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    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der Entfernung und der Zeit des Gleitens bis zur Berührung der Wand bei einem einseitig armamputierten Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065797</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065797</guid>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Kumamato, K.</author>
      <author>Kataoka, H.</author>
      <author>Awatani, T.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumamato, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kataoka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Awatani, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This case study aimed to clarify the relationship between the distance and time of the glide to touch the wall at the finish in a unilateral arm amputee swimmer. The participant was a female unilateral arm-amputee Japanese national team swimmer (Impairment Classification S9) who had participated in the Rio 2016 Paralympics. In the trial, the participant swam front-crawl with maximum effort without taking a breath for 10 m, until she reached the wall. The swimmer was instructed to extend her non-impaired arm and reach for the wall after she recognized the marker set on the floor of the pool (depth, 1.2 m). The position of the marker was randomly set at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 m from the wall in the trials. The participant swam 20 times (four times for each marker position) with sufficient rest between the trials. Each trial was recorded with surface and underwater cameras. The video images were captured into a personal computer and analyzed using a motion analysis software. We measured the time from the last hand entry of the non-impaired side to when the swimmer touched the wall and defined it as finishing-time. Also, the estimated finishing-time was calculated as the distance between the swimmer`s head at the last hand entry and the wall (finishing-distance) divided by the free-swimming velocity. Then the difference between measured and estimated finishing-time was calculated as time-loss, which meant the loss of time during the glide to reach for the wall. In the trials, the finishing-distance and the time-loss were 0.77 to 3.30 m and -0.23 to 0.49 seconds, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the time-loss and the finishing-distance (y = 0.2801x - 0.4494, r = 0.867, p = 0.000). These results indicated that the swimmer must approach the wall in a way that shortens the distance of glide to perform the touch at finishing phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsvergleich zwischen nationalen und regionalen Schwimmerinnen über 50 m Freistil auf der Kurzbahn</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065799</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065799</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Teba, A.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>López Contreras, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Teba, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Race analysis is a tool broadly applied to evaluate the swimmer performance and develop specific training plans. We aimed to analyse the race components differences between national and regional female swimmers taking part in 50m freestyle short course event and the relevance of individual emersion distances after the start and turn. Fifty-five national level performances (Spanish Short Course Nationals, December 2016) and 85 regionals (local competitions developed at our University swimming pool, season 2016/17) were compared, no swimmers repeated in both competitions. Each group had a mean age of 18.3 ± 2.5 years and 15.8 ± 2.6 years respectively. Each swimmer`s mean stroke rate (SR, cyc/min), stroke length (SL, m) and stroke index (SI, m2/s) were collected from 50Hz HD video, event time was obtained from official results (T50, s). The starting phase was obtained from the starting signal until swimmer`s head crossed the 10m (T10, s) and 15m (T15, s) mark. The turning phase commenced when the swimmer`s head passed through a distance of 5m out from the wall until swimmer`s head crossed the 35m reference (Turn15m, s). The emersion distance and time after the start ([D_Emers1, m], [T_Emers1, s]) or after the turn ([D_Emers2, m], [T_Emers2, s]) were measured. T-test for independent samples and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied. National female swimmers obtained significantly shorter times than regional: T10 (4.49 ± 0.20 vs 5.14 ± 0.44), T15 (7.17 ± 0.20 vs 8.41 ± 0.60), T15turn (8.15 ± 0.28 vs 9.56 ± 0.63), T50 (26.94 ± 0.62 vs 31.31 ± 2.05), longer SL (1.89 ± 0.12 vs 1.67 ± 0.15) and higher SI (3.31 ± 3.22 vs 2.51 ± 0.30). Whilst, SR was not different between groups (55.86 ± 3.67 vs 54.34 ± 5.03). National swimmers attained similar emersion times than regional [T_Emers1 (3.83 ± 0.70 vs 3.91 ± 0.68), T_Emers2 (2.30 ± 0.56 vs 2.22 ± 0.58)] and significantly longer emersion distances [D_Emers1 (8.99 ± 1.42 vs 8.08 ± 1.25), D_Emers2 (5.20 ± 1.01 vs 4.54 ± 0.90)]. High and significant correlation co-efficients were obtained, analysing each group separately, between 50m time and T10 (0.77 vs 0.87), T15 (0.85 vs 0.94), T15turn (0.90 vs 0.98). Low correlations were found between 50m race time and D_Emers1 (-0.14 vs -0.44), D_Emers2 (-0.02 vs -0.50), T_Emers1 (0.02 vs -0.10) and T_Emers2 (0.09 vs -0.22). Differences in performances between national and regional groups were explained by the absolute split times, SL, SI and emersion distances, while the SR and emersion times did no differentiate both groups. Additionally, individual emersion distances and times did not correlate with 50m time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede zwischen dem Einfluss der Squat-Jump-Leistung und der isometrischen Muskelkraft des Unterkörpers für die Effizienz der Schwimmstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065802</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065802</guid>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Madic, D.</author>
      <author>Bojic, I.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bojic, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim of this research was to determine the differences between the influence of squat jump (SJ) performance and standing knee extensors isometric muscle force (KE) in the function of the swimming start performance efficiency. Forty-six trained swimmers preformed 3x10m kick-start. The best 10m trial (t10m) was selected for each swimmer. K-Means Cluster Analysis was used to divide swimmers into three groups based on the effectively performed start trial, i.e. by using values of t10m. First group (AAG) included swimmers whose mean values of t10m are above average (t10m=3.69 ± 0.13s; n=9), second group (AG) with average mean values of t10m (t10m=4.00 ± 0.09s; n=23) and third group (BAG) with mean values of t10m below average (t10m=4.34 ± 0.14s; n=14). Regression model (OMR) was used to predict the t10m including SJ and KE performance. Results showed that the OMR for AAG was defined using following variables: SJ maximum height and maximal relative power (SJ_h and SJ_Pmax), along with the isometric muscle force of the knee extensors in absolute and relative values (KE_Fmax and KE_FmaxRel), and relative specific explosive isometric muscle force of the knee extensors (KE_RFD50%Rel). The OMR for AG was defined only by SJ_h, for BAG there was no OMR model used to predict the t10m. Differences in the influence of SJ and KE performance in the function of the swimming start performance efficiency are represented by: SJ_Pmax, KE_Fmax, KE_FmaxRel and KE_RFD50%Rel. It can be concluded that the swimmers who possess better developed aforementioned contractile abilities have higher physical potential for performing a faster start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertung des Spielanteils männlicher Elite-Wasserballspieler bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2017</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065808</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065808</guid>
