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    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Starttechniken im Eliteschwimmen: Der stationäre Start im Vergleich zum Staffelwechsel</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065235</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065235</guid>
      <author>Smith, N. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, N. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Traditionally, it has been assumed that the `flying start` used during relay changeovers is faster than the stationary start used during individual races, primarily due to utilisation of the stretch-shortening cycle. As a substantial proportion of the swimming start is spent underwater, differences in 15 m start time may mask any biomechanical differences exhibited on the starting block. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the differences between stationary dive start and relay changeover techniques by measuring block time, time to 5 m, and time to 15 m and evaluate these parameters across an 8 week period of instructed relay practice. Time to 5 m and 15 m results were controlled for block time, to remove the anticipatory component of the relay changeover. Twenty-nine elite swimmers (12 female, 17 male) completed a stationary start and three relay changeovers at both the initial time point (T1) and after 8 weeks (T2). Significant differences in block time were observed between stationary starts and relay changeovers at both time points (p < .01) and relay changeovers from T1 to T2 (p < .01). There were no significant interactions between either start type for time to 5 m or 15 m, when controlling for sex and stroke. These findings suggest that the participants in the study were unable to use the benefit of the 'flying start` to reduce start time for the relay changeover, even after a period of instructed practice. This could be attributed to a lack of technical proficiency or deliberate practice. Further research should look to examine the perceptual and biomechanical variables that contribute to successful relay changeover performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung verschiedener Kombinationen von Fußpositionen auf die Kickstartleistung bei Wettkampfschwimmern - Auswirkung der Fußposition auf die Kickstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065236</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065236</guid>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Ikegami, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikegami, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We investigated the effect of different foot positions on the kick-start performance of competitive male swimmers. Six college swimmers performed kick-starts using both their preferred and non-preferred foot combinations of front and rear feet positions. They were instructed to maintain their optimal streamline position up to the 12.5-m line at the bottom of the pool, without kicking. Two video cameras were used to obtain kinematic data, and the forces exerted by both legs were obtained using two force plates and the force exerted by both hands were obtained by sensors mounted on the front edges of starting block. The block time and time to reach the 10-m mark with the preferred foot combination were significantly shorter than those with the reverse-foot combination. Moreover, the horizontal velocity at takeoff and the total horizontal impulse were significantly higher in the preferred combination. The horizontal velocity at takeoff was decreased due to a reduction in the total horizontal. From these results, it can be concluded that the reverse-foot combination decreases kick-start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Änderungen in der Kinematik durch Ermüdung beim 200-m-Freistil-Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065237</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065237</guid>
      <author>Sumi, N.</author>
      <author>Matsuda, Y.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Tagawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nishiwaki, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sumi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tagawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishiwaki, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimmers strive to obtain good postures and motions in water for performance enhancement because they could be a determining factor for competitive races. It is clear that fatigue affects swimming kinematics fairly but the effect has not been quantitatively evaluated yet. The finding of biomechanical change would be helpful for elucidating the mechanism of swimming slower. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate changes in kinematics during 200M freestyle swimming. 14 female freestyle or individual medley swimmers joined the experiment where they swam 200M by the crawl with their best efforts. They wore their usual practice swimsuits with reflective markers. The swimming movements were measured with a 3 dimensional motion capture system at 50M intervals. Blood lactate was also measured before and after the task of 200M swimming to monitor their fatigue levels. It was shown that their swimming speed decreased clearly with the swimming distance and the blood lactate levels also increased after the task. Biomechanical analysis indicated that rotation of trunk and pelvis increased while the position of the pelvis went down and kept low, seemingly causing the drag force in water higher.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung internationaler Symposien zu Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen - ein multidisziplinärer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065192</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065192</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The authors, as contemporary witnesses of former BMS symposia recall some selected research approaches from the past decades of the Symposia. Papers by e.g. Miyashita (1999), Clarys (2006), Barbosa et al (2010) or Vilas-Boas (2014) drew attention to research work that might still be inspiring today, even in the context of our knowledge of current research contributions. In the period between BMS 01 (1970) and BMS 08 (1998), there were much fewer international scientific journals than today, and the accumulation of scientific knowledge related to art of swimming was slow and spread to literary sources of parent disciplines. At that time, the impetus for the training came mostly from land-based sports, which was considered unsatisfactory due to the lack of reference to locomotion in water. Among sport scientists attracted by swimming from e.g. biomechanics, movement analysis, exercise physiology, medical sciences and even psychology, a collective will was apparent that there is a need for a meeting point, a symposium, where exchanges of scientific knowledge is made possible. Proceedings of the symposium, after peer review, a la longue would contribute to the improvement of performance in competitions aswell. Simultaneously, it was Zeitgeist worldwide to "bridge the gap" and it is likely that this attitude is one of the secrets, why BMS is still vivid today after 12 symposia. Nearly 50 years after the start of the international symposia, currently known as Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS), the seniors of the event share their mutual view on the evolution of various research fields. It is the aim of this paper to lead the reader to explore what have been gained by the Series of BMS Symposia during the past nearly five decades. The original scientific articles have been printed in Proceedings and archived in an electronic database for openly accessible to anybody interested to read. Scientific discussions occur at the time of each Symposium but there is also space for science communication which we intend to stimulate by this article.