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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen in der Urinmenge und subjektives Urinieren beim Sitzen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037490</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037490</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Kremenik, M. J.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Urin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremenik, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the urine volume, subjective micturition, reported thermal sensation, heart rate, blood pressure and rectal temperature during sitting posture in water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Gesundheit von Mastersschwimmern am Beispiel der französischen nationalen Meisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037491</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037491</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Vanlerberghe, G.</author>
      <author>Zuinquin, G.</author>
      <author>Pezze, T.</author>
      <author>Theuninck, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlerberghe, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zuinquin, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pezze, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Theuninck, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Among physical activity exercises, swimming is often recommended to increase physical activity and gain health benefits by various authoritative groups and researchers (European society of hypertension, 2003). According to World Health Organization, the health concept has to be defined as `a complete state of mental, physical and social well being` and considered as `a resource for every day life` suggesting a multi-physical-psychological and social parameters analyses in order to study health benefits. `Competitive master swimmers` appeared to be interesting subjects in the study of health benefits by swimming because they spend more time training in comparison with the average sedentary person and allowed a long term effect of this practice. The aim of this study was therefore to assess global health benefits of practice swimming in master population involved in a national level of practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variabilität in der Beurteilung der Freistilsprinttechnik durch den Trainer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032650</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032650</guid>
      <author>Sacilotto, G. B.</author>
      <author>Clothier, P. J.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Ball, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clothier, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swim performance is assessed by total race time and can be analysed to comprise of three components. The first is the start time, the second is the time spent free swimming and the third is the turn performance time. In competitive swimming, free swimming occupies the most time during an event. Improvements in free swimming performance can therefore have considerable influence on overall race time. The front crawl technique has evolved into the fastest of the four competitive styles of swimming and is made up of a right and left arm-stroke cycles with a varying number of kicks (Maglischo 2003). Seifert, Chollet and Chatard (2007) suggest that there are four main phases of an arm-stroke cycle which include: 1) entry and catch, 2) pull, 3) push, and 4) exit and recovery. Chollet, Chalis and Chatard (2000) also outlined that the phases which generate propulsion during the stroke are the pull and push phases. There has been much debate amongst scientists on what is the most correct or efficient technique in front crawl swimming (Rushall, Holt, Sprigings & Cappaert 1994). For instance, what path the hand should take through the water or how wide the hand should be relative to the shoulder during the pull and recovery phases. Most coaches have different views on what is considered good and poor front crawl technique. Furthermore, notable variations exist in front crawl swimmingtechnique between competitors at the elite level. For example, different styles of front crawl swimming include a smooth and consistent stroke, a slight catch-up stroke pattern or a straighter arm pull technique. A search of the literature found no investigations which assessed the variability between elite coaches regarding their perception of good and poor front crawl swimming technique. In the absence of such data, a comparative study seemed warranted. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to compare coach ratings of front crawl sprint swimmers to examine the degree of variability between their assessments of front crawl technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie steigern Wettkampfteilnehmer ihr Geschwindigkeit: Untersuchung der räumlich-zeitlichen, koordinativen und kinetischen Parameter</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032649</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032649</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We aimed to examine how swimmers modify their velocities as a function of swim pace using spatiatemporal and kinetic data. In a group of 12 competitive swimmers, swim speed (v), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), Index of coordination (ldC) and propulsive phase duration (PrP) were determined using four underwater cameras. Force impulse per stroke (I+/stroke) and average force (Faverage) were determined using eight force sensors attached to both sides of the dominant hand. Results show that to swim faster, participants increased SR, ldC, PrP and Faverage (p<0.05). Movement coordination patterns were reorganised while hand forces were scaled, enabling swimmers to keep ,./stroke constant despite propulsive time decreasing across stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie passen Schwimmer ihre Koordination der Extremitäten an Widerstandstörungen an</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032648</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032648</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Dovgalecs, V.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dovgalecs, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the adaptability of the limbs movements and arm-leg coordination pattern in expert breaststroke swimmers when a drag perturbation is artificially applied. Six competitive swimmers performed an intermittent flume test composed of three randomised stages (60, 70, 80% of their maximal speed). Each stage consists of swimming 15 cycles at the given speed, then the swimmer was towed with a cable 1m backward from his initial place. Immediately after, the swimmer had to return as fast as possible to his initial place, before continuing to swim for 15 further cycles. Four inertial measurement units assessed elbow and knee angles, in order to calculate elbow-knee relative phase. The results suggest that there was a similar effect of the perturbation on the task-goal outcome and the behaviour outcome as the swimmer took similar number of cycle to recover the 1m and initial coordination pattern. However, large inter-individual variability was observed at 80% of maximal speed supporting that high active drag led to individual adaptation strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung von Trägheitsmessgeräten zur Ermittlung und Betrachtung von Koordinationsmustern im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032647</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032647</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Herault, R.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trägheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herault, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to propose a method using inertial measurement units (I MU) for capturing elbow and knee angles in breaststroke in order to assess arm-leg coordination. Four IMUs were located on the forearm and the arm to assess elbow angle, and on the thigh and the leg to assess knee angle The main challenge was the angle normalisation in order to correct the drift due to gyroscope measurement. To correct that drift, we proposed to compute wrapping lines around the angle signal, and to normalise the signal with the support of these reference lines. Even if the proposed method did not allow the definition of real joint positions, measurements allowed the definition of patterns of joint angles and the calculation of inter-limb coordination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilotstudie zur mehrfachen Analyse der Leistung von 13- bis 15-jährigen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032646</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032646</guid>
      <author>Silva, A. S.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Sousa, M.</author>
      <author>Willig, R.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willig, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance is a multi-factorial phenomenon depending on several factors such as energetics, biomechanics, hydrodynamics, anthropometries and strength parameters (Poujade et al. 2002; Barbosa et al. 2009). Considering that heavy training loads start at relatively young ages, it seems important to assess which parameters best predict swimming performance. In a longitudinal study, Tella et al. (2002) reported that the improvement observed in young swimmers performance results from an increase in stroke length (SL), which reflects, in part, the increase of anthropometrical characteristics (arm span, height and hands and feet length). Similarly, Chatard et al. (1990) stated that performance is related to passive drag, which depends on anthropometric factors. More recently, in a swimming performance's multivariate analysis, it was found that higher height and arm span, characterised the best male swimmers (Saavedra et al. 2010). Other studies found similar results (e.g. Uitt et al. 2010; Geladas et al. 2005), allowing researchers to conclude that usually higher height and arm span benefits swimming efficiency (i.e. higher SL) (Saavedra et al. 2010) and a better glide (Geladas et al. 2005; Toussaint and Hollander 1994). However, this larger SL could be also related to a hyperflexibility presented by swimmers, which benefit the glide and create less resistance (they could streamline their body to a greater extent). This contributes to a more laminar and less turbulent flow around the pressure points, such as the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, where most of the changes in body shape occur (Chatard et al. 1990). Many sports depend mainly upon muscular strength and aerobic enhancement especially at a competitive level (Leverittet al. 2000), as in swimming. In fact, studies showed positive effect of dryland upper limb strength training, varying the gains in sprint performance between 1.3 and 4.4% (Strass 1988; Costill1999). Regarding young swimmers, it was noticed that the significant increase in velocity between 12 to 14 years old is coincided with a significant increase in the mean force production (Taylor et al. 2003). Moreover, strength training could allow the enhancement in coordinative profile, helping the swimmer to improve his/her technique (Maglischo 2003). In fact, when competitive young swimmers are involved in strength training, to take full benefit of an increase in muscle strength, coordination needs to be adapted (Newton et al. 2002). The swimmer has to modify the control of the neuromuscular system, commonly referred as coordination, timing or technique, to actually produce an increased in-water performance (Faigenbaum 2000). Unfortunately, results that try to support this idea remain inconclusive (Girold et al. 2007; Aspenes et al. 2009). Nevertheless, it was found positive associations between in-water and dry-land tests (Morow;:o et al. 2011a), as well as strong relationship between mean absolute force and the time at 50 m for the four swimming techniques (Morow;o et al. 2011b). The aim of this study was to determine which parameters are predominant to achieve better performances in age group swimmers. it was hypothesised that faster swimmers are taller and achieve higher values of mean (Fmean) and maximal force (Fmax). Moreover, it was hypothesised that faster swimmers present a more continuous arm coordination movement pattern, reflected through higher index of coordination (ldC) values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivität während des Schwimmens in einem körperbasierten Computerspiel (Exergame)</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032645</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032645</guid>
