impairment is determined by comparison with measures from non-disabled individuals.  2) establishing the relationship between impairment and determinants of swimming performance - this involves measuring key performance variables, e.g., drag, propulsion, and then determining how these, and their association with performance, are influenced by the type/severity/location of impairment. Results: Strength: the consensus is that tests should incorporate multi-joint measures of maximal isometric force in swimming -specific positions. Further work is required to assess the strength-performance relationship and the relative importance of each joint. Motor coordination: Upper limb tapping tasks show significant associations with performance in individuals with hypertonia. Research using IMUs and sEMG demonstrates that movement variability and smoothness are important metrics for assessing coordination impairment.  Joint ROM: research is limited but indicates weak associations between current classification system ROM thresholds and actual ROMs used during swimming. Drag and Propulsion: the effect of central motor and neuromuscular impairments on the drag/propulsion-performance relationships is different to the effect of anthropometric impairments, supporting the view that these groups should compete separately. Conclusions: further research is essential to support the development of a more evidence-informed classification system for Para swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetische, biomechanische und trainingsbezogene Auswirkungen des Schwimmens mit Widerstand</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099425</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099425</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Bosetto, P.</author>
      <author>Lubrano, M.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bosetto, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lubrano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Resisted swimming, including tethered and semi-tethered swimming, has been used for almost 100 years for performance assessment and for over 50 years as a training strategy. Aim: To investigate the acute effects of resisted swimming on kinematics, muscle activity, energetics, and active drag estimation. Methods: Three-dimensional whole-body kinematics, surface EMG from six major propulsive muscles and energetic variables were analysed across three protocols during front crawl under external resistance conditions. During energetic testing, parachute drag was quantified at paired metabolic power (60-80% Vmax), under active swimming conditions (Coloretti, 2025, JSCR), and active drag was estimated using a residual-thrust method derived from resisted swimming (Cortesi, 2024, JSSM). Drag efficiency was calculated as the fraction of metabolic power converted into power to overcome drag (Zamparo, 2020, EJAP). Results: At sprint pace, external resistance did not significantly affect free swimming kinematics in terms of movement amplitude and timing. Only shoulder roll decreased (*6.0° at 10% and *9.1° at 80% resistance), whereas stroke rate remained unchanged. Likewise, EMG amplitude of the six propulsive muscles was unaffected by resistance. At paired aerobic metabolic power, the ~45% increase in energy cost with a 900 cm² parachute was proportional to the reduction in swimming velocity and was explained by the additional parachute drag (~40-70 N at 0.65-0.85 m·s*¹). The apparent reduction in drag efficiency during parachute swimming was mainly due to lower speed, as parachute swimming per se did not affect drag efficiency. Conclusions: Resisted swimming does not appear to modify the fraction of force used to propel the body. The absence of meaningful changes in stroke kinematics, muscle activation, and drag efficiency supports resisted swimming as a valid approach for monitoring active drag during short-duration efforts, rather than as a training strategy to increase force application]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Übungen und Tests im Wasser: Beiträge zu Gesundheit und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099426</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099426</guid>
      <author>Alberton, C. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alberton, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water-based exercise has evolved into an evidence-based intervention for health promotion and performance enhancement. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated well-established benefits across multiple components of physical fitness and several health-related outcomes following participation in vertical aquatic exercise programs. Based on the current state of the art, optimizing exercise prescription in the aquatic environment requires a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical and physiological mechanisms underlying water immersion, particularly for cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength development, rather than simply transferring principles established for land-based exercise. This lecture will present the scientific foundations underlying vertical aquatic exercise, emphasizing how hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and drag force influence cardiometabolic responses, movement mechanics, and neuromuscular demands. Key concepts will be discussed through comparisons of these physiological and biomechanical responses during specific exercises performed in water and on land, using contemporary in-water assessment technologies, including indirect calorimetry, heart rate monitoring, electromyography, and force plates. The lecture will also examine the rationale for prescribing vertical aquatic exercise, identifying situations in which the aquatic environment provides clear biomechanical and physiological advantages, such as reducing joint loading while maintaining or enhancing cardiovascular and neuromuscular stimuli. Particular attention will be given to environment-specific exercise assessments for accurately monitoring exercise intensity, highlighting the limitations of applying terrestrial prescription parameters to aquatic exercise. Finally, the physiological, neuromuscular, and mechanical effects of specialized buoyant and drag devices designed for aquatic exercise will be discussed, emphasizing the importance of selecting equipment according to the desired training adaptations rather than routine use. By integrating biomechanics, physiology, and scientific evidence, this lecture aims to provide practical guidance for individualized, evidence-based prescription of vertical aquatic exercise across diverse populations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vertikalsprung im Wasser: Biomechanische Anpassungen und praktische Implikationen für die Belastungsdosierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099427</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099427</guid>
      <author>Ruschel, C.</author>
      <author>Dell'Antonio, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruschel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dell'Antonio, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Vertical jumping activities are widely incorporated into exercise programs for training and rehabilitation, particularly among athletic populations. Given the high mechanical loads associated with landing, with peak vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) often exceeding five times body weight, the aquatic environment has been proposed as an alternative setting for jump training. The combined effects of buoyancy and water resistance may reduce landing impact while increasing propulsive resistance. Previous studies have investigated the biomechanical characteristics of different jump modalities (squat, countermovement and drop jumps) performed in aquatic environments at immersion depths ranging from mid-shank (~0.25 m) to chest/shoulder level (~1.30 m). During landing, vGRF is attenuated under aquatic conditions, with the magnitude of reduction dependent on immersion depth. Greater immersion depths produce larger reductions in vGRF, with peak forces approximately 40% lower at hip-level immersion and 50% lower at chest-level immersion compared with land. During the propulsion phase of drop jumps, force reductions appear to be less pronounced (~20% and ~25% at hip and waist immersion levels, respectively). Regarding temporal parameters, drop jump contact times are longer in water than on land, even at shallow immersion levels. Available electromyographic evidence remains limited but suggests reduced activation of the medial gastrocnemius and rectus femoris during the braking phase, along with increased activation during the propulsion phase of drop jumps performed at ~1 m immersion compared with land. Although aquatic jumps exhibit distinct biomechanical characteristics compared with land-based jumps, evidence indicates that aquatic jump training can improve performance-related outcomes, including jump height, speed, agility, and muscle strength, in both athletes and non-athletes. However, selecting the appropriate immersion depth is critical. Additionally, coaches and practitioners should be aware that the reduction in landing loads provided by water is accompanied by prolonged movement phases, which may influence training effectiveness depending on the intended training objective.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Physiomechanik des Gehens im Wasser: Integration von Auftrieb, Widerstand und Energieaufwand</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099428</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099428</guid>
      <author>Ivaniski-Mello, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ivaniski-Mello, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Shallow water walking is a popular aquatic exercise used to improve gait, balance, and quality of life. Unlike terrestrial locomotion, walking in water is affected by buoyancy and drag forces. These forces introduce biomechanical gait modifications that alter the metabolic energy cost of the exercise. Aim: This presentation aims to provide an integrated biomechanical and physiological analysis of human shallow water walking. Methods: First, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the biomechanical and physiological responses of shallow water walking compared to dry land walking, specifically assessing the influence of immersion depth (Ivaniski-Mello et al., 2023). Next, we compared spatiotemporal and angular gait responses at distinct immersion depths in older adults with and without Parkinson`s disease (Bortoli et al., 2024). Finally, we assessed the metabolic cost of transport across different speeds and depths, developing a physiomechanical model integrating buoyancy, drag forces, and energy cost (Ivaniski-Mello et al., 2025). Results: The energy cost of shallow water walking is generally greater than dry land walking. Waist and xiphoid depths are adequate alternatives for programs aiming to increase energy expenditure while reducing lower limb impact forces. Furthermore, at greater immersion depths, older adults with Parkinson`s disease reduce their walking speed by decreasing stride frequency and show a reduced peak angular speed in distal lower limb joints. Ultimately, the interplay between buoyancy and drag forces explains the metabolic cost responses during this exercise. Conclusions: The interaction of buoyancy and drag forces dictates the metabolic energy cost of shallow water walking. This dynamic also has direct repercussions on spatiotemporal and angular gait responses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von der Physiologie zur Leistung: Integration von Erholung sowie Gestaltung und