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Energieverbrauch beim Schwimmen und seine Determinanten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065198</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065198</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The energy cost of swimming (C) is defined as the energy expended to cover a given distance: to reach fast speeds C should be reduced, as much as possible. C depends on hydrodynamic resistance (Wd: the lower the better), propelling (Eta p) and overall (Eta o) efficiency (the larger the better); unfortunately, these parameters are quite difficult to measure in water and the methods proposed so far in the literature to assess/calculate them yield very different results. It is thus necessary to understand, first of all, which values of Eta p, Eta o and Wd are "reasonable" and which are not. Recent evidence (in front crawl swimming) indicates that active drag (Wd) is 1.5 times larger than passive drag, Eta p is of about 0.4 and Eta o is of about 0.2. If these values are indeed "reasonable", it should be possible to estimate C "going up the efficiency cascade". Examples of these calculations, based on data collected on elite sprinters and long distance swimmers, are reported and discussed. These examples show that our knowledge of the determinants of the energy cost of swimming is, nowadays, indeed "quite reasonable".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede zwischen Staffel- und Einzelstarts bei Eliteschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065199</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065199</guid>
      <author>Atkison, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Atkison, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to determine the biomechanical differences between moving relay starts (RS) and individual flat starts (FS) and determine if RS could be improved following a specific training intervention. Following selection to the 2016 Olympic team, four female swimmers underwent a three-week evidence-based intervention which included detailed instruction and visual/performance feedback from both coach and biomechanist. One week prior to the start of the intervention, swimmers underwent a familiarization period and their preferred RS technique was identified. Swimmers took part in testing sessions, before and after intervention, consisting of 3 maximum effort trials to 20m from both a RS and FS. The primary outcome measure was time to 15m (TT15), determined from the feet leaving the block to head crossing 15m. Prior to the intervention, TT15 was moderately greater for RS compared with FS, and results showed entry and underwater segments were less effective with the RS, and therefore became the focus of the intervention. Following the intervention, RS showed large reductions in TT15, entry distance, entry width, and 5-15m time. For FS, there was a small reduction in TT15, with large reductions in entry distance and entry width. RS does not appear to provide any meaningful benefit to take-off, underwater, or swimming velocity in elite female swimmers. Coaches should focus their training on reducing reaction times and improving entry and underwater performance to improve both RS and FS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hüfttiefe und Leistung im 400-m-Freistiltest</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065201</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065201</guid>
      <author>Correia, A.</author>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Matos, C.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. de S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Correia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. de S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the factors that can limit speed and performance in swimming is the body position in water. Considering hydrodynamic drag, it is expected that hip depth (Dh) position will compromise swim speed and performance, especially in the front crawl stroke. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe Dh in swimmers of different performance levels throughout a maximal 400 m front crawl test (T400). Six competitive male swimmers (divided in two equal groups, G1: upper performance and G2: lower performance) performed a T400 in a 25 m swimming pool. Vertical position of the hip (landmarks were manually digitized) in relation to the surface of the water was analyzed by means of 3D cinemetry. The null hip roll angle was controlled (horizontal rolling position, hip parallel to the surface of the water) and Dh was identified in this body position. Average Dh values were calculated. The T400 performance and its average swimming speed were also obtained. Performance in the T400, speed and Dh in G1 and G2 performance groups were, respectively, 275.67 ± 3.79 s and 339.67 ± 28.28 s ; 1.44 ± 0.02 m/s and 1.18 ± 0.08 m/s; and 15.7 ± 1.2 cm and 19.0 ± 0 cm. G1 had 23 ± 12% better performance than G2 and were 22 ± 9% faster than G2 . Dh was 22 ± 9% deeper in G2. This is an objective result in regards to the best swimming technique, drag, and consequent performance in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische und neuromuskuläre Anpassungen nach einem Trainingsprogramm für den Unterwasser-Delfinkick</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065203</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065203</guid>
      <author>Elipot, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Morlier, J.</author>
      <author>Cazalets, J.-R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elipot, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morlier, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazalets, J.-R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main aim of this work was to apply to a group of young swimmers an 8 weeks training program focused on the underwater dolphin kick skills and identify the main kinematic and neuro-muscular adaptations resulting of it. The kinematic parameters were measured using a set of cameras placed under the water and in 3D: These parameters were the instantaneous velocity, the amplitude (trajectory corrected vertical distance covered by the end-effector during a single kick), the frequency, the distance per kick (horizontal distance covered by the centre of mass during a single kick), the flexion/extension angles for the main joints (decrease/increase of the joint angle on the sagittal plan), the angles of attack for the main limbs, and the motor coordination between the mainjoints. The muscles activities were measured using EMG units placed on the quadriceps, the hamstrings, the calf, the gluteal, the lumbar. The time of contraction, the quantity of contraction and the coordination between each muscle activations were then calculated. The main results of this study show an increase of the underwater kicking velocity for 7 of the 8 swimmers that took part to the program. It appeared that the ratio frequency/amplitude was adjusted with an increase of the frequency (reaching 2.5 kicks/second) and a decrease of the amplitude. The study also pointed out the upper body limbs angles of attack were all reduced for all of the swimmers. The results have also shown that each swimmer modified their joint angles using different strategies. Some joints` angles were sometimes increased or decreased depending on the swimmers and no global trend could be identified. However the coordination analysis tends to show that swimmers started developing a synergistic coordination between their joints. EMG data showed that the type of contraction of the muscles had changed. For the lower limbs muscles, the duration of contraction got shorter and the quantity of contraction more important. For the lumbar muscles, the time of contraction got longer and the quantity of contraction lower. The results consequently showed that for the gluteal, hamstring, quadriceps and calf muscles the profile of activation got closer to a phasic contraction, while for the lumbar muscle the profile of activation got closer to a tonic contraction. The sequence of contraction of the muscles was also modified.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie kann eine höhere Sprunghöhe erreicht werden? Biomechanische Analyse des Auftriebs von acht Schwimmern beim Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065209</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065209</guid>