      <author>Soltani, P.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Fonseca, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soltani, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming exergames may provide low-cost opportunities for teaching and practicing real swimming. The purpose of this study was to characterise the muscle activation during a swimming exergame. Ten healthy subjects played four swimming techniques using 'Michael Phelps: Push the Limit' exergame by standing in front of Xbox360 and Kinect. Muscle activation for Biceps Brachia/is (Bi), Triceps Brachia/is (Tri), Latissimus Dorsi (LD), Upper Trapezius (UT) and Erector Spinae (ES) was recorded on dominant upper limb using a wireless EMG Trigno system (Delsys lnc, USA) at sampling rate of 2000Hz, and was normalised to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. EMG recordings were divided into a low intensity phase and a second phase of fast swimming. Both phases were evaluated in terms of EMG morphology (average peak value). Preliminary results show high contributions of UT. Particularly high activation values were obtained for back crawl, where more expressive shoulder flexion is required. Lower contributions of other muscles might be related to lack of sufficient mechanical resistance. Prevalence of the activity of the Tri relatively to the Bi was also observed, as expected, considering the final acceleration of the lower part of the arm in all swimming techniques. Due to great activity of UT, proper warm up and the use of strategies to transfer the muscle activity are advisable. More results of this ongoing project will be available in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Geschwindigkeits- und Ermüdungsindex verschiedener Beinschläge beim Schleppschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032679</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032679</guid>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Queiroga, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Queiroga, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A drowning episode can occur under many different conditions and unfold in many variable ways (1). The condition (active, passive, unconscious, etc.) and size of the victim, the distance from safety (shore, pool deck, pier, etc), the water conditions (waves, temperature, currents, visibility, wind, etc), the experience, knowledge, skill and fitness of the rescuer, availability of rescue equipment, and other variables, make a swimming rescue a very dangerous enterprise indeed. In fact, a growing number of agencies have removed direct contact swimming rescues from their programs of teaching lifesaving to the general public (possible future bystanders) and relegated them to the training of professional lifeguards (2). Possible future bystanders are thus trained to use only swimming rescue towing techniques involving equipment-either specifically designed rescue equipment or more likely, randomly available objects at hand. The motive of course, is to increase the distance between the rescuer and victim, avoiding direct physical contact. The optimal situation in rescue towing is for the rescuer to be versatile enough to be able to select the most appropriate technique relative to the variables named above. This allows the rescuer to make choices but it also demands a broad spectrum of rescue skills. The inexperienced and less versatile rescuer may have no choice except to attempt the rescue or not to attempt the rescue. The need to use perhaps the only technique which this rescuer has mastered, though inappropriate, may jeopardise the rescue and reduce the chances of success. The needs in real rescue, as described here, are many and varied, and usuallyunpredictable. Appropriate training of the general public includes a variety of techniques and the concomitant knowledge to use them, allowing the rescuer some choice, according to the conditions. Lifesaving competition also involves a variety of techniques. Well over a century old, this form of competition has a history of attempting to simulate real rescue situations. As competition has developed, and among other things, has also created an indoor variation, the competition has become more formal. Complex rules have been established (attempting both fair competition and simulated real rescue). The rules of each event are sufficiently rigid to not allow much choice to the rescuer. The distance is fixed, whether or not fins are to be used, whether or not the simulated victim (mannequin) is submerged, whether a rescue device is to be used, and more, are both specified and known in advance (3). We see immediately that the needs of real rescue and competition rescue are not quite the same (4). They have, however, so much in common that research can help us better understand both. Research will also help us identify both similarities and differences between real rescue and simulated rescue in competition. Given that only a few studies have been conducted on rescue towing there is urgent need for further research (2). Several studies have compared towing with the flutter and dolphin kicks, with and without fins (5,6, 7,8). Some have compared different types of fins (9). Still others have examined towing, including both arm and leg strokes (10,11,12,13,14). While performance with fins has been shown to be superior, the most common situation in real rescue is that fins are not available, and also in competition, some events are specified to be performed without fins. To the best of our knowledge, no study has yet compared the scissors kick to other kicks using the legs only without fins, and while performed in the side lying position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Abdruckzeit auf die Leistung bei einer flachen Wende</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032678</guid>
      <author>Alcock, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alcock, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming races, between 20 and 40% of the total event time is spent turning (Thayer & Hay 1984; Blanksby et al. 1998). Therefore turns are an important consideration for performance because an improvement in turning technique could improve event time and placing. Of the four competitive swimming strokes, breaststroke turn times are the slowest and most variable, and Newble (1982) suggested that this was likely a result of the greater technical expertise required. Breaststroke turns also involve longer breakout distances and breakout times compared with the other strokes (Chow et al. 1984). According to the international swimming federation rules for breaststroke, 'After each turn, the swimmer may take one arm stroke completely back to the legs during which the swimmer may be submerged. A single butterfly kick is permitted during the first arm stroke, followed by a breaststroke kick. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands turn inward at the widest part of the second stroke' (FINA 2012, p. 167). The timing and execution of these aspects of the turn could all
affect the final race time. During a breaststroke turn, swimmers push off the wall with both feet which allows them to travel at a higher velocity than they can actually swim the breaststroke. Following the push-off, they adopt their most streamlined position to minimise their drag and rate of deceleration, and thus maintain this higher velocity for as long as possible. Theoretically, the optimal breaststroke pullout is one in which the swimmer maximises the amount of time they travel above the velocity at which they can swim, and minimises the time spent below the velocity at which they can swim breaststroke. This is because if they travel for too long below their average free-swimming velocity, it would be faster for them to be actually swimming. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of the breaststroke pullout on overall turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Armzugvortriebs auf die Körperkinematik  während der Fortbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032677</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032677</guid>
      <author>Arelano, R.</author>
      <author>Lopez-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Taladriz, S.</author>
      <author>Gomes, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arelano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taladriz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming propulsion and its effect on body kinematics (displacement, velocity and acceleration) have been studied in different swimming phases (such as pull and push in freestyle) and the resultant changes in the swimmer's body velocity (CM or hip). Sculling is a basic propulsive action with four hand movements: outsweep, supination, insweep and pronation. 3D analysis showed a zigzag path, where hand displacement is mostly forward, with strong hand rotations during the change of direction (Arellano 2011). The in-depth study of this propulsive action includes kinematics of the and, flow visualisation and PIV in the typical situations: hovering and displacement (Arellano & Pardillo 2007). To understand the full effect of propulsion- quasisteady and unsteady (Arellano et al. 2006) we can measure the body displacement produced and its acceleration. This can provide a link between propulsive mechanisms and their effect on the body in a basic and experimentally controlled sculling action, easier to perform than full stroke propulsion. Considering the full body static during the performance of trials (as can be seen in Figure 1), body drag can be obtained, in a similar situation to previous studies on gliding, body drag after the second gliding position of the breaststroke underwater stroke applying inverse dynamics (Vilas-Boas et al. 2010). lt is possible to calculate the resultant force applying the equation P-D=ma (Vogel1994), knowing body acceleration and mass. The aim of the study was to know the effect of sculling propulsion on body kinematics in displacement and hence the resulting force in each propulsive phase of the sculling action.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bedeutung der Schlagasymmetry in sagitaller Ebene für die Delphinbeinschlagleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032676</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032676</guid>
      <author>Atkison, R. R.</author>
      <author>Dickey, J. P.</author>
      <author>Dragunas, A.</author>