Abfolge von Trainingsserien im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099429</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099429</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Long-term performance improvement depends on effective daily training session design based on sound physiological knowledge. Appropriate set design, pacing, adequate recovery strategies and the sequencing of swimming training sets and dry land sessions are all fundamental components of an effective training planning. Aim: This keynote summarizes the physiological principles underpinning training set design, active recovery strategies and the sequencing of swimming sets and dry-land training, with emphasis on their practical application for optimizing performance. Methods: Evidence from studies examining the physiological responses during and after training sets planned to activate the aerobic or the anaerobic metabolism are presented. The effect of active recovery as well as training set sequencing and dry land training integration are also discussed. Results: Planning aerobic training sets requires effective evaluation of the required pace using a well-conducted speed-lactate test and frequent confirmatory lactate testing during specific training sets. The duration and recovery of anaerobic training sets including adequate passive recovery between sets should facilitate performance maintenance during repetitions while maximizing the metabolic responses. Active recovery may impair performance when applied during moderate to short interval duration (i.e. 30-120s) but may facilitate performance maintenance when a long resting interval is provided (i.e. >5 min). Performing anaerobic training sets before aerobic ones will increase the physiological response and is likely to increase the training load. Dry land sessions targeting muscular endurance, rather than maximal strength, are more likely to impair performance during a subsequent swimming training session. Conclusions: Lactate testing facilitates aerobic set training pacing, while recovery and duration of repeated sprints characterize the induced metabolic response for anaerobic training set design. Active recovery may facilitate between sets and between races performance maintenance. The sequencing of swimming sets and dry land sessions may be integrated into daily session inducing the desired acute physiological responses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Europäisches Netzwerk für Schwimmforschung (EUSWIM)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099430</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099430</guid>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming research is growing fast, yet the field remains scattered across institutions, methodologies, and practitioner communities. European network of Swimming performance project is a central hub where researchers, coaches, and applied scientists can connect, share evidence, and coordinate efforts. This would strengthen the scientific foundation of swimming performance and support the broader BMS mission of advancing sport science through collaboration and high-quality research. Since 2021, EUSWIM has grown into a multidisciplinary community comprising members from 18 universities across Europe and beyond, fostering collaboration through conferences, workshops, research initiatives, and coach-focused meetings. The aim of the EUSWIM is to foster collaboration among researchers, swimming coaches, and scientific advisors by providing a platform for the exchange of knowledge, expertise, and best practices with the overarching goal of advancing the scientific understanding and performance outcomes in swimming. EUSWIM already brings together a diverse and active network of students, early-career researchers, seasoned academics, and practitioners who are committed to open exchange. EUSWIM would help concentrate expertise, encourage joint projects, and accelerate knowledge transfer to real-world practice. Given the increasing demand for robust, sport-specific insights in areas like biomechanics, physiology, training load, and open-water performance, EUSWIM would give a timely and forward-looking platform to support growth in aquatic sport science. A key component of this initiative is the integration of elite coaching perspectives to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Beyond establishing a scientific network, EUSWIM has developed several practical initiatives to facilitate knowledge transfer between research and coaching. Since 2021, the group has organized international conferences, annual meetings, and collaborative activities involving researchers and practitioners from multiple countries. A particularly relevant milestone was the Swimming Coaches Meeting in 2024, which specifically focused on understanding the real-world needs of coaches and identifying priority areas where scientific research can provide practical solutions. EUSWIM has created opportunities for sharing best practices, discussing performance challenges, and generating research questions directly informed by pool-deck experience. Last initiative was the Swimming Special Interest Group (EUSWIM), established within the European College of Sport Science (2026). These initiatives demonstrate the group's commitment to reducing the gap between scientific knowledge and coaching practice while promoting evidence-based decision-making in swimming. EUSWIM networkis a free, open research and academic platform for anyone interested in swimming science - from students and early-career researchers to seasoned coaches and scientific advisors. Its mission is to foster a peaceful, collaborative environment where people can discuss ideas, team up on projects, and address challenges in swimming performance and allied fields]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen am Zugseil: Welche Auswirkungen hat die Beschleunigung des Massenschwerpunkts?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099431</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099431</guid>
      <author>Riemer, R.</author>
      <author>Coifman, I.</author>
      <author>Yakobi, I.</author>
      <author>Weiss, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Riemer, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coifman, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yakobi, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weiss, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Tethered swimming is a method for quantifying swimmers` performance including intra-stroke changes in propulsive force. Tethered swimming assumes that the swimmer remains stationary, and the center of mass (CoM) acceleration contribution is negligible. Thus, the force measured by the sensor (Fs) equals the propulsive force (Fp). Aim: To test this assumption by examining the relationship between sensor force, sagittal body motion, and propulsive forces. Methods: Five male swimmers performed submaximal effort tethered trials using only their arms. A force sensor (120 Hz) measured cable tension, while an underwater camera (60 Hz) recorded sagittal motion. Our markerless system SwiMe recorded joint location and the hip location was used as a proxy for CoM. Propulsive force was modeled dynamically as Fp = ma + Fd + Fs, accounting for force applied by the cable on the swimmer (Fs), inertial forces (ma) and active drag (Fd) Fd= ½ * *Cd *A* v²(Cd and A are based on values form the literature). Results: Fp average max was approximately 125N, Fd was approximately 1N. Swimmer`s average forward-backward range of motion of 11 cm, resulting in peak accelerations of 0.84(±0.21) m/s2. Thus, the inertial effect of body mass can contribute approximately 90 N, indicating it cannot be neglected. The sensor force (Fs) showed a weak Pearson correlation with CoM acceleration (R2=0.1), whereas propulsive force (Fp) demonstrated a strong correlation (R2 = 0.87).  Additionally, the maximum propulsive force occurs when the hand is at its deepest (start of the push phase). These results align with the hand forces vs trajectory as predicted using CFD and SWUM simulations. Conclusions: In only arm tethered swimming the assumption that sensor force is equivalent to propulsive force is flawed due to inertial effects caused by intra-cycle acceleration. Thus, accurate intra-cycle evaluation of propulsion requires accounting for body mass acceleration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wechselwirkung zwischen Frequenz und Amplitude und deren Auswirkungen auf Kinematik und Effizienz beim Monofin-Schwimmen bei unterschiedlichen Frequenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099432</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099432</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Worms, P.</author>
      <author>Riemann, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Worms, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riemann, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Undulatory underwater swimming is one of the fastest forms of human aquatic locomotion and is used by swimmers after start and after turns. Thereby, swimmers imitate a fish-like motion with the goal of maximum speed. Human monofin swimmers can act as a natural intermediate step between the aquatic locomotion of fish and humans (without fins). Swimming speed is mainly determined by the combination of the kick amplitude and kick frequency. While fish modulate swimming speed mainly through changes in oscillation frequency at constant amplitude, it is still unclear whether the same principle applies to human monofin swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmbewegungsoptimierer: Ein simulationsbasiertes System zur Verbesserung der Körperbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099433</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099433</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Kosugi, R.</author>
      <author>Kuramoto, A.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kosugi, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuramoto, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze how varying kick frequency affects kinematic parameters (especially kick amplitude, wave velocity, swimming speed, etc.), and consequently, to determine whether higher swimming speeds are realized primarily increasing kick amplitude or kick frequency. Methods: Six fin swimmers swimming performing undulatory motion in a prone position were instructed to swim at maximum speed at a depth of about 0.9-1.1m below the water surface. Kick frequency was external paced by an acoustic signal produced by striking an underwater metal bar, ranging from 0.8Hz to 2.3Hz in steps of 0.3Hz. Swimmer`s motion in the sagittal plane was recorded using a high-speed camera with 125Hz positioned perpendicularly to the swimmer`s sagittal plane. LED markers attached to the swimmer`s anatomical landmarks (wrist, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, toe, and fin) were semi-manual analyzed using WinAnalyze 3D 2.8.Results: Swimming speed increased with increasing kick frequency, whereas kick amplitude decreased. Thus, kick amplitude did not remain constant across frequencies but was reduced at higher frequencies. These findings suggest a possible interdependence between kick amplitude and kick frequency, although the direction of causality remains unclear.Conclusions: The results indicate that increases in kick frequency are the primary driver of higher swimming speeds. Therefore, kick frequency appears to play a more dominant role than kick amplitude in enhancing swimming speed during undulatory monofin swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Jenseits der Zugfrequenz: Das Vasa-Ergometer kann die Vortriebseffizienz und die räumliche Kinematik des freien Schwimmens nicht nachbilden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099434</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099434</guid>