      <author>Fukuda, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fukuda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a lift of synchronized swimming, it is important for the swimmers and coaches to clarify how to maximize height. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the lifts by two teams (world`s top-ranked and 5th-ranked) from a biomechanical viewpoint. The primary difference of these two lifts was the posture of the base swimmer, who was just under the flyer (the swimmer projected into the air). The lifts were analyzed by observing the posture of the swimmers and conducting a simulation. The timing between each group was shifted as a parameter. In this parameter study, the eight swimmers in each team were divided into three groups; upper, middle, and lower. As a result, the higher jumping height for the 1st team was explained. In the 1st team formation, they could perform an egg beater kick with full strength since sufficient space for the egg beater kick could be secured. Large effort was not necessary for the base swimmer since the base swimmer took the upside-down squat position. The flyer of the 1st team jumped at an angle closer to the vertically upward direction due to the higher stability of the flyer herself. The flyer could jump with full strength by flexing and extending the knee joints through a large range. The swimmers of the 1st team were performing the jump motions with the best timing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Biomechanik beim Paddeln, beim Surfen und im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065212</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065212</guid>
      <author>Godoy, D. F.</author>
      <author>Correia, R. de A.</author>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Godoy, D. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, R. de A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Surfers who live far from the ocean use to swim in pools as a training content. Considering the similarities between the front crawl stroke and surfing paddling movements, the objective of this study was to compare surfing paddling and front crawl kinematics parameters. In a 25-m swimming pool, fourteen recreational surfers (37.7 ± 4.7 years old; 21.2 ± 6.7 years of experience in surfing; 77.7 ± 7.7 kg total body mass) performed two tests in same duration and both in maximum intensity: (i) a 300-m front crawl test and (ii) a paddling test with soft board. Mean values of stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and speed (S) were obtained in 2D with video cameras (60 Hz, videos analyzed in Kinovea®). Hull-speed (HS) and hull-speed related to S (HS%) were calculated considering both, stature (for swimming condition) and surfboard length (for paddling condition). Data were compared with Student`s t test and effects sizes were calculated with Pearson`s r. In the same test duration (322.0 ± 33 s), surfers have paddled for 415.2 ± 36.6 m (300 m in front crawl swimming). Paddling showed higher SR, S, HS, and HS% values (p<0.05) when compared to swimming (respectively, paddling: 0.94 ± 0.09 Hz; 1.27 ± 0.1 m/s; 1.71 ± 0.05 m/s; 74.70 ± 6.55%; and swimming: 0.57 ± 0.07 Hz, 0.91 ± 0.14 m/s, 1.67 ± 0, 03 m/s; 55.01 ± 9.2%). One should consider the mean length of the surfboard (193 ± 14.1 cm) and the mean height of the surfers (177.8 ± 7.1 cm) to compare the HS and the HS% values between the conditions. Effects size were between 0.43 and 0.72. SL values were similar (p>0.05; paddling: 1.73 ± 0.23 m; swimming: 1.58 ± 0.21 m; effect size=0.32). It is concluded that efforts and tests (front crawl and paddling) are not interchangeable for kinematics parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koordinationsdynamik beim Kraulschwimmen: Auswirkungen des Umweltzwangs auf die Verhaltensflexibilität</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065218</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065218</guid>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Armenien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We seek to investigate the dynamics of the upper limb coordination in front-crawl swimming, manipulating the environment (i.e., classic pool vs. flume) as a function of speed increase (i.e., task constraint). Eight elite male swimmers were volunteered. They first performed 8 x 50 m bouts at 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100 and 104% of their highest mean speed obtained on front-crawl`s 200m, and then 8 x 40 cycles at the same speeds in the flume. The stroke rate and the inter-arm coordination dynamics were recorded and computed with the help of seven inertial measurement units (IMUs; Hikob Fox, Villeurbanne, France). The swimmers` behavioural flexibility was estimated by calculating the Range of the Motor Repertoire (RMR, corresponding to maximum-minimum range of each variable). With no environment effect on the variables` dynamics, this constraint however revealed that the flume RMR reached only 61.6 and 44.7% of the values observed in the pool for Stroke Rate (SR) (F(1,7)=85.262, p=0.000, Eta=0.924) and Index of Coordination (IdC) (F(1,7)=39,417, p=0.000, Eta p2=0,849), respectively. The swimmers` behavioural flexibility was systematically more restricted in the flume for SR and IdC. Swimmers (i) had more or at least (ii) were able to more easily exploit opportunities for action to perform the task in the pool. Therefore, motor pattern adjustments seem to emerge by modulating a smaller number of degrees of freedom in the flume.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XIII. Internationales Symposium Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005197.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065094</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065094</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2018</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This proceeding book contains peer reviewed seventy scientific articles which were presented in XIII th International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine held in 17th to 21st, Sep. 2018 at Tsukuba University, Japan. The contents are diverse, and the latest research results on various kinds of swimming and underwater exercise in different research areas are introduced. It is an essential book for researchers, coaches, medical staffs and swimmers involved in the swimming and water exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der sportlichen Leistung durch Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden des Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065095</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065095</guid>
      <author>Mountjoy, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Asthma</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mountjoy, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aquatic athlete can enjoy improved health from sport participation. Swimming is a sport that can be enjoyed recreationally long after retirement from competitive sport. Participation in elite sport however, is not without physical and psychological risks, and as members of the athlete entourage, we are obligated to ensure that our sport environment is as safe as feasible for our athletes. Involvement in high performance aquatic sport has unique health risks. These risks include overuse and traumatic injuries as well as sport-related illnesses. Research in aquatic sport medicine and sport science has been conducted to address these risks. Through the application of the outcomes of this research, these injuries and illnesses can be prevented and/or mitigated to improve both athlete health and performance. FINA, as the sport governing International Federation, is mandated by the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, and the FINA Rules to take measures to protect the health and well-being of the aquatic athlete.