      <author>Nolte, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Atkison, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dickey, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dragunas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nolte, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The underwater dolphin kick is a cyclic motion where the toes oscillate in a regular fashion with one spatial maximum (up-peak) and one spatial minimum (down-peak) in the vertical direction occurring over the course of one cycle. Underwater dolphin kick can be broken down into two phases; the down kick (DK) and upkick (UK). In a ventral body position, the DK is characterised by hip flexion and knee extension and occurs from the up-peak position and ends in the down-peak position; the UK is characterised by hip extension and knee flexion and occurs from the down-peak position and ends in the up-peak position. Kicking symmetry in the UDK is defined as the ability to produce equivalent propulsion during the DK and UK phases. This is accomplished through similar kinematics between the DK and UK phases. Theoretically, symmetry between DK and UK phases should result in more consistent centre of mass (CM) velocity as there are two equivalently propulsive phases, compared with one propulsive and one resistive phase in an asymmetrical kick cycle. In swimming, vortices represent the transfer of momentum from water to body and vice versa, resulting in body acceleration (Ungerechts, Persyn & Col man 1999). Previous studies have demonstrated that efficient swimmers create a large static vortex at the end of the downward kick and a small vortex at the end of the upward kick, whereas inefficient swimmers create small translating vortices at the end of the downward kick and no vortices at the end of upward kick (Arellano 1999; Arellano et al. 2000). Previous studies have compared the kinematics of human undulatory propulsion to the kinematics of dolphins/cetaceans (Ungerechts 1983; Von Loebbecke, Mittal, Fish & Mark 2009a; Von Loebbecke, Mittal, Fish & Mark 2009b). Ungerechts (1983) compared the kinematics of the butterfly stroke with dolphins and found that the primary difference between the human swimmers and dolphins was that dolphins were able to perform symmetrical DK and UK phases; in contrast, the human swimmers were relatively less effective at the UK phase, and he concluded that only swimmers who were able to hyperextend their knees would be able to perform the UK phase effectively. Von Loebbecke et al. (2009a, 2009b) compared the kinematics of the UDK in humans with odontocete cetaceans, finding that humans were less propulsively efficient and slower than cetaceans over the range of kicking frequencies and kicking amplitudes selected by the human swimmers. The differences between humans and cetaceans were attributed to the disadvantageous anatomy and musculature of humans, such as narrow feet and less-flexible joints, which especially limit the performance of the UK phase. Given their anatomical differences, symmetry between the DK and UK phases is an obvious limitation for human swimmers when compared with cetaceans; however, the relationship between kicking symmetry and performance has not been adequately studied in human swimmers. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the kinematics of DK and UK phases and how symmetry between OK and UK is related to performance. Symmetry in this experiment was evaluated by comparing joint marker paths, joint angles, horizontal displacement of the CM, horizontal velocity of the CM, and vertical toe velocities during the DK and UK phases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Atmung auf die Hüftrollasymmetrie im Wettkampfkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032675</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032675</guid>
      <author>Barber, M. V.</author>
      <author>Barden, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barber, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barden, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimming is a cyclic activity in which swimmers alternate arm and leg movements to create propulsive forces while the body rotates about its longitudinal axis. This motion is referred to as the body roll of the trunk. lt has been suggested that breathing increases body rotation and potentially disrupts the symmetry of the stroke (Psycharakis & Sanders 2008). Inertial sensors are an emerging and accessible technology for quantifying movement in aquatic environments (Bachlin & Troster 2011). Previous studies have suggested that accelerometer derived data for stroke parameters can be as good as or better than data derived from video (Davey, Anderson & James 2008). This study quantified the effect of breathing on hip roll angle using a body-fixed tri-axial accelerometer. Recent studies have shown that velocity and breathing are important factors affecting the degree of body roll during front crawl swimming. These studies have shown that as velocity increases, body roll of the trunk as a single segment decreases (Yanai 2003; Castro, Vilas-Boas & Guimaraes 2005) and that body roll, when the trunk is measured as a single segment (Payton, Bartlett, Baltzopolous & Coombs 1999) and when it is measured separately as hip and shoulder roll (Psycharakis & Sanders 2008), is greater when breathing than when not breathing. A further study by Psycharakis and McCabe (2011) suggested that whilst swimmers roll their shoulders and hips significantly more to the breathing side when breathing than when not breathing, the total body roll angle was not significantly different between breathing and non-breathing trials. The authors suggested that a compensatory strategy exists on non-breathing stroke cycles to maintain a similar total body roll angle to the breathing cycles. One might assume that other cyclic locomotor activities such as walking, running and cycling would display symmetric movement patterns. However, research has shown that a degree of bilateral asymmetry is present in the propulsive forces of running and cycling (Sadeghi, Allard, Prince & La belle 2000; Carpes et al. 2011). In front crawl, a unilateral breathing pattern is inherently asymmetric, as the swimmer will rotate more to the breathing side. In theory, a bilateral breathing pattern should prevent bilateral asymmetry; however, no previous studies have quantified the degree of body roll angle in bilateral and unilateral breathing conditions together. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breathing on body roll angle, specifically hip roll, in elite competitive front crawl swimmers. More specifically, the extent to which hip roll angle and hip roll asymmetry differed between unilateral and bilateral breathing conditions was investigated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung des Wasserfassens im Kraulschwimmen auf die Schulterbelastung, Krafterzeugung und Armsynchronisation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032674</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032674</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A previous study showed that immediately after the arm entry, female butterfly swimmers were not efficient in 30% of the stroke cycle because their arms were in a biomechanically disadvantageous position (Becker & Havriluk 2010). The swimmers completed their arm entry with their hands closer to the surface than their shoulders in a position that stressed their shoulders. They generated minimal force until the hands submerged below the level of the shoulders. In a subsequent study on male and female freestyle swimmers (Havriluk & Becker 2011), over half of the swimmers (mostly females) completed the arm entry with their hand closer to the surface than their shoulder in a stressful position similar to butterfly. Given the prevalence of shoulder injuries from butterfly and freestyle (e.g. Hupenthal2006; Rodeo 2011), further examination of the arm entry is appropriate. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of an ineffective arm entry in freestyle and the impact on shoulder stress and force generation. Because of the wasted time from an ineffective arm entry position, the effect on arm synchronisation was also calculated. Due to the previously found gender difference in arm entry, the variables were stratified by gender.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung von Wettkampfjammerhosen bei männlichen Kraulschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032673</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032673</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Ramos, R.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Louvet, B.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Morio, C.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louvet, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morio, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The evolution of rules about competitive swimsuits requires updating current scientific data: for example, the biomechanical and physiological consequences of garments with compressive properties show mixed results (Benjanuvatra et al. 2002; Chollet et al. 2010; Marinho et al. 2012; Tomikawa & Nomura 2009). Indeed, the studies concerning swimsuits are often contradictory and some clarification is needed. Some authors showed no significant reduction in drag and no increase in buoyancy with a Fastskin swimsuit (Roberts et al. 2003; Toussaint et al. 2002) while Chatard and Wilson (2008), comparing a traditional suit, a full-body suit and a waist-to-ankle suit, found significant reduction in passive drag in the latter two. They also showed that Fastskin suits increased distance per stroke, whereas there was no significant difference in stroke rate. Mollendorf et al. (2004) tested several swimsuits and noted some small but significant differences in total drag between these suits. At low speed, pressure drag seemed to be the most important component. At high speed, skin friction drag was increased and pressure drag and wave drag were reduced for two different suits. According to Benjavunatra et al. (2002), Fastskin suits did not increase buoyancy. However, they seemed to significantly decrease active and passive drag forces when towing. In swimming, five criteria can help to define the use of appropriate swimsuits, namely 1) the discipline (e.g. triathlon, long distance, sprintt 2) the gender, 3) the morphological properties of the swimmer, 4) the physical properties of the swimmer (e.g. glide quality, buoyancyL and 5) the evolution of rules regarding these swimsuits (today limited, for men, to jammers). The logic behind using special swimsuits is to improve buoyancy what was argued in the context of triathlon (Hue, Benevante & Chollet 2003). For the same swimming speed, the improvement allowed by these suits effectively reduces the propulsive phases and increases gliding, relationship that is measured by the coordination index (ldC; Chollet, Chalies & Chatard 2000). For the distance of BOOm, this improves swimming coordination of those triathletes wearing the swimsuit (versus triathletes not wearing the swimsuit) by spending more time in non-propulsive glide during the catch phase. Besides, it was shown in a study comprising 9 females and 9 males at 100-m distance race pace (Chollet et al. 2010L that the use of Fastskin swimsuits showed no significant difference in buoyancy, glide or passive hydrostatic torque, but significantly influenced the ldC and resulted in more efficient propulsive actions for the same given speed. Indeed, the Fastskin suit significantly affected the values describing the propulsive phases: the glide phases increased and consequently propulsive phases were reduced. In accordance with previous studies, our analysis confirmed that, at increased speeds, the ldC increases (Chollet et al. 2010). The reduction in ldC with the Fastskin suits was significant for the global analysis, but a closer examination revealed that this was only significant for the 100-m velocity. lt thus appears that, besides the claims of improved buoyancy, the improvements of those new generation suits are greater for high rather than low velocities. One possible interpretation is that the compressive effect of these new suits, by reducing body volume and thus lowering buoyancy, is offset by an improvement of the drag coefficient due to this compression. The effects measured in the older generation suits, which were more useful for long distances and triathlons (Chatard et al. 1995; Hue, Benavente and Chollet 2003; Toussaint et al. 2002), no longer hold for this newest generation. The compression of body volume is thus more useful for high speeds than for slower speeds. After more than 100 world records were broken in 2008, FINA has decided to significantly modify the rules, namely that the swimmers are not allowed anymore to wear full-body, full-legs or polyurethane suits. Moreover, all accredited jammers do not have the same characteristics and their impacts on performance could be different. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare four different competitive jammers relative to the personal usual training swimsuit in well-trained swimmers, based on a large set of different tests.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zweifelhafte Nutzung oder Missbrauch von wissenschaftlichen Informationen im Handel und Strategieplanung am Beispiel des Schwimmanzugs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032672</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032672</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Scafoglieri, A.</author>
      <author>Tesignie, J.</author>