      <author>Paixao, D. A.</author>
      <author>Veiga, V. L.</author>
      <author>Fiori, J. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Paixao, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, V. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fiori, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The VASA ergometer is a staple dry-land training tool in competitive swimming, largely owing to its structural resemblance to the front crawl arm stroke. Whether the kinematic and propelling efficiency profiles it generates correspond to those observed during free swimming, however, has yet to be established. Aim: To compare and correlate stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), clean swimming velocity (v**), stroke index (SI), and arm-stroke propelling efficiency (*p) between the VASA ergometer and free swimming (FREE) at low and high intensity conditions. Methods: Ten competitive swimmers (age: 16 ± 2.1 years; height: 1.80 ± 0.12 m; body mass: 68.8 ± 6.7 kg) completed trials in two conditions: front crawl on the VASA ergometer and in a 25-m swimming pool. In each session, participants performed low-intensity (comfortable aerobic) and high-intensity (near-maximal race-pace) swimming. Clean swimming velocity (v**) was assessed over the central 10-m segment. SR, SL, SI, and *p were calculated using standard equations. Paired t-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to examine differences and associations between conditions (* = 0.05). The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (CAAE: 27110314.6.0000.5347) and carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: SR at low intensity was the only variable showing no significant difference between conditions (p = 0.55), and the only one yielding a significant positive correlation (r = 0.68; p = 0.02). All remaining variables (SL, v**, SI, and *p) were significantly higher in FREE than in VASA across both intensities (p * 0.035). The *p gap was most pronounced at low intensity (VASA: 24.6 ± 2.5% vs. FREE: 32.1 ± 3.2%). At high intensity, a significant correlation was found only for v** (r = 0.68; p = 0.02). Conclusions: The VASA ergometer reliably replicates stroke cadence at submaximal workloads but falls short of reproducing the spatial kinematics and propelling efficiency of free swimming, most likely due to the absence of hydrodynamic drag — pointing to the continued need for in-water monitoring for accurate assessment of stroke efficiency and length]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein neues Verfahren zur Ermittlung der optimalen Kombination von 3D-Kalibrierungsvolumina: vorläufige Ergebnisse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099435</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099435</guid>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Valadao, M. D. M.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Nascimento, L. S.</author>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valadao, M. D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nascimento, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The use of digital cameras set-up and large calibration volumes for three dimensional (3D) analyses in controlled indoor or laboratory settings is common, mainly considering cyclic sports. So, for the best accuracy in those 3D scenarios, it is crucial to test the best combination points in a large and static calibration volume.  Aim: We aimed to verify the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in a large and static calibration volume using 300 randomized coordinates for horizontal (x), vertical (y), and lateral (z) axes calibration points. Methods: A stainless steel calibration volume (6000 x 2500 x 2000 mm) with 108 markers attached with black tape at each 500 mm positioned on a basketball court and recorded with four digital cameras (50 Hz; Go Pro Hero 7 Black). The Matlab software (MathWorks®) was used to plot 33 matrices, 11 for each axis containing twenty to thirty elements with random coordinates of the calibration volume. Results: From 20 to 30 points the range of RMSE was 25.07 to 26.09 mm (x), 14.38 to 14.32 mm (y), 14.22 to 14.36 mm (z) and 32.53 to 32.77 mm for the three axis resultant. The minimum and maximal RMSE for x, y and z axis were 9.05 to 44.09 mm, 9.33 to 18.10 mm, and 9.00 and 18.09 mm. The minimum and maximal total RMSE was 16 to 51.37 mm. Conclusions: As preliminary findings, the algorithm has shown potential to return sensible RMSE for the y and z axis in the aerial. Further tests are needed to approach more coherent RMSE values for the x axis, and consequently, the total error in aerial and underwater environment. This study was supported by grant: Amazonas Research Support Foundation (FAPEAM), Infrastructure Program for Young Researchers - First Project Program PPP nº/004/2017 (grant number 062.01554/2018).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanischer und klinischer Vergleich von Wasser- und Landtraining bei chronischen Schmerzen im unteren Rückenbereich: eine narrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099436</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099436</guid>
      <author>Medina, M. S. C.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, B. C.</author>
      <author>Cunha, L. D.</author>
      <author>Mordjikian, A. G.</author>
      <author>Bang, G. S. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Medina, M. S. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cunha, L. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mordjikian, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bang, G. S. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) impairs functionality, gait, and postural control. Conventional land-based physical therapy relies on stretching, strengthening, and core stabilization exercises, whereas hydrotherapy exploits the physiological and biomechanical properties of water. As their relative effectiveness remains debated, an updated synthesis of recent evidence is needed. Aim: To compare the efficacy of conventional land-based physical therapy and hydrotherapy in CLBP rehabilitation. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Consensus AI. The search initially identified 20 studies. To prioritize contemporary evidence, only studies published within the last five years were considered. Studies involving swimming, postoperative rehabilitation, hot baths, or duplicate records were excluded. Twelve English-language studies were ultimately included: 8 systematic reviews, 1 umbrella review, and 3 randomized controlled trials. Search terms included "aquatic", "lumbar", and "low back pain". All AI-assisted findings were manually verified against the original sources. Results: Land-based therapy requires careful axial load management, whereas hydrotherapy uses buoyancy to allow exercise with minimal joint stress. Hydrostatic pressure and water temperature stimulate mechanoreceptors, reducing nociceptive signaling, promoting vasodilation, and facilitating muscle relaxation. The aquatic environment also reduces kinesiophobia, an important barrier to rehabilitation. Water viscosity and drag provide resistance that enhances muscle strengthening without gravitational impact. Current evidence indicates that hydrotherapy is at least as effective as land-based exercise and may provide greater pain reduction, improved adherence, and better outcomes in deconditioned individuals. Conclusions: Both modalities are effective for CLBP rehabilitation. However, hydrotherapy offers advantages in safety, disability reduction, and long-term functional recovery, with benefits lasting up to 12 months. Combined aquatic and land-based programs appear to provide the greatest overall rehabilitation efficacy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Auswirkungen der Lagen auf die Wirbelsäulenkinematik und die Behandlung chronischer Schmerzen im unteren Rückenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099437</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099437</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, B. C.</author>
      <author>Medina, M. S. C.</author>
      <author>Mordjikian, A. G.</author>
      <author>Cunha, L. D.</author>
      <author>Bang, G. S. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Medina, M. S. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mordjikian, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cunha, L. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bang, G. S. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Physical exercise is a cornerstone in clinical guidelines for managing low back pain. Swimming is frequently recommended as a therapeutic modality because water buoyancy minimizes spinal axial loading while enhancing joint mobility and muscular strength. Aim: To examine the biomechanical characteristics of different swimming strokes and discuss their implications for chronic low back pain (CLBP) management. Methods: A focused literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE and the Consensus AI platform using the terms "swimming" and "lumbar" or "low back pain," initially yielding 23 studies (8 and 15, respectively). Exclusion criteria comprised general therapeutic exercise, postoperative protocols, hot baths, comparisons with alternative exercise techniques, and duplicate records. Ultimately, 7 English-language studies published within the last five years were selected for final synthesis, comprising clinical trials (2), systematic reviews (2), narrative reviews (1), and scoping reviews (2). All AI-assisted findings were manually verified against primary sources. Results: Biomechanical demands vary significantly across swimming strokes. Front crawl and backstroke involve greater rotational and lateral trunk movements, whereas breaststroke requires larger ranges of lumbar flexion and extension. During freestyle swimming, breathing introduces additional rotational demands that influence spinal kinematics, particularly when lumbopelvic coordination is compromised. Clinical evidence suggests that swimming, especially when integrated into multimodal rehabilitation programs, reduces pain and improves physical function in individuals with CLBP, with no clear increase in the risk of lumbar degenerative conditions compared to sedentary populations. Conclusions: Swimming represents a valuable therapeutic option for CLBP when proper technique and individualized prescription are considered. Patients with extension intolerance, for example, require technical modifications to avoid repetitive lumbar hyperextension. Although the literature remains heterogeneous, swimming significantly enhances flexibility, strength, and functional capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D-Trajektorienanalyse des Kraulzugs: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099438</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099438</guid>
      <author>Camargo, D. N. S.</author>
      <author>Navarro, J. J. R.</author>
      <author>Ortiz, E. M.</author>