FINA has undertaken scientific research and implemented intervention programs to improve the health of the aquatic athlete. There are health issues that are common to all of the aquatic disciplines, and others that are sport-discipline specific. Members of the sport entourage can play an active role in the health promotion of the aquatic athlete by i) employing prevention measures, ii) being vigilant for early signs of health concerns, and iii) implementing appropriate treatment interventions and return to play principles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Winkel beim Wasserfassen, Endpunkt der Zugphase und Einsatzpunkt des Beinschlags im Freistilschwimmen der Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041509</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041509</guid>
      <author>Inada, N.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study focused on explaining the reasons for the increased timing in men`s 100 meter freestyle. Three representative freestyle sprint swimmers` angle of catch point, finish point, and kick point for last forty years were analyzed. Mark Spitz from 1970`s, Matt Biondi from 1980`s and Anthony Arvin from 2000`s were picked up for the present investigation. 1970`s, Mark Spitz used S-pattern stroke technique. 1980`s, Matt Biondi used technique of rolling the body from side to side. 2000`s, Anthony Ervin used technique of rolling only the upper body from side to side. It was concluded that future sprint freestyle champions may employ the straight arm while only rolling the upper body with a steep catch, finish and kick point angle to further enhance sprint freestyle performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Feldstudie zum Schweißverlust und zur Flüssigkeitsaufnahme während des Schwimmtrainings im Winter und Sommer in der Halle</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041511</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041511</guid>
      <author>Taimura, A.</author>
      <author>Matsunami, M.</author>
      <author>Sugawara, M.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, M.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Halle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sommer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schweiß</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taimura, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunami, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugawara, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to clarify weight loss and fluid intake during swimming training in winter and summer at an indoor swimming pool. The subjects were thirteen male college swimmers. The body weight before and after training, the volume and the frequency of fluid intake and urination during training were measured. Sweat loss and fluid intake during swimming training was related to pool condition. However, there was no difference in the fluid intake ratio and the frequency of fluid intake between summer and winter. Because there is considerable variability in sweat loss and fluid intake between individuals, individualized fluid replacement program are recommended during training. It is considered that swimmers should have more fluid intake before/during swimming training to prevent dehydration, especially in summer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Beckenlänge auf die Schwimmintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041512</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041512</guid>
      <author>Kurosaka, S.</author>
      <author>Ono, Y.</author>
      <author>Furuta, H.</author>
      <author>Kurokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kurosaka, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Furuta, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The influence of the pool length on physiological and perceptual effects was studied by comparing heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while swimming at the same speed. Ten trained university swimmers swam the crawl stroke with 2 kinds of breathing pattern in lanes of fifty meters, twenty five meters, and fifteen meters. The VO2-HR relation was obtained during submaximal and maximal work in tethered crawl swimming. The result was that in the case of both normal breathing and controlled breathing, physiological exercise intensity (HR, VO2) and perceptual exercise intensity (RPE) significantly decreased with the decrease in the length of the swimming lane.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Geschwindigkeitssteigerung auf die Armkoordination, aktiven Widerstand und intrazyklische Geschwindigkeitsvariation beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041513</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041513</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Lemaitre, F.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect of velocity increase on index of arm coordination (IdC), active drag (D) and intracyclic velocity variations (IVV) in front crawl swimming was analysed. 12 national level swimmers performed an intermittent graded pace test on the MAD-system and in the free condition, swimming arms only. Drag was determined using the MAD-system. V, the duration of the entry, pull, push, recovery and IdC were calculated from underwater and aerial side view video recordings. The hip IVV was analysed using a velocity-meter. The increase in V was associated with increases in pull, push and recovery phases, IdC and D, decreases in entry phase and a non significant change of IVV. The change in IdC with V followed those in D with V (D=27.02V2.25, IdC=44.70V²-81.42V+19.02) indicating that swimmers shifted from the catchup to the opposition coordination to overcome the active drag, when swimming at a higher velocity. The adaptation of the motor organisation appeared adequate because it did not lead to greater IVV.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsniveau und Veränderungen der Schwimmtechnik während ausbelastendem Kraulzeitschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041514</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041514</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to compare technical parameters changes in relation to technical skills during an all-out time trial. Eight national level swimmers (GE) and ten occasional swimmers (GNE) performed an all-out time trial of 2 minutes in front crawl stroke. Changes in Speed (dS, m/s), Stroke Length (dSL, m/cycle), Stroke Rate (dSR, hertz), Horizontality of the body (dH, degrees) and Breathing time (dB, s) were calculated between the first and last 30 seconds of the time trial and were compared between groups. Results showed significant greater value in dS, dSL, dH, and dB for GNE, dS and dH being the largest. It is worth noting that the change in SR was not significantly different between groups. dH is significantly correlated to dS and dSL. Such results suggest that keeping the horizontality of the body during an exhaustive exercise is an ability that has priority to be learned in less expert swimmers to improve performance. Consideration of such parameters in the technical analysis could guide skill training process for young swimmers learners.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Geschwindigkeit und zusätzlichen Widerstands auf die kinematischen und kinetischen Parameter im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041515</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041515</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Brazier, T.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zusatzlast</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brazier, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect of increasing velocity and adding resistance on kinematical and kinetical parameters during the stroke cycle was examined in front crawl for 7 national level swimmers. In a flume, 3 drag conditions provided by a resistance parachute (PA) were tested at 5 velocities. Video footage and force sensors were used to measure the spatio-temporal coordination and force parameters. The results showed that an increase in velocity (V) led to increases in stroke rate (SR), Index of coordination (IdC), and a non significant change in force impulse per cycle, whatever the condition. In PA conditions, significant increases in the IdC, force impulse, and a decrease in SR were recorded (p<0.05). These results show that in normal conditions swimmers adapt to a change in velocity by modifying kinematics rather than kinetical parameters, whereas in PA conditions there is an enhancement of both of the parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Überprüfung der Zugrate und Zuglänge im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041516</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041516</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is a typical cyclic activity powered by muscular energy supply. Per cycle the speed of the body is determined by the displacement of the body and the duration of each cycle. New research considering cognitive aspects of stroking reveals that highly skilled swimmers are concentrating on each stroke (even in competition). The displacement a body travels while stroking can be determined by two different approaches: a) direct measurement and b) indirectly by calculating the stroke distance. The purpose of this paper is to compare the displacement of the body-path of 22 age-group swimmers measured directly length during one arm cycle with calculated stroke distance. The comparison is based on the assumption that 3 quarter of a full cycle is "involved"; hense the ratio of body-path (p) to stroke distance (d) is : (p) = 75 % (d). The results reveal that the ratio body-path (p) to stroke distance per stroke (d) is (p) = 77 % of (d). The correlation of (p) over (d) is reasonable (r = .78). Hense, the calculated stroke distance is a representative figure of the effect of both arm actions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktivitäten im Wasser - Praxis braucht Theorie</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041517</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041517</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic Space Activities (ASA) is an umbrella-like term for activities in water like: Competitive - Recreational - Masters swimming, Fin-swimming, Triathlon, Scuba-diving or Water-exercises. ASA have to obey flow physics. Traditionally, flow physics in aquatic sports is confined to steady conditions assuming that the flow velocity is constant and the body is rigid. It is not new information that this is not and was never the case in human swimming. Fact is, limbs change motion in all ASA which cause unsteady flow conditions. Unsteady flow demands closer consideration of water-motion induced by limbs` motion. The purpose of this paper is to introduce some challenging information concerning unsteady flow conditions and consequences for practise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zu den veränderten Aspekten des Wasserballspiels infolge der internationalen Regeländerungen im Jahr 2005</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041519</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041519</guid>