      <author>Cattrysse, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kommerzialisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marketing</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scafoglieri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tesignie, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cattrysse, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regardless the active resistance data acquisition variance between the Marine Test Station (BrusselsWageningen) data, the Swimming Flume (Stockholm) findings, the Measuring Active Drag (MAOAmsterdam), the device for measuring active drag (DAD-Beijing) or the Velocity Perturbation Method (VPM), these approaches do not interfere with the direct obtained values of passive drag e.g. Ds versus Dp and with our laminar and turbulent flow knowledge. The aim of this project is to reevaluate resistance data of the end of previous century in combination with interpretations of the High-Technology swimwear studies (2000-2010). Commercial justifications of Drag-versus morphology data versus the non-dimensional form relation, have been ignored. The continuous body shape deformations at Ds level are subject of a violation of basic hydrodynamic reasoning. The impressive quantity of records with the High-Tech swimwear was probably a sufficient argumenteven misleading-to accept all quality issues claimed by the manufacturer. But why ban High-Tech swimwear which facilitates movement only e.g. the fascia theory. In cycling the aerodynamic outfit and bike design improve performance at a level of seconds and minutes over distance. Nor the High-Tech swimwear, nor the aerodynamics hardware in cycling do overrule the individuals training and performance effort. Dubious argument acceptance or discriminating morality?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Stellung des Fußes während des Kontaktes mit der Wand auf die Wende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032671</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032671</guid>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <author>Slawson, S.</author>
      <author>Conway, P.</author>
      <author>West, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slawson, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conway, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A waterproofed pressure mat was used to analyse the wall contact phase of freestyle turns by 34 university swimmers to determine the variables on the wall that effect turning performance. Data was analysed as a group of athletes and then divided by gender to see if males and females used the same approach to turning technique with different anthropometry. Foot position and orientation with relation to the surface of the water, wall contact time and maximum depth were related to the criterion measure of Sm Round Trip Time (RTI). Within the group that was tested the only significant correlation (p=O.OS) with turn performance during the wall contact phase was the tuck index (0.330). When the sample was divided by the gender of the swimmer the foot width and orientation were significantly related to the Sm RTI for the males while the Wall Contact Time (WCT). foot height, foot width and tuck index were related to female turn performance. Rotation time, height, mass and tuck index were related with successful turning while future testing should investigate the turning performance freestyle specialist swimmers to determine the impact of foot placement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sollte die Gleitphase bei der Analyse des Rückenstarts berücksichtigt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032670</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032670</guid>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Morais, S. T.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to characterise the underwater phase of the backstroke start. Nine highly trained backstroke swimmers performed a maximal 3x15 m of the starting variant with feet parallel and partially emerged and the highest horizontal handgrip. The best 15 m trial was selected for each swimmer. Motion capture system tracked right side markers. Each individual velocity curve was normalised from the immersion until the beginning of the upper limbs propulsion. The velocity at full immersion and at five critical instants of the 1st undulatory underwater cycle was assessed. After the full immersion, swimmers performed a downward kick with lower horizontal and resultant velocity than those displayed at full immersion (1.15±0.18 vs. 2.09±0.26 and 1.62±0.36 vs. 2.39±0.33 m/s, respectively). The transition to the 1st upward kick generated greater horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity than those noted at 1st downward kick (1.79±0.18 vs. 1.15±0.18, -1.23±0.51 vs.-1.0±0.34, 2.14±0.23 vs. 1.62±.36 m/s, respectively). Compared to the 1st upward kick, swimmers displayed lower horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity at the 1st part of the transition from the 1st up to the 2nd downward kick {1.67±0.15 vs. 1.79±0.18, -0.29±0.21 vs. -1.23±.51, 1.73±0.13 vs. 2.14±0.23 m/s, respectively). Lower horizontal and resultant velocity was observed at the 2nd downward kick compared to the 2nd part of the transition from the 1st up to 2nd downward kick (0.96±0.22 vs. 1.68±0.14, 1.14±0.30 vs. 1.70±0.15 m/s, respectively). Subsequently to the full immersion, a downward kick was performed implying the swimmers' deceleration, which was minimised by continued undulatory underwater cycles. These findings highlighted the absence of the gliding phase during the backstroke start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der langsamen Komponente der Sauerstoffaufnahme während eines ansteigenden Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032669</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032669</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study analysed the oxygen uptake slow component (V02scl of front crawl swimming along an incremental swimming protocol, using a multi-exponential function. Eleven well-trained swimmers (20.4±2.5 yrs, 1.80±0.06 m and 74.1±4.12 kg) performed a front crawl incremental protocol of 7x300 m until exhaustion (with increments of O.OSm/s and 30s rest intervals between steps). V02 was collected breath by breath using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2) connected to the new AquaTrainer respiratory snorkel (both from Cosmed, Italy). V02sc was assessed using a double exponential regression model with exponential terms amplitudes, time delays and time constants representing the V02 kinetics fast (1) and slow (2) components. In addition, the calculation of the V02sc values through the fixed interval method was also conducted by subtracting the average V02 observed in the last 40s of each step by the average V02 observed in the 3rd m in of exercise. A paired T-test was used to compare both methods along the incremental test (p s; 0.05). The multi-exponential model showed that the V02sc was above 200 mL/min from the 5th until the 7th step of the incremental protocol, i.e., intensities above the anaerobic threshold. Differences were observed in mean values of V02sc obtained by the mathematical modelling and the fixed interval method in every step of the protocol (P 5 0.05, d > 0. 76). lt was concluded that in well-trained front crawl swimmers V02sc exists in a significant faction at exercise intensities above the anaerobic threshold. This means that at heavy and severe swimming intensities (i.e., above the anaerobic threshold and above the velocity that elicits the V02max, respectively) the higher work rates implied the recruitment of faster but easily fatigable fibres, which could lead to less efficient processes, and consequently, to higher V025c mean values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verändern sich die räumlich-zeitlichen und physiologischen Variablen bei Ausbelastungen im Freistilschwimmen mit Flossen?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032668</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032668</guid>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Fins are used in swimming training sessions for different purposes. The aim of this study was to identify and to compare the spatiotemporal and physiological parameters obtained with and without fins of 488 cm 2 area in maximal intensities of front crawl swimming. Eleven male swimmers performed two 50 m all-out in front crawl stroke, with (WF) and without fins (WOF). Swimming velocity (SV), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), duration of stroke phases (A, B, C, D, propulsive and not propulsive on breathing side and opposite to breathing side) and index of coordination on both, breathing (ldC 1) and opposite of breathing side (ldC 2), number of kicks (NF), right feet deep (FRD) and left feet deep (FLD) were obtained by manuals time keepers and camcorders (60Hz). Lactate concentration [LA) and perceived exertion (PE) were assessed. Foots area were estimated. Fins increased 25% of the foot's area compared to WOF. An increase in SV was observed when compared WP to WOF. With the use of fins athletes can perform greater propulsive forces due greater contact area with the water in comparison to the area of the foot, increasing (1) propulsive momentum, (2) volume of water displacement and (3) body alignment. Fins with area of 488 cm 2 may cause limited alterations in spatia-temporal parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Qualitätsfaktoren als objektive und quantitative Merkmale der Bewertung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032667</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032667</guid>
      <author>Dyshko, B. A.</author>
      <author>Kochergin, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dyshko, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kochergin, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Stroke efficiency is determined by its compliance with solvable tasks and high final result, level of athlete's physical, tactical and psychological skills. Stroke efficiency is estimated and controlled in real training and competitive exercises using the methodology estimating the travel speed of the common center of mass of athlete's body (CCMAB) or the methodology of evaluation of the dynamics of closed cycle speed [1,2,5-7]. Closed cycle speed (CCS) of CCMAB travel is characterised by Vmax,m/s- maximal values of swimming CCS in one cycle, Vm;n, m/s- minimal value of swimming CCS in one cycle and alternation of acceleration and inhibitory phases (Fig. 1). CCS of CCMAB in swimming is known [2, 5-7] to change according to the quasiperiodic law, providing the opportunity to involve some conditions of mathematical apparatus of the vibration theory to estimate stroke efficiency in real movements (3]. The energy efficiency of the quasiperiodic process is estimated by the quality of the oscillating system Q. Quantitatively the quality Q is equal to the ratio of energy saved in the system and the value of energy lost in one period of oscillations, multiplied by 2n: [4]. The quality of the quasiperiodic process we study can be determined using the above mentioned definition of the quality of oscillating system as a ratio of energy saved in the system and energy used within one period of oscillations (without regard of the constant factor 2rr). Since energy is definitely related to the squared travel velocity, in our case quality is equal to K=Vmax^2/(Vmax^2-Vmin^2) where: Vmax, m/s-maximum CCS in one swimming cycle; Vmin, m/s-minimum CCS in one swimming cycle. We called the obtained characteristics 'hydrodynamic quality coefficient' (HQC) or hydrodynamic quality Q. lt is known [2, 6] that stroke is more efficient when the difference between Vmax and Vmin is smaller. So, the less different Vmax and V m in are, the higher HQC is, the less energy is required to maintain the high average speed of swimming, the more effective athlete's stroke is. The aim of research was the development and the approbation of the biomechanical characteristics for a quantitative assessment of swimming technique from of the energy efficiency position]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsverhalten während der Eintauchphase von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032666</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032666</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For years, allusions to the particular importance of the entry and underwater phase for the swim start have been a topic of interest in the swimming literature (Guimaraes & Hay 1985; Bonnar 2001; Cossor & Mason 2001; Vilas-Boas et al. 2003). Based on Guimaraes and Hay (1985) the movement phases during the swim start can be structured by the block-, flight-, and water-phase. Maglischo (2003) additionally subdivided the water-phase into the entry, gliding, and emersion-phase. Guimaraes and Hay (1985) point out that 95% of the variance in the performance of the start can be explained by differences in the gliding phase (consisting of entry, gliding and emersion phase). In this regard, the gliding phase and the emersion phase have been investigated by