      <author>Arellano-Colomina, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Camargo, D. N. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, J. J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ortiz, E. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano-Colomina, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The use of programming tools in swimming biomechanical analysis has become increasingly relevant due to the need for accessible cost-effective, and accurate evaluation methods. These tools allow coaches, swimmers, and technical staff to perform detailed underwater analyses without relying on expensive or complex systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a methodological protocol for analyzing front-crawl biomechanics using programming tools and specialized software such as Kwon3D and MATLAB. Three female student swimmers from the Faculty of Sport Sciences at the University of Granada (22±1 years, 1.66±0.03m of height, 61.17±3.21kg of body mass, 31.5±1.1s 50m front-crawl time) voluntarily participated in a resisted swimming test. Each swimmer completed 20m trials under four loading conditions (0, 1, 3, and 5kg) applied using the 1080 Sprint 2. Data were collected in a 5x2m underwater recording area starting at the 10m line. Four GoPro HERO9 cameras were used for motion capture. A right wrist mounted tracker was attached to each participant to facilitate motion tracking. Movement data were processed using Kwon3D software to extract 3D coordinates (X, Y, and Z axes). Subsequently, a custom MATLAB script was developed to analyze the data, compute average trajectory curves for each axis, and compare the unloaded condition with the resisted conditions. As a result, the average trajectories were calculated across the three swimmers for each axis and load condition. A margin of ±0.05% of the maximum and minimum values was registered along the trajectories. The developed protocol through the integration of programming tools enabled a systematic analysis of front-crawl biomechanics using Kwon3D and MATLAB, facilitating efficient data processing and, contributing to a better understanding of the kinematic changes that occur during semi-tethered swimming. Future studies should include larger sample sizes and compare a wider range of loading conditions to further validate and expand these findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse zweier Startvarianten bei Schwimmstaffeln unter Verwendung eines markerlosen Ansatzes: vorläufige Ergebnisse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099439</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099439</guid>
      <author>Saraiva, M. H. R.</author>
      <author>Prado, A. C. L.</author>
      <author>Machado, A. A.</author>
      <author>Miyasato, L. F.</author>
      <author>Soares, N. L.</author>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saraiva, M. H. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prado, A. C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyasato, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, N. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Although the biomechanical variables of individual starts have been widely studied, there is a notable lack of research on the specific techniques used in relay starts. Aim: This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project aimed at analyzing the movement patterns of two relay start variations using a markerless approach: S1 (no step with parallel feet) and S2 (no step with separated feet). Methods: Four recreational swimmers (two men, two women; mean height 167 ±7.75 cm, weight 65.5 ±12.37 kg, age 24 ±2.58 years) participating in a university sports league were recorded using a GoPro Hero4 (1080p,120Hz) positioned in the sagittal plane while performing both start types. Since the narrow configuration was used no distortion correction was applied. Video frames were processed using a markerless motion capture approach (Vailà software) to obtain joint angles for the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle on both sides of the body. The joint angles at the moment of loss of foot contact (Event 1) and at water entry (Event 2) were compared between start types using the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test (* < 0.05). This study was approved under CAAE number 93853325.3.0000.5153. Results: At Event 1, for both S1 and S2, the mean joint angles (SD) were: shoulder 139.93° ±1.70°, elbow 173.29° ±2.06°, hip 158.25° ±1.99°, knee 176.05° ±2.37°, and ankle 123.19° ±4.11°. At Event 2, the mean angles were: shoulder 164.71° ±2.69°, elbow 175.17° ±2.48°, hip 166.21° ±2.99°, knee 176.83° ±2.11°, and ankle 124.81° ±0.69°. No significant differences were found between the two start variations at either event. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that joint behavior followed the same pattern in both techniques across both analyzed events. Future work should correlate these]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Reaktionen auf Rahmenbedingungen (Constraints) im Freiwasser: Vorläufige Ergebnisse für individualisierte Anpassungsstrategien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099440</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099440</guid>
      <author>Prado, A. C. L.</author>
      <author>Saraiva, M. H. R.</author>
      <author>Machado, A. A.</author>
      <author>Miyasato, L. F.</author>
      <author>Soares, N. L.</author>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prado, A. C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saraiva, M. H. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyasato, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, N. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Open-water 400m swimming imposes additional biomechanical constraints compared to pool settings, requiring adaptive stroke kinematics strategies. Aim: To analyze how pool-to-open-water transition and lake current direction affect stroke kinematics and efficiency in recreational swimmers. Methods: Three female recreational open-water swimmers (27.6 ±16.6 years; 70.3 ±22.1 kg; 1.71 ±0.03 m) completed 400m trials in a pool and a lake. A marked 25m lane with buoy turns simulated pool conditions in open water. A GoPro Hero 4 (120 Hz) in the sagittal plane recorded all trials (CAAE: 95096625.3.0000.5153). SR, SL, MV, SI, and ** were analyzed every 25m using Kinovea, excluding 5m turn segments. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (*<0.05) assessed environment and current effects per swimmer. Results: Pool-to-open-water comparisons revealed individual responses: Subject 2 showed no differences, while Subjects 1 and 3 reduced SR (29.8*26.8 and 28.3*25.9 cycles/min). Subject 1 increased SL, SI, and ** in open water, compensating for navigation demands and absent wall push-offs. Swimming against the current raised SR while reducing SL and SI. All subjects showed significant improvements swimming with the current: SL increased from 1.07*1.36, 1.07*1.50, and 1.07*1.43 m/stroke; MV from 0.96*1.16, 0.85*1.17, and 0.93*1.20 m/s; and ** from 38*49%, 41*58%, and 38*51%, for Subjects 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Subject 3 also reduced SR (26.08*25.74 cycles/min), while Subjects 1 and 3 improved SI (2.06*3.18 and 1.98*3.43 m²/s). Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest heterogeneous biomechanical strategies in response to open-water constraints and current conditions, underscoring the need for individualized technical training and further research with larger samples.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik des Rumpfkompartiments bei Wasserspringern: eine vorläufige kinematische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099441</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099441</guid>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <author>Pinto, A. V. M.</author>
      <author>Rodrigues, I. M.</author>
      <author>Cima, O. M. D.</author>
      <author>Machado, A. A.</author>
      <author>Soares, N. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, A. V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodrigues, I. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cima, O. M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, N. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The biomechanics of diving requires complex postural and respiratory adaptations. Kinematic and volumetric analyses of the trunk using advanced motion capture provide crucial insights into compartment mechanics, motor control, and movement efficiency. Aim: This study presents preliminary findings on the volumetric contribution and motor asynchrony (via phase angles) of different trunk compartments in divers. Methods: Two male divers (age: 56 and 60 years; height: 1.81 and 1.88 m; mass: 96 and 96 kg) were evaluated. Kinematic data were recorded using an eight-camera optoelectronic system (120 Hz). Participants sat in the center of the capture volume with 89 retroreflective trunk markers attached to the trunk, performing tidal volume and vital capacity maneuvers. Trunk volume was calculated from 3D marker trajectories using a prism-based mathematical model, dividing the trunk into the Upper Thorax (UT), Lower Thorax (LT), and Abdomen (AB). The percentage of contribution of each compartment to the total volume, and the phase angles between the regions (UTxLT, UTxAB, and LTxAB) were analyzed. Ethics approval by CAAE 56335515.8.0000.5153. Results: The abdomen was the predominant compartment, contributing 45.0%-54.7% to the total volumetric variation. The UT contributed 24.6%-35.1%, while the LT contributed the least (15.8%-21.6%). Phase angle analysis revealed asynchronous coordination patterns: UTxLT ranged from -31.07° to 2.17°, UTxAB from -34.47° to 13.29°, and LTxAB from -9.29° to 13.84°. These values indicate distinct inter-compartmental delays and individualized kinematic strategies. Conclusion: Divers exhibit strong abdominal volumetric dominance and significant coordination asynchrony between thoracic and abdominal regions. Future research must compare these preliminary findings with a non-diver control group to determine if these patterns represent specific adaptations to diving.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neuromuskuläre Anpassungen und Ermüdungsverlauf beim 5-km-Schwimmen im Freiwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099442</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099442</guid>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, C.</author>
      <author>Marson, R.</author>
      <author>Stastny, J.</author>
      <author>Costa-Machado, R.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stastny, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa-Machado, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Muscle fatigue during open-water swimming (OWS) remains poorly characterized under real-world conditions despite its relevance to performance and injury risk. Aim: To analyse neuromuscular adaptations and fatigue progression during a 5-km OWS trial. Methods: Nine male swimmers (25.4 ± 11.9 years; 75.9 ± 9.0 kg; 180.7 ± 6.7 cm) completed five consecutive 1000-m laps at maximal sustainable intensity in a lake, with 30 s recovery between laps. Swimmers wore their own long-sleeved swimming suit. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from seven upper-body muscles: upper trapezius (UT), latissimus dorsi (LD), pectoralis major (PM), posterior deltoid (PD), anterior deltoid (AD), triceps brachii (TB), and biceps brachii (BB). Muscle activation was analysed using a mixed-model approach considering Lap, Muscle, and Lap × Muscle interaction effects. Means, 95% confidence intervals, and post-hoc comparisons were calculated. Results: PM exhibited the highest activation (2.34; 95% CI: 2.30-2.38), whereas AD showed the lowest activation (0.72; 95% CI: 0.68-0.76). UT and TB maintained relatively stable activation throughout the trial, suggesting greater fatigue resistance. In contrast, PM demonstrated a progressive increase in activation from 1000 to 5000 m (p < 0.001), indicating increased neural drive to maintain force production under fatigue. Similar increases were observed in LD and BB (p < 0.05), whereas PD showed a progressive decline in activation across laps. AD exhibited a non-linear response, peaking during intermediate laps. A marked reduction in activation between 4500 and 5000 m was evident across muscles, consistent with fatigue accumulation. Conclusions: Fatigue during OWS is characterized by muscle-specific neuromuscular adaptations rather than a uniform decline in activation. Significant Lap × Muscle interactions indicate a dynamic neuromuscular reorganization, defined as the progressive redistribution of motor output among synergistic muscles to preserve swimming performance as fatigue develops. These findings highlight distinct compensatory strategies adopted by upper-body muscles during prolonged OWS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tempoprofile und Leistungsentwicklung im 200-m-Freistil der Weltklasse: eine Längsschnittstudie mit mehreren Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099443</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099443</guid>