      <author>Shimizu, N.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfbestimmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to evaluate the aspects of the games such as swimming distance, swimming velocity and time-motion analysis under a revised condition. The activities of 18 water-polo-players (6 center forwards, 6 drivers and 6 center backs) were videotaped and analyzed, in a total of five games of the Japan Swimming Championship which was held in the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium from 29th June to 1st July in 2007. As results, an average of game duration was 48min 53second. An average of swimming distance of total is 1803.3±137.8m. An average of swimming velocity of total is 0.65±0.06m/s. It is revealed that the mean duration of contact was decreased, the mean duration of swimming was increased and the mean duration of vertical position was decreased. These results show that the intention with the revision of rules has been achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zu den Auswirkungen des Trainings zur Steigerung der Wurfgeschwindigkeit im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041520</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041520</guid>
      <author>Funasaki, H.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Funasaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to estimate effects on shooting speed by eggbeater kick`s training and weight training that are supposed to effect on shooting speed. In addition, it will explain what physical and technical factors relate to shooting speed. Eighteen members of Japan men`s university water polo team participated in the study. The eleven players belong to the training group and other seven players belong to the control group. The former is regarded as the training group which performs the effect of special training that was proven in the pilot study. The special training consisted of an underwater training using a tube and a weight training for specific body parts. On the other side, the latter is regarded as the control group, they didn`t carry any special training but normal training. As results, after they worked out their respective training, we found that both of them improved their shooting speed. The training group significantly stepped up to 2.2km/h (p=0.016) while the control group did to 1.4km/h (P=0.0008). Moreover, we found that the wrist curl related to physical factors and a height of the right elbow and the right toe related to technical factors. Those are, however, only confirmedin the training group. Therefore, it is allowed the special trainings in the experiment were valuable. It was also found that the enforcement of the wrist curl and the height of dominant side`s toe and elbow were important to improve shooting speed. Moreover, improvement of eggbeater kick is essential in order to raise the height of dominant side`s toe.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Wurfgeschwindigkeit im Wasserball - Zeit der Speed Gun bei den 12. FINA Weltmeisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041521</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041521</guid>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, S.</author>
      <author>Shimizu, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2007</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study are to classify goals in the 2007 FINA World Championships Water Polo games and to verify the shot speed which was measured with a speed gun. The speed of 171 shots was collected and analyzed by the attack pattern and the shot area. It follows from these analyses that the fastest average shot speeds were recorded in the case of the penalty shot (74.7 kph), the middle shot (68.7 kph) nearby, the 5m shot (71.2 kph) and the middle shot in extra-man (67.1 kph). The shots of these attack patterns were taken by a similar standing posture. Furthermore, a faster shot speed was recorded in the 5~10 meter area from the goal line and near the vertical line to a goal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Delfinbeinschlagwelle mittels Zweikomponenten-Particle-Image-Velocymetrie-Technik</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041522</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041522</guid>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, J.</author>
      <author>Muramatsu, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muramatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to visualize and to analyze the wake of a swimmer`s dolphin kick in a horizontal and a vertical (sagittal) plane using two-component PIV (2C-PIV) technique. PIV allows us to visualize the unsteady flow field instantaneously and to estimate the fluid force. One trained male swimmer was instructed to maintain a swimming position with dolphin kicking in a swimming flume. Unsteady flow fields of dolphin kicking wake in a sagittal and a vertical plane was measured by 2C-PIV. Results of both horizontal and vertical planes showed the pairs of vortices and jet flow between them especially after a downward kicking motion. The direction of the jet flow was mostly oriented to backward. Therefore, it was plausible that the dolphin kicking motion performed in this study generated a propulsive force by generating the vortex pair and the jet flow as a reaction force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer synchronisierten PIV- und Bewegungsanalyse sowie deren Anwendung bei Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041523</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041523</guid>
      <author>Muramatsu, Y.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, J.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Muramatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Flow fields around a swimmer are extremely unsteady. Top swimmers are supposed to swim using unsteady flow force effectively. PIV can visualize the unsteady flow field around swimmer`s hand. A motion analysis can analyze the unsteady motion of swimmer quantitatively. Our main aim is to construct a synchronized system of the two methods, and to apply it to a front crawl swimmer, in order to clarify the relationship between swimmer's hand motion and the vortex generated by hand. To combine two methods, we illuminated swimmer`s hand with the red lights, and separated the lights by passing it through Laser Line Band Pass Filter and Red Band Pass Filter for PIV and for High-speed camera, respectively. To synchronize two types of images, we utilized the first shutter timing of a pulse generator and set the shutter period to 72ms in PIV and 8ms in a motion analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unregelmäßige Auswirkung auf die Vortriebskraft beim Armzug im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041524</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041524</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Generation of propulsive force in swimming was investigated. In knowing the mechanism of the generation information on the complex hand motion and the unsteady flow are important. The conventional quasi-steady theory cannot give the correct understandings on the generating mechanism of the propulsive force. The role of unsteadiness is critical in the generation of momentum and therefore in the force production. Two high-speed cameras determined the hand trace including the time variation of the geometry of a palm. It was found that the reduced frequency for the variation is too high to neglect the unsteadiness and the hand speed of the elite swimmer is not necessarily fast, which cannot be explained by the quasi-steady theory.