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    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse einer Unterwasserwende für das Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037475</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037475</guid>
      <author>Kishimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kishimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze selected characteristics of the "Apnea Turn", a new underwater turn and to compare this turn with the conventional "Open Turn". The subjects were ten elite competitive butterflyers and breast strokers. The 5 m Round Trip Time (5 m-RTT) of the Apnea turn was faster than the Open turn (5.55±0.27 s and 5.62±0.33 s). While the times of the into turn phase and out of turn phase of 5 m-RTT for the Apnea turn were faster than the Open turn, the time of the pivot phase was significantly slower than the Open turn. The push off velocity of the Apnea turn was significantly higher than the Open turn (3.02±0.11 m·s-1 vs 2.92±0.06 m·s-1). These results suggest that the Apnea turn may improve swimming performance and may be a prospective new turning method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Charakterisierung einer Grundübung im Wasser mit Kopf aus dem Wasser während eines Steigerungstests</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037476</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037476</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, C.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, G.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between musical cadence and kinematical characteristics of a basic head-out aquatic exercise, when immersed to the breast. Six young women with at least one year of experience conducting head-out aquatic classes were videotaped in the sagital plane with a pair of cameras providing a dual projection from both above and underwater performing 5 incremental bouts (120 b/min, 135 b/min, 150 b/min, 165 b/min and 180 b/min) of the basic head-out aquatic exercise "rocking horse". There was a decrease of the cycle period throughout the incremental protocol. Relationships between horizontal or vertical displacements with music cadence were not significant. On the other hand, increased cadence imposed increased segmental and centre of mass` velocities. As a conclusion expert and fit subjects seem to increase segmental velocity with increasing musical cadence to avoid the decrease of the segmental range of motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines erhöhten Energieverbrauchs auf die Koordination der Arme bei unterschiedlichen Belastungsintensitäten bei Sprintschwimmern des Spietzenbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037477</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037477</guid>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of the stroking parameters and the coordination induced by the increase of energy cost (C) of aquatic locomotion. Six elite sprint swimmers performed a 6.300-m incremental swimming test. Stroking parameters (stroke rate, SR; stroke length, SL) and arm coordination (measured by index of coordination, IdC) have been calculated from video data and the C by measuring oxygen consumption and blood lactate. Results showed that an increase in C led to significant increases in IdC, SR and a decrease in SL. Linear regression between IdC and C, SR and C and SL and C suggested that a specific C corresponds to the emergence of a specific coordination and SR/SL ratio. The increase of the anaerobic part of C suggested that fatigue could also influence the emergence of motor organization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wassertraining in der rehabilitativen und präventiven Medizin</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037478</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037478</guid>
      <author>Prins, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic physical rehabilitation is now recognized and utilized as a "procedure," rather than a modality. The increased focus can be attributed in part to its evolution from the limited confines of"Hubbard Tanks," to the larger venues of swimming pools. The larger exercising areas serve as a venue for performing a greater variety of exercises, including those that require sustained propulsive movements. The physical properties of water provide a unique environment for improving strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular conditioning. Although exercise in the water, including formal swimming strokes have historically been used for the recovery from injury, there is now an increased focus on incorporating specific aquatic exercise protocols for treating persons with acute or chronic clinical conditions, including persons with permanent physical disabilities (Becker & Cole 1994; Cole et al. 2004; Genuario & Vegso 1990; LeFort 1994; Prins & Cutner 1999); Thein &Brody 1998).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Gliederpuppen-Zugleistung von Lebensrettern und Rettungsschwimmern beim Schwimmen barfuß, mit flexiblen Flossen und mit Kohlefaserflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037479</guid>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Soares, S</author>
      <author>Lima, A. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The use of fins is fundamental in aquatic sport and saving rescue activities , large variety of models existing in the market. The main purpose of this study was to compare two groups (lifeguards and lifesavers) performing a manikin carry effort using barefoot, flexible and fibre fins. Ten licensed lifeguards and ten lifesavers performed 3 x 25 m with barefoot, flexible and fibre fins in manikin carry connected to a cable speedometer that measured instantaneous velocity (v). For lifesavers, fibre fins allowed higher v values compared with flexible fins. No differences between fins models were observed regarding v of lifeguards. Additionally, the use of flexible or fibre fins do not show differences in fatigue index for both groups.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlüsselerkenntnisse aus dem 4W-Modell des Ertrinkens für praktische Anwendungen und Ausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037480</guid>
      <author>Avramidis, S.</author>
      <author>McKenna, J.</author>
      <author>Long, J.</author>
      <author>Butterly, R.</author>
      <author>Llewellyn, J. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Avramidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Butterly, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llewellyn, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to suggest practical and teaching applications of the 4W model of drowning. A major literature review of quantitative research was undertaken to identify potential risk factors of drowning and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze publicly available drowning incident videos (n = 41, M = 345.0, SD = 2.8), and 34 individuals involved in drowning incidents were interviewed (30 males age 16-65 years, M = 28.4, SD = 11.3; 4 female age 19-65 years, M = 37.5, SD = 19.5). Results confirmed that test criteria such as a 100 m run-50 m swim-100 m run for open water and a 50 m run-20 m swim-50 m run for pool/water parks could be more useful for assessing speed combined with an `early approach` to the victim than any currently in operation. The `early approach` criterion would be established to test the ability of the lifeguard to be able to remain alert, to have good vision, to recognize the casualty`s instinctive drowning response, to initiate a rescue ignoring the bystander`s lack of response and to reassure the drowning victim. Drownings and their rescue interventions should be perceived as 3-dimensional problems.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich körperlicher Aktivität im Wasser und an Land bei japanischen Personen mit Stoffwechselsyndrom</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037481</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamatsu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Land</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamatsu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We previously reported that group-based physical activity (PA) intervention had beneficial effects on weight loss in Japanese subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). Although, water- and land-based PA intervention was often conducted, it is unknown which PA interventions
were more effective. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of these two interventions in Japanese subjects with MS or several MS risk factors (such as overweight, diabetes, hyperlipidemia). As a result, after 10-weeks, participants in both groups reported significant loss of weight, BMI, and percent body fat. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the groups with the exception of daily physical activity levels. It was suggested that both water- and landbased physical activity interventions had short-term beneficial effects on weight loss and reduction of percent body fat.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flach- oder Tiefwasser zur Anpassung? Eine Studie mit 3- bis 6-jährigen Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037482</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a learn-to-swim programme, the question of what is the best environmental condition for aquatic adjustment. The choice could depend on the depth of the swimming facilities or on the swimming teaching methodology. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of water adjustment carried out in deep or shallow water in 3 to 6 year old children. Children practicing the learning programme in deep water obtained a higher mean score, but not significantly different than the children having a shallow water adjustment programme. The depth of the swimming pool seems to not significantly affect the results. Children can approach guided experiences equally either in shallow or deep water to learn the swimming basic skills and independence in the water, with no differences in the rate of acquisition or in the quality of the skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sozio-kognitive Untersuchung des vom Trainer erzeugten Motivationsklimas und des Coachingverhaltens im norwegischen Nachwuchsschwimmsport</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023373</guid>
      <author>Rustad, B. E.</author>
      <author>Lemyre, P. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rustad, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemyre, P. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The ways in which coaches relate to their athletes, and the achievement standards they emphasize, have an impact on athletes` well-being. Thus, grounded in achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989), the purpose of this investigation was to examine how Norwegian swimmers perceived their coaches` behavior and the corresponding motivational climate, and how these influenced a range of well-being parameters (e.g., burnout, vitality, and positive/negative affect). METHODS: A total of 202 male and female Norwegian swimmers (ages 14- 24) completed a battery of questionnaires (e.g., Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports, CBAS-PBS, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, Subjective Vitality Scale, and the PANAS). RESULTS: We conducted a canonical correlation analysis to determine the multivariate  association between the two sets of variables. The perceived motivational climate was the predictor variable. Athletes` perceptions of coaching behavior and a range of well-being parameters (e.g., burnout, vitality, and positive and negative affect) were the criterion variables. The multivariate relationship was significant, Wilk`s   = .43 F (40, 360) = 4.7 p< .001.  The canonical function emerged with a canonical correlation, rci, of .70 (49 % overlapping variance) and a redundancy index of 30. DISCUSSION: Consistent with earlier findings, athletes who perceived coaching behaviors that emphasized positive reinforcement, mistake-contingent encouragement, corrective instruction given in a positive and encouraging fashion, and proper technical instruction perceived a mastery climate. In contrast, coaching behaviors that emphasized punitive technical instruction were positively correlated with an ego climate. However, perception of a mastery climate was also positively correlated with coaching behaviors that emphasized non-reinforcement, punishment, and ignoring mistakes. Further, our findings indicated that there was a positive relationship between an ego climate and the three dimensions of burnout. We also found a positive relationship between a mastery climate, vitality, and positive affect. All coaches should, therefore, strive to create a mastery climate in youth sports that promotes athletes` well-being and optimizes their achievement motivation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und Bioenergetik im 100-m-Freitilschwimmen bei jungen männlichen Schwinmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023372</guid>
      <author>Latt, E.</author>
      <author>Jurimae, J.</author>