      <author>Simbana, D. N. F.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simbana, D. N. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Pacing behaviour in swimming is shaped by intrinsic factors — athlete age, experience, and evolving physical capacities — and extrinsic factors such as competitive environment, adversity, fatigue, and Olympic cycle demands (Menting et al., 2019). Menting et al. (2023) further showed that pacing development in adolescent freestyle swimmers is driven by age-related factors beyond race experience alone. Aim: To examine the longitudinal evolution of individual pacing strategy across international competitions for the 200-m freestyle in two elite swimmers with contrasting career profiles (junior and/or senior medalists). Methods: All 200-m freestyle long-course races (heats, semi-finals, finals) from major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, Junior World Championships, 2011-2025) were collected for James Guy (JG; 913 FINA pts, n = 16, aged 17-29) and Cameron McEvoy (CM; 888 FINA pts, n = 8, aged 17-21). Pacing was quantified using the Pacing Index (PI = V*/V*), Fatigue Index (FI = (V_max * V_last)/V_max × 100), and velocity profiles normalized to mean race speed (%V*), following Abbiss and Laursen (2008). A positive profile reflects progressive speed decline; an even profile includes speed increase at the end. Results: CM showed the greatest improvement (* = 4.68%, 111.3 * 106.09 s), the highest PI (1.080 ± 0.007 m·s*¹), and the highest FI (11.07 ± 2.15%; range 9.12-14.4%); his three finals comprised one even (medal) and two positive. JG improved by 3.40% (108.84 * 105.14 s), with PI = 1.071 ± 0.007 m·s*¹ and FI = 9.34 ± 1.77% (range 6.04-11.87%); his five finals comprised three even (2 medals) and two positive, reflecting greater sensitivity to competitive environment and fatigue context. Conclusions: Despite distinct career trajectories, both swimmers adopted positive pacing in finals toward the end of their careers. JG displayed a more gradual speed decline, whereas CM showed a higher PI with faster deceleration over the final two laps. CM subsequently specialised in the 50/100 m, suggesting his front-loaded 200-m strategy may have anticipated this transition. Future work should integrate stroke-cycle parameters and physiological markers to disentangle the roles of age, experience, and competitive context on pacing evolution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Erholungsstrategien auf biomechanische Parameter bei Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099444</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099444</guid>
      <author>Alves, J. C. A.</author>
      <author>Francisco, P. S.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, A. S.</author>
      <author>Prado, A. K. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alves, J. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Francisco, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prado, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The high velocity repetitions training has been used for anaerobic capacity development, and it can cause several adaptations. However, the interval and the type of recovery between repetitions could be a crucial role in these adaptations. Aim: To investigate the effects of three types of recovery between six high velocity repetitions in the swimming mechanics. Methods: Fourteen athletes aged 13 to 17 at state and national level performed six maximal repetitions of 50 m in front crawl swimming with three minutes of recovery between them. In each session, one of the three recovery types was conducted in a randomized manner, separated by at least 48 hours: 1) passive recovery in the vertical position in the water (PR); 2) bubble breathing recovery at the pool edge, (inhalation out of the water and exhalation underwater) with full head submersion at self-selected frequency (BBR); 3) active recovery through swimming at 40% of the maximum 100-m velocity (ARS). Each repetition was timed manually and filmed for biomechanical analysis. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (CAAE: 71430523.4.0000.8124). A Two Way Anova was used for statistical analysis. Results: Repetition time increased by 4,25% from the fourth repetition onward (p<0.001) and was lowest in PR (p=0.016). Stroke cycle frequency decreased by 2,70% in the fourth repetition compared with the first repetition (p<0,001), with ARS showing the smallest values (p=0,001). The stroke length has not changed throughout the repetitions (p=0,135), and ARS condition showing the highest values (p=0,013). The stroke index decreased 3,55% from the third repetition compared with the first repetition (p<0.001), with no main effect to condition. The stroke propulsive efficiency was not affected throughout the repetitions (p = 0,126), however, a significant main effect of condition was found (p = 0,006), with greater values for ARS. Conclusions: Despite the similar time*performance across conditions, ARS produced higher stroke efficiency and distance per cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakterisierung der Muskelaktivierung im Oberkörper beim Schmetterlingsschwimmen unter simulierten Bedingungen an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099445</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099445</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, J.</author>
      <author>Cabanes, P.</author>
      <author>Willig, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabanes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willig, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Backgroud: Simulating the butterfly stroke is a biomechanical assessment tool used in dryland training. While these mechanical conditions affect the execution compared to the aquatic environment—due to the absence of drag and lift—they allow for the controlled study of variables.Aim: To characterize the percentages of muscle activation levels using surface electromyography (EMG) by normalizing the dynamic peaks of four upper body muscles during the propulsion and aerial phases of the butterfly stroke, under simulated (dryland) conditions with elastic resistance. Methods: Twelve master swimmers (6 men and 6 women; 37 ± 8 years) performed a simulated butterfly stroke at maximum intensity for 60 seconds. Swimmers were positioned prone with their lower limbs immobilized, allowing for the ascent and descent of the upper body during the simulated movement on a specially designed bench. Blind goggles were used to minimize external visual cues and facilitate proprioception. Resistance to the movement was generated by two elastic straps attached to palmar splints (hand wraps). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally using the FREEMG 1000 BTS device (BTS Bioengineering, Italy) in the upper trapezius (TS), serratus anterior (SM), latissimus dorsi (DA), and pectoralis major (PM) muscles. Muscle selection was based on their involvement during the flight and propulsive phases, as well as on methodological criteria specific to surface electromyography, prioritizing superficial muscles with adequate anatomical demarcation and a lower risk of signal contamination (crosstalk). Electrode placement followed the recommendations of the SENIAM project. Signals were normalized using a dynamic peak model. A triaxial inertial sensor (G-sensor 2, BTS Engineering, Italy) positioned between C5 and C7 was used to temporally demarcate the phases (ascent and descent). The choice of this location was based on the recording of the upper trunk's ascent and descent phases, which are mechanical events associated with the transition between the two phases of the stroke. The recorded acceleration variations allowed for the identification of changes in the direction and behavior of the upper trunk's movement, establishing temporal references for the functional segmentation of the movement cycle. The study prioritized evaluation using the 10-second sliding window technique—the first between 20 and 30 seconds and the second between 50 and 60 seconds—focusing on describing a temporal organization. Results: The temporal analysis of the electromyographic curves showed differences in the distribution of muscle activation between the propulsion and aerial phases of the stroke cycle. During the propulsion phase, the upper trunk (TS) showed the highest activation levels (76.8%), followed by the middle trunk (PM) (73.3%), the upper body (DA) (72.9%), and the middle trunk (SM) (68.6%). During the flight phase, the stabilizing muscles (TS and SM) maintained a sustained activation level throughout the cycle, particularly the TS (77.9%) and SM (79.5%); while the propulsive muscles (PM and DA) maintained stable levels (PM: 76.6% and DA: 71.9%). EMG curves showed an absence of muscle relaxation during the transition and development of the flight phase, suggesting continuous neuromuscular recruitment throughout the entire cycle. The stabilizing muscles increased their participation from 49.9% to 51.5%, surpassing the propulsive muscles, whose participation decreased from 50.1% to 48.5% between phases. Interindividual variability was high (CV: 18.6%-28.7%). The PM group exhibited lower variability (CV: 18.6-20.6%), while the DA group presented the highest coefficients of variation (CV: 25.8%-28.7%). Conclusions: Simulation of the butterfly stroke technique allowed for the characterization of differential muscle activation patterns between the propulsion and aerial phases using surface electromyography. During the propulsion phase, activation levels were observed in all evaluated muscles, while in the aerial phase, the stabilizing muscles maintained sustained activation without showing the expected decreases during this phase. The increased percentage of muscle activation in the stabilizing muscles and the interindividual variability observed according to the coefficient of variation (CV) suggest functional differences and muscle recruitment strategies between phases and among the swimmers evaluated. Taken together, the findings provide biomechanical information on the percentages of muscle activation and their functional distribution between phases during dryland simulation of the upper body in the butterfly stroke. As a consequence of using the slings, these have led to the development of movements that adapt to the traction conditions, primarily during the aerial phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine vorläufige Studie zum Einfluss der Standardisierung von Beobachtungs- und Bewertungskriterien für die Kraultechnik auf die Inter- und Intra-Rater-Reliabilität von Schwimmtrainern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099446</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099446</guid>