      <author>Enomot, I.</author>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2017</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Notationsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Enomot, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate the playing contribution degree of water polo field player and team who participated in 2017 world championships (16 teams, 176 players) by using of official match statistics and originally developed playing contribution coefficient. The results of all the ball possessions were analysed from the official play-by-play statistics. The contribution coefficient of each event results were used same as the previous study (Enomoto et al., 2001) as follows; goals (1.0), missed shots (-0.3), personal fouls (-0.38), loss of ball possession (turnovers, -0.1), and acquisition of ball possession (steals, 0.1), respectively. The total number of occurrences for each event and their contribution coefficient were incorporated to calculation the total of each multiplied event point of each player. This point was divided by total playing time, followed with Z-score transformation for all players to define Playing Contribution Index (PCI). The average PCI of driver (52.7 ± 6.3) was statistically higher than the average PCI of centre forward (46.4 ± 11.4) in this tournament. The average of PCI for each team had a moderate correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship (I = -0.49). With regards to the driver (n = 102), the average of PCI for each team had a significant correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship (I = -0.63). With regards to the centre forward (n = 74), the average of PCI for each team had a no significant correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittänderungen der Renntempogestaltung über 200 m Freistil bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065809</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065809</guid>
      <author>Goss, C. S.</author>
      <author>Greenshields, J. T.</author>
      <author>Chapman, R. F.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goss, C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greenshields, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chapman, R. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to understand the evolving strategies of elite competitors and to characterize longitudinal changes in pacing parameters in the 200 m freestyle at recent international competitions. The top 16 finishers in the 200m freestyle for men and women at 11 Olympic Games or World Championships from 2000-2017 (n=352) were analyzed. Linear regression was used to characterize pacing with 5 different parameters: linear and quadratic parameters for the effect of lap number, differences between predicted and observed time for the first and last laps, and the residual standard error of the estimate summarizing random and systematic deviations from the model. The mean and the 18-year linear trend of final race time and pacing parameters were evaluated using a linear mixed model and non-clinical magnitude-based inferences with standardized thresholds of small, moderate, large, very large, and extremely large effects (0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 2.0 and 4.0, respectively). Optimization plots of final time versus each parameter were created. Data are presented as mean linear trend change (%) ± 90% confidence interval, unless otherwise specified. Men exhibited a very large decrease in final time (-2.27; ± 0.55), with a moderate increase in linear parameter (1.06; ± 1.25) and small decrease in quadratic parameter (-0.1; ± 0.25). Women exhibited an extremely large decrease in final time (-3.10; ± 0.49), with a small increase in linear parameter (0.61; ± 1.05). The first (0.02 ± 0.06) and last lap (-0.07; ± 0.23) parameters both displayed small changes. Optimization plots displayed no clear optimum for each parameter for either sex. The decreases in final time coupled with the apparent changes in pacing parameters suggest that swimmers have not only swum faster times from 2000 to 2017 but seem to have also adopted a "starting fast" strategy, evidenced by the increase in linear parameter over this period. The lack of optima in finishing time versus parameter plots suggests that elite swimmers accomplish elite times with a variety of strategies and that pacing can be optimized for individuals but not populations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung des Armeintritts im Freistilschwimmen auf die Belastungszeit der Schulter, den Koordinationsindex und die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065810</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065810</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous research examined the difference between sexes in freestyle technique and found that at the completion of the arm entry most females had the hand above the shoulder (AS) and most males had the hand level with the shoulder (LS), resulting in a longer exposure time to shoulder stress (ET) for females. Other research has shown that a higher index of coordination (IdC) in freestyle is related to a faster swimming velocity (SV). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different arm entries (AS and LS) on ET, IdC, and SV. It was hypothesized that an LS arm entry would have a shorter ET and a positive impact on performance by increasing IdC and SV. University swimmers (70 male and 38 female) were tested with the standard Aquanex protocol. There was a significant difference between sexes with an LS used by 29% of the females and 54% of the males (p < .05). There were significant differences (p < .05) between sexes in ET, IdC, and SV. Males had a shorter ET, a higher IdC, and a faster SV. The LS group had a significantly shorter ET and higher IdC for both males and females (p < .05). The LS group had a faster SV for both males (p < .05) and females (ns). The results show that swimmers benefit from an LS arm entry with a shorter ET (to minimize the risk of shoulder injury) and a higher IdC that can increase SV.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prognostische Validität schwimmspezifischer Leistungsvoraussetzungen im Kraulsprint der Elite</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065811</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065811</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Neumann, T.</author>
      <author>Frankel, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neumann, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frankel, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was shown that fully-tethered swimming is an objective, reliable and valid tool for measuring swimming force and swimming technique, represented by quantifying the mean force and the intra- and intercyclic variation of the propulsive force exerted by the swimmers in a fully tethered 6-sec-maximum crawl sprint test. The influence of fatigue over the 6 s was partialized out of the force-time curve by regression analysis. From the stationary force-time curve of each individual (i) the mean force, and (ii) the standard deviation of the force variation was calculated, and then expressed as %age of the mean force. A small intra- and intercyclic variation of the swimming force was then interpreted as a high technical proficiency of the swimmer. In the follow-up study with all male (n = 33) and female (n = 27) participants of the European Junior Championships 2007 and 2008 a significant correlation between the width of the arm span, swimming force, and swimming technique at junior age, and the M = 6.85 years (SD = 3.26) later 50-m-crawl sprint performance at adult age was found. Furthermore, a discriminant analysis corroborated the prognostic validity of the swim-specific testing on elite performance Level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Armzugbewegung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065812</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065812</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to examine the kinematic parameters effective for the evaluation of the stroke motion during crawl stroke. The motion of the upper arm under water was analyzed using video analysis via the three-dimensional panning direct linear transformation (DLT) method with three high-speed video cameras (300 fps) from under the water. Based on the video analysis, the hand fluid force was estimated using the Schleihauf model (1979), and various kinematic parameters were calculated. The participants included 15 competitive swimmers belonging to the university swimming club. From the results, seven parameters with high correlation to the mean swimming velocity during one stroke were extracted as the factors, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed with the mean swimming velocity as the response variable and the motion parameters as the explanatory variable. The estimated mean swimming velocity, according to the obtained multiple linear regression equation, had a high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.784), which was considered to be effective as the evaluation standard for swimmers at the same level as the participants in this study. From the standardized regression coefficients, Idc2 (Index of coordination 2) that is the overlap time during both arm in water, the mean lift force of the up-sweep phase and the mean Arm-area in one stroke under water (area of projected triangle to the vertical plane, connecting wrist-elbow-shoulder points), were important parameters in relation to the mean swimming velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Unterwasserphase nach der Wende und ihre Beziehung zur Wettkampfleistung: Daten von japanischen männlichen 200-m-Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065813</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065813</guid>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, H.