      <author>Maestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Ramson, R.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Jurimae, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Latt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jurimae, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jurimae, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: No studies have investigated the influence of somatic, energetic and technical parameters together to determine sprint swimming performance in boys after reaching puberty. The purpose of the study was to analyze possible relationships between swimming performance, anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters in  male adolescent swimmers. METHODS: 25 male swimmers (15.2+/- 1.9years; 176.1+/-9.2 cm; 63.3+/-}10.9 kg) performed 100m maximal front crawl swim in the 25m pool. Oxygen consumption, swimming speed ( ), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were assessed. Blood samples for lactate were taken at the 3rd and 5th minute of recovery and energy cost (Cs) was calculated. RESULTS: The average 100-m performance time was 77.6+/-}9.1 and was significantly related (p<0.05) to height, body mass and arm span values from the measured somatic parameters and to ~, SL, SR and SI values, and VO2, ƒ¢La and Cs values from measured biomechanical and bioenergetic parameters. Biomechanical factors (79%) characterized best the 100m swimming performance in these young swimmers, followed by somatic (49%) and bioenergetic factors (32%). DISCUSSION: The most important finding was that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 100m swimming performance, while the SI was the best predictor of sprint performance in adolescent male swimmers. Therefore, learning the correct swimming technique from the early years of swimming training is important. Cs is a key parameter to evaluate performance in swimming, but there are only a few studies that have investigated the determinants of swimming economy in children and adolescents (Kjendlie et al. 2004; Poujade et al. 2002). By investigating how aerobic and anaerobic performance develops during growth and maturation, it may be possible to identify the capacity for improvement and provide guidelines to coaches for the preparation of specific training sessions for young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Erhöhte Trainingsintensität und verminderter Trainingsumfang über 12 Wochen erhöhen die maximale Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf einer Sprintdistanz bei jungen leistungsstarken Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023371</guid>
      <author>Johansen, L.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, S.</author>
      <author>Kilen, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, T. H.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, M.</author>
      <author>Rocha, B.</author>
      <author>Nordsborg, N. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Johansen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kilen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Training volumes of elite swimmers consists of 40-70 km pr. week depending on the time season and competitive level. Given this volume the average training intensity typically becomes relatively low, compared to the intensity during competition. The training is carried out over a large span of intensities and taxes anaerobic and aerobic energy system. Hence it is reasonable to conduct both anaerobic and aerobic test´s in order to evaluate training effects. METHODS: A group of male (N=20;19±3 yrs mean±SD) and female (N=11, 18±3 yrs) elite swimmers were randomly assigned to an intensity training group (IG; N=16) or a control group (CG; N=15). For 12 weeks, CG continued their normal training of 25-50 km pr week including supra maximal bouts 1-2 times pr. week. IG reduced training volume by 50% and performed at least 4 sets of supra maximal interval training pr week. Before and after a 5x200m progressive step test on a 5 min cycle was performed. On the first 4 steps the speed was controlled and was the same on both occasions. The last level was as fast as possible with an even split. In the pause between repetitions a finger tip sample for analysis of lactate was obtained. After a break lasting at least 3 hrs, a 100 m time trial test was performed with split times for each 5m, obtained by 2 trained observers. RESULTS: A higher max swimming speed was observed (1.67±0.13 m/s vs 1.74±0.17m/s,P<0.05) for IG when comparing pre to post. No differences between groups for any of the split times on the 100m time trail was observed. Furthermore, higher lactate values was observed in CG (5.4±1.6 mmol/l vs 6.4±2.1 mmol/l,P<0.05) after the 4th repetition. No difference in lactate values between groups was noted. DISCUSSION: The major finding of this study is that a 12 weeks training intervention with concomitant doubling of the amount of high intensity training and 50% reduction of the training volume, seems to increase the ability to reach high maximal speed over a sprint distance (100m) without compromising the endurance capacity as judged by the step test. As lactate levels were not changed as a result of training the effect might be related an increase of strength, efficiency or a combination of the two. Surprisingly an increase in the lactate level after the 4th repetition was observed for CG after 12 week of endurance training. An increase in the transport capacity for lactate out of the working muscles could play a role for this observation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Spezielles Krafttraining und die Startleisung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023370</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Fehr, U.</author>
      <author>Reuss, A.</author>
      <author>Kieser, S.</author>
      <author>Straub, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fehr, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reuss, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kieser, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Straub, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Holthe and McLean (2001) showed that jumping power is a worthwhile parameter for predicting start times in sprint swimming. In this intervention study it is assumed that improving maximum strength and power in squad (SJ), counter movement (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) leads to better start times in elite swimmers. METHODS: 5 male and 2 female swimmers of different German national swim teams performed a 4-week training intervention to optimize maximum strength and jumping power, as well as the start technique of the athletes. In single case experiments, each athlete performed maximum swim start trials as well as strength and jumping power tests before (pretest) and after (posttest) the 4-week  training period. Another 4 weeks later a retention test was administered. The over all start time over a distance of 7.5 m was recorded by video analysis. Kinematic parameters (block time, flight time, and overall start time, angles at take off and water entry, take off velocity) were calculated by motion analysis. Dynamic data were measured as 3-dimensional ground reaction forces (1.000 Hz) by a specific mobile start block with an integrated force plate. The individual performance development in the kinematic and kinetic parameters between the three test dates was analysed by critical differences. Significance level was set by p < 0.05. RESULTS: The swimmers improved strength and power, as well as the start time (MPre = 2.70+0.28 s to MPost = 2.63+0.28 s; T = 3.59; n = 5; p < 0.05). The best female swimmer, qualifying for the WC 2006, improved maximum strength of the left and right leg, and drop jump (40) index from 136 pts to 166 pts (dkrit: p < 0.01) during the  training period. Furthermore, in the final qualification competition the best female and male athlete reached personal best start times of 2.82 s (crawl) resp. 2.70 s (backstroke). DISCUSSION: The single case experiments showed that a 4-week training intervention with three weekly training sessions aiming at the maximum and explosive strength of the legs, as well as at the swim start technique is helpful to improve in most of the strength parameters and the overall start performance in swimming in elite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmtechnikdiagnostik beim vollständig angebundenen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023369</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Fehr, U.</author>
      <author>Fankel, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fehr, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fankel, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Dopsaj, Matkovic, and Zdravkovic (2000)  showed that fully tethered swimming is a worthwhile tool for measuring maximum swimming force (Fmax), and valid to predict 50-m-crawl sprint times. In addition to that, in this study it is assumed that a fully tethered crawl swim test can also be used to measure swimming technique by quantifying the variation of the propulsive force on the rope. Thus, the study aims at the validation of the relative standard deviation (rSD) of the swimming force in a fully tethered 6-s-maximum crawl sprint test. METHODS: 33 male and 27 female elite swimmers of the German junior national team performed 3 maximum crawl sprint trials under fully tethered conditions. The over all swimming force exerted on a steel rope was measured by a load cell. In a first step, the influence of fatigue was eliminated by partializing out the specific variance resulting from the test duration (time) on the dependent force variable by regression analysis. For the residual data of the 6-second stationary force-time curve of each individual the standard deviation was calculated, and then expressed as percentage of the mean force. A small intra- and intercyclic variation of the swimming force is interpreted as a high technical proficiency of the swimmer. RESULTS: Not only the mean swimming force, but also the inter- and intracyclic variation of the swimming force during the 6-seconds all-out test is significantly correlated with the personal best competition time in the 50-m-freestyle swimming. In the boys group, all crawl sprint times below 24.0 s are associated with relative standard variation coefficients of the exerted force in the fully tethered swimming test below 70 percent of the mean swimming force of the individuals. In the girls, no significant correlation (rtc = .08; p = .337; n = 29) between the rSD of the swimming force and the crawl sprint performance could be found. DISCUSSION: The significant  correlation between the crawl sprint competition times and a low variation of the propulsive forces exerted in a fully tethered 6-seconds all-out sprint test underline the validity of the test procedure in elite male swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsverlauf der Freistil-Langstrecken im Olympiazyklus 2004-2008</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023368</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bragada, J. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2004</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2008</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bragada, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: As world records are being broken so often, tracking the swimmer`s performance is important to analyze its progression between competitions, and help coaches to define realistic goals and training methods. The aim of this study was to track the long distance freestyle events performance during the 2004-2008 Olympic Cycle. METHODS: For the 400-m and 1500-m, an overall of 181 swimmers and 905 race times were analyzed. FINA`s male top-150 ranking for long course in the 2007-2008 season was consulted in each freestyle event to identify the swimmers included in it. Best performances during the Olympic cycle seasons (between 2003-2004 and 2007-2008) were collected from ranking tables. This tables were provided by the National Swimming Federations of each swimmer identified, and when appropriate were also collected from a public swimming database (www.swimrankings.net). Performance progression was analyzed based in two approaches: (i) mean stability; (ii) normative stability. For mean stability assessment, descriptive statistics and ANOVA repeated measures followed by a post-hoc test were computed. Normative stability was analyzed with Pearson Correlation (Malina, 2001) and the Cohen`s Kappa tracking index (Landis and Koch, 1977). RESULTS: ANOVA repeated measures revealed significant variations in the swimming performance for the 400-m event [F (1,91) = 67.89; P < 0.01] and 1500-m event [F (1,90) = 91.81; P < 0.01] throughout the Olympic Cycle. Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed significant performance enhancement (P < 0.01). The K values expressing the stability throughout the Olympic Cycle Cycle were moderate [400-m event (K = 0.43 ± 0.05) and 1500-m event (K = 0.44 ± 0.05)]. Self-correlations revealed that high stability is achieved at the third season in the 1500-m event (r = 0.61) and at the fourth season in the 400-m event (r = 0.73). DISCUSSION: World-ranked swimmers performance went through a great improvement during the 2004-2008 Olympic Cycle. Stability and prediction based on overall Olympic Cycle period is moderate. When more strict time frames are used, swimming performance stability and prediction increases, starting at the third season in the 1500-m and at the fourth season in the 400-m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Unterschiedliche Schulter- und Hüftrollbewegungen bei Atmung und Nicht-Atmung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023361</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023361</guid>
      <author>Psycharakis, S.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Psycharakis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The effect of breathing on body roll has been the topic of only a few studies, with body roll calculated for the whole trunk based on the assumption that the trunk moves as a rigid segment in front crawl. However, Psycharakis and Sanders (2008) indicated that the shoulders roll significantly more than the hips and reported differences in the temporal characteristics of shoulder roll (SR) and hip roll (HR) during non-breathing cycles. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of breathing on SR and HR during front crawl swimming. METHODS: Six competitive male swimmers swam two maximum 25m front crawl trials under different conditions: non-breathing (NBr) and breathing on the preferred side (Br). Six video cameras (50Hz) and three-dimensional analysis methods were used as described by Psycharakis et al. (2005) and Psycharakis and Sanders (2008). The total SR and HR were calculated as the sum of the roll to both sides. SR and HR were also calculated separately for the breathing side (SR-BS; HR-BS) and the non breathing side (SR-NBS; HR-NBS). Statistical analysis was done with paired samples t-tests and significance was accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS: Swimming velocity was not significantly different between trials (Br: 1.76±0.09m/s; NBr: 1.80±0.08m/s). Total SR was significantly higher in the Br (120.3±7.7°) than the NBr trial (107.4±6.9°). No significant differences were found in the total HR (Br: 44.1±5.9°; NBr: 41.8±6.7°). SR was significantly higher than HR in both trials. SR-BS increased significantly in the Br trial,  but there were no significant differences between the Br and NBr trials in HR-BS, SRNBS and HR-NBS. No significant differences were found in the Br or the NBr trials between SR-BS and SR-NBS, and HR-BS and HRNBS. DISCUSSION: Swimmers increased SR when breathing by increasing mainly the roll of the shoulders towards the breathing side. HR and swimming velocity did not seem to be significantly affected by the breathing action. These preliminary data need to be xpanded to larger sample sizes to confirm and generalise the findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>100 m Freistil: leistungsbeeinflussende Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023360</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023360</guid>