several authors (Lyttle et al. 1999; Pereira et al. 2006; Elipot et al. 2009; Marinho et al. 2009; Elipot et al. 2010; Vantorre et al. 2010). In addition, there are various studies exhibiting that differences between starting techniques during the take-off phase do not necessarily result in different swim start times (Mclean et al. 2000; Vilas-Boas et al. 2003; Welcher et al. 2008; Vint et al. 2009; Biel et al. 2010). In these studies, none of the variables representing the take-off on the block, the flight phase, or the gliding phase could account completely for the variance found in the swim start times. Based on these findings, the special importance of the entry phase was derived. Similarly, Sanders and Byatt-Smith (2001) and Sanders and Bonnar (2004) argue that, concerning the overall start performance, a greater emphasis should be given to the entry phase when compared to the take-off phase. Remarkably, so far, no study has addressed the issue of the optimal movement behavior during the entry phase. However, speculations have been published on whether the pike or the flat dive would be more beneficial to the swim start performance (Maglischo 2003). For the entry phase, several variables have been investigated. These variables relate to the entry angle (Holthe & Mclean 2001;. Vilas-Boas et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2003; Gu, Tsai & Huang 2003; Kibele & Fischer 2009), the hip-angle at water entry (Kibele et al. 2007; Kibele & Fischer 2009), and the angle of attack (Gu et al. 2003). Studies that ascribe benefits to the flat dive (Counsilman et al. 1988; Kirner et al. 1989) contrast other studies showing advantages for a pike dive (Mills & Gehlsen 1996). Other studies did not find any differences between the two entry variants (Hobbie 1980; Holthe & Mclean 2001; Gu et al. 2003; Fischer & Kibele 2009). Due to the different methodological approaches used to assess the entry angle the studies published on the entry behavior cannot be properly compared (Guimaraes & Hay 1985; Gu et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2003; Kibele et al. 2007; Fischer & Kibele 2009). In addition to differences between methodological approaches, kinematic parameters representing the entry behavior are difficult to assess as air particles are swept along the body surface distorting visibility in the video analysis. Until recently, this problem remained unresolved. However, using a now analysis tool'algorithm for the determination of body segment coordinates under blurred visual conditions' the kinematic data of the movement behavior during entry can be analyzed (Kibele & Fischer 2009; Fischer 2013) The objectives of this study were (a) to derive key parameters for the analysis of the entry phase and (b) to identify different movement strategies for the entry phase based on these parameters. We hypothesised that, in addition to the previously known strategies for the entry behavior ('pike vs.flat'), further movement possibilities exist.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer neuen Technik zur Bestimmung des aktiven Widerstands</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032665</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032665</guid>
      <author>Hazrati, P.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, P. J.</author>
      <author>Sacilotto, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hazrati, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation aimed to develop a new technique for the estimation of active drag in front crawl swimming at the swimmer's maximum swim speed, while allowing for intra stroke velocity fluctuation. This new resisted technique was developed using similar assumptions to that of the Velocity Perturbation Method (VPM) of Kolmogorov & Duplishcheva (1992). The investigation included twelve national and international male swimmers who were asked to perform two maximum effort free swim trials, two passive and two active drag trials. The data required for the calculation of active drag were maximum swim speed, which was derived from the free swim trials, and a force set between 4 to 10 N and which was dependent upon the mean value of passive drag. Mean active drag ranged from 68 to 123.2 N in front crawl. The mean active drag values found in this investigation were in agreement with those previously reported by Kolmogorov & Duplishcheva (1992) and Wang et al. (2007). These three techniques using resisted swimming (VPM, Wang et al. and the current study) provided similar values for mean active drag to one another.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reduzierung des Widerstands durch wellenförmiges Schwimmen unter Wasser? Ein experimenteller und numerischer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032664</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032664</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Pacholak, S.</author>
      <author>Brücker, C.</author>
      <author>Siebert, T.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pacholak, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brücker, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siebert, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[From fish locomotion we learned that low drag values can be achieved during active propulsion. Thereby a carefully adjusted traveling body wave pumps the fluid caudally. Similar to an active flapping plate (Taneda & Tomonari 1974) the usage of a sophisticated body movement reduces and partly prevents the flow separation along the body (e.g., Anderson et al. 2001). The fish use the tail fin to control the generated vortices (Anderson et al. 1998). Despite of the anatomical limitations of the human body (non-smooth and segmented body with limited flexibility) swimmers try to copy successful strategies such as undulatory swimming from fish locomotion. Moreover, it is still unclear whether and, if yes, to what extend the human swimmers are able to reduce drag values during the underwater phases after start and turn. One possibility to investigate this question is to compare passive drag (during gliding) and active drag (during active propulsion). Passive drag can be determined by measuring deceleration or by measuring the force by pulling a subject. Due to the intertwining of drag and propulsion in swimming there is no satisfactory method for a direct experimental determination of active drag. Only for front crawl swimming it is possible to judge active drag by the MAD-system (Measure Active Drag; Hollander et al. 1986). However, this method is not suitable for undulatory swimming. This requires the usage of more complex tools such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (e.g., Matsuuchi et al. 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan 2011) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD, e.g. von loebbecke et al. 2009; Cohen et al. 2012; Hochstein et al. 2012). The latter provides forces on the moving swimmer during a kick cycle (e.g., von loebbecke et al. 2009). Net forces on the undulating swimmer have been elegantly calculated using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (Cohen et al. 2012). There was no attempt to calculate the drag coefficient during undulatory swimming and the previous CFD studies are not validated. The main goal of this paper is to calculate the drag coefficient during gliding and during active undulatory swimming using numerical flow simulations of a scanned female swimmer and to check whether the swimmer is able to swim with drag coefficients comparable to those for gliding. The presented work only considers the local experimental flow fields with the aim to validate the numerical calculations. The used numerical simulations are the first which were partly validated by the qualitative comparison with the experimental flow field of the same swimmer with identical kinematics. With the local vortices, it is possible to estimate the amount and the loss of the transferred momentum.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Armzug- und Rolltechniken während der Abdruckbewegung im Synchronschwimmen auf der Grundlage dreidimensionaler Bewegungsanalysen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032663</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032663</guid>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Nakagawa, K.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakagawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The thrust movements both under and above water of nine top-level synchronised swimmers were analysed using 3D DL T method. Peak height, height of shoulder, elbow and wrist, unroll time, sculling time, maximum vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity, wrist velocity, hip and shoulder angle are analysed as kinematic parameters. Since the peak height index (peak height/body height) and the maximum vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity were related significantly, it is necessary to increase the vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity in order to increase the peak height. Swimmers with a high peak height index demonstrated a shorter unroll time with a quick extension of the hips. Furthermore, in sculling, the arm's position was maintained near the surface of the water during the arms pull phase. The arm's position was closer to the water surface with a higher vertical velocity of the wrists during the arms turn. lt was found that important techniques to improve peak height in thrust movement, are to unroll with a shorter time, and to not lower the arms at the beginning of thrust movement and to turn arms rapidly and catch the water closer to the surface with horizontal forearms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede der hydrodynamischen Kraftwirkung auf den Fuß zwischen 6er- und Flatter-Beinschlag im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032662</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032662</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Kuriki, A.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuriki, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamic difference between six-beat kick in front crawl swimming and flutter kick without rolling of the whole body. The subject was a male college swimmer. Two pairs of small pressure sensors were attached on the dorsal and plantar sides of both of the swimmer's feet during trials, which involved flutter kick while holding a kickboard and six-beat crawl swimming. The motion of the swimmer's right leg and arm was recorded using an underwater video camera during the trials. In the six-beat trials, the positive and negative peak values of the difference of pressure between dorsal and plantar sides were not similar in the three downbeats and upbeats during one stroke cycle. lt was suggested that there were hydrodynamic differences between flutter kick and six-beat kick in front crawl swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der individuellen Startstellung beim Schwimmstart auf dem Startblock OSB11</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032661</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032661</guid>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Biel, K.