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In Japan, the analysis of swimming race performance in major national competitions have been conducted for more than 30 years by Japan Swimming Federation scientific committee. The results of the race analysis showed that not only the performance of free-swimming component, but also the start, turn and finish components performances affected the outcome of the competition. Generally, swimmers move underwater after the turn, so the performance of turn-out could be affected by the underwater-distance covered by the swimmer after the push-off from the turning wall. However, underwater phase after the turn had never been analyzed in major Japanese competitions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the underwater phase after the turn and its relation to race performance in Japanese elite male 200 m swimmers. In total, the performances of 190 male 200 m swimmers were analyzed. We recorded all the races with two video cameras which were synchronized with the official timing system. For each turn in 200 m event, turn-out time was calculated from the time when the swimmer`s head reaches 65, 115 and 165m marks, and the official 50, 100 and 150 m split times, respectively. Also, the underwater-distance covered by the swimmer after pushing off the turning wall were analyzed using 2D-DLT technique. The average underwater-distance for the turns in 200 m event differed among each stroke: backstroke, 9.65 ± 1.96 m; breaststroke, 9.22 ± 0.85 m; butterfly, 8.28 ± 1.50 m; freestyle, 6.32 ± 1.25 m. Positive correlations were found between the official result and the turn-out time, and negative correlation were found between the underwater-distance and the turn-out time for all strokes, which indicated that faster swimmer had shorter turn-out time and covered longer underwater-distance after pushing off the turning wall.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Methodik der Kontrolle über die Bereitschaft von Eliteschwimmern basierend auf der Beziehung zwischen der Leistung des aktiven Stoffwechsels, der mechanischen Leistung und Effizienz und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065814</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065814</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S. V.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The model for description of swimming performance unifying metabolic and biomechanical criteria (power and efficiency) was practically verified during the preparation of the Russian National Team for the World Short Course Swimming Championships 2014. Our study investigated elite swimmers - members of the Russian National Swimming Team. The athletes performed in a 25-m pool 4 times (once within every training block) a swimming test with a step-like increase of swimming velocity (intensity): sprinters - 8 x 100 m, middle distance swimmers - 8 x 200 m. The parameters of gas exchange, including VO2, VE, RER were determined after each stage of the test using "MetaMax" mobile system. Blood samples were taken from earlobes and examined for peak lactate concentration after each stage using a "GL easy" analyzer. VO2 and Lactate data were used to determine the total metabolic power. The frontal components of  hydrodynamic resistance, mechanical power and efficiency were estimated using the small perturbation method (Kolmogorov-Duplisheva, 1992). The dynamics of individual metabolic and mechanical power and efficiency characteristics and their ratio were studied and compared against the outcome of training programs. We recommend the using the studied characteristics for planning and correction of individual training programs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Leistungsmerkmale beim Turmspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065815</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065815</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Goya, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Turmspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goya, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the platform diving performance. Twelve of the men`s 10m platform-diving finalists in the Japan Championship 2017 were analyzed. Digital movies taken from the diagonal side upper part of the stands were used. Two-dimensional DLT analysis software (Note-Player 2) which customized for the diving motion analysis, applied the two-point perspective method. The greater trochanter point was digitized from take-off to entering the pool in the 10m platform diving performance. The parabolic motion elements were determined by least-squares approximation of the actual value as the time function equation 1. Parabola_x (t) = a * t, Parabola_y(t) = b * t+0.5 * g * t2 (Equation 1) Here, x = the horizontal component, y = the vertical component, t = the elapsed time since take-off, a = the projecting horizontal velocity, b= the projecting vertical velocity, and g = the gravitational acceleration of -9.80655 m(s2. The rotational motion elements were determined by least-squares approximation of the parabolic residuals as the time function equation 2. Rotation_x(t) = c * cos(2*pi * d * t+e)+f, Rotation_y(t) = c * sin(2*pi * d * t+e)+h (Equation 2) Here, x = the horizontal component, y = the vertical component, t = the elapsed time since take-off, pi = the circumference ratio, c = the amplitude, d = the frequency, e = the wave phase, f = the horizontal shift of the center of the rotation, and h = the vertical shift of the center of the rotation. The correlation coefficient between parabolic motion elements and position coordinates were significant (0.85 to 0.99, p< 0.01). During the rotational period, the residual of the parabolic motion element had a high correlation with the rotational motion element. However, there was a tendency to diverge during the twisting and/or the final half rotation where the rotation posture changed. Horizontal distance (0.21 ± 0.21 m) from hand-entering point to foot entering point in water was strongly related to the diving score / the difficulty level (19.87 ± 3.28 point, r = - 0.83, p< 0.01). The vertical shift of the center of rotation (-0.02 ± 0.07 m) from the parabolic motion element increased with the number of rotations (3.12 ± 0.60 cycles, r = 0.76, p < 0.01).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine quantitative Analyse der Fertigkeiten beim Schwimmzug unter Verwendung eines am Handgelenk angebrachten Trägheitssensors</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065816</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065816</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trägheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to quantify and qualify the swimming performance using a wearable wrist mounted inertia sensor and data mining analysis. The authors measured swimming stroke motion with tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope during 50m interval training workout of sixteen collegiate competitive swimmers with four swimming styles. The authors examined four quantitative parameters such as swimming time, stroke rate, stroke counts, swimming distance (number of bouts). The obtained sensor signal data showed two states, such as resting and non-resting (swimming) during the work-out. Non-resting state includes leaning forward, water start, turning, gliding and stroking phases in it. Firstly, the authors identified those two states by using the acceleration. Then, stroking phase was identified by using an optimum threshold. Resting/non-resting state identification resulted in the estimation of the swimming time. As for