      <author>Peres, M. V. S.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F. C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peres, M. V. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming technique is influenced by multiple factors and results from a culturally determined pattern. Technical assessment is essential for coaches to monitor swimmers` progression; however, inconsistent observation criteria may affect the reliability of these evaluations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of standardizing observation and evaluation criteria for front crawl technique on the inter- and intra-rater reliability of swimming coaches. METHODS: Two competitive swimming coaches, both holding degrees in Physical Education, postgraduate qualifications in aquatic sports, and at least three years of coaching experience, evaluated the front crawl stroke technique of 44 competitive age-group swimmers (9-11 years old). The coaches evaluated anonymized videos and were blinded to the swimmers' identities, competitive level, and performance history. Assessments focused on the right arm stroke and were performed through video analysis using a checklist previously described in the literature. The study consisted of three stages: (1) standardization meetings involving theoretical discussions, video analysis, and checklist familiarization; (2) inter-rater reliability assessment; and (3) intra-rater reliability assessment. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability ranged from low to small agreement (* = 0.08-0.38). In contrast, intra-rater reliability ranged from reasonable to almost perfect agreement (* = 0.65-0.92), with higher consistency observed within individual coaches than between coaches. CONCLUSIONS: The standardization procedure alone was insuficiente to improve agrément between coaches. Additional strategies may be necessary to achieve greater consistency among evaluators.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reicht das eigene Urteilsvermögen japanischer Schülerinnen aus? Teilnahme am Sport- und Schwimmunterricht während der Menstruation und Wissen über die Menstruation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099447</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099447</guid>
      <author>Moriyama, S.-I.</author>
      <author>Nose-Ogura, S.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Ferraz, R.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.-I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose-Ogura, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferraz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Menstruation may affect school life and participation in physical activity. Swimming classes in school physical education may pose difficulties because decisions about participation, observation, or absence are often closely linked to menstruation. This study examined experiences, concerns, and knowledge related to physical education and swimming classes during menstruation and identified instructional content that should be addressed before swimming classes. METHODS: Participants were 118 Japanese undergraduate students majoring in physical education- and sport-related fields (65 men and 53 women). Female participants answered questions on instruction regarding participation in physical education during menstruation, participation experiences, reasons for absence/observation, and menstruation-related concerns. All participants rated their knowledge of menstruation-related topics. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Cochran`s Q, McNemar`s, and chi-square tests were used. RESULTS: "Students` own judgment" was the most frequently reported type of instruction at elementary school (58.5%), junior high school (69.8%), and high school (62.3%), with no significant stage differences. In all school stages, absence/observation was significantly more frequent in swimming than in other physical activities. Leakage-related anxiety was the most frequent reason for absence/observation, especially in junior high school. Women reported significantly higher understanding than men of menstruation, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and the acceptability of exercise during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS: Difficulties during menstruation were more likely to become apparent in swimming classes than in physical education classes in general, with anxiety about menstrual leakage emerging as a key factor. These findings highlight the importance of pre-class educational support, including practical coping strategies, information and consultation pathways that support informed self-judgment, and shared understanding of menstruation among both female and male students.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erbaugh-Skala und Wassersicherheit: möglicher Zusammenhang</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099448</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099448</guid>
      <author>Wizer, R. T.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wizer, R. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: There is an important discrepancy between parental perception of a child's aquatic competence and their actual ability. This poses a risk, as parental supervision of the water depends heavily on perceived competence.  Therefore, evaluating swimming progress is essential to inform parents of actual aquatic competence. Aim: To present the Erbaugh Scale for assessing 3-to-6-year-olds' real aquatic competence during swimming lessons. Methods: The Erbaugh Scale is an ordinal scale composed of six tasks that consider the child's level of autonomy in the water and the distance covered. The tasks are Entry: Jump tasks, Locomotion: Tasks in the prone position; Locomotion: Tasks in the supine position; Locomotion: Leg movement; Diving Tasks (from the pool's edge); and Tasks of searching for objects at the bottom of the pool (Erbaugh, 1981). Following translation into Portuguese by four professionals, the scale's reliability and validity were assessed (content, internal structure, and criterion validity via independent 3-meter displacement). Criterion validity was established based on the children's ability to achieve independent 3-meter displacement. Among the 368 children, 27 children who were beginners in swimming lessons were evaluated monthly until they achieved independent displacement in the aquatic environment. The study followed the Declaration of Helsinki under ethics approval 2.532.306. Results: The Erbaugh Scale proved to be valid and reliable for application in children in the context of teaching swimming. Regarding water safety, the instrument proved to be able to predict future behaviour based on the result obtained in the first assessment. Although the correlation was moderate (-0.56), it was statistically significant (p=0.002), that is, the higher the initial assessment result, the sooner the children acquired the in-water independent displacement. Conclusions: Providing accurate competence data, the Erbaugh Scale guides appropriate parental supervision. Future work should cross-reference scale outcomes with parental self-reports of child competence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Olympic-Legacy-Programme von Paris 2024 auf die aquatische Literacy von Kindern: eine vergleichende Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099449</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099449</guid>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <author>Camporelli, F.</author>
      <author>Michel, S.</author>
      <author>Legrand, A.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Camporelli, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Legrand, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The 2024 Olympic Games in France were held in Seine-Saint-Denis (SSD), a socio-economically disadvantaged district of Paris. As part of the Olympic legacy, public policies were implemented to improve children`s water safety through new swimming facilities and extra learn-to-swim programs at school. Given the higher drowning risk among disadvantaged children, evaluating these interventions is essential. Aquatic Literacy offers a framework to assess aquatic competencies related to safe and sustainable engagement in aquatic (AL) environments. Before the implementation of program related to Olympic Legacy (2017), the success rate of children from SSD (Seine-Saint-Denis) on the national "Can Swim" test was much lower than their French counterparts (70% vs. 90%). Recently, the ALFAC test battery was developed to compare the Aquatic Literacy of youngs, encompassing: prior aquatic experiences, aquatic motor skills, psychosocial skills (motivation, enjoyment, and willingness to practice aquatic activities), and cognitive skills (knowledge of safety rules and risks). Aim: This study aims to compare the level of AL in SSD children (exposure to Paris 2024 Olympic legacy programs) vs. French children (no exposure to Paris 2024 Olympic legacy programs) in 2025, after the implementation of Olympic Legacy programs. Methods: The sample was made of 506 French pupils aged 6-12 years with 237 children from SSD (exposure to Olympic Legacy programs) and 269 (without exposure to Olympic Legacy programs). The children were matched with regard to similar socioeconomic statuses of their parents. Children were assessed using the ALFAC test battery, including questionnaire measuring prior aquatic experiences, psychosocial competencies and an aquatic motor tasks test measuring the motor domain of AL. Generalized linear models were applied to test sex, age group, and region effects on each dimension. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons and effect sizes were measured. Results: Age effects were significant across all tasks, with steady improvement from 6-7 to 10-11 years, while sex effects were minimal. This is showing that motor development trajectories were similar across regions when socio-economic status was controlled. Psychosocial results showed high and consistent levels of motivation, enjoyment, and interest in aquatic activities across all groups, with no major differences by sex, age, or region. However, confidence in deep-water environments and risk perception remained low and showed little improvement with age, indicating persistent safety-related gaps in both regions. However, no significant differences in aquatic motor skills were found between regions. This is demonstrating that the implementation of legacy programs has somehow allowed children from SSD to close the `gap` observed in 2017 with their French counterparts. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Olympic legacy programs in reducing territorial disparities regarding swimming competency. These findings highlight the need to strengthen educational strategies, including earlier exposure, increased instructional time, improved teacher training, while placing a stronger focus on safety-oriented aquatic skills to enhance drowning prevention among the most at-risk populations (i.e., disadvantaged populations lacking free access to learn-to-swim programs).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von Wassererfahrungen in der Kindheit und Schwimmunterricht auf den Aquatizitäts-Score</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099450</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099450</guid>
      <author>Macedo, C. N.</author>