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Skelettmuskel-Simulation zur Bestimmung der muskulären Aktivität im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041525</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041525</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Motegi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Motegi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objectives of this study were to conduct the musculoskeletal simulation for the breast, back, and butterfly strokes using a musculoskeletal simulator which was recently developed by the authors, and to examine the validity of the simulator. Based on educational movies of an elite swimmer, standard swimming motions for the three strokes were constructed and input to the simulator. The body geometry of averaged Japanese male of 20-30 years old was also input. Many reasonable tendencies were obtained in the simulation results. These results suggested that the musculoskeletal simulation for swimming will be a powerful tool to assess the swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulationsanalyse der Auswirkungen der wellenförmigen Amplitudenänderung auf die Leistung beim Delfinbeinschlag Unterwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041526</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041526</guid>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objectives of this study were to conduct the musculoskeletal simulation for the breast, back, and butterfly strokes using a musculoskeletal simulator which was recently developed by the authors, and to examine the validity of the simulator. Based on educational movies of an elite swimmer, standard swimming motions for the three strokes were constructed and input to the simulator. The body geometry of averaged Japanese male of 20-30 years old was also input. Many reasonable tendencies were obtained in the simulation results. These results suggested that the musculoskeletal simulation for swimming will be a powerful tool to assess the swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines multiplen Regressionsmodells zur Bestimmung der Kraft beim angebundenen Schwimmen (TS) und der Schnellkraft beim semi-angebundenen Schwimmen (STS)</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041527</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041527</guid>
      <author>Saijoh, T.</author>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Shionoya, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regressionsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saijoh, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shionoya, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to develop the systems, which measured the force in TS and the power in STS with ease and low cost and to investigate the relationships between the performance of swimming and force in TS and power in STS. Furthermore, the multiple regression models to estimate the force in TS and the power in STS were developed using several physical elements. The relationship between the force in TS and the power in STS in male was Y=1.82X-16.35 ( R=0.902 ) and this relationship was highly significant statistically( p<0.001 ). The relationship between the force in TS and the power in STS in female was Y=1.82X+9.44 ( R=0.800 ) and this relationship was highly significant statistically( p<0.001). Furthermore, the examples of the multiple regression model of the power in STS for male was aquired as follows; Power in STS = 0.33*Height+0.37*Finger Span+0.10*Vertical Jump+0.03*VJP-91.066** (r=0.85)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren der gesteigerten Schwimmleistung durch Tragen einen Triathlonwetsuits</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041528</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041528</guid>
      <author>Tomikawa, M.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was aimed to clarify the effects of wearing a triathlon wetsuit (WS) on performance-determining factors during swimming and to determine the factors in improved swimming performance during triathlon races when wearing a WS. Less power to overcome drag was required at a given velocity and triathletes were able to swim in faster speed. Furthermore, wearing a WS could delay accumulation of fatigue by lessening the energy used for buoyancy and postural stability, and work completed by the arms increased without increasing entire exercise intensity in a WS condition. Therefore, improved swimming performance by wearing a WS was attributable merely to the utmost use of the limited physical performance capacity, i.e. the improvement in propulsion efficiency, and was dependent more on incremental changes in stroke rate than stroke length.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschied der Blutlaktatwerte zwischen S-förmigen und I-förmigen Armzügen im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041529</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041529</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Daisuke Abe, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke Abe, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the authors proved that the calculation results which showed I-shaped pull stroke in freestyle stroke: The drag pull generates the maximum impellent. While the conventional S-shaped pull stroke provides the maximum efficiency. The result obtained here is mechanical efficiency, and it is distinct for physiological efficiency. S-shaped pull is shifted easily to the anaerobic motion in a high stroke pitch with a heavy load. As a result, the blood lactate accumulates in muscles to get tired. However, with the I-shaped pull, the stroke pitch cannot get so high that the I-shaped pull is not easy to become anaerobic motion because of the heavy load to the arm originally. The authors measured the blood lactate and heart rates with both pulls at a fast speed at the almost same time with a swimmer who mastered both pulls. As a result, it was found that physical load of I-shaped pull is less than that of S-shaped pull at the same fast swimming speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des optimalen Armzugs im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041530</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041530</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most general armstroke of the backstroke in a present competitive swimming is the so-called S-shaped stroke on a side of the body. The author calculated the optimal stroke in the backstroke with a simplified physical model by fluid dynamic characteristic of a palm obtained by a wind tunnel experiment. As a resut, the optimal stroke path of the maximum efficiency and the maximum thrust were obtained as a driving angle, a tilt angle, and an angle of attack of a hand. The maximum efficiency was obtained in the S-shaped pull stroke on a side of the body, while the maximum thrust was obtained in the I-shaped pull stroke parallel to the body axis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen den kinematischen Parametern der Vortriebsphase und der Sprintleistung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041531</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041531</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the kinematical parameters and the sprint ability in front crawl swimming. The subjects were nine well-trained male swimmers. They performed front crawl swimming with five different velocities (1.1-1.9 m/s) in swimming flume. The hand trajectory was obtained by three dimensional motion analysis. The propulsive phase was defined as the duration to push water backward. It was observed that there was a significant correlation between the relative propulsive duration in the trial 1.7 m/s and the best record of 50 m freestyle (r = -0.67, p < .05). The relative propulsive duration would have a possibility to be one of the parameters to evaluate the sprint ability in front crawl swimming, although it was difficult to discuss the swimming propulsion using only the kinematical parameter]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Absprungwinkels auf die Startleistung beim Schwimmstart</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041532</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041532</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the take-off angle change on the take-off velocity, flight distance and time on the starting block, and suggest the appropriate take-off angle range for the start performance until water entry. Twelve well trained male swimmer participated as a subject in this study. Each subject performed the grab start from the starting block with the three different take-off angles (Higher: HT, Normal: NT, Lower: LT). Kinematic variables were calculated by 2D motion analysis using the DLT method. There was significant correlation between the body angle at the take-off and the take-off velocity. The decrement of take-off angle resulted in the significant increment of take-off velocity, significant decrement of flight distance, and no significant difference of block time. Proper take-off angle range for the start performance until water entry was from 11.8deg to -18.7deg.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer kognitiven Intervention auf die Zuglänge von Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041533</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041533</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Advanced age-group swimmers and their coaches try to optimize their individual swimming technique. Therefore the stroke distance is often mentioned as a criteria. If swimmers cover more distance stroke by stroke, their movements under water are more efficient. The base of a successful motion sequence is a well-structured mental representation. Mental representation can be visualized by using special software. Based on these results, special workouts have been designed. During a six-week training period the participating group worked precisely according the advised concept. As pre-and post-tests the swimmers worked on the computer and performed 25 meters freestyle starting in the water, as fast as they could. On the date of the post-test the swimmers had a mental representation that was more organized and made improvements in their swimming performance. The distance was covered at nearly same speed, but with a lesser stroke rate; the stroke distance therefore increased.