      <author>Aspenes, S. T.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aspenes, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: 100m freestyle has been subject to rapid development for the last few years. Although much focus has been directed towards the swimming suit, it remains an eligible wish that the performance within it have also evolved. Few studies have established statistical models designed to predict swimming-performance, partly as powerful multivariable analyses demand high numbers of participants. Unable to accommodate to those demands, this study aimed at investigating performance determining factors in  100m freestyle. METHODS: Data were from 13 female and 11 male Norwegian national-level swimmers, aged 15 to 24. Sprint velocities, time trials, oxygen uptake and in-water force measurements were measured according to Aspenes et al. (2009). After controlling for normality, distribution was calculated as mean±standard deviation and linear regressions as standardized   and p-value with 100m performance as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Mean 100m time was 65.5±3.7 seconds in females and 58.7±2.1 seconds in males. In females, maximal 50m freestyle performance ( =0.96, p<0.001), maximal velocity in 25m sprint ( =-0.93, p<0.001), maximal 400m freestyle performance ( =0.83, p<0.001), maximal swimming force ( =-0.82, p=0.001), velocity at VO2peak ( =-0.71, p<0.01) and VO2peak ( =-0.55, p=0.05) was associated with 100m performance in order of significance. In males, maximal 50m ( =0.96, p<0.001) and 400m ( =0.83, p<0.001) freestyle performance, maximal swimming force ( =-0.82, p<0.01), maximal velocity in 25m sprint ( =-0.74, p<0.01), supine reaching height ( =-0.70, p<0.05), weight ( =-0.66, p<0.05) and height ( =-0.63, p<0.05) were associated with 100m performance. Factors that did not associate with 100m performance in either gender were age, maximal land strength, swimming economy, and stroke length and -rate during maximal swimming. DISCUSSION: Our analyses showed that the strongest associates of 100m swimming performance were performance in other swimming events, and surprisingly, 400m freestyle was the second strongest associate. Other studies have shown that performance to a high degree relies on favourable anthropometric features, but in our small sample this was only valid  for males. In contrast to established knowledge, we did not find any association between stroke length or - rate and  performance in any gender. Aspenes, ST, Kjendlie, PL, Hoff, J, Helgerud, J. Combined strength and endurance training in competitive swimmers, JSSM, 8:357-365. 2009.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung der Standardbrustschwimm-Stabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023359</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023359</guid>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J. R. J.</author>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Campaniço, J.</author>
      <author>Matos, T.</author>
      <author>Leitão, L.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J. R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campaniço, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leitão, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to create an instrument to collect data for analysis of the technical stability in swimming. This instrument will serve as a base for the observed behavior during the cyclic execution in the breaststroke technique. In this context, using qualitative analysis through the observational methodology, the study focused on the characterization of the motor patterns of behavior in the breaststroke technique on elite athletes. METHODS: The  instrument consisted of a system of field formats, based on references of observational methodology and biomechanical models of swimming, giving special emphasis to six taxonomic criteria that aggregate in the form of alpha-numeric codes the crucial information to describe behaviors that define the breaststroke technique. The quality of the instrument was analyzed using the kappa Cohen the software-GSEQ SDIS (Bakeman & Quera, 1996), based on the records of seven trained observers, and, for accuracy effects, another expert. RESULTS: The kappa Cohen results ranged between 0.94 and 0.98, guaranteeing the accuracy and objectivity when describing technical approaches with this instrument. The behavioral stability changes accordingly to the swimmer and also between the stages and observed moments, however each swimmer fits the technical model. DISCUSSION: We can consider that, given the high values of agreement between the expert and the seven observers, the instrument is appropriate to observe the conduct of technical Breaststroke swimmers in context situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schaffung der besten körperlichen Voraussetzungen für das wellenförmige Schwimmen unter Wasser, eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023358</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023358</guid>
      <author>Setterberg, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Setterberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) has progressed in speed over an Olympic cycle faster than surface swimming times (1). In 2008 we (NSF and OLT) started a project in order to catch up with this development. We planned to create the best physical resources in our swimmers for performing the UUS. Kinematic analysis of world class swimmers (WCS) showed they are able to maintain a high frequency and a small difference between the down and  upsweep. METHODS: We conducted a case study on a norwegian top-level female swimmer (IS). We compared the video analysis of a WCS and IS using the same kinematic measurements as Loebbecke et. al 2009 (2) Based on these data we designed and implemented in training on land and water a set of exercises for improving stability, strength and flexibility especially for core and ankle. This training was performed 3 days a week. The progress of USS speed was tested: a. 15m start speed during competition, b. kicktest during training of 15m max speed test from a push-off . RESULTS: 15 m time during competition showed the most significant improvement, pre 2,01 m/s and posttraining 2,35 m/s. The push-off test has increased with 0,05 m/s. The kinematic measurements showed improvement in the ability to kick with higher frequency over time, 2,14 kicks/s pre and 2,38 kicks/s post. The frequency is 2,78 kicks/s for WCS. The difference between the down and upsweep is reduced from -0,07s to -0,05s. Plantar flexion on land improved, but during kicking is still less than observed in WCS, 86 and 72 degrees. DISCUSSION: The observed differences between the fastest male UUS and IS in kickspeed, upsweep kick and dynamic ankle flexibility were the reasons why we intensified the effort to improve the physical basis for the swimperformance. The results improved on those elements we considered important for UUS likewise did the  swimperformance. Obviously there could be other explanations for this improvement like the new swimsuits. Nevertheless it seems the specific exercises for strength and flexibility designed on the basis of the observed difference in crucial techniqual elements contributed to improve these elements. Perhaps the greatest advantage seems to be the swimmers ability to use a big plantar flexion of the ankle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Zyklusphasen und Koordinationsindex um das maximale Steady-State im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023354</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023354</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, B. D.</author>
      <author>Santiago, D. R. P.</author>
      <author>César, T. E. A. S.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, L. F.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santiago, D. R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>César, T. E. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alberty et al. (2009) verified decrease of nonpropulsive phases and maintenance increase of the propulsive phases during exhaustive tests (95, 100 and 110% of maximal 400-m swimspeed test). There is no data referring to the stroke strategies to maintain the speed during long-distance swims, which are found during some swim training sessions and long-distance events. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in stroke parameters (i.e., stroke length - SL and stroke rate - SR) and arm coordination (i.e., propulsive and nonpropulsive phases and IdC) when swimming at and above (102.5%) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). METHODS: Twelve endurance swimmers (21 ± 8 yr.) performed in different days: 1) 200 and 400-m all-out tests to determine critical speed (CS), and; 2) two to four 30- min sub-maximal continuous tests at imposed swim pace, to determine the MLSS. Video analysis was used to determine the SR, SL, stroke phases and IdC. The IdC was determined using the lag times between the propulsive phases of each arm (Chollet et al., 2000). Blood lactate and stroke technique variables were analyzed at 10th and 30th minute of each imposed speed test. RESULTS: There was significant difference among MLSS (1.22± 0.05 m/s), 102.5% MLSS (1.25 ± 0.04 m/s) and CS (1.30 ± 0.08 m/s). SR and SL was maintained during the test swum at MLSS and have modified at 102.5% MLSS (SR - 30.98 ± 3.44 and 32.26 ± 3.56 cycles/min and SL - 2.47 ± 0.22 and 2.38 ± 0.24 m/cycle). All stroke phases maintained during the test swum at MLSS. However, the propulsive phase B (pull) increased at 102.5% MLSS (21.7 ± 3.4% and 22.9 ± 3.9%). There was no significant effect of exercise intensity and time on IdC. CONCLUSIONS The changes in stroke parameters (i.e., reduction in SL and increase in SR) and arm coordination (i.e., increase in propulsive phase B) of well trained swimmers during long distance imposed speed tests performed at heavy intensity domain (ie., below CS), occurs only at condition of non-metabolic equilibrium. These changes are important to increase the duration over which the propulsive force acted per distance unit as the force capacity was reduced.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Freie Simulationssoftware "Swimsuit" zum Erlernen und Erforschen der Biomechanik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023353</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023353</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The authors have developed a simulation model "SWUM" (Nakashima et al., 2007) and its implementation software "Swumsuit". Since the software was reported on the last symposium, it has been updated successively in order to extend its possibility. In this pool side demonstration, its technical description as well as the basic usage will be presented in order to show its usefulness for learning and researching the biomechanics in swimming, while the scientific results will be presented in another oral presentation (Nakashima et al., 2010). METHODS: Swumsuit was written in two programming languages. For the main simulation program, the programming language FORTRAN was employed because of its high computing performance in numerical calculation. For the graphical user interface, the script language Tcl/Tk was employed because of easiness for constructing the graphical user interface. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Swumsuit is an open source free software and available on the website (http://www. swum.org/swumsuit/). It runs on Windows, Macintosh and Linux. The current version is 4.0.2. From the version 2.0.0, 3.0.0, and 4.0.0, the optimizing calculation, musculoskeletal simulation, and multi agent/ object simulation have been enabled, respectively. For optimizing calculation, the user can describe freely the design variables and objective function by writing scripts. For the musculoskeletal simulation, the user can invoke the musculoskeletal software from Swumsuit directly. For the multi agent/object simulation, the user can describe the mechanical interaction between the agents/objects. Participants for this session are recommended to bring their own laptop computers since the software and sample data of the above results will be distributed by CD-R or USB memory in the session in order to enable the participants to use the software by themselves.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Anwendungen drahtloser EMG-Messungen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023352</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023352</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I. P.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Arngrimsson, S. A.</author>