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Biel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate systematic variations of the preferred stance of elite swimmers in relation to their swim start performance on the OSB11. Variations of the preferred stance were examined regarding the front leg (left vs. right), the centre of mass height (low vs. high), the stance width (narrow vs. wide), and a rear vs. a front weighted stance. Two thirds of the subjects displayed either improvements or no changes in swim start performances through stance variations of their preferred stance configuration. For half of the subjects, at least one stance alternative provided a better swim start time than the preferred stance. The average improvements in the swim start performance were found to be 0,06s with extreme values as large as 0,14s. The majority of the swim start improvements were associated with a front weighted stance, a decreased foot distance and an elevated centre of mass position. For this stance configuration, shorter block times were observed. In this regard, it is assumed that short block times are essential for the swim start performance on the OSBll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der Zugtechnik von erfahrenen Schwimmern zur Erzeugung des Handvortriebs zwischen Kraul- und Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032660</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032660</guid>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The arm movement of the front crawl stroke consists of an entry, a down sweep, an in sweep, an upsweep, a release and a recovery while the arm movement of the butterfly consists of an entry, an outsweep, an insweep, an upsweep, a release and a recovery (Maglischo 1993). Both swimming strokes of the front crawl stroke and the butterfly have the insweep and the upsweep phases, which are the main the propulsive phases for both swimming strokes. The front crawl stroke is the fastest stroke among the four competitive strokes, and the butterfly is the second fastest stroke. The butterfly may be considered as the symmetrical stroke of the front crawl stroke in terms of the two stroke phases. Thus, a good front craw stroke swimmer seems to be a good butterfly swimmer. However, the stroke technique to exert hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke is different from the one for the butterfly because the butterfly involves the movement of trunk undulation. The dynamic pressure approach has been developed to quantify hand propulsion exerted by a swimmer, and the hand propulsive technique of skilled sprint-crawl swimmers was re-evaluated (Kudo & Lee 2010; Kudo, Miwa & Sakurai 2013). The dynamic pressure approach also provides information of the hand propulsive drag and lift. By quantifying hand propulsion due to drag and lift forces, hand displacement, velocity and acceleration, we can analyse the detail of hand propulsive technique. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate if the hand propulsive technique of the front crawl stroke was different from the one for the butterfly using the dynamic pressure approach.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drei verschiedene Berechnungen des unmittelbaren aktiven Widerstandsprofils eines Schwimmers und damit einhergehende Veränderungen der Parameterwerte</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032659</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032659</guid>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Sacilotto, G. B.</author>
      <author>Hazrati, P.</author>
      <author>Franco, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hazrati, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franco, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Australian Institute of Sport has developed a free swim analysis system called the Assisted Towing Method (ATM), designed to estimate a swimmer's instantaneous whole body active drag force profile at the swimmer's maximum swim velocity. From the swimmer's active drag profile and acceleration profile, the propulsive force profile may also be computed (Mason et al. 2012). The resultant or net force profile for the swimmer may then be computed as the sum of both the predominantly negative active drag and the predominantly positive propulsive force profile. These three profiles may then be used to assist in the biomechanical assessment of the swimmer's free swimming technique. Two major research systems have previously investigated the active drag experience by a swimmer. The first of these was the Measurement of Active Drag (MAD) system in which the swimmer pulled on levers under the water to propel himself. The levers were mechanically linked to a force transducer (Toussaint et al. 2004). This provided a mean propulsive force value which automatically equated to a mean active drag force value. The second system developed was the velocity perturbation method (VPM) in which the swimmer swam twice at maximum speed, once towing and being resisted by a hydrodynamic body and then again without the hydrodynamic body attached (Kolmogorov et al. 1992). Through a computation using the two mean swim velocity values and the mean resistance force value of the hydrodynamic body, a mean active drag force value at the swimmer's maximum swim velocity was able to be computed. The ATM method involves towing the swimmer at a five to eight percent greater speed than the swimmer's maximum swimming velocity, utilising a tow which allows a swimmer's natural intra stroke velocity fluctuations to occur. The swimmer must apply equal mean maximum power and use a similar swimming technique in both the assisted swim with the tow and the unassisted swim, as well as maintain a mean constant speed throughout both conditions. The varying drag force as measured with the force platform and the two varying velocity profiles obtained from the dynamometer are used in the computation of active drag. The drag force and velocity parameters are sampled over four freestyle strokes, commencing with a right hand entry after the swimmer has attained the set mean tow velocity. A cubic function obtained by using the maximum swim velocity and the tow velocity is used to compute the swimmer's active drag parameter by multiplying the drag force profile by this cubic function (Mason et al. 2011). In this research project three different calculations were made. In the first calculation, just the two mean velocities (maximum swim velocity and tow velocity) are used in the cubic function. In the second calculation the two instantaneous variable velocities are used. In the third calculation an additional factor incorporating the acceleration profile is applied to the second calculation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnitt- und konfirmatorische Bewertung der Leistung von jungen Schwimmern und deren bestimmende Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032658</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032658</guid>
      <author>Morais, J. E.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längsschnittuntersuchung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Latent growth curve modeling is a structural equation modeling technique for longitudinal dataset. lt is a confirmatory data analysis procedure to learn about the variations of an endogenous variable over time. The technique is characterised by estimating intra- and inter-individual growth trajectories enabling researchers to predict future development. This modelling procedure has been applied in other scientific fields, such as Social Sciences but never attempted before in Sport Sciences or sports performance as much as we are aware of. Indeed, all structural equation models reported in the sports performance literature were developed from cross-sectional data (e.g. Morais et al. 2012; Barbosa et al. 2010). Swimming performance is a multi-factorial phenomenon, where the interactions between several exogenous variables determine the endogenous one. Young swimmers' performance is strongly related to the kinematics (e.g. Uitt et al. 2009; Morais et al. 2012) and hydrodynamics (e.g. Toussaint et al. 1990; Marinho et al. 2010; Saavedra et al. 2010). A few follow-up and tracking studies suggested that at different moments of a season, performance would be mostly dependent from different determinant factors (e.g. Mora is et al. 2013). Nevertheless, until now such relationship was never modeled. The aim of this research was to compute a latent growth curve model for young swimmers' performance and its biomechanical determinant factors. lt was hypothesised that different exogenous variables would have the main direct effect on the performance improvement (endogenous variable) over time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der äußeren Kinetik bei Einzel- und Staffelstarts: Ein Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032657</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032657</guid>
      <author>Mourao, L.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vaz, M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mourao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaz, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to present a literature review on the external kinetics of swimming starts for the purposes of summarising and highlighting existing knowledge, identifying gaps and limitations and challenging new researchers for future projects. A preliminary literature search was performed using relevant electronic data bases, only for English written documents published before September 2013. Keywords including 'swimming' and 'start' were used to locate documents. Proceedings of the scientific conferences of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) and the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS) from 1970 and 1983, respectively, to 2013 were examined. Included studies were experimental biomechanical approaches in laboratory setting relating to external kinetics assessments on swimming starts. Twenty-eight studies were included in this review, of which 10 are peer-review journal articles and 18 are proceedings from the BMS and ISBS Congress series. From the overall included studies, 82.14% analysed the individual ventral starts, followed by 14.28% at backstroke and only 3.57% at relay starts. Twenty-five per cent from the overall ventral starting studies measured the external horizontal and vertical forces acting on the swimmer's hands and only one research group has yet published about the upper limbs horizontal force on the backstroke start. Previous studies have presented unique contribution in swimming start kinetics; however, future researches should focus on devices capabilities improvements based on the current starting block configuration, mainly for dorsal and relay starting kinetics analysis purposes, and considering three dimensional, 6 degrees of freedom analysis of the forces exerted by each of the four limbs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elliptisches Modell zur Bewertung der Rollwende im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032656</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032656</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Goya, T.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goya, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate of the tumble turn in swimming based on an elliptical model. Fifteen junior male swimmers were asked to perform 15 m round trip crawl including a tumble turn as fast as possible. A side view of the turn was analysed by the 2D-DLT algorithm. The trajectory of the head during the rotation phase was approximated by an elliptic model (r >= 0.90). The correlation between the elliptic indices and 15 turn properties were calculated. These elliptic indices were as follows: the inclination showed 65.9 ± 7.0 deg, the major axis indicated 0.51 ± 0.08 m, and the minor axis was 0.34 ± 0.10 m. The inclination significantly correlated with the 15m turn-out time 7.72 ± 0.36 sec (r = 0.795, p < 0.01). The minor axis significantly correlated with the 3 m turn-in time 2.21 ± 0.12 sec (r = 0.569, p < 0.05). lt was suggested that a shallower inclination and flattened of the elliptic trajectory of the head during the rotation phase had advantageous to turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Methode zur Berechnung der vertikal erzeugten Käfte während der Ausführung des "Schneebesen"</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032655</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032655</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, N.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The eggbeater kick is a technique used in water polo and synchronised swimming. Assessing eggbeater kick performance or comparing different performers has been done by determining the height achieved during the kick in the vertical position (Sanders 1999; Homma & Homma 2006; Klauck 2006). Such methods are limited to the position of one anatomic marker (i.e. vertex, trochanter) and do not account for the subject's mass or buoyancy factors. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to determine the vertical force produced during the eggbeater kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein neuer Ansatz zur Erkennung der einzelnen Phasen des Beinschlags beim Brustschwimmen und Berechnung des Fußgleitens mittels automatischen dreidimensionalen Trackings der Bewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032654</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032654</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Haakonsen, D.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study proposes a new method for identifying the different phases of the leg kick in the modern breaststroke technique. Previous analysis models assume that all breaststroke kicks finish with feet actively coming together during the insweep followed by a 'flat glide' and active knee bend to start the recovery. Using the previous models for the swimmers tested the phases could not be accurately separated due to the different wave amplitudes in their technique influencing their insweep and knee bend timing during recovery. Four phases of the breaststroke kick were therefore identified using 3D automatic motion tracking: 1) propulsion, from the smallest knee angle during recovery of the legs until the first peak in knee angle during propulsion, 2) insweep/wave motion/glide, from end of phase 1 until second peak in knee angle, 3) first part of the recovery, from end of phase 2 until 90 degree knee angle and 4) second part of recovery, from end of phase 3 until legs reach position 1. The method uses distinct positions of the 3D markers, their trajectory and peak angles to give a better understanding of the phases in the modern breaststroke technique as well as accounting for different styles of breaststroke technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivierung und kinematische Unterschiede zwischen Technik- und Konditionstraining im Brustschwimmen: Fallstudie eines Weltmeisters im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032653</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032653</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Lauer, J.</author>