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Bewegungsverlaufs der Kraulhand bei Nachwuchsschwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041534</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041534</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[judgment of arm motion below waterline based on observation from pool deck is not always sufficient to determine the effectivity of the action. For this purpose Reischle (1979) proposed to film the hand motion using fixed underwater cameras. Using one camera the 3-D-motion of the hand can be represented by a 2-D-trajectory in a plane; mostly the sagittal plane is represented and the components forwards / backwards and upwards / downwards can be investigated. Using a fixed camera instead of a panning one the hand motion resembles a cycloid shape (a curve generated by a curve rolling on another curve) with trocoid property, namely the exit point is in front of the entry point of the hand. This is the topographical basis of the interaction between hand and water, called water-view. A 2-D-trajectory can be analyzed quantitatively. The purpose of this paper is to compare the sagittal trajectory of age-group swimmers before and after an intervention and a 3rd time without intervention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Variablen WAVING bei japanischen Flossenschwimmern der 50 m an der Wasseroberfläche und 50 m Apnoe</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041535</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041535</guid>
      <author>Oshita, K.</author>
      <author>Ross, M.</author>
      <author>Koizumi, K.</author>
      <author>Kashimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oshita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ross, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koizumi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kashimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We investigated about the variables of WAVING, such as the swimming velocity (SV), the WAVING rate (WR; WAVING per second), the WAVING length (WL; distance per WAVING) in the 50-m Surface (SF) and Apnea (AP). The subjects were five expert (EX) and four nonexpert males (NE). The SV of EX was faster than that of NE in the SF (2.7 vs. 2.3 m/ sec) and the AP (3.1 vs. 2.6 m/ sec). The WL of EX was longer than that of NE in the SF (1.0 vs. 0.9 meter) and the AP (1.1 vs. 1.0 meter). The WR in the SF and the AP were not significant difference between EX (2.8 and 2.7 Hz) and NE (2.7 and 2.6 Hz). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between SV and WL in the SF or the AP. However, there was no significant relationship between SV and WR in the SF or the AP. These results suggest that WL is concluded to be an important factor that influences the SV in the 50-m SF and AP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was muss man bei der Nutzung der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Schwimmtraining wissen?</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041324</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041324</guid>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Anddekerle, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anddekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because swimming coaches and scientists need to define accurately exercise intensity domains to optimize and evaluate aerobic and severe swimming training programs, the purposes of this review are to:
1. Review the recent studies conducted on the assessment and using of the Critical Swimming Speed (CSS) in order to well define the intensity domains and their boundaries.
2. Verify whether the speed corresponding to the slope of the distance-time relationship (Sd-t) in swimming is sustainable and represents the boundary between the heavy and severe intensity domains in swimming.
3. Assess whether intermittent swims at Sd-t are tolerable and induce a physiological and psychological stress.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übergreifende Trainingsbelastungsindikatoren der Juniorennationalmannschaft im Wasserball: Das serbische Modell der Saison 2007</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041325</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041325</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Vasilovski, N.</author>
      <author>Manojlovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Serbien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasilovski, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manojlovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to define and specify the values of the indicators of overall training workout for the Serbian junior national waterpolo team in 2007 season, for the purpose of improving technology management. During the 90-day period between Jun 18, 2007 and Sep 15, 2007, the team had 75 pure training practice days with the total of 160 single training units, which included 88 training units in water, 41 training units outside water, and 31 games (where 8 were training games, 4 were official training games, and 19 were competitive games). In total, the team did 237 h 49 min of practice work, out of which 198 h 13 min were in the swimming pool (including the games) and 39 h 36 min were dryland work. Besides, the team members realised overall training load by swum total of 375.64 km (including the games), with an average of 3.157 km per single training unit. According to the time structure, players realised an average of 4 h and 6 min of training workouts per single training practice day, or 1 h 39 min 56 sec per single training unit in water (including the games days) and 57 min 57 sec per single training unit outside water. ITE index, the coeficient of pure training (practice) efficiency was at the index level of 0.3164 ± 0.1755.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Beinbewegungen und Belastung der Monoflosse zur Steigerung der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit (vorläufiger Versuch)</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041326</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041326</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Ochmann, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ochmann, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was analysis of leg segments displacement and monofin strain in terms of propulsion efficiency. It was assumed that application of Artificial Neural Network enables precise determination of brackets within which the leg segments displacement and monofin strain will achieve optimal scope to gain maximal swimming speed. The response of network pointed 10 parameters. Those chosen to analysis are: foot flexion angle towards shin, proximal fin part flexion angle towards foot, attack angle of the distal fin part, attack angle of fin surface. Comparing network response graph with the results of the real movement analysis validates the results in the modelling sense. Vast network capabilities in developing the analysis with new cases allow for applying the model in monofin swimming technique assessment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Messung der Vortriebskraft und Federbewegung der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041329</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041329</guid>
      <author>Tamura, H.</author>
      <author>Nakazawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tamura, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming competitions, in which swimmers compete wearing a mono-fin, are being held in many countries. The most exciting aspect of finswimming is its speed. We produced an experimental monofin which generate the maximum propulsive force most effectively. This study was noticed at the angle which wore monofin in an ankle especially. Propulsive force was measured using manufactured equipment. The effect of this wearing angle on the propulsive force was carried out. Simultaneously, the configuration of monofin which the most efficiently generated the propulsive force was studied. The percipient feeling evaluation of the swimmer was evaluated for six kinds of shapes. As the result obtained in this study, the most propulsive force is generated under up-kick motion in wearing the monofin to the position at á = -15°.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Bewegung des Oberköprers bezüglich der Dingi-Segelleistung gegen den Wind mittels eines differenzierten globalen Positionssystems</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041332</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041332</guid>