the freestyle (FR) and butterfly (BU), the successful result ratios of the stroke time estimation compared with manually measured swimming time were r2 = 0.896 and r2=0.874 respectively. On the other hand, those of backstroke (BA) and breast stroke (BR) obtained lower ratios, because of the failure of the start and goal events identification. A multi-layered neural network (MNN) and C4.5 decision tree were adopted for the classification of the stroke styles. The successful classification of the four stroke styles by MNN was 100% (with acceleration and angular velocity) and 98.6% (with acceleration only). C4.5 decision tree could classify four strokes with 96% (with acceleration and angular velocity) and 94.7% (acceleration only). The stroke count was estimated by the threshold method then converted into binary stroke signal pattern (0 or 1). A cluster of continuous binary stroke signal means one-way swimming of the each bout. Therefore, we could estimate accumulate swimming distance as well. Successful estimated distance on FR was 78.9% and 76.3% for BU. Those estimated parameters can explain both of intensity and total volume of the swimmer`s training. Although the further investigation must be necessary, those can be used for the basis of estimation of the energy expenditure during the training session in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale des Extra-Mann-Angriffs im Wasserball bei den Olympischen Spielen 2016</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065817</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065817</guid>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2016</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the characteristics of each team`s extra-man offence by analysing data of 605 instances of extra-man formation at the 2016 Olympics. Game videos were reviewed, and a principal component analysis was conducted on several variables (i.e., shot results, the direction of the final pass before a shot, shooting position, faking before the shot, and on whether a defence player had a hand up to attempt a shot block). Two principal components, scattering of the defensive formation and shooting motion, were extracted. The characteristics of the extra-man offence were classified into four clusters (i.e., CL1 - CL4) based on the final pass course, shooting position, and shooting motion, and the strategies of each team`s extra-man offence were analysed. CL1 comprised one-motion shots after a parallel pass (success rate not high). CL2 comprised shots played after the defensive formation was scattered (high success rate, strategy adopted by Australia, the United States, Croatia, Spain, Greece, and Serbia). CL3 comprised a specific shooting technique from the top position, that is, when a player had to shoot because an excluded player was ready to return (strategy used by Australia, Japan, France, and Hungary). CL4 comprised shots after a faking motion from the side position (a common technique used by Montenegro, France, and Serbia). The extra-man offence in the high-ranked team was frequent in CL 2 with many shots played by faking from side position. Thus, techniques to scatter defensive formations were clarified and characteristic strategies of each team`s extra-man offence were examined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der Schwimmkraft und -leistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen für japanische Wasserball-Nationalspieler mit einem elektromagnetischen gebremsten Ergometer</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065819</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065819</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Fukui, T.</author>
      <author>Stewart, A. M.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fukui, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stewart, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We aimed to establish a simple evaluation method for measuring the tethered swimming force and power in the specific motions required during a water polo game. Fourteen male Japanese national players were asked to perform a maximal effort arm scull with eggbeater kick and frontcrawl stroke with breaststroke kick. An electromagnetic brake-type ergometer acted as a load device to investigate the relationship between tethered load and swimming velocity. The tests of maximum effort swim were performed in four 15 sec work bouts at the load of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kp (1kp=92.5 N). From the relationship between the load and the measured velocity, maximum tethered swimming force and power was obtained for each participant. In all participants, a significant correlation was found for the relationship between the load and the velocity. Maximum swimming force for the arm scull with eggbeater kick was higher than that for frontcrawl stroke with breaststroke kick. Furthermore, there were some characteristics in maximum tethered swimming force and power among the positions of the players. Therefore, it is suggested that the method used in this study was effective in evaluating the swimming performance of water polo players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittdaten des Internationalen Symposiums für Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen: 1970-2014</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065820</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065820</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längsschnittuntersuchung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Longitudinal studies in swimming are characterized by continuous or repeated data (quantitative, qualitative or both) collected over a period of at least two or more logically spaced time points, involving a combination of exposures and outcomes. Typically, longitudinal studies are stronger for examining cause-and-effect relationships than simple cross-sectional studies. However, they are logistically difficult, time-consuming to conduct and prone to swimmer drop-outs. Here we quantified the frequency of longitudinal studies, particularly in the biophysical domain, published in the proceedings books of the International Symposium in Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) over a 45-year period. A computer database search was conducted on all full articles published in the BMS conference proceedings (1970 - 2014) using a combination of relevant search terms. Longitudinal studies still are a small proportion of the total articles published in the BMS. Although interdisciplinary studies are more difficult to perform, they provide valuable information for the progress of knowledge in aquatic sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines offenen und geschlossenen schirmähnlichen, handlichen Geräts zum Unterwassergehen und seine Übungseffekte</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065821</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065821</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Kawahatsu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawahatsu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Underwater walking (UW) is becoming a popular exercise because of the characteristics of water to promote the health of the elderly. However, buoyancy and viscous resistance, disturb the translational motions of walking and people are forced to adopt unbalanced and a-periodic walking styles in water. We have developed the prototype of a hand grip tool that opens and closes like a parasol to resolve these problems pertaining to UW. The present study aimed to compare the new prototype with an existing product, the Aqua handle (AH, Nemcomed GmbH), during UW with regard to the exercise effects and the ease of use felt by participants. We compared perceived exertion (RPE), changes in heart rate (HR), and the feeling of use (FU) during UW between two sizes of the prototype, large (L) and small (S), and AH, a rigid, funnel-type of hand grip tool. Participants (n=10) performed 50 m of UW at a fixed pace (andante tempo). In the analysis, mean HR was found to be high in the order of AH > L > S (AH: 106 ± 11.5bpm, L: 103.4 ± 12.5bpm, S: 99.2 ± 12.1bpm). RPE scores also showed the same tendency at AH: 12.7 ± 2.1, L: 11.7 ± 1.4, S: 10.7 ± 2.0. Participants were asked to answer questions with respect to FU on a scale of 1 to 3 (1: good, 2: normal, 3: bad). Though, S showed the lowest HR and RPE, the results proved that L was the easiest to handle and was expected to be effective for use in UW.