      <author>Haakonsen, D.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lauer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Breaststroke swimmers perform technique and drill exercises in their daily training in order to improve their competitive breaststroke swimming. This has previously been looked upon in different kinematic studies, but no study combined this with surface electromyography. One male world champion breaststroker swam regular breaststroke at 60% and 100% of maximal effort and performed one common technique exercise, 2 breaststroke kicks to 1 breaststroke pull at 100% of maximal effort. Biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior were analyzed for four different phases of the breaststroke kick using surface electromyography (sEMG). 3D automatic motion tracking was used to identify the four phases of the breaststroke kick. Integrated EMG (iEMG} for the four phases showed that swimming at 60% and 100% had the highest activation in 15 of the 16 conditions (across the 4 phases and the 4 muscles) while the 1st kick in 2 kicks to 1 breaststroke pull showed a peak for gastrocnemius medialis in phase 4. The lowest iEMG activation occurred during 2 kicks to 1 breaststroke pull in 13 conditions and 0 times in swimming at 60% effort. The study showed different muscle activation patterns between regular breaststroke swimming and a common technique/drill exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auftriebskraft der Beine bei gesunden Schwimmern und Schwimmern mit beeinträchtigten Beinfunktionen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032652</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032652</guid>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Reid, A. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reid, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A swimmer's ability to float statically in a horizontal position is determined largely by the turning effect resulting from their body weight and buoyancy forces. This is termed the buoyant torque. As a body's weight acts through its centre of mass (CaM) and the buoyancy force acts though its centre of buoyancy (CoB), the distance between these two centres will determine the static floating position of an individual (Gagnon & Montpetit 1981; Mclean & Hinrichs 1998). In static floating, the CoB is generally closer to the head than the CoM. Consequently, the buoyant torque acts to sink the legs. Due to sex differences in body mass distribution, males generally experience a greater buoyant torque than females, resulting in a greater tendency for their legs to sink (Gagnon & Montpetit 1981; Mclean and Hinrichs 1998). Lung volume and arm position both influence buoyant torque (Mclean & Hinrichs 2000). An increase in lung volume, by breathing in, increases the volume of the upper body without increasing its mass. This moves the CoB cranially with little or no effect on the CaM position. Consequently, the momentarm of the buoyancy force increases thus increasing the buoyant torque. When one or both arms are extended overhead, the CoB and CoM both shift cranially, but the movement of the CaM is greater. This brings the weight and buoyancy forces closer together thus reducing the buoyant torque. Drag is an important determinant of swimming performance. One of the key factors influencing drag is the projected frontal area of the swimmer which, in turn, is affected by the horizontal alignment of the body in the water (Kjendlie, Stallman & Stray-Gundersen 2004). Para-swimmers who are unable to kick, due to impaired leg function, may be disadvantaged over those who compete in the same class but who are able to kick. Not only are they unable to use a leg-kick to help maintain horizontal alignment, but their body mass distribution, due to atrophied lower extremities, may differ from that of non-impaired swimmers and so, consequently, may the buoyant (leg-sinking) torque they experience. This study's aim was to establish whether the buoyant torque differs between swimmers with impaired leg function and able bodied swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Ermüdung auf die räumlich-zeitlichen Parameter während 100 m Kraulschwimmen überwacht durch automatisches dreidimensionales Tracking mit zwei Kameras</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032651</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032651</guid>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Morais, S. T.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to analyse the effect of fatigue on the three dimensional arm-stroke pattern during a 100 m front-crawl race. Six national level swimmers performed a 100 m front-crawl test at maximal intensity. The event was recorded with eight underwater and seven land cameras (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) using a full body retro-reflective marker setup. Swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, hand velocity, backward amplitude, amplitude slip, hand depth, width and range, and index of coordination were assessed for each 25 m lap. Differences between the four laps were analysed using a repeated measure ANOVA. Significant changes of analysed parameters were observed across the race, with exception of slip amplitude and hand depth, width and range. Thus, the analysis of spatiotemporal variables, under the influence of fatigue, should be understood as a relevant part of training monitoring aiming to increase performance, particularly when fatigue installs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen von Schwimmern: Pech, schlechte Athleten oder schlechtes Management</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032685</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032685</guid>
      <author>Blanch, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blanch, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Due to the high repetitious workload of swimming training, overuse injuries especially of the shoulder are a costly problem for swimming. Due to different logistical reasons long term injury surveillance in swimming has not been achieved and research is often around perceived risk factors examined retrospectively and/or cross-sectionally. The identified risk factors often place 'the blame' for injury on some sort of athlete inadequacy {genetic, flexibility, strength, technique). However the most consistent findings that occur in the literature related to injury are to do with training volume and structure. Training ramped up too quickly, taken too high or maintained at monotonous levels are all related to injury. This of course places considerable responsibility on the coach. The basic recording of injury history and injury costs associated with measurement of the load athletes are placed under is fundamental information required for swimming to advance in the area of injury prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerische Strömungsmechanik als Werkzeug zur Verbesserung der Armzugtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032684</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032684</guid>
      <author>Cohen, R. C. Z.</author>
      <author>Clearly, P. W.</author>
      <author>Harrison, S. M.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, R. C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clearly, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human swimming is a highly competitive sport where performance has a complex dependence on technique, fluid dynamics, biomechanics, and physiology. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly being used as a tool to study elite level human swimming. This approach complements traditional pool based experimentation, providing previously unobtainable data to provide new insights into the relationships between stroke technique and performance. In this paper, pool based experimentation is reviewed along with recent developments in the field of swimming CFD. Finally, the future directions of the field of swimming CFD are proposed which will see it become an indispensible tool for elite athletes seeking improved stroke technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grenzen der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit: Wie können natürliche Technologien genutzt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032683</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032683</guid>
      <author>Fish, F. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fish, F. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite improvements in training, technique and conditioning, human swimming performance is limited in terms of speed due to the constraints of biology and physics. In comparison, animals greatly exceed human swimming performance. Examination of the morphology, mechanics and hydrodynamics of animal swimming can provide insights into mechanisms to efficiently reduce swimming effort and avoid constraints on speed. Animals are capable of manipulating flow around the body both passively and actively. Passive mechanisms rely on structural and morphological components of the body. Streamlined, fusiform body designs are ubiquitous in fast-swimming animals to minimise drag. The texture and composition of the skin surface further minimises drag by a reduction in water friction and delay of separation effects. The skin of marine animals is tighter than the integument of humans. The pliability of human skin produces mobile skin folds that add to drag. A particularly limitation to human performance is swimming in close proximity to the water surface. This position generates waves that increase drag. In addition, interference within the wave pattern traps the swimmer within a trough that produces a barrier to maximum speed. Active mechanisms by animals for enhanced propulsion utilise vorticity control for thrust production. Fast-swimming animals move their appendages in an oscillatory manner in which wing-like blades produce lift as the primary propulsive force. Humans swim with a paddling, drag-based mechanism. Although effective for propulsion, drag-based swimming is limited to use at low speeds and has reduced efficiency, whereas lift-based mechanisms operate at high speeds with high propulsive efficiency. The thrust is produced in association with the momentum shed by the swimmer into the water. The manifestation of this shed momentum is the wake, which is composed of a thrust producing jet and alternating pairs of vortices. The pattern of vortices for humans indicate severe limits to the fastest speed that can be attained. Compared to human swimmers, aquatic animals have an advantage of being adapted to life in water that permits greater swimming performance than for humans.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Immunfunktion und der Schwimmer: 25 Jahre Forschung am AIS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032682</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032682</guid>
      <author>Fricker, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fricker, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[So what have we concluded?