      <author>Chiashi, K.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Maeda, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Segeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chiashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maeda, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive sailing where a race course is marked out by anchored floats on the sea surface, close-hauled, sailing, a technique for sailing upwind, accounts for about 60% of total race time. While sailing close-hauled, waves from the upwind direction cause the boat to slow down, and in order to minimize deceleration, the sailor leans the upper body backward. The present study investigated the effects on boat speed of the posterior leaning of the upper body while sailing close-hauled. Subjects were six male competitive sailors, and the study was conducted using an international Laser class single-person dinghy. The study was conducted in a hike out condition with wind speeds of 5-7 m/s with or without the upper body leaning. Boat speed was measured using D-GPS (20 Hz, Hemisphere), and a digital camera was used to capture the movements of the sailor in the dinghy. In data analysis, an average speed per two-minute period was used to calculate deceleration based on the maximum and minimum velocities while going over waves. The results showed no significant differences in average velocity with or without the upper ody leaning while riding in the left or right side of the boat. However, for an expert sailor, the upper body leaning significantly increased boat velocity. No significant differences were seen in deceleration with respect to the upper body leaning. The results suggest that for top-level competitive sailors, the upper body leaning is important and is a factor that affects boat speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie halten Synchronschwimmer ihre Beine über der Wasseroberfläche?</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041333</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041333</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Washizu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Washizu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study defines the support scull techniques required to maintain a stable and maximal body height above water. We analyzed support scull movements performed by 10 top-ranked synchronized swimmers of the world by employing the 3-D DLT technique. The support scull techniques that efficiently generated lift comprise a horizontal sculling motion from inside to outside during the out-scull, a smooth transition of the attack angle during sculling, and a large forearm supination angle during the stroke phases to ensure that the palms face downwards. When swimmers lifted both legs, larger upper arm motion ranges and higher sculling tempo were required to maintain the maximal height above the surface of the water. In the crane position, swimmers maintained body balance by holding their right arms close to the body and by maintaining a small left wrist flexion throughout sculling.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Video-Feedback-Systems unter Verwendung des SMART-Systems - Versuch in einem privaten Schwimmverein</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041335</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041335</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to develop the Video-Feedback System (V-FBS) utilizing the SMART system in a private swimming club. The V-FBS is a system to provide feedback information along with underwater swimming motion during swimming training. The V-FBS utilization period was set for six-month. Eleven junior competitive swimmers attending in the private swimming club participated in this study (group utilizing the V-FBS: EX n=4, group merely taking part in the ordinary training session: CON n=7). Results of high attendance rate and larger training volume might indicate that the V-FBS could contribute to sustain the swimmers motivation to participate training. Questionnaires results indicated that swim image was recalled from the training diary and the movies for the swimmer. Consequently, we devised an ideal motor learning model for coaching field.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines Video-Feedback-Systems unter der Verwendung des SMART-Systems auf die Motivation und Schwimmleistung von Juniorenwettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041338</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041338</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to identify the effect of Video-Feedback System (V-FBS) utilizing SMART system on junior competitive swimmer`s motivation and swimming performance. Eleven junior competitive swimmers attending in a private swimming club participated in this study (Experimental group: EX n=4, Control group: CON n=7, age: 12.0±1.6). Swimmer`s under water swimming motion through the training session were filmed once a week and presented to the EX utilizing SMART system one week after. CON merely took part in the ordinary training session. It was indicated that the measurement data were equivalent to 2.49 stroke reduction in EX for swimming 25 m compared to 1.48 stroke reduction in CON. Furthermore EX will exceed 1.5 m for ten strokes in SL improvement (EX: 4 m, CON: 2.5 m). Consequently it was concluded that V-FBS has an effect to improve swimming technique for junior competitive swimmer more effectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovation in der japanischen Schwimmausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041339</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041339</guid>
      <author>Haruki, T.</author>
      <author>Toriumi, T.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, H.</author>
      <author>Ishide, Y.</author>
      <author>Suga, Y.</author>
      <author>Suzuki, D.</author>
      <author>Kurokawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haruki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toriumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ishide, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurokawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Japanese swimming education has been deflected in technical guidance of competitive swimming up until now. The establishment of comprehensive swimming guidance, including clothed swimming, water treading, and marine sports is needed. This research focuses on clothed swimming for preventing drowning accidents, and is purposed to establish educational guidance. Physiological effects given by clothed swimming will be researched. In-clothes swimming itself and mental practice, heart rate, blood lactic acid, and the Borg score significantly declined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugtechnik beim eingeschränkten Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041340</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041340</guid>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to assess the technical evolutions under constrained swimming i.e at constant velocity with a fixed stroke rate value. Ten trained swimmers performed a maximal 400-m front crawl test (V400), and a set of time to exhaustion (TTE) at 95, 100, and 110% of V400 at an individual stroke rate value (corresponding to the average value of freely choosen stroke rate adopted in previous set of same TTE). Durations of TTE, relative durations of arm stroke phases and arm coordination were analysed. Durations of TTE were 333±54s, 177±58s, and 47±10s for TTE at 95, 100, and 110% of V400 respectively. For each TTE, all variables were steady, suggesting a stabilisation of the stroke technique. According to previous resutls, stroke rate can be seen as a useful tool for controlling the arm technique during paced exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung im Flossenschwimmen - Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041322</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041322</guid>
      <author>Laurent, B.</author>
      <author>Guillaume, G.</author>
      <author>Charlie, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laurent, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guillaume, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Charlie, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming is as old as swimming. Techniques but also technologies have been changed since our ancestor until these last centuries. The last thirty years have seen the most important changes in the finswimming history for four reasons: teaching swimming has become an obligation at school, the democratization of holidays has generated an interest for aquatic activities like fin swimming, development of industries has created a new market on fins and finally the first competitions has accelerated the optimization of products and specifically the monofins. These changes have been studied and supported by different scientific areas such as biomechanics, hydrodynamics, physiology, and psychology. This review is divided into three sections, the past from 1970 to 1997, the present (last 10 years) and the future, and focused specifically on fins and their uses. The future addresses the work that should be attempted in the next ten years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041323</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041323</guid>
      <author>Hood, R. M. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hood, R. M. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Diving is not considered to be a separate sport by its organising body, the Federation Internationale de Natacion (FINA). FINA governs four forms, or disciplines, of aquatic competition . swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo. Diving was popularised by the Swedes and the Germans in the 18th and 19th centuries. It grew out of the gymnastics principles developed in those nations. The first known book on diving was published in Germany in 1843. Competitive diving began in Britain in the 180.s. In the late 19th century a group of Swedish divers visited Great Britain and gave numerous exhibitions, which stimulated the formation of the first diving organisation, the Amateur Diving Association, in 1901. Diving as an Olympic event was first contested at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, USA, and its appearance on the Olympic programme in both springboard and platform events has been continuous since 1908. Two new events were added to the Olympic programme in 2000 the Sydney Olympic Games for both men and women, these being synchronised springboard diving and synchronised platform diving. These events consist of two divers leaving the springboard or platform simultaneously and diving together as a mirror image of each other performing the same dive. It has become a firm spectator favourite and is added another component to the highly telegenic sport that diving is.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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