      <author>Lambeck, J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arngrimsson, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lambeck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: EMG measurements have been used for many years in competitive swimming to describe muscle recruitment and relate it to dry land training and potential problems such as shoulder impingent and muscle fatigue. In the past, most measurements have been done with systems needing direct wire connections to power and amplification. More recently, new wireless equipment has been developed, permitting full freedom of movement for swimmers. METHODS: Small independent surface units (EMU) (50mm*40mm*15mm, 28g) including muscle electrode, ground and a sender are attached to the skin in a normal way. The signal is transmitted directly to the receiver over a distance of up to 50m. In case of transmission failure or interference due to the water, the EMU has onboard memory for up to 7 minutes recording and seamless transmission occurs after the activity has been completed. The electrodes and EMU can be made waterproof with elastic plastic film if the edges of the film are secured with sport tape. BENEFITS Wireless EMG systems put little restraint on the swimmer, his/her movement, or the environment in which measurements can take place. Recordings have been done not only in controlled situations but during actual competition and even in outdoor pools. Further the EMG signal has less noise than most wire systems. RESULTS: Measurements with this system have demonstrated bilateral muscular imbalance in single leg amputee swimmers and diversity in muscle recruitment patterns for competitive swimmers with visual impairment and swimmers with mild and severe cerebral palsy. It has also been used to examine muscle activity during therapeutic applications such as in the Bad Ragaz Ring Method. The muscle use patterns of specific stroke specialists compared to non-specialists have also been investigated with the equipment. DISCUSSION: This equipment can be used to investigate the International Paralympic Committee swimming functional classification system in more details than has been possible to date. It also makes the application of EMG measurements almost coach friendly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Staffelstartstrategien bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023351</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023351</guid>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The few studies in the literature concerning the efficiency in relay starts in swimming have focussed mainly on differences in take-off movement techniques (e.g. Gambrel et al., 1991; McLean et al., 2000). Although, trends could be identified, the results are still somewhat inconclusive. In contrast, no study has examined yet whether a reduction of changeover-time in between wall-contact of the income swimmer and the take-off of the outgoing swimmer is a useful relay start strategy as advocated by various swimming experts (e.g. Maglischo, 2003). Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different feedback sources on relay start performance. METHODS: Study 1: Twenty-six junior elite swimmers were examined during a 4-day learning experiment with three relay-starts on each day. Two experimental groups were randomly assigned to two different feedback categories. While one group received feedback on the maximum in the horizontal take-off force the other group received feedback on the changeovertime. Study 2: Sixteen elite swimmers participated in a one-day learning experiment concerning feedback for two different take-off movement techniques. While one group practised the traditional armswing start the second group learned two perform a single-stepstart. Both groups received feedback on the maximum in horizontal force as well a video presentation on their changeover performance. In both studies the time between wall-contact of the income swimmer on the time at for the first 7,5 m of the outgoing swimmer was used as criteria for the relay start performance. RESULTS: Study 1: Swimmers receiving feedback on their horizontal force clearly showed higher improvements in their relay start performance as compared to swimmers receiving changeovertime feedback (F=4,4; p < 0,05). Individual improvements in the force feedback groups could be as much as 0,5 s. While both groups showed similar improvements in the changeover-time only the force feedback group yielded increases in their horizontal force. Study 2 showed that both groups reduced their changeover-time within one day by up to 50 percent (F = 46,7; p < 0,01). While no significant differences between the two take-off movement techniques were found there was a tendency for the single-stepstart to outperform the armswing start. However, despite considerable improvement in the changeover-time no improvements were found in the relay start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wirkung des Wassertrainings auf die Kraft der Schulterrotatoren bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023350</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023350</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <author>Tomás-Carús, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, O.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomás-Carús, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 18 weeks water training on the rotator cuff strength of young swimmers. METHODS: Twenty Portuguese national level male swimmers (age: 14.60±0.67 years old, height: 170.79±6.48 cm, body mass: 61.73±4.68 kg) and 16 sedentary male students (age: 14.88±0.72 years, height: 168.38±6.19 cm, body mass: 60.84±11.69 kg) participated in this study. The peak-torque of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotators (ER) was measured in the beginning of the season and after 18 weeks. Concentric action at 60º/s (3 rep) and 180º/s (20 rep)  were measured in a seated position, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3-Biodex Corp., Shirley, USA). Anova with repeated measures was adjusted by baseline data and used to determine significant main effects in shoulder rotators strength and unilateral ratios (concentric ER/IR). The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in all variables that measure the IR shoulder strength, at 60º/s in dominant(DT) (P=0.000) and non-dominant(NDT) shoulder (P=0.002), and at 180º/s, both in DT (P=0.000) and NDT shoulder(P=0.001). At 180º/s ER we only found differences in the NDT shoulder (P=0.007). In respect to ER/IR ratio, significant differences were found between baseline and 18 weeks in both shoulders at 60º/s (DT: P=0.000; NDT: P=0.001). At 180º/s only in the DT ER/IR ratio significant differences were found (P=0.002). DISCUSSION: The main results are similar with previous studies [1]. After a exclusive water training period, the IR strength gains were significant higher when compared with the ER. These results are attributed to the repetitive shoulder IR and arm adduction motions involved in swimming techniques. As a consequence of the differences in strengths gains, the ER/ IR ratio decrease from baseline to 18 weeks water training. The presentdata show specific adaptations in shoulder strength and identify a relative muscular imbalance between the IR and ER on the DT and NDT arm of young swimmers. Since the ratios describe the quality of muscular balance/imbalance, we can conclude that 18 weeks water training period induces muscular imbalances in both shoulders.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technikmonitoring und Anwendung des Schwimmwettkampfs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023349</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023349</guid>
      <author>Zhou, J.</author>
      <author>Ba, H.</author>
      <author>Xie, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ba, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: At present, Swimming on the technical and tactical basic methods of analysis used to analyze the above water video and conduct mainly some sub-timing and technical and tactical statisticsbased in the international arena. METHODS: on-site data collection and analysis are mostly used for technical and tactical statistics of the video analysis in the major international swimming events (see reference [1-8]). However, this statistical analysis is not enough and complete from the perspective of biomechanics (see reference [6]). Its main limitation is that it cannot provide technical details of  technical analysis acquiring athletes in the race to use. But details of these technologies can provide a scientific basis for improving the swimming skills of athletes. Therefore, we study a test method that will be more comprehensive and complete analysis of competition. RESULTS: Our study a test method is easy to install and use software and hardware equipment under the conditions of the competition and training to complete the critical section of the above and under water camera technology. It can further analysis the key technology of players in addition to statistical analysis of video. The video acquisition and analysis system for technical analysis include (see Figure 1) a surface camera, underwater camera, image synthesis, video-signal switcher, video recorders, computers and analysis software in this study. It was applied in March 2006 Asian Swimming Championships in Singapore. DISCUSSION: Described in this article are used in swimming competition of real-time video capture, and further kinematic analysis of swimming technique video collection and analysis methods. It can get a variety of swimming skills for two-dimensional kinematic data. The accuracy of the data depends on the image quality, calibration methods and accuracy.Practical application shows that these data can basically meet the needs of the present technical analysis of swimming. This test method required fewer operations staff and equipment to the above in the application used in the test system. They have:(1) a more comprehensive measurement and feedback parameters. (2) Installation of a simple, time-saving. (3) its small size, light weight, easy to carry, easy to operate.(4) Low-voltage DC battery-powered, Security is good. (5) low cost, suitable for all kinds of swimming pools, especially those that do not use the swimming pool underwater observation equipment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Effektivität des Beinschlags und Beschleunigung in der Druckphase bei der Bestimmung der "Tuning-Geschwindigkeit" im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023348</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023348</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Vicentini, M.</author>
      <author>Zorzi, E.</author>
      <author>Scattolini, A.</author>
      <author>Rigamonti, A.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vicentini, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zorzi, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scattolini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rigamonti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several factors are expected to determine the swimming speed after a turn (before resuming the arm stroke at the surface level). We focused our attention on the contribution of the acceleration during the pushing phase and of the efficiency of the underwater undulatory movement in determining the time taken to cover the first 5 m after the turn in a simulated 100 m race conducted in a 50 m swimming pool. METHODS: Thirteen subjects participated to the study: 5 (4M/1F) elite swimmers of the Italian National Swimming Team and 7 (3M/4F) swimmers competing at local/national level. They were asked to swim the 100 m distance as fast as possible; during this simulated race we recorded their speed in the first 5 m after the turn (v50-55). In a separate series of experiments, the average acceleration during the push (apush, an index of the force exerted during the push) was calculated based on kinematic data collected by means of an underwater video camera; in these experiments the subjects were asked not to kick after the pushing phase, just to glide. In a further series of experiments the subjects were asked to swim underwater by using the dolphin kick while passing in front of an underwater video camera in order to calculate the Froude efficiency of the leg kick ( F) as proposed by Zamparo et al. (2002). RESULTS: Average speed in the first 5 m after the turn (v50-55) was 3.09 ± 0.78 m/s (range: 1.98-4.63); average acceleration during the push (apush) was 2.80 ± 0.69 m . s-2 (range: 1.76-3.85); Froude efficiency of the dolphin kick ( F) was 0.67 ± 0.02 (range: 0.65-0.70). A good relationship was observed between v50-55 and  F (R = 0.704, P = 0.011) as well as between v50-55 and apush (R = 0.680, P = 0.015). A multiple regression analysis indicates that these two factors, explain 73% of the variability of v50-55 after a turn (P = 0.035). DISCUSSION: As hypothesized apush and  F are well related to the "turning speed" (v50-55) in a simulated 100 m race. Hence both "factors" should be taken into account for a proper training of this "phase" of a swimming race. REFERENCES: 1. Zamparo P, Pendergast DR, Termin B, Minetti AM (2002). How fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimming. J Exp Biol 205: 2665-2676.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungen zu Kraftausdauerübungen für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023347</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023347</guid>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Götz, J.-K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraftausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Götz, J.