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beginn des Gehens untergetaucht und nicht untergetaucht: eine elektromyographische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065822</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065822</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The initiation of walking is an important task for the transition from standing to cyclic walking in daily life. Currently, there are no reports on muscle activity during the initiation of walking in a submerged condition. This study recruited eight participants. They performed three experimental trials of walking a few steps in submerged and non-submerged conditions. During the trials, surface electrodes were attached to the participant`s right side lower extremity and trunk muscles. The mean muscle activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and erector spinae (ES) muscles was significantly higher in the submerged condition than in the non-submerged condition. In contrast, the mean muscle activity of the gastrocnemius (GAS) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles was significantly lower in the submerged condition. The integrated muscle activity of the TA, RF, and ES muscles was significantly higher in the submerged condition. This suggests that a large muscle load was placed on the TA and ES muscles, and a low level of stimulation but long muscle load was placed on the GAS and RA muscles during the initiation of walking in the submerged condition. The longer muscle stimulation of the RF would promote a larger muscle load during the initiation of walking in a submerged condition. Our results suggest that walking in submerged conditions shows promise as a training and rehabilitation tool to help frail patients to maintain the ability to take the first step in walking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung von Bekleidung im Wasser auf den Abstand zwischen dem Auftriebs- und dem Massenschwerpunkt sowie auf die Lungenventilation bei Personen, die an Unfällen im Wasser beteiligt sind</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065823</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065823</guid>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unfall</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to discover clothing`s effects on human pulmonary ventilation, buoyancy, and horizontal posture in water. Ten male university competitive swimmers were chosen as study participants. All assessments were conducted while participants were in the streamline posture, while centre of mass assessment was conducted on land, and buoyancy was assessed in both the Jammer swimsuit and fully clothed conditions. For the fully clothed condition, participants were asked to wear T-shirt and shorts. Judging from the assessment of distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of mass, clothing as defined by this study seemed to have no impact on participants` horizontal posture. Although no discrepancy was found in distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of mass, both of which indicate a horizontal posture, decreased pulmonary ventilation was observed in the fully clothed condition, resulting also in reduced buoyancy. Decreased pulmonary ventilation under the fully clothed condition suggested that clothing can affect human inspiration in water. This indicates to the possibility of clothing having some degree of impact on the human thorax`s movement as breathing becomes restricted, that is, more shallow.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strömungsdruckmuster aufgrund der Hand-Wasser-Interaktion während eines Zyklus im Brustschwimmen stellen eine Änderung der volumetrischen Energiedichte dar</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065302</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065302</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Ritter, Y.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ritter, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming as a locomotion is a reaction to cognitively controlled limbs-water interaction, which creates non-steady local flow due to displacement of water and local change momentum of water mass, simultaneously. The induced flow represents a local change of volumetric energy density (VED) that is measured as local flow pressure change, which can be sensed and measured technically. Flow sensing is known as a highly relevant item for elite swimmers in order to manipulate the displaced water mass more efficient. Communicating verbally and/or showing how to manipulate flow effectively in detail is still a problem. The interactive sonification (ISon) of effects of hand-water-interaction (HWI) in real-time may help the situation. Elite breaststroke swimmers tested the new ISon device, aimed to improve the effect-symmetry of HWI while listening to changes of local flow pressure. Analysis of recorded local VED revealed that the tendency to achieve effect symmetry is weak, either per cycle or over adjacent plenty cycles. HWI, which are judged as simultaneous (parallel in time and path) in accordance with the rules, often do not produce symmetrical flow effects. This tackles the questions if effect-symmetry is biological feasible and a relevant feature of effective breaststroke. Findings show the need for further investigations and clarifying communication between practitioners and researchers of different fields.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abschätzung der vertikalen Gravitationsschwerpunktlage durch Unterwasser-Bewegungserfassungssystem mit geringer Anzahl von Markern beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065303</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065303</guid>
      <author>Washino, S.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshitake, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Washino, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshitake, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to test if 1) the vertical centre of gravity (COG) position of a swimmer during front crawl swimming is affected by their lung volume level and 2) the COG can be accurately estimated by the position of the trunk segment. Six well-trained male swimmers (21.3 ± 1.7 yrs, 100m-best time: 55.7 ± 3.5 s; mean ± SD) performed front crawl swimming with three different sustained lung volume levels, i.e., maximal inspiration (MAX), maximal expiration (MIN), and intermediate between these (MID). The participants were instructed to swim at the same submaximal-speed across trials for 15m. Twenty-five reflective markers were attached to the participant`s body according to standard procedures and 3-D positions of these were recorded at 100frames/s using the underwater motion-capture system. Vertical position for the xiphoid process (XP), the medio-lateral centre between left and right greater trochanters (GTc), the centre between XP and GTc (XP-GTc), and the vertical COG position were calculated and averaged for one-stroke cycle period. These validities of measures in estimating vertical COG position were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot across all trials. There was no difference in velocity between swimming with different lung volumes (p > 0.05). The COG position from the water surface was lower in MIN compared with that in MAX and MID (p < 0.05). The COG position in MID tended to be lower than that in MAX (p = 0.056). When collapsed across lung volume levels, ICC was 0.870 for XP, 0.977 for GTc, and 0.977 for XP-GTc (all p < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plot revealed that there was a proportional error only between COG and GTc (p < 0.001). These results indicate that 1) lung volume is an important determinant of vertical COG position of a swimmer during front crawl swimming and 2) vertical COG position can be accurately estimated using markers placed on the XP and GT. The latter further suggests that the vertical COG position can be estimated without a number of the reflective markers which should increase unwanted extra-water resistance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Analyse der Hüft- und Kniegelenkbewegungen beim Delfinkicks und beim Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065305</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065305</guid>