Training is associated with dose responsive and cumulative immunosuppression. The risk of upper respiratory illness may be linked to changes in immune status. Not all upper respiratory symptoms are infectious in origin. Mild illness can affect performance adversely in high performance athletes. There are genetic markers which may indicate risk of infection. Interventions such as anti-viral agents have not proved effective. Interventions with probiotics show promise in enhancing immune status]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer Forschungseinrichtung im Französischen Schwimmverband: Eine beispielhafte Entwicklung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032681</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032681</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschungseinrichtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The French national swimming team won 66 Olympic and World medals from 1998 to 2013, although it had won only 12 between 1984 and 1998. The growth of the French Swimming Federation's research department since 1998 has been one of the factors contributing to this success. The development of this department was a complex undertaking for many reasons. First, French swimming coaches and technical staff have not been trained within a scientific culture. Yet the coaches and staff possess extraordinarily diverse skills that in many ways depend on their personalities, personal histories, cultural background and past training experiences. This diversity highlights the need for widely differentiated and individualised scientific support. Second, the department's activity is expected to cover the broad range of issues related to training and high-level performance. This has required a multidisciplinary approach and the development of a wellfunctioning collaborative network. Last, as part of our mandate, the research department is called on to communicate and share our findings with all French territories. The first objective of the department is to formalise the most effective training practices through an analysis of coaching practices. The second objective is to build knowledge that is relevant to all issues touching on performance and health, such as motor learning, nutrition, the mobilisation of energy resources, altitude training, biomechanics and any other area related to high-level training. As a third objective toward performance optimisation, the department of research has for the past 15 years been piloting the development of technological processes to evaluate performance. This aspect of our activity has resulted in the development of high-tech tools and research equipment that have been meticulously constructed and shown to be well adapted to use in the field. In these three areas, the analysis of the most effective practices, knowledge building to enhance training, and the development of technologies for practitioners, the research department of the French Swimming Federation has been a leader in developing ideas, innovations and skills over the last 15 years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neurale und sensorische Anwendungen von Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Technik bei hoher Geschwindigkeit und Wettkampfgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032680</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032680</guid>
      <author>Sweetenham, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sweetenham, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The question is: How can technique and efficiency be improved and sustained at race speed and race pace swimming after 4 years or more of inefficient technique and motor pathway/muscle memory practice? 
Quotes of influence which indicate the purpose of the contents of this presentation:
"The vast majority of athletes and swimmers can be trained to be good to great endurance athletes and swimmers, however only a very small few are bom to be sprinters and/or breaststrokers"
Unfortunately a significant percentage of these endurance athletes and swimmers( based on flawed capability and capacity) desire and dream to be splint or speed athletes and swimmers. This is in contrast to nearly all speed and sprint people who have absolutely no desire, aspiration or inspiration to be endurance athletes and swimmers. This separation is a winning point of difference in swimming for China and the USA where there remains a real focus on 200m up and 1500/800m down swimming, in addition to the speed programmes. Both these countries have coaches, athletes and programmes pursuing success in these events with real intent focused on the Olympic podium.
THE CONFLICT AND CONFUSION OF HAVING ENDURANCE ATHLETES FOCUSED ON SPEED EVENTS CHALLENGES ACCURATE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT. COMPROMISED TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIMITING MANY SENIOR ATHLETES IN ACHIEVING THEIR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE. "Anyone can become a marathon runner; but you are born a sprinter'']]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XIIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3047272</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3047272</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2014</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The BMS2014 Book of Proceedings contains more than 100 full papers relating to presentations given at the symposium. It includes either full papers or the presentation slides of many of the keynote speakers. The main contents of the articles are:
- biomechanics,
- coaching,
- computational fluid dynamics,
- medicine,
- Physiology,
- physiotherapiy,
- social sciences, humanities and pedagogics.

 Contents

Preface...................................................................iii

Acknowledgments...................................................vi

1 Invited lectures.....................................................1

2 Biomechanics......................................................65

3 Coaching.............................................................287

4 Computational fluid dynamics................................349

5 Medicine..............................................................379

6 Physiology...........................................................391

7 Physiotherapy......................................................543

8 Social sciences, humanities and pedagogics..........553

Index of presenting authors......................................589

Keyword index........................................................591]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmfähigkeit, empfundene Kompetenz und empfundenes Risiko bei jungen Erwachsenen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037469</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037469</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Dahl, D.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahl, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Why do swimmers get into trouble? Do they over estimate their ability, underestimate the risk, both? Eighty one (n = 81) university physical education students completed a questionnaire and performed seven practical swimming tests. The questionnaire covered a) perception of ability, b) perception of difficulty in open water and c) perception of risk. Gender differences were tested by the Mann-Whitney U test. The women out performed the men on 4 of 7 practical tests. There were few gender differences in perceived competence. The women were highly confident about floating in open water while the men were certain they could not do the same. The men predicted 100% success on surface diving to the bottom of the pool (4m) while the women were less certain (88%). On 5 scenarios depicting risk, there were no gender differences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Konzept zu den Vorteilen einer nicht-staatlichen Such- und Rettungsorganisation</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037470</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037470</guid>
      <author>Wengelin, M.</author>
      <author>de Wet, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wengelin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Wet, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This conceptual paper aims at discussing the characteristics of and differences between modern Western independent SAR institutions and the initiatives that have been taken in developing countries. It highlights the benefits of the non-governmental SAR organization, not only to
provide search and rescue capacity, but also to be a vehicle of progress and change.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tatsächliche und wahrgenommene Schwimmkompetenz, Risikoeinschätzung Ertrinkensprävention bei neuseeländischen Jugendlichen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037471</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037471</guid>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neuseeland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Little is known about youth swimming competency or of their perceptions of their risk of drowning. This study reports the New Zealand findings of an international project entitled the Can You Swim Project? The subjects (n = 68) were assessed in a two-part study using an initial questionnaire survey to provide self-estimates of swimming competency and risk perception, followed by a practical test of seven swimming competencies. Self-estimates of swimming compared well with actual measurements. Similar proportions were obtained for those who thought they could swim more than 300m (estimated 41%; actual 43%). No significant ender differences in real or perceived swimming competency were found. Significantly more males estimated lower risk of drowning associated with a series of aquatic scenarios. The implications of these findings on drowning prevention and the need for further investigation are discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sicherheitshinweise einfach verständlich halten: internationale Task-Force für die Ertrinkensprävention im Freizeitschwimmen in offenen Gewässern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037472</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037472</guid>
      <author>Quan, L.</author>
      <author>Bennett, E.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quan, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Globally, many organizations addressed the risk of drowning associated with aquatic recreation by promoting a plethora of drowning prevention messages. Preliminary discussion among drowning prevention advocates suggested that messages could be contained within simplified generic messages applicable to all settings. Using a modified Delphi technique to harness expert opinion, the Task Force finally agreed on 16 key messages that would foster open water drowning prevention. Messages were categorized into Care of self and on the Care of others. Learning swimming and water safety survival skills was the dominant message in both categories. It is hoped that by providing simple and consistent prioritised safety messages that are applicable to a range of communities and settings, the ultimate goal of saving lives will be achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Herzfrequenzreaktionen während stufenweiser ansteigender und sinkender Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037473</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037473</guid>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Kawano, H.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the heart rate (HR) responses during and after gradually increasing and decreasing exercise in water and on land. Eight healthy Japanese males volunteered for this study. Subjects performed arm cranking exercise (calibration and triangular tests) for 32 -min and recovered for 1 -min. HR and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity were continuously measured. The amplitude and phase lags at the top and bottom of the work rate were measured in each cycle. The results were as follows; 1) the HR phase response was shorter in water than on land, but there were no differences in amplitude, 2) reactivation in cardiac parasympathetic nerve was greater in water. Thus, exercise and recovery in water may enhance the stability of autonomic nervous activity, not only during exercise but
also after exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer verminderten Kniebeugung auf die 100-m-Schmetterlingsleistung: Eine Fallstudie mit dem männlichen asiatischen und japanischen Rekordhalter</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:51:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037474</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037474</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshimura, Y.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Takise, S.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshimura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takise, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article analyzed the 30 year old Asian and Japanese record holder of the men`s 100 meter butterfly. In 2002, Kohei Kawamoto`s best time was 53.22 seconds, and he improved his time to 51.00 seconds in 2009. The most significant difference between Kohei in 2002 and 2009 was the focus on a straight leg butterfly kick technique. When comparing his 2005 stroke to his 2009 stroke, we found that the extent of the straightness of his butterfly kick improved from 39% to 55% (of >170 degrees knee-bending). Additionally, this swimmer improved his speed from 2.5m/s to 2.7m/s, and increased his distance per stroke from 1.894m±0.062 to 2.204m±0.131.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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