-K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Training at specific power training devices plays a crucial role with the increase of drive power in cyclic motions. Similar to the competition movement the intensity is increased by an enhanced frequency. The temporal relationship of the driving phase and the break changes to the disadvantage of the break. We could show that the duration of the relative breaks is related positively to breathing economy. Thus in this study the behavior of muscle activity in the main drive muscles in case of increased frequency was analyzed. METHODS: 12 age-group swimmers performed both the classical pulling movement of swimmers (butterfly, front crawl) at a rope pulling ergometer as well as the single and double pole skiing techniques. In each case the frequency was increased by 30 to 50 reps/min . At the rope pulling ergometer (FES Berlin) we monitored the force-distance curves of intra-cyclic power, frequency, stroke length and duration as well as the activities of several arm and shoulder muscles (Myo 2000, Noraxon). From the EMG the mean relative activity (% MVC) as well as the activity duration (tM) was calculated. RESULTS: In all kinds of movement the intra-cyclic power increased with the frequency, with higher values in the synchronous pulling techniques compared to the alternating techniques just like in the comparison of the ski pulling techniques with the swimming techniques. The duration of the break decreased in relation to the stroke time with all kinds of movement. The highest relative activities were monitored for m. pectoralis major (PM) and m. latissimus dorsi (LD), their muscle activity increased simultaneously with intra-cyclic power during frequency increase. Altogether muscle activity in swimming was higher than in skiing. The relative duration of muscular activity increased  simultaneously with the relative duration of the pulling phase during the higher frequencies, with some muscles showing higher activity duration during lower frequencies. Table: Relative duration of the recovery phase of PM and LD in relation to the stroke duration during different stroke rates (SR): SR [1/min] 30; 35; 40; 45; 50; PM [%] 61 ± 10,6; 59 ± 11,6; 58 ± 10,2; 53 ± 13,0; 47 ± 15,8; LD [%] 46 ± 15,4; 48 ± 16,0; 51 ± 10,8; 47 ± 9,8; 40 ± 8,6; DISCUSSION: The LD and PM could be identified as main drive muscles for all kind of techniques. Thus the ski pulling techniques represent a suitable training exercise for the power endurance development of the swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Der Einfluss der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf die beeinflussten und nicht beeinflussten Armzugphasen bei einseitig armamputierten Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023283</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023283</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C. D.</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine whether the arm stroke phases used by competitive unilateral arm amputee crawl swimmers differed between their affected and unaffected sides and whether these phases changed with an increase in speed. Thirteen highly-trained swimmers were video-taped underwater from two side-views during five increasingly faster 25 m front crawl trials. At all swimming speeds, the stroke phases of the affected and unaffected arms differed significantly. As speed increased, the duration of the affected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase and the unaffected-arm`s Pull phase decreased significantly; the duration of both arms` Push phase increased significantly. The amputees used a coordination strategy that asymmetrically adjusted their arm movements to maintain the stable repetition of their overall stroke cycle at different speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Eine Analyse der Unterwassergleitbewegung bei Collegeschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023282</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023282</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Sato, T.</author>
      <author>Ohishi, K.</author>
      <author>Tago, T.</author>
      <author>Izumi, T.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiteigenschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohishi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tago, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The underwater gliding motion during start and turn phases are important for the total race time in modern swimming.The purpose of this study was to analyze the underwater gliding motion in collegiate competitive swimmers. Twelve male collegiate swimmers were monitored with a video camera (SK-2130, SONY, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz in the sagittal plane to measure the angular displacement of their different joints. A motion analysis system (Frame-DIAS4, DKH, Japan) was used to digitize ten body landmarks. The following results were obtained: the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from push off from the wall to 0.8sec (1.82m). In addition, swimming speed slowed down when the involuntary movements of flexion-extension in the knee and the hip joints were observed during the gliding motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung zur 3D-Beschleunigung im Freistilschwimmen und ihr Bezug zur Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023281</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023281</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Mateu, J.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to analyze the acceleration generated during front crawl. The swimmers (n=70) performed 25 meters at maximum velocity. 3D accelera-tion (ms-2) was registered. Root Mean Square (RMS) was calculated in the anterior-posterior (X), medium-lateral (Y) and upper-lower (Z) direction. RMS indexes were calculated to relate the directions in twos. One-way ANOVA was performed. Relations between variables have been calculated with Pearson`s r. The results show differences (p<0,01) between RMSX (1,71±0,05), RMSY (4,92±0,17) and RMSZ (2,30±0,12). Velocity correlated positively RMS values (p<0,01) and the indexes that relate the RMSX with RMSY (p<0,01) and RMSZ (p<0,01). To conclude, 3D acceleration analysis might indicate the efficiency during front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verhaltensmuster der Freistiltechnik bei portugiesischen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023280</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023280</guid>
      <author>Ricardo, N.</author>
      <author>Milheiro, V.</author>
      <author>Branco, M.</author>
      <author>Campanico, J.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J.</author>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ricardo, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milheiro, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Branco, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campanico, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to find the applicability of the monitoring system based on the crawl technique. Louro et al. (2009) found that the existence of motor patterns contributes for the implementation of this technique, from an appropriate observed methodology. When used in swimmers training, analysis can reduce the variability of behavioral tuning swimming technique (Campanico, et al. 2006). The behavior was studied through the analysis of temporal patterns (Tpattern) of five elite swimmers and a sequence of five cycles (swimming at submaximal (75%) and maximum speed). METHODS: Five elite Portuguese swimmers (Mean Â± SD; age 20,87 Â±1,55; FINA Points at 100m crawl: 815,62 Â±65,09), performed the distance of 25 meters, at submaximal (75%) and maximum speed. A digital video camera Sony Mini DV (25 Hz) was placed about 30 centimeters deep, near the edge of the pool. The instrument of observation was prepared Ad-Hoc qualitative analysis, enables the study of stability of technical implementation. This study was ensured through the index of intra-observed reliability (95%) and interobserved accuracy (96%). The Theme 5.0 software was used to detect patterns of 5 cycles in each swimmer. This allowed the identification of stable structures in technical performance, within a critical interval of time (P<0.05) - T - patterns. RESULTS: The mean index values of stability in the sub-maximum speed were 0.45 Â± 0.16, and the relative to the values of stability at maximum speed was 0.43 Â± 0.12. DISCUSSION:  the swimmers with best times have an improved stability of swimming in the two executions, although this is higher in sub-maximum speed, we deduce that itÂ´s because the sub-maximal speeds are closer to the training speed.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Die Auswirkung einer höheren Umgebungstemperatur auf die thermoregulatorischen Reaktionen und das Wärmemempfinden bei Kaltwasseranwendungen im unteren Körperbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023279</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023279</guid>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Wijayanto, T.</author>
      <author>Lee, J. Y.</author>
      <author>Tochihara, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wijayanto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tochihara, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The non-uniform thermal environment condition surrounding the human body will be observed during water exercise exposes upper body to the air. Although the effect of water on thermal responses is expected to be greater than air due to the higher thermal conductance of water, the combined effect of water and air temperature condition has not been sufficiently studied, and it will be useful information to conduct a water exercise program. This study investigated the effect of hot air temperature on thermoregulatory responses and thermal sensation during lower body immersion in cool water. METHODS: Nine male subjects were immersed in water to their chest level for 60 min at three water temperature conditions (Tw: 23, 26 and 33.5°C) with a neutral and hot ambient temperature (Ta: 27 and 31°C). Rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperatures, oxygen consumption (VO2), skin blood flow (SkBF) on the forearm and thigh, thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) were measured. RESULTS: No difference was observed in Tre, VO2, SkBF on forearm and thigh between hot and neutral Ta conditions during 23°C water immersion. In 26°C water, the SkBF on the forearm was significantly higher, and VO2 was significantly lower in hot Ta condition (p<0.05); Tre decrease was significantly greater in hot Ta condition compared to neutral Ta (p<0.05). TS and TC was significantly warmer and more comfortable in hot Ta  condition than in neutral Ta condition during 26°C immersion (p<0.05), while the difference between Ta conditions was small in 23°C water, though colder TS and uncomfortable TC were observed in 23°C water compared to 26°C water. DISCUSSION: During lower body immersion in 23°C water, there was no difference in thermoregulatory responses and Tre between hot and neutral Ta condition. It suggests that cold stimulus from the lower body in 23°C water was large enough to induce thermoregulatory responses regardless of the effect from the upper body in the air. Although it was expected to maintain higher Tre if only the heat exchange on the skin surface was considered, in 26°C water, lower Tre was observed in hot Ta condition. Thermal input from the upper body in slightly hot Ta might suppress the shivering thermogenesis that led to lower Tre than in neutral Ta. The importance of Ta condition effects on shivering thermogenesis and Tre as well as thermal sensation was indicated during immersion, especially in a cool water environment of 26°, as in this study.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Auswirkung des Auftriebsdrehmoments auf die Körperrotation einseitig armamputierter Freistilschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023278</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023278</guid>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Osborough, C.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Rotation about the body`s longitudinal axis in front crawl swimming or `bodyroll` may serve many useful functions including: facilitating the breathing action, aiding arm recovery and reducing drag. The torque exerted by the buoyant force about the longitudinal axis, as the arm is recovered over the water, is an important mechanism for driving bodyroll. A single arm amputation may limit a swimmer`s ability to generate bodyroll. The purpose of this study was to quantify the buoyant torque experienced by single arm amputee front crawl swimmers about their longitudinal axis and its effect on their bodyroll. METHODS: The buoyant torque acting about the longitudinal axis depends on the positions of the whole body centre of mass (CM) and centre of buoyancy (CB) relative to this axis, and the magnitude of the buoyant force. These variables were calculated from body segment masses and volumes, and the position-time histories of each segment. Six female single arm (at-elbow) amputees performed nonbreathing front crawl trials at sprint pace. Trials were recorded above and below water with six video cameras. A thirteen-segment full body model of the swimmer was defined. One complete stroke cycle was digitised and 3D coordinates obtained. Body segment data were calculated from digital photographs of the participants, using the elliptical zone method. Bodyroll was described by the angular displacements of the upper trunk (shoulder roll) and lower trunk (hip roll). Buoyant torque was obtained from the cross product of the whole body CM— CB position vector and the buoyant force vector. RESULTS: Swimmers experienced significantly higher peak buoyant torques during recovery of the unaffected arm (8.1±1.4 N.m) than during recovery of the partially-amputated arm (3.5±0.9 N.m). Maximum body roll angles during the unaffected-arm recovery (shoulder: 41±8°; hip: 30±5°) were higher than those during recovery of the partially amputated arm (shoulder: 32±6°; hip: 23±6°). DISCUSSION: The buoyant torque always acted to decelerate the bodyroll from arm exit to mid-recovery and then to accelerate it from mid-recovery to arm entry. The considerable bilateral asymmetry in the buoyant torque could not account for the bodyroll patterns displayed by any of the swimmers. This indicates that the swimmers were utilising mechanisms other than the buoyant torque, such as external torques from non-propulsive fluid forces, to control their bodyroll.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Ist das Sehvermögen die einzige Einschränkung für die Leistung im Brustschwimmen bei sehbehinderten Paralympic-Schwimmern?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023277</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023277</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers with visual impairment complete in 3 classes. In the 100-m free these swimmers followed a similar race pattern of stroke rate and length to Olympic swimmers. Class S11 with greatest impairment swam slowest and were least competitive, classes S12 and S13 did not differ. It was suggested that fewer classes are needed. Breaststroke races are also organised under the same system but little study has been made of visually impaired swimmers in this stroke. METHODS: The only large scale race analysis data of Paralympic swimmers available dates from the Sydney 2000 Games. Participants were 32 male 100-m breast finalists in classes SB11 to SB13 for visually impaired and class S14 for intellectually disabled (ID). Able-bodied reference data were obtained for an identical analysis (n=8) at the Olympic Games. Start, turn, finish and mid-pool speeds were measured on video tape along with stroke rate(SR) and length(SL). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in end race result between swimmers with limited vision (SB12 & SB13) (M=75.5s) and with ID (SB14) (M=76.14s). Speed decreased as the race progressed with loses of 7% to 8% in segment 2-3 (turning) in Paralympians compared to 4% for Olympic swimmers. ID swimmers lost the most speed over the race (15.2%). There were no differences among Paralympic swimmers in start speed but class SB13 finished significantly faster and SB11 was slower in this race segment. There was no difference among groups in SR and only Olympic swimmers showed significantly longer SL (+0.4m/stroke). Olympic swimmers used a different race pattern for SR and SL. Together with the smallest speed decreases they also showed the largest SR decrease at the beginning of the race (-5.5%) followed by very large rate increases (>7.0%). This was combined with the largest SL increases (+3.3%) followed immediately by the largest SL decreases (<-10%). The SR of visually impaired swimmers decreased significantly following turn and was very low SL following start. Only ID swimmers could not increase SR at the end of the race. DISCUSSION: Visually impaired use poor race speed patterns in breaststroke perhaps due to insufficient conditioning. They are slow in start and turn due to the poor underwater pulling action, start swimming too early and show large speed drops after turning losing both SR and SL. The degree of visual impairment does not seem to be the main distinguishing factor of race performance in breaststroke.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Nahrungs-Thiamin- und -Riboflavinaufnahme und Thiamin und -Riboflavinkonzentration im Blut bei Collegeschwimmern bei intensivem Training</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023276</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023276</guid>