      <author>Yamakawa, K. K.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to clarify differences in hip and knee joint movements during dolphin kick alone and during butterfly stroke swimming, and to investigate which parameter relates to swimming performance in each stroke. Eight male swimmers performed three trials using dolphin kick with a kick board (BD), underwater dolphin kick (UD), and butterfly swimming (Fly) at 80% maximal effort in a water flume. Three-dimensional coordinates of the swimmers during the trials were obtained using a motion capture system, and these coordinates were used to calculate the horizontal velocity of the hip (Vhip), the hip and knee joint angle, and the angular velocity. Butterfly kicking motion was divided into first kick (Fly-1st) and second kick (Fly-2nd) according to the stroke phase, and the kinematic parameters during the 4 different kicks were used for analysis. As the main results, it was indicated that the peak hip flexion angle during Fly-2nd was significantly smaller than that during BD and UD (BD, -27.8 ± 9.7 deg; UD, -27.7 ± 10.5 deg; Fly-1st, -25.6 ± 13.9 deg; Fly-2nd, -16.2 ± 7.0 deg, p < .05) and the peak knee extension angle during Fly-2nd was significantly smaller than that during BD, UD, and Fly-1st (BD, -7.6 ± 5.8 deg; UD, -4.4 ± 5.7 deg; Fly-1st, -7.4 ± 4.9 deg; Fly-2nd, 2.0 ± 6.6 deg, p < .05). The mean Vhip during BD was significantly correlated with the peak hip external rotation angle (r = -0.77), the peak knee extensionangle (r = -0.77), the peak hip external rotation angular velocity (r = -0.88) and the peak knee flexion angular velocity (r = 0.81). The mean Vhip during UD was significantly correlated with the peak knee extension angle (r = -0.87), the peak hip external rotation angular velocity (r = -0.73) and the peak knee flexion angular velocity (r = 0.95). The mean Vhip during Fly was not correlated with any of the kinematic parameters during Fly-1st and Fly-2nd. Our results demonstrate that flexion/extension movements of the hip and knee joint are different between dolphin kick and butterfly swimming. Furthermore, larger knee extension, greater hip external rotation velocity, and greater knee flexion velocity may be important to increase dolphin kick performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der Körpergröße von Sportlerinnen als Erwachsene: Talentidentifikation für Weltklasse-Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065306</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065306</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Sasahara, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sasahara, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to examine a program to predict the heights of Japanese women that will be useful when finding tall athletes. The height record data from birth until the mature height was collected for 45 synchronized swimmers and 34 female university students who were 163 cm tall or more. The groups` mature heights and the height values and growth velocity curve parameters predicted were analyzed using the BTT model. The growth velocity curve parameters for both groups had the same level of values, and there was no statistically significant difference observed. There were no large differences observed in the growth velocity curve parameters of prior research that targeted non-athletes healthy women and the parameters of the target group. Accordingly, synchronized swimmers can be considered to have the same growth patterns as non-athletes healthy women. A correlation was found between the predicted height values and people`s mature heights. However, in cases a person`s mature height was 160 cm or more, the predicted height tended to be underestimated, and in cases a person`s mature height was 160 cm or less, the predicted height tended to be overestimated. The accuracy seems to increase by simultaneously using assessments based on other data, such as the characteristics of the growth velocity curve parameters and the height of parents. In addition, it was suggested that an early age of puberty-related growth spurt and a fast growth rate at the onset of puberty are important factors to Identify predicted tall female athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Leistung zwischen dem ursprünglichen Rückenstart, der Position mit hohem Trochanter, und dem konventionellen Rückenstart: Fallstudie eines Eliteschwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065308</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065308</guid>
      <author>Kusanagi, K.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Yamada, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kusanagi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high center of gravity horizontal velocity, the hole-entry technique, and an arched-back posture after takeoff are reported as important factors that contribute to improving backstroke swimming start. A recent study reported that starting performance can be improved with the modified archedback posture and high hip joints. We hypothesized that a starting technique involving the greater trochanter at a higher position could improve performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the original starting technique by comparing it with the conventional starting technique using a backstroke ledge. The participant of the study was an international-level female college swimmer (height: 1.59 m, weight: 51 kg, FINA points: 893 points). Two 15-m backstroke-swimming tests were performed: a SEIKO backstroke starting system placed 4 cm above the water level (High) and our original starting technique (Original). The tests were filmed using above-water and underwater video cameras (120 Hz), and the coordinates of the body feature points using the 4-point conversion method were identified to calculate the kinematics. The results showed that 1) the time at which the head passed the 5-m point tended to be faster, 2) the center of gravity horizontal velocity at takeoff tended to be higher, and 3) the height of the greater trochanter when the fingertips entered the water tended to be higher for Original. These findings suggest that Original may improve starting performance compared with High.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergessen Sie die Technik, denken Sie an die Koordination! Ein Beispiel dafür, wie neuere theoretische Erkenntnisse die Trainingspraxis verändern können</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065318</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065318</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Expert performance is characterised by the ongoing co-adaptation of an individual`s behaviours with dynamically changing, interacting constraints. Efficient coaching intervention requires a good understanding of what these constraints are because, even at sub-elite and elite levels, some adaptations are less efficient than others and can be qualified as 'technical mistakes`. The purpose of this study is therefore to propose a typology of some of the most frequent technical mistakes encountered in front crawl and suggest coaching interventions to address them. The typology is based on the three parts of a typical swim race (start, swimming, turn) and each issue is addressed as follows: first, a five-level analysis of the technical mistake is offered and, second, a seven-level remediation procedure is suggested. This presentation will be illustrated by technical problem no. 24, in which swimmers display over gliding due to inappropriate coordination in catch-up mode. Becoming an expert swimmer requires the knowledge of a coaching team. Over the years, the accumulated knowledge about spatial-temporal parameters and progress in understanding human physiology have led to significant improvements in performance. More recent research investigations have suggested that a deeper understanding of the role of motor coordination in coping with constraints is essential to further improve such key performance parameters as propelling efficiency and race management. From this perspective, our presentation tries to bridge the gap between theory and practice by proposing concrete 'down to the pool` proposals.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Alter, Geschlecht, Unterrichtshäufigkeit und Anfangskompetenzniveau auf den Erwerb von Wasserkompetenzen in Bezug zur Ertrinkungsprävention bei Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065319</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065319</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungshäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tod</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A variety of factors affect the learning of beginning water competencies. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of age, gender, starting level and teaching frequency on learning beginning water competencies. One hundred sixteen, five and six-year-olds participated. Eighteen hours of instruction were conducted, once or twice per week, about half in each group and equal numbers by gender. The teaching progression of 25 skills served as the assessment tool. Starting level was assessed on the first day of instruction. Final achievement was defined as the total number of items mastered (0-25). Progress was defined as the number of items mastered minus the number indicated by the starting level, i.e. "new" items mastered. Goodman-Kruskal`s gamma coefficient was used to correlate starting level, age and teaching frequency with both final achievement and progress. The influence of gender was calculated by Cramer`s coefficient. Almost no relationship was found between gender and either final achievement or progress. The Cramer correlation coefficients were 0.09 and 0.04, respectively. Teaching frequency related poorly (gamma = 0.20 and 0.11, respectively). Age related moderately to achievement and progress with gamma coefficients of 0.38 and 0.29, respectively. Starting skill level related well to both achievement and progress with gamma coefficients of 0.87 and 0.75, respectively. This supports the conventional wisdom that every effort should be made to increase the level of readiness before formal teaching commences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen der Körperzusammensetzung und ausgewählter funktioneller und anthropometrischer Maße auf den Erwerb von Wasserkompetenzen im Anfängerbereich bei erwachsenen Männern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065320</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065320</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Conventional wisdom suggests that persons with greater buoyancy succeed more easily in learning to swim. Little evidence is available about the acquisition of beginning water competencies as related to body composition, functional buoyancy and floating angle. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of body composition and selected functional and anthropometric measures on the acquisition of these beginning swimming competencies. One hundred and twenty men ages 18 to 26 participated. The instructional program consisted of 10 one-hour sessions. The candidates were categorized as floating at a) less than 300, b) between 300 and 600, c) more than 600, d) vertically or not at all. Body composition was determined by classic underwater weighing. Functional buoyancy was defined as density with full inspiration, uncorrected. Floating angle was determined against a backdrop marked at 300 and 600. Thirty two measures of skin fold fat, girths, and breadths were recorded. Functional variables were, underwater weight, body density, % fat, lean body mass, vital capacity, floating angle, ankle drag, functional buoyancy with maximum inspiration and functional buoyancy with maximum expiration. Statistical analysis consisted of product moment, bi-serial and phi coefficient correlation. The instructional program included 16 test items. Anthropometric variables correlated poorly with buoyancy, floating angle and final success. Floating angle correlated poorly, with final success. Functional buoyancy correlated moderately with final success. Neither floating angle nor functional buoyancy correlated sufficiently with final success to warrant major adaptations to teaching. Success among the poorest floaters was lower than others. Persons of deep floating angle or low buoyancy may require a longer period of instruction.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaktive Sonifikation von Strömungsdruckmustern durch die Hand-Wasser-Interaktion von Elite-Kraulschwimmern - die Wahrnehmung ist substanzieller, wenn Strömungshören und Strömungsfühlen kombiniert werden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065322</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065322</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Hamann, M.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefühl</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming crawl stroke is more effective when the swimmer perceives well the local flow change due to alternating hand-water-interaction (HWI), representing local change of volumetric energy density (VED). In most cases it is unknown whether the flow is bilaterally symmetric and in case if not, how a swimmer can change HWI. It is assumed that interactive sonification (ISon) system of the local change VED together with perceived water flow can be a tool with which the swimmer can improve propulsive efficiency by matching the flow effects bilaterally. The local VED change was registered via flow probes and sonified data acted in real time via headphones as augmented feedback. The question was if swimmers could bring the effects of HWI to the same level through ISon use, without any prescriptions how to act. Ten elite crawl stroke swimmers, after split into control and interactive group, following the same test protocol in one week (C-group had not ISon intervention). Both groups participated in the same pre- and posttests, fully equipped but without audible feedback. In the posttest all swimmers swam faster and 60 % (I-group) showed remarkable peak flow pressure effects versus 16 % (C-group). However, similarity of hands effects was never reached. 80 % (I- group) switched the laterality versus 0 % (C-group). Swimmers named ISon system use an "eye-opener", which supports to perform HWI during each cycle mentally more controlled.

Interaktive Sonifikation von Strömungsdruckmustern durch die Hand-Wasser-Interaktion von Elite-Kraulschwimmern - die Wahrnehmung ist substanzieller, wenn Strömungshören und Strömungsfühlen kombiniert werden]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kann eine biomechanische Rückmeldung genutzt werden, um die Unterwasserbewegung beim Schwimmstarts zu verändern?</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065258</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065258</guid>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <author>Maloney, M. A.</author>
      <author>Ball, K. A.</author>
      <author>Farrow, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maloney, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farrow, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Adopting an individually optimised underwater trajectory in swimming can reduce resistance and lead to better start performance. This study aimed to determine if quantitative biomechanical feedback could be used to change the underwater trajectory of the swimming start. Three elite freestyle swimmers participated in a six-week test-retest-retention test study. Following the pre-test, a target parameter was assigned to each swimmer to focus upon during the intervention period. Two participants focused on their breakout distance while the third participant focused on the distance of their first kick. Precise biomechanical feedback detailing the distance adjustment required and video from a specialised kinematic analysis system was provided. During the intervention, feedback was faded to facilitate exploration of functional movement solutions. Comparative individual-based analysis using performance curves revealed that participants were able to make rapid changes to their underwater trajectory during the early stages of the intervention. Two participants were able to retain the changes to their technique, although this only transferred to improvements in performance for one swimmer. Precise quantitative augmented feedback can be used to change a swimmer`s underwater trajectory; however, given the complex nature of the swimming start the effects on overall performance require further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der auf eine Hand einwirkenden Antriebskräfte durch Druckmessung und Erfassung der Unterwasserbewegung während des Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065260</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065260</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to estimate hand propulsive force during the front crawl and to clarify its relationship with swimming velocity. Eight male swimmers performed 16-m front crawl ten times at various velocities. During trials, pressure measurement and underwater motion capture were used jointly to analyse hand kinematics and fluid forces. Six pressure sensors were attached to the right hand, and reflective markers were attached to landmark points on the right hand and hip. A motion capture system composed of 15 underwater cameras was used. Fluid forces were estimated by multiplying the projected areas and the pressure differences between the palm side and dorsal side of the right hand. Acting directions of fluid forces were analysed using a normal vector perpendicular to the right hand. Fluid forces acting in the propulsive direction were defined as propulsive forces, and the proportion of propulsive forces among the resultant forces was defined as the Froude efficiency. At maximal recorded velocity (1.58 ± 0.06 m/s-1), resultant force was 56.4 ± 10.5 N, propulsive force was 44.6 ± 9.0 N, and Froude efficiency was 79.1 ± 8.5. As reported in previous studies, propulsive forces increased with swimming velocity. In some swimmers, the propulsive forces increased in proportion to the cube of swimming velocity. Froude efficiency also increased as swimming velocity increased because propulsive forces increased with swimming velocity, whereas forces acting in directions other than the propulsive direction did not.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065379</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065379</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Macura, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Mandaric, S.</author>