      <author>Lemos, P. F.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, C. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemos, P. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Childhood exposure to aquatic environments promotes familiarization, while structured interventions facilitate gradual learning. The Aquaticity Assessment Test (AAT) is a tool used to study this relationship by evaluating aquatic skills through the Aquaticity Score (AS). Aim: To evaluate how previous experience in aquatic environments during childhood and swimming lessons relate to the AS in adults. Methods: Sixty-six adults (34.9 ± 8.2 years) were assessed using the AAT. To verify the effect of three dichotomous experience-related characteristics (yes/no: 1. Did you have aquatic environment experiences during childhood? 2. Have you ever taken swimming lessons? 3. Are you currently practicing?) on aquaticity, independent t-tests were used to compare AS, and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to verify the impact of these characteristics. Results: Participants who had swimming practice or aquatic experiences during childhood (n = 49) showed higher AS than those without such experiences (37.0 ± 7.3 vs. 25.5 ± 8.2 points, respectively; p < 0.001; d = 1.48). Participants who had previous swimming training or lessons (n = 55) also showed higher AS than those without previous training or lessons (36.5 ± 7.0 vs. 21.8 ± 8.1 points, respectively; p < 0.001; d = 1.94). No significant difference in AS was observed between participants currently practicing swimming (n = 31) and those not practicing at the time of assessment (32.0 ± 9.4 vs. 35.9 ± 8.4 points, respectively; p = 0.08; d = 0.43). Conclusions: These results suggest that childhood aquatic experiences and previous swimming lessons are associated with higher aquaticity scores in adults. These findings indicate that both early aquatic exposure and structured swimming lessons may contribute to the development of aquatic skills. However, further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether these skills are maintained after a pause in swimming practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Skala zur Ermittlung der Quellen der Selbstwirksamkeit beim Schwimmen: Validität und Reliabilität bei Studierenden in Costa Rica</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099451</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099451</guid>
      <author>Fernandez, B. R.</author>
      <author>Warner, L. M.</author>
      <author>Vasquez, A. Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warner, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasquez, A. Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sources of self-efficacy may play a relevant motivational role in the swimming learning process. A scale for sources for self-efficacy for physical activity has shown validity and reliability evidence. However, this scale has not been neither translated into Spanish nor adapted for swimming. Aim: To examine validity and reliability of a Spanish version of a scale for sources of self-efficacy adapted to swimming. Methods: The original Sources of Self-efficacy for Physical Activity scale, by Warner et al. (2014), focused on physical activity, was back translated (German-Spanish-German, and a bilingual committee assessed the Spanish translation quality and made corrections in the Spanish version) and adapted to swimming, by replacing physical activity terms with swimming terms. The scale consists of 18 items and six dimensions (one for each source. E. g.: mastery experience). It was applied to a sample of university students in swimming lessons for beginners (N = 233, mean age = 20.26 y. o. (SD = 5.13), 49% women, 46.4% had never been in swimming lessons while 53.6% have had at least swimming lessons for a few days). Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted, as well as correlations with other measures. Reliability was also estimated. Results: A six-factor structure for the sources of self-efficacy for swimming fit the data well (*2 = 1.91, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .063). Factor loadings were all between * = .66 and * = .96 and reliability for subscales were all between * = .74 and * = .92. As evidence of construct validity, the subscales of the scale focus on sources of self-efficacy for swimming correlated positively with the corresponding subscales of the scale on sources of self-efficacy for physical activity (rs between .28 and .64, ps < .001). Most subscales also correlated with self-reported aquatic skills (at least p < .01). Only the association with positive affect was statistically not significative (p = .07).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Quellen der Selbstwirksamkeit und soziodemografischen Determinanten auf die Selbstwirksamkeit beim Schwimmen und selbstberichtete Wasserfertigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099452</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099452</guid>
      <author>Vasquez, A. Q.</author>
      <author>Fernandez, B. R.</author>
      <author>Warner, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vasquez, A. Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warner, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sources of self-efficacy have been proposed as predictors of swimming self-efficacy and aquatic motor skills, but studies in Latin American populations are needed. Aim: To examine the relative weight of sociodemographic predictors and a set of sources of self-efficacy on swimming self-efficacy and aquatic skills. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was applied to university students from swimming for beginners` courses (N = 233, mean age = 20.26, SD = 5.13, 49% women). Previously validated scales on sources of self-efficacy as well as a on self-efficacy for physical activity were used, and a new self-report scale on aquatic skills was applied. Two hierarchical multiple regression models, one with swimming self-efficacy and another with aquatic skills as outcomes were conducted. In a first step, sociodemographic variables (age, gender, family income) were introduced as predictors. In a second step, proposed sources of self-efficacy were introduced (mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion by others, verbal persuasion by oneself, negative affective states, and positive affective states). Results: No sociodemographic variable was significantly associated with self-efficacy. Only verbal persuasion by oneself (* = .26, p < .01) and mastery experiences (* = .19, p < .01) among sources of self-efficacy were significant predictors.  Overall, sociodemographics explained 0.5% and sources of self-efficacy explained 27.8% of variance (*R2s). In the second regression model, with aquatic skills as outcome, the only sociodemographic variable significantly associated was income (* = .24, p < .001). The only significant source of self-efficacy on aquatic skills was mastery experiences (* = .54, p < .001), but negative affective states were close to statistical significance (* = -.11, p = .05). Overall, sociodemographic variables explained 12.2% and sources of self-efficacy explained 31.3% of variance (*R2s). Conclusions: The findings suggest that sources of self-efficacy, particularly mastery experiences and self-directed verbal persuasion, are relevant correlates of swimming self-efficacy, while mastery experiences appear to be strongly associated with self-reported aquatic skills. No causal inferences should be done based on cross-sectional data and self-report measures, as those used, may suffer from some recall and social desirability bias. Future studies could examine longitudinal effects or use an experimental design to get stronger evidence for causal inferences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlafmerkmale junger Schwimmer während wöchentlicher Mikrozyklen mit ähnlicher Trainingsbelastung mit oder ohne Morgentraining</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099453</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099453</guid>
      <author>Chalkiadakis, I.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Klentou, P.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chalkiadakis, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klentou, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Training program and distribution of training load may influence sleep characteristics. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine sleep characteristics, hormonal and immunological responses of young swimmers in microcycles of training after a redistribution of the training load. Methods: Twelve swimmers, recorded their sleep during one week of low-load training (BS). The following two consecutive weeks they performed in a counterbalanced cross-over design two training conditions: i) one week including 8 training sessions (2 morning and 6 afternoon: EXP) and ii) one week including 6 training sessions (evening only: CON) and a total training load equal to EXP. Training load was calculated by the product of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the training duration. Time in bed (TIB), time out bed (TOB), total sleep time (TST), time from lying down to sleep onset (SOL), sleep efficiency [SE:(TST/TBT)*100] and minutes awake after sleep onset (WASO) were recorded with actigraph. On days of morning training in EXP and the corresponding days and times in CON (Tuesday and Thursday) a saliva sample was taken before and after the afternoon training to determine cortisol and immunoglobulin A concentration. Results: Training load was not different between EXP and CON (p=0.31). TBT, TST and TOB were decreased during EXP condition compared to CON (5±24, 5±15 and 11±12%, respectively, p<0.01) and BS (10±12, 11±24 and 13±38% respectively, p<0.01) without any difference in SE (p=0.33). Cortisol concentration did not differ between conditions (p=0.08) but was 98% higher at start compared to the end of training in both conditions (p<0.01). Immunoglobulin A concentration was not different between conditions (p=0.43) but was 50% lower post-training on Thursday compared to pre-training on Tuesday in both conditions. Conclusions: Inclusion of two morning training sessions reduces the quantitative sleep characteristics but does not affect its quality. A moderate reduction does not affect hormonal and immune function during the microcycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Lungenfunktion bei jugendlichen Schwimmern: eine prospektive Kohortenstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099454</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099454</guid>
      <author>Stang, J. S.</author>
      <author>Pedersen, S.</author>
      <author>Ljodal, I.</author>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stang, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljodal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Swimmers exhibit superior lung function compared to both other athletes and non-athletes. Whether this is attributable to genetic predisposition, the effects of swimming training, or a combination of both, remains unclear. Aim: To investigate how lung function develops in adolescent swimmers compared to controls and predicted values. Methods: This study has a longitudinal observational design and includes 33 competitive swimmers (21 female), training >2 times/week. At ages 12 and 15, the following assessments were performed: forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), measured by maximal flow volume curves. Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and alveolar volume (VA) measured by the single-breath technique; and total lung capacity (TLC) measured by whole-body plethysmography. An existing age-matched cohort of team ball sport athletes (7 female, 6 male) served as controls for FVC and FEV1. Independent T-tests are used for comparing swimmers and controls and paired sample T-tests with Bonferroni adjustments for assessing changes between 12 and 15 years, which is equivalent to testing the Group×Time interaction in a repeated-measures ANOVA given the two-timepoint design. Results: At age 12, groups were comparable in FVC (swimmers: 106±10.3% vs. controls: 105±9.2% predicted) and FEV* (102±10.8% vs. 104±10.9%). By age 15, swimmers showed significantly higher FVC than controls (110±11.7% vs. 101±7.7%, p=0.019). Within the swimmer group, FVC (106% to 110%, *4±6.4%, p=0.004), VA (104% to 108%, *4±10.6%, p=0.047), and TLC (105% to 113%, *5±9.6%, p=0.013) all increased significantly from age 12 to 15, while no significant changes were observed in controls or in other variables. Conclusions: Adolescent swimmers showed greater growth in lung volumes compared to predicted values (FVC, VA and TLC) and controls (FVC), while flow-based measures (FEV1) developed similarly across groups, suggesting that swimming selectively promotes lung volume growth rather than airway caliber or gas exchange.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktat- und Glukoseschwellen als Prädiktoren für die Stoffwechselschwelle bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099455</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099455</guid>