      <author>Sato, A.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Ishikawa, T.</author>
      <author>Murayama, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vitamin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ishikawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murayama, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to provide quantified data to find relationship between high physical activity by swimming training and biochemical thiamin and riboflavin status. METHODS: Thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in the whole blood of a group of 19 collegiate swimmers (6 males and 13 females) were measured during a low-intensity preparatory period and compared with measurements taken during a high-intensity training period. Additional variables included anthropometric characteristics; estimated energy expenditure during swimming training; distance covered; resting energy expenditure; estimated energy requirement per day; and dietary intake of energy, thiamin, and riboflavin. RESULTS: No major changes were observed in anthropometric characteristics or dietary intake, while energy expenditure during swimming training per day significantly increased in the intensive training period (496 ± 0 kcal in the preparation period versus 995 ± 96 kcal in the intensive training period for males [P < 0.001] and 361 ± 27 kcal versus 819 ± 48 kcal, respectively, for females [P < 0.001]). Blood thiamin concentration decreased significantly during the intensive training period compared to the preparation period (41 ± 6 ng/mL decreased to 36 ± 3 ng/mL for males [P = 0.048], and 38 ± 10 ng/mL decreased to 31 ± 5 ng/ mL for females [P = 0.004]); however, the concentration of riboflavin was unchanged. DISCUSSION: Thiamin is more sensitive to an increase in carbohydrate metabolism whereas riboflavin is more sensitive to changes in fat metabolism. Because the percentage of carbohydrates utilized as an energy resource increases along with the increase in intensity of physical activity, blood thiamin concentration is considered more sensitive than riboflavin concentration to an increase in energy expenditure brought about by intense training.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Die Sofortwirkung von Freistil-Sprintschwimmen mit Widerstand auf Richtung und Resultierende der Kraft der Hand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023275</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023275</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Mavridis, G.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavridis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effect of front crawl sprint-resisted swimming on the direction of the resultant force of the
hand. Five female swimmers swam 25 m with maximal intensity with and without added resistance. The underwater motion of the hand was  recorded using 4 cameras (60 Hz) and the Ariel Performance Analysis System was used for the digitization. The results showed that the magnitude of the drag and lift forces, as well as the magnitude of the resultant force was not modified significantly during resisted swimming. However, the angle formed between the resultant force and the axis of the swimming propulsion was decreased significantly in the pull phase. Thus, it could be speculated that sprint-resisted swimming could contribute to the learning of a more effective application of the propulsive forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Charakteristika hoch funktioneller Schwimmbekleidung für Wettkampfschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023274</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023274</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to clarify factors of the high functional swimwears had made a lot of new world records recently, and to suggest design improvements for a new swimwear suitable for the new regulation by FINA. METHODS: Two elite swimmers participated in this study. LZR Racer (L), Aqua Force (F), and X-Glide (X), as the high functional swimwears, and Aile-Bleue (B) as a comparative swimwear were used. L has high wearing pressure, F was made  by rubber, X has both peculiarity of L and F. To evaluate of characteristics of the swimwears, we measured 1) the passing velocity under the water after starting, 2) the cross sections (CS) of a leg, and 3) the passive drag by using a swim mill. RESULTS: The mean passing velocity (m/s) of the subjects after starting with the X was higher than others (X:2.1±0.5, L:2.0±0.4, F:2.0±0.4, B:1.9±0.5). The relative values (%) which indicate a constriction of a thigh with L was smaller than others (X:149.3±16.1, L:147.4±19.4, B:152.7±18.8). The passive drag with L was larger than others. The passive drag (N) with X and F were small at lower velocity but became larger at higher velocity (velocity 0.6-1.4m/s ; X:10.2±10.4, L:14.7±11.8, F:6.5±10.3, B:10.0±12.2, velocity 1.6-1.8m/s ; X:62.5±18.3, L:63.5±14.1, F:49.3±13.1, B:45.0±10.9). It was observed the legs f position with X or F became closer to the horizontal line. DISCUSSION: The results of passive drag reveal that rubber swimwears (X and F) indicated a different tendency between the lower and higher flow velocity. It is thought that the drag decreased due to the body position became close to the horizontal because the rubber swimwears might have an effect for lifting the legs, but the effect induced an increase of the wave drag at higher velocity, then the passive drag inverted between the rubber swimwears and others. For an effect of constriction by the swimwears, it was observed the CS of a thigh was decreased by wearing the L and X. As all findings of the research, it is concluded F has an effect for reducing the drag due to lift legs, L has an advantage to restrain vibration of legs by a strong compression, and X gets both benefits of the two swimwears. According to the new regulation, a rubber material was not forbidden. So it was important to investigate a new material instead of a rubber and to achieve an appropriate wearing pressure.]]></content:encoded>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Erlernen des flachen und spitzen Eintauchens beim Schwimmstart vom Block</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023273</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023273</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A study with two randomly assigned subgroups was conducted to examine to effects of feedback information (entry angle) on the dive-in performance. While one group was instructed to perform a pike entry the other subgroup had to exercise a flat entry (i.e. Mills & Gehlsen, 1996; Maglischo, 2003). METHOD: Ten male elite swimmers participated in the study. Five starts were performed for each of four separate learning interventions. While the take-off phase was examined by an above-water video camera and portable starting block equipped with 2D-force strain gauges, the dive-in phase was examined with an under-water video camera. The starting performance was examined by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. After each start, subjects received feedback information on their entry angle (angular displacement of the interconnecting line: finger tip vs. hip joint to the horizontal alignment). In addition, subjects were presented a slow motion video sequence of their take-off and dive-in behaviour. For the flat entry a entry angle of less than 35° was required. For the pike entry, subjects were asked to keep their entry angle above 40°. For the statistical analysis, kinematic parameters were used representing the take-off phase as well as the dive-in phase. For  the latter, a new model was applied to reliably detect body landmarks despite air particles swept along the body surface during the dive-in phase and distorting clear vision. Dynamic parameters (maximal horizontal and vertical force values) completed the data analysis. The three best starts were included in the statistical analysis. An analysis of variance was used to identify statistical correspondences. RESULTS: Both subgroups improved their starting performance significantly. Subjects changed their take-off angle according to their required entry angles. Changes in the take-off angle, in the entry angle, and in the horizontal take-off velocity were statistically explained by the intervention factor and by the group factor. While the flat entry group improved their horizontal take-off velocity, no change in this parameter was observed for the pike entry group. However, the higher horizontal take-off velocity in the flat entry group was associated with less pronounced horizontal velocity during dive-in. The opposite effect was true for the pike entry group.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wellenförmiges Schwimmen beim Menschen: Kinematik, Fließdynamik und mechanisches Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023272</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023272</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: We have learned that athletes in high level swimming try to copy successful strategies from fish locomotion. They use underwater undulatory motion, also called dolphin kicks, to reach an optimum motion by filed kinematics. Due to the absence of systematic studies intensive training phases are necessary to check in the trialerror-
principle the advantages and disadvantages of different variations of the motion. The aim of this study is to understand the motion in its fluid mechanical impact and to develop a motion pattern for optimum and efficient propulsion with the help of modern experimental and numerical flow analysis. METHODS: Time resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to visualize the flow around a swimmer during underwater undulatory swimming in still water in an indoor pool. The principle of PIV is to calculate the displacement of a large number of small levitating particles (diameter: 100 ìm, typically illuminated using green laser light) of two consecutive pictures. The path of the particles was monitored at 250 fps with a high speed video camera (PHOTRON Ultima APX). Local flow velocities and the velocity field were calculated by a cross-correlation algorithm. Swimmers kinematics were recorded using active LED marker at the joints and a video camera system (BASLER A602fc, 30 fps). RESULTS: Vortex generation is monitored in the head region and mainly in the region of the legs. The human]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der relative Anteil der Widerstands- und Auftriebskräfte in den einzelnen Phasen beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022471</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022471</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to determine the relative contribution of the drag and lift forces in the separate phases of the underwater stroke in front crawl swimming. Ten female swimmers swam 25 m with maximal intensity. Four camcorders (60 Hz) were used to record the underwater motion of the right hand, and the digitizing of selected points was undertaken manually using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. During the pull phase the drag force was significantly greater than lift force, while during the push phase there was no significant differences. Both drag and lift forces are important for appropriate propulsion. However, the drag force is decisive for the propulsion in both propulsive phases of the underwater motion of the hand, while the contribution of lift force was increased during the push phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zu einem besseren Verständnis der Rolle der Unstetigkeit des Vortriebs im Schwimmen mittels PIV</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022470</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022470</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The highly efficient locomotion of birds, insects and fish is based on unsteady dynamics. The central mechanism in the locomotion is related to unsteady behaviour of vortices such as the formation in boundary layers and the shedding from it. Attention to the relation between an object and vortex movement was first noticed in the aeronautical field. The problem of a thin airfoil performing small lateral oscillations in a uniform stream of incompressible fluid, received interest for many years, at the heart of all flutter prediction. Much research within the limitation of the linear perturbation theory was published in early times. Well-documented summaries, including Wagner`s work (1925) can be seen in Bisplinghoff (1955). While much tention was given to the lift sustaining insect and bird flights against their weight, relatively little interest has been given to the unsteady mechanism in swimming propulsion. In Colwin`s book (2002), we can find many detailed sketches of vortices generated during various stroke patterns. Even with the use of this sophisticated means, it is difficult to measure a whole flow field directly around human hand and foot. However, a great success was attained in the field of insect and fish locomotion. Recently the way approaching the unsteadiness by solving numerically the Navier-Stokes equations has been developing, actively but the reliability is somewhat poor and there are many cases in which the experimental validation is needed. The only tool for analysing unsteady flow is particle image velocimetry (shortly PIV). Matsuuchi et al. (2009) explained the principle of PIV and presented the application to swimmers. In this paper, we introduce several flow fields generated either by a hand motion while executing crawl stroke or by mono-fins as well as during the sculling motion of hand are visualized. Velocity and vorticity fields are especially important to understand the unsteady force generation as well as the question how unsteady flow is generated by the motion of hand and foot. Comparative report is also given about simultaneous measurements of unsteady force acting on a robot hand-arm system in motion and the properties of unsteady flow field obtained by PIV. In addition, the results by numerical simulations based on the vortex element method are presented within the 2D cases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf das Wettkampfschwimmen angewandte numerische Strömungsmechanik: Die Rolle der Fingerposition</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021632</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021632</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Rouboa, A. I.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Finger</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouboa, A. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The best fingers relative position during the underwater path of the stroke cycle in swimming seems to be a unclear issue. Even in elite level swimmers, different relative positions of thumb and finger spreading can be observed. The aim of the current abstract was to present the hydrodynamic characteristics of a true model of a swimmer's hand with different fingers' positions using computational CFD. METHODS: Scans of the right hand of a male elite swimmer were obtained using a computer tomography scanner. The hand was scanned with fully abducted (68o), partially abducted (30o) and adducted thumb positions (Marinho et al., 2009). Furthermore, scans were made with fingers closed together, fingers with little distance spread (0.32 cm) and fingers with large distance spread (0.64 cm) (Marinho et al., 2010). Steady-state CFD analyses were performed using the FluentR code. The measured forces on the hand models were decomposed into drag and lift coefficients (CD and CL). Attack angles of hand models of 0o, 45o and 90o, with a sweep back angle of 0o were used. RESULTS: The position with the thumb adducted presented slightly higher CD values compared with thumb abducted positions (0o, CD=0.25; 45o, CD=0.61; 90o, CD=1.09). The position with the thumb fully abducted presented higher CL values at attack angles of 0o (CL=0.24 vs. CL=0.21, partially abducted; CL=0.18, abducted) and 45o (CL=0.65 vs. CL=0.62, partially abducted; CL=0.60, adducted). The model with little distance between fingers (0o, CD=0.24; 45o, CD=0.68; 90o, CD=1.13); presented  igher CD values than the models with fingers closed (0o, CD=0.25; 45o, CD=0.61; 90o, CD=1.09) and fingers with large distance spread (0o, CD=0.26; 45o, CD=0.57; 90o, CD=0.93). The values for the lift coefficient presented little differences between the three models, for a given attack angle (0o, CL.0.20; 45o, CL.0.60; 90o, CL.0.20).  DISCUSSION: For hand positions in which the lift force can play an important role (e.g. insweep phases), the abduction of the thumb may be better, whereas at higher angles of attack, in which the drag force is dominant, the adduction of the thumb may be preferable. Moreover, these thumb positions should be associated to fingers slightly spread, allowing the hand to create more propulsive force during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Allgemeine Tendenzen und individuelle Verläufe der Schwimmleistung bei den Neuseeländischen Meisterschaften im Verlauf einer Dekade</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021631</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021631</guid>
      <author>Hopkins, W. G.</author>
      <author>Pike, J. C.</author>
      <author>Nottle, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neuseeland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hopkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pike, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nottle, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The progression of an athlete`s competitive performance is an important element in the development of talent and selection of events, but little is known about changes in swimmers during their formative years. Here we report effects of calendar year and age on performance of swimmers at an annual national championship and an approach to prediction of future performance of individual swimmers. METHODS: The data were the official performance times of swimmers who had entered at least three New Zealand Age Group and Open Championships in 2000-2009 (65-194 swimmers with 261-769 entries in the 16 stroke and distance combinations for each sex). Each swimmer`s best time in a given event was log-transformed for analysis of changes in performance as percents using a mixed linear model that included a quadratic trend to adjust for gradual overall yearly changes in performance and individual quadratic trends or "trajectories" for the effect of age on each swimmer`s times. Each swimmer`s trajectory was used to estimate age of best performance and to predict performance for several years following the last swim. RESULTS: Most boys` events showed practically linear improvements in mean performance time of 1-3% between 2000 and 2009; girls` breaststroke and butterfly showed similar improvements, but there was little change in most other girls` events. After adjustment for these trends, plots of each swimmer`s times and their individual fitted trend showed that quadratics are appropriate to model age-related changes in performance. Age of best performance was similar for boys and girls but showed greater variation between girls (18.9 ± 1.5 and 18.7 ± 2.8 y respectively, mean ± SD); the range in best age for different strokes and distances was ~2 y. There was adequate precision for most estimates and for prediction of most individuals` performances. A change of coach or location for some swimmers was apparent as a substantial deviation of one or more swims from their quadratic trajectories. DISCUSSION: The overall progression statistics will help coaches and swimmers set realistic goals for race times at the  National Championships. Annual implementation of the analysis to update the individual performance trajectories should provide guidance for event selection and talent identification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein wettkampfbasiertes neues Untersuchungsdesign zur Bewertung der leistungsbeeinflussenden Intervention einer Mannschaft von Spitzenathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021630</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021630</guid>
      <author>Vandenbogaerde, T. J.</author>
      <author>Hopkins, W. G.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Intervention</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vandenbogaerde, T. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hopkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Performance of elite athletes is difficult to study with conventional experimental designs, because sample sizes are usually small, coaches are often unwilling to randomize athletes to treatments, and performance in tests may not reflect performance in competitions. We present here a more practical powerful competition-based research design for sports in which a squad of athletes competes frequently as individuals and the coach is prepared to implement an intervention for a competition. METHODS: We developed and evaluated the competition-based design by analyzing US competitive swimming performance times, assuming an intervention affecting performance in all strokes and distances had been applied to swimmers in one or more arbitrarily chosen squads for one or more competitions. The swim times were downloaded from USAswimming.org for the period September 2008 through August 2009 (post Beijing Olympics through Rome World Championships and US Open Championships). We analyzed data for swimmers who achieved >900 Hy-Tek points at the World Championship selection trials and who were in squads of >2 swimmers at the trials. Each swimmer`s  best points score was then used to select their best event, and only competitions with >14 best-event swims were included. Times for the resulting 365 swims in 7 competitions by 146 athletes in 19 squads were then analyzed with a mixed linear model. Fixed and random effects were included in the model to estimate the intervention effect in a design equivalent to a parallelgroups controlled trial. RESULTS: Uncertainty in the estimate of the mean effect of an intervention in a given competition with a squad of ~13 swimmers was a minimum of ±0.7% (expressed as 90% confidence limits) when there were at least 50 other swimmers in that competition and all swimmers entered at least four other competitions. The same intervention applied to an extra squad (~25 swimmers in total) in a different competition reduced the minimum uncertainty to ±0.5%. DISCUSSION: The competition-based research design for interventions on athletic performance appears to provide outcomes that are more precise and trustworthy than those of conventional research designs, but clear outcomes with interventions producing trivial or smallest important effects for swimmers (~0.3%1,2) will require use of multiple squads in multiple competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Reproduzierbarkeit von Geschwindigkeitsverlaufs-Strategien bei hochklassigen Schwimmern im Juniorenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021629</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021629</guid>
      <author>Skorski, S.</author>
      <author>Faude, O.</author>
      <author>Rausch, K.</author>
      <author>Meyer, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reproduzierbarkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Skorski, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faude, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rausch, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meyer, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recently, the analysis of pacing strategies has gained importance in sports medicine research. Up to now, there is little data available in swimming. Three different ways of pacing have been described in swimmers: even, fast-slow and slow-fast pacing (Maglischo, 2003). This classification was mainly developed from observations in races at Olympic Games or World Championships. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of pacing strategies in high level junior swimmers during 200, 400 and 800 m tests. METHODS: 16 competitive front crawl swimmers (7  , 9  , age: 16.9±2.2 years, training history: 6±1.8 years) performed 200, 400 and 800 m tests, each distance twice, within one week. All 100m split as well as total times were recorded for the 800 and 400 m test (50m split times for the 200m test). Furthermore blood lactate concentrations [bLa] were measured after each test. Training and nutrition on test days and the day before were tightly controlled. RESULTS: Pearson correlations as well as Bland-Altman analyses were used to determine reproducibility. Correlation coefficients (r) for the 800 m were between r = 0.83 and 0.97 for all split times, except for the last section (r = 0.79). Mean bias was between 0.13 and -0.81s, the limits of agreement [LoA] were between ± 1.7 and 5.0 s for all 100 m sections except the final one (mean bias = -1.05 s, LoA = 5.8 s). During the 400 m race r was above 0.90 for each section (mean bias = -0.16 to -0.60 s, LoA = ± 1.6 to 4.7 s). Results were similar during the 200m (r > 0.90, mean bias = -0.35 to -1.14 s, LoA = ± 1.1 and 2.6 s). For [bLa] was r was 0.88 during 800m and 0.80 during 400 m, whereas for the 200 m it was 0.32. DISCUSSION: The reproducibility of pacing profiles of junior swimmers seems acceptable, although the last section shows greater variability. Thus it might be speculated that anticipatory control of intensity is dominant during the race with actual sensory feed-back information getting more important during the end spurt of the race. However, the physiological rational behind pacing strategies is mostly unknown and further research is needed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsrückgang bei jugendlichen Schwimmern nach der Sommerpause</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021628</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021628</guid>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sommer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Children in Germany have 6 weeks of school break. During this time usually no swim training is performed leading to a decrease in performance which was built up before the school break. The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of performance loss following 6 weeks of summer break in youth swimmers. METHODS: 26 competitive swimmers between 9 and 11 years (MW 11.5 ± 1.4 yrs) participated in the study. Seven weeks before the summer break the kids performed a 100m all-out swim and a 2000m all-out swim. After five weeks of training the two tests were performed again. After the second test day the summer break occurred (6 weeks) without any swim specific training. Two and eight weeks after the summer break the tests were repeated again. RESULTS: The swimmers achieved a time of 35:31.2 ± 5:14.5min (2000m) and 1:25.4 ± 0:10.8 min (100m) during the first tests. After five weeks of training the times decreased without  tatistical significance (2000m 34:52.8 ± 4:35.0 min; 100m 1:24.3 ± 0:10.4min). Two weeks after the summer break the performance level in both tests decreased significantly (2000m 36:11.6 ± 5:01.4 min; 100m 1:26.7 ± 0:09.7min). After a short period of training, the performance increased significantly and the swimmers nearly reached their level of the time before the summer break (2000m 35:10.7 ± 4:34.4 min; 100m 1:24.3 ± 0:10.3min). DISCUSSION: We could show that junior swimmers between 9 and 11 years of age are able to rebuild their performance level in six weeks of training. Therefore the summer break of six weeks is very important in competitive junior swimming. From a physiological and psychological point of view, young athletes need a break from daily training to regenerate and motivate again for the next season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Informationsgehalt von Feld- und Labortests für die Prognose der aktuellen Leistung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021627</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021627</guid>