      <author>Genuino, L. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <author>Colantonio, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Genuino, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colantonio, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: In swimming, blood lactate concentration [La*] and swimming speed are widely used for performance assessment and training prescription. The metabolic threshold (MT) can be identified through the lactate threshold (LT), as well as the glycemic threshold (GT), based on blood glucose concentration [Glic]. However, it is still unclear whether the swimming intensities corresponding to LT (vLT) and GT (vGT) speeds are similar, since results from the few studies on GT in swimmers are contradictory. Aim: To compare, verify the correlation and agreement between vLT and vGT in swimmers. Methods: 18 high-performance swimmers (15 males and 3 females) participated in the study, ERC no. 6.508.606. The athletes performed an incremental test (5 × 200 m freestyle at 80, 84, 88, 92 and 96% of individual performance) and the minimum lactate test (2 × 50 m maximum, followed by 5 × 200 m at the same intensities). [La*] and [Glic] were collected at rest, during intervals and at the end of the exercise by finger prick to determine the corresponding swimming speeds; in addition to obtaining the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Statistical analysis: vLT and vGT were compared using the paired t-test, with calculation of the effect size (Cohen's d). Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis, adopting p<0.05. Results: Threshold velocities ranged from 1.42 to 1.45 m·s*¹. No significant differences were observed between vLT and vGT in the incremental and minimum lactate tests (p>0.05; d<0.15), with excellent correlation between the methods (ICC=0.90-0.95). RPE at the thresholds showed consistent values **between 6.1 and 6.6. Conclusion: vLT and vGT showed high agreement and consistency in competitive swimmers, regardless of the protocol used, indicating similar intensities of metabolic transition. The GT proved to be a viable and less expensive alternative for identifying the MT]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Phasen des Menstruationszyklus auf Leistung, Wohlbefinden, Motivation, Erholung und empfundene Anstrengung bei Schwimmerinnen auf nationalem Niveau</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099456</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099456</guid>
      <author>Bueno, B. L.</author>
      <author>Araujo, M. P.</author>
      <author>Barroso, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bueno, B. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barroso, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The menstrual cycle (MC) may modulate metabolic, neuromuscular and psychophysiological responses. However, evidence regarding MC phase effects remains inconclusive, particularly in swimming. Aim: To analyze whether MC phases affect training performance and psychophysiological variables (well-being, motivation, recovery, and ratings of perceived exertion [RPE]) in competitive swimmers (Level 3 World Aquatics points). Methods: Twelve adolescent swimmers (14-17 years) with natural MC participated in this longitudinal study (mean body mass: 60.2 ± 5.1 kg; mean height: 164.4 ± 4.0 cm). After familiarization, athletes completed eight weekly control sessions at their usual training facility. Each session included a standardized warm-up and a control set of 9x 100m front crawl at three submaximal intensities based on RPE (4x 100m at RPE 3, 20s rest; 3x 100m at RPE 6, 40s rest; and 2x 100m at RPE 8, 1min rest). Well-being was assessed using a closed-ended questionnaire, motivation through a Likert scale, and recovery through the TQR Scale before each session. RPE was recorded 3 min after the final repetition. MC phases were identified using ovulation tests and menstrual tracking and categorized as menstrual (MP), follicular (FP), ovulatory (OP), luteal (LP), and premenstrual (PMP). Linear mixed models were applied with MC phase as a fixed factor and athlete as a random factor (p < 0.05). Results: No significant differences were observed between MC phases for swimming time, well-being, motivation, recovery, or RPE (all p > 0.05). A trend was observed for time at RPE 8 (p = 0.063), with slower performances during MP, and for RPE (p = 0.141), although differences were not maintained after correction. Conclusions: MC phases did not affect performance or psychophysiological responses, suggesting that submaximal training may not require phase-based adjustments. Future studies should include larger samples, objective hormonal verification, and menstrual symptom assessment to better understand individual responses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Umgang mit thermischer Belastung beim Schwimmen im tropischen Freiwasser: evidenzbasierte Strategien zur Hitzeminderung und Forschungslücken</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099457</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099457</guid>
      <author>Silva, E. R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <author>Diefenthaeler, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klima</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Umwelt</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diefenthaeler, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Open water swimming (OWS) in tropical environments poses significant risks of hyperthermia due to elevated water temperatures (Tw), impairing heat dissipation via conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to core temperature (Tc) rise, performance decrements, and exertional heat illnesses (EHI) or heat stroke (EHS). High-profile incidents, such as the 2010 Fran Crippen fatality (Tw *33°C), underscore the need for effective mitigation strategies. AIM: The present integrative review aimed to analyze the available evidence regarding heat mitigation strategies in OWS, including heat acclimation, precooling, percooling, postcooling, and organizational measures to reduce thermal strain and heat-related illnesses. METHODS: This integrative review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024511106). Searches in PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science used Boolean terms: "open water swimming*" OR endurance* OR triathlon* OR "marathon swimming*" AND heat* AND sport AND athlete. Inclusion: English full-text articles on heat mitigation in healthy OWS athletes (both sexes, no age limit but excluding <18 years, thermogenic substances, non-athletes). Quality assessed via CASP tools. Studies selected December 2023-March 2024 using Rayyan (ID 870726) RESULTS: From 357 references (184 duplicates removed), 173 screened, 32 full-texts assessed, yielding 6 studies (narrative reviews, consensuses, perspectives). Key strategies: heat acclimation (cross-acclimation via cycling/running or post-training sauna); precooling (ice slurry, cold vests); percooling (cold fluid ingestion); postcooling (immersion, conductive materials); organizer measures (environmental monitoring, ice/fans, adaptive scheduling) CONCLUSIONS: OWS demands tailored percooling and acclimation to mitigate thermal stress. Event organizers should adopt evidence-based protocols for monitoring and adaptation. Gaps persist in OWS-specific data on multifactor environmental impacts and early EHI detection; prospective Tc-monitored trials are essential.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines wöchentlichen Ruhetags auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei hochtrainierten Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 13:46:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099458</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099458</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, D. A. D.</author>
      <author>Anjos, M.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, A. S. M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J. P.</author>
      <author>Lopes, P.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. A. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anjos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, A. S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an established, non-invasive marker used to assess autonomic recovery and training adaptation in competitive swimming. However, the impact of short-term recovery periods, such as a weekly rest day, is not well established, especially in female swimmers, who remain understudied despite potential sex-specific autonomic responses. Aim: To investigate the effect of a weekly rest day (Sunday) on HRV in highly trained female swimmers. Methods: Five female tier 3-4 swimmers (McKay et al. 2022; age: 19±5years; body mass: 59±8kg; height: 167±5cm; WA points: 711±56;) from the same swimming club were monitored across 6-7 consecutive weekly cycles (n=32 observations). Weekly training comprised 9-10 ~5.000m swim sessions and two 1-hour dryland sessions. HRV was assessed using standardized morning orthostatic tests (5min in supine and standing positions) on Fridays and Mondays (following Sunday rest) during the first macrocycle (September to December). Variables included resting HR, RMSSD, lnRMSSD, time to peak HR, peak HR, and frequency-domain indices (VLF, LF, HF). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used, including between-subject effects. Results: Significant improvements on autonomic system related variables were observed following the rest day. Resting HR decreased (59±8 vs 55±7 bpm; p<0.001, *²=0.488), while parasympathetic-related markers increased, including supine RMSSD (89.8±42.4 vs 108.7±50.4 ms; p=0.002, *²=0.297) and lnRMSSD (1.91±0.18 vs 2.00±0.17; p<0.001, *²=0.415). HF also increased in both supine (p=0.006, *²=0.250) and standing positions (p=0.026, *²=0.171). No significant changes were observed in LF or the others orthostatic reactivity markers (p>0.05). Between-subject analyses indicated consistent directional responses across all the five swimmers for resting HR and supine RMSSD and lnRMSSD, suggesting a uniform physiological adaptation to the rest day. Conclusions: A weekly rest day improved autonomic regulation, by lowering resting heart rate and increasing parasympathetic activity in highly trained female swimmers. These findings may reflect conditions supportive of maintaining athlete health and reducing the risk of maladaptation, such as overreaching or illness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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