      <author>Zuoziene, I. J.</author>
      <author>Poderys, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zuoziene, I. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poderys, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Various methods can be applied in assessing the level of fitness and functional condition of athletes, as well as in forecasting their performance. Still the specific nature of the kind of sports is a significant factor in selecting tests and control exercises. Therefore the adapted tests, i.e. the tests when the load of movements corresponds to the specific character of the sports movements performed or the testing is carried out just by assessing competitive physical loads, are more suitable for assessing special fitness of athletes in all sports. The aim of the study was to compare the informativeness of field tests (research done in the swimming-pool) and laboratory assessments in forecasting the possible performance of athletes in the 50 m distance. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 12 swimmers (age - 18.63 ± 0.6 years, body mass - 72.6 ± 2.57 kg). First, each participant performed the tests in the water. The special field tests were meant to establish the indices of muscle power and anaerobic capacity, and the subjects performed a control 50 m freestyle swim the best they could. After two days the indices of relative muscle power (W/kg), anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic performance and functional indices of cardiovascular system were taken. RESULTS: The obtained results showed that well-trained swimmers, in comparison with the poor ones, had the highest values in muscle power, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity and some cardiovascular indices, such as PWC170, more optimal values or relative indices such as velocity of adaptation to loads, ratio JT/RR of ECG. The results in vertical high jump test and relative muscle power showed weak correlation with the 50 m time swim. Relatively small values of correlation were found in the anaerobic power, and higher values - in the anaerobic capacity indices obtained during the laboratory tests. The highest values in correlation between the results in control swim and the assessed indices were obtained during the testing in field conditions. DISCUSSION: These indices are significant and should be used in doing laboratory research in the functional condition and level of fitness among swimmers. The sum total of indices registered with the help of the computerized ECG analysis program enables us to single out the elements restricting the working capacity of athletes as well as to provide individual recommendations about monitoring the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinetik beim Armzug, Beinschlag und bei der Gesamtbewegung im 100-m-Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021626</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021626</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Lätt, E.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, J.</author>
      <author>Mäestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Rämson, R.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lätt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mäestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rämson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Arms and legs are often trained separately to obtain specific muscle adaptations along with whole body training. However, studies of VO2 kinetics have been conducted only in whole stroke (Rodriguez et al., 2003). This study examined VO2 on-kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. METHODS: 36 swimmers (26 M, 10 F) performed three all-out 100-m swims in random order (A: arms stroke, L: leg kicking, S: whole stroke). Breath-by-breath VO2 values were measured using a swimming mask attached to a portable gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, Cortex). Phase I (cardiodynamic component) was computed as a time delay (TD) for Phase II (primary component) and the latter was then described using single [VO2 (t) = A0+A1(1.e.(t-TD)/ )] and double exponential models. VO2 parameters were compared using paired (A/L/S) and unpaired (M/F) t-tests (p. =0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between single and double exponential curve fitting convergence parameters. Mean  SD values for main parameters during A, L, and S, respectively, were as follows. TD (Phase I): 13.7+/-4.2, 14.0+/-4.2, 13.8+/-4.7 s (M), and 15.9+/-5.1, 19.5+/-5.3, 15.1+/-4.9 s (F). Total amplitude: 2.506+/-0.613, 2.681+/-0.538, 3.084+/-0.712 mL/min (M), and 1.817+/-0.229, 2.161+/-0.161, 2.431+/-0.2512 mL/min (F). Time constant ( ): 12.6+/-4.4, 9.9+/-2.8, 9.9 s (M), and 11.9+/-5.4, 10.6+/-4.1, 9.7+/-4.0 s (F). DISCUSSION: In either sex, VO2 kinetics attained higher amplitudes at S, followed by L and A. M reached higher amplitudes in all swims as compared with F. Time constants for S were lower than in a previous report (Rodriguez et al. 2003), although in that study the cardiodynamic component was not isolated. During A and L, 81 and 87% (M) and 75 and 89% of VO2 (F) of respective S amplitude was attained, similar to previously reported values during a 6-min flume swim (Ogita et al. 1996), thus confirming that the aerobic energy release in the active muscle groups involved in A plus L cannot be fully reached during S because of cardiorespiratory limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperbauliche Unterschiede bei Wasserballspielern im Spitzenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021625</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021625</guid>
      <author>Ozkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turunc, S.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turunc, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to investigate body composition differences in three different group elite water polo players. METHODS: All players representative of Turkiye National Waterpolo Team, totaly 163 waterpolo player investigated. First group consists of 18 senior water polo player age of 24.3±4.9 (SGRP), second group consists of 73 junior water polo player age group of 15-16 (JGRP) and the third group consists of 62 youth waterpolo player age group of 13-14 (YGRP). Body composition analysis made with Tanita BC- 418 Segmental Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) by BIA. All players analyzed at the begining of the national teams preparation period at 2009-2010. Data analyzed with PC using statistic software program SPSS for Win, 11.0.0 - SPSS Inc., 1989-2001) and the p value set at 0.05 significant level. RESULTS: At the results, differences were found between these three waterpolo player group at the following body composition parameters (p<0.05); height, body mass, basal metabolic rate, fat mass, fat free mass, total body water, right leg fat free mass, right leg predicted muscle mass, left leg fat free mass, left leg predicted muscle mass, right arm fat ratio, right arm fat free mass, right arm predicted muscle mass, left arm fat ratio, left arm fat free mass, left arm predicted muscle mass, truncal fat mass, truncal fat free mass and truncal predicted muscle mass. DISCUSSION: The present study provides baseline physiological data that have been used in the prescription of individual training programs (weight loss programs or strenght training) for these waterpolo players and this information is also available to the coaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeitsanalyse des Schwimmstarts bei Verwendung eines Startblocks mit anpassbarer Fußerhebung im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021623</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021623</guid>
      <author>Petryaev, A. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petryaev, A. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[IINTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the use of starting block with adjustable raised foot on the start efficiency. METHODS: In this research 16 international level sportsmen took part. The specialization of swimmers was distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters in butterfly and freestyle. Comparative data was obtained in the sportsmen`s competitive activity analysis at the international competitions of the World cup lap in Moscow and the European championship in Istanbul on the short water during one month in the November and December 2009. Also finalists` results on the first 15-meters section of the distances in both competitions were analyzed. On the first start in Moscow the usual starting blocks without adjustable raised foot were used, on the second start in Istanbul the same swimmers used the starting block with adjustable raised foot. Athletes were in the same swim suits, that means that the constituent of the frontal component of active drag depending on the swim suit type was constant. In the research digital video cameras were used, the beginning of the start was synchronized with the flash and it was taken into account in the video file processing. The time fixation was made by the swimmer`s head while they passed the 15-meters of the start section. RESULTS: The data analysis of finalists of the World cup lap and the European championship showed a high correlation of the time of passing the 15-meters start section and the sport result: on the distance of 50 meters (men and women) r=-0,65-0,70; on the distance of 100 meters r=-0,60-0,65; on the distance of 200 meters r=-0,50-0,55; on the distance of 400 meters r=-0,25-0,30. The average time of start section passing using the starting block with adjustable raised foot decreased on the distance of 50 meters by 2,25%* and the sport result time decreased by 0,63%*; on the distance of 100 meters - by 2,20%* and 1,34%*, respectively; on the distance of 200 meters - by 2,22%* and 1,72%*, respectively (* p>0,01). DISCUSSION: Swimmers of high qualification have the capability to make stably the start section of the distance. Considering that the swimmers participated in both competitions in the same typical swim suits and the external conditions did not change the start section result improvements can be explained with the influence of the use of starting block with adjustable raised foot.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Zusatzmasse und der aktiven Widerstandskraft beim Abstoß bei Rollwenden</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021619</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021619</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, S. G.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: While swimming, the swimmer moves his/her water, setting it into motion. The same occurs at the flip turns, however the swimmer is now contacting the wall. We may thus register the force applied by the swimmer by placing an underwater force platform at the wall. If we simultaneously video record the turns, we have also access to the position of its center of mass. Similarly to Lyttle et al. (1999), we have merged video and force data in order to estimate the active drag force and the added mass during flip turns. The study of the force production in the flip turns has also been studied numerically by Klauck (2005). Lyttle et al. (1999) used the F=m.a law, obtaining the acceleration from a 2nd order derivative, a numerically unstable procedure; we used the I=m(Vf-Vi) law, obtaining the velocity from a first numerical derivative (numerically unstable) and the impulse by an integration of the force (a numerically stable procedure). METHODS: An extensometric underwater force platform, two above water and four underwater fixed cameras (50Hz) were used, all synchronised. With a sample of 10 swimmers, six males and four females, all participants at the Absolute Portuguese National Championships, 89 valid turns were analysed. Using the APAS software to analyze the video and a MATLAB routine to analyze data from the force plate and combine it with the kinematic data, it was possible to estimate the active drag force and the total mass (swimmer mass + added mass) during contact time. RESULTS: The results (mean ± SD) obtained for the total sample were 0.5 ± 0.14 N/BW, 1.10 ± 0.22 N/BW, 1.58 ± 0.30 kg/BM and 2.38 ± 0.77 kg/BM, for the mean and maximum active drag force, and the mean and maximum total mass, respectively. DISCUSSION: From the results it is possible to conclude that during the flip turns the swimmer moves itself plus over its body mass of water on average, while the peak values may exceed three times its body mass. Putting all this water in motion adds to the drag force experienced by the swimmer. The results suggest that this method is suitable to compute the drag force and the added mass during flip turns.]]></content:encoded>
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