      <author>Milenkovic, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mandaric, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milenkovic, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of injuries sustained by elite water polo players per their anatomic location, the way of occurring plus the player`s position in a team. Between January and June 2016, 92 players with an average age of 25.45 completed a questionnaire. 44.57% reported injuries occurring during the course of training, 26.04% claimed that injuries had a gradual onset and 7.6% of injuries occurred in the third quarter of the match. The lowest percentage of injuries (1.09%) occurred during the warm-up phase and 2.17% of injuries occurred in the first quarter of the match. Physical contact, as a cause of injuries, appeared in 41.30% of the cases and primarily to those playing in the centre-forward position where 66.67% were injured due to physical contact. Out of 32.61% of non-contact injuries, the most endangered position was the goalkeeper`s position with 66.67% of goalkeepers injured without physical contact from other players. The most frequent injuries occur in the shoulders (31.62%), and in the majority of cases was suffered by the whole set (40% of the whole set had this injury), followed by back injuries - 20.65%, also in the whole set (40% of them suffered from this injury) and finger injuries: (16.30%), most frequently sustained by goalkeepers (20% of goalkeepers have had finger injuries). This kind of analysis can be very significant for revealing risk factors of suffering an injury and introducing various preventive actions in the training process in order to reduce both the number of injuries in training and non-contact injuries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spondylolyse bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065381</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065381</guid>
      <author>Tatsumara, M.</author>
      <author>Uchida, T.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumara, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uchida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Low back pain has become one of the most common complaints among swimmers. Two primary causes of low back pain in adolescent athletes are disc degeneration and lumbar spondylolysis. Although there are some reports on disc degeneration in swimmers, there are few case reports on spondylolysis. Here, we report on five adolescent swimmers with low back pain that was diagnosed as spondylolysis. These included one freestyle, one backstroke, two butterfly stroke, and one breaststroke swimmers. At the first visit, two swimmers had pseudarthrosis that was incurable; therefore, conservative therapy for low back pain was started. The other three swimmers, in whom bone healing was expected, were asked to discontinue swimming and wear semi-hard braces. After several months` treatment, one swimmer had successful healing. The remaining two had failed healing and developed pseudarthrosis; hence, they were treated for low back pain. Lumbar spondylolysis refers to fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis on the lumbar vertebrae arc that occurs frequently in athletes. It is caused by the repetition of extension and rotation of the lumbar spine. Although it can be easily diagnosed by identifying bone marrow edema via magnetic resonance imaging, athletes rarely visit a doctor because of mild pain. Although healing rate for early-stage spondylolysis is §80%, achieving fusion becomes difficult when the condition has progressed, and surgery becomes necessary after reaching the stage of pseudarthrosis. If fusion fails in the early stage, spondylolysis with pseudarthrosis may progress to spondylolisthesis, which leads to sciatica in adulthood.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale des Blutlaktatabbaus während eines Wettkampfs bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065382</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065382</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Tongnillpant, N.</author>
      <author>Sripakdee, S.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tongnillpant, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sripakdee, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of self-selected active strategies and rate of lactate removal corresponding to difference training phases upon repeated measures. The [La-] values 3 min after swimming events and at the end of active recovery were obtained from 30 swimmers (14 males and 16 females; 13-18 years old) for two years (319 swimming races). The volumes of active recovery in each swimming event ranged between 800-1400 m. Distance of each active recovery segment, time and swimming speed achieved following recovery period were recorded. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements was applied comparing [La-], distance, speed and [La-] removal related to training period in each swimming distance. Mean active recovery swimming speed were 0.90 ± 0.12, 0.87 ± 0.10, 0.92 ± 0.11, 0.91 ± 0.07, 0.82 ± 0.06 and 0.82 ± 0.05 m/s for 50-, 100-, 200-, 400-, 800- and 1500-m (60.45 ± 9.97% of average swimming speed in each event). [La-] after recovery periods for 50-, 100-, 200-, 400-, 800- and 1500-m were 2.37 ± 1.22, 2.52 ± 0.68, 2.63 ± 0.70, 2.47 ± 0.87, 2.07 ± 0.61 and 2.40 ± 0.71 mmol/L. Distance and time of active recovery showed inverted U-shaped profile with the highest value in 400-m. The [La-] and [La-] removal were lowest in the preparation period (6.53 ± 2.11 and 2.39 ± 0.64 mmol/L) and highest in the competition period (9.44 ± 3.19 and 2.98 ± 1.10 mmol/L. These results suggest that there is an optimal active recovery (volume vs speed) in which young swimmers and coaches should be aware.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen der Wassertemperatur auf die Schwimmleistung: eine biophysikalische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065384</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065384</guid>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>López-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to explore the acute biophysical effects of different water temperatures in swimming. Ten male swimmers (28.20 ± 13.15 years old) completed two front crawl time-trials in a flume (24h rest in-between) at 18 and 26° C water temperature, both without wetsuit. The speed was common at both conditions and established according to a 400 m pre-test in a 25 m swimming pool (1.28 ± 0.13 m/s). The peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak) maximal heart rate (HRmax), blood lactate concentrations ([La-]), energy cost (C), metabolic power (E. ) and total energy expenditure Etot were assessed. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI), propelling efficiency (Eta p) and the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) were calculated. Pair Student`s t-test was computed to compare both conditions. Time endured and (V.O2peak) were similar for 18 and 26° C conditions (313.44 ± 40.10 vs 282.27 ± 58.61s; mean difference: 31.16s; 95% CI: -32.12 to 94.45s; p=0.294; 47.54 ± 7.93 vs 51.91 ± 12.49 mL/kg/min mean difference: -4.37 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: -10.10 to 1.37s; p=0.119). However, lower [La-]peak (7.46 ± 3.33 vs 11.40 ± 1.58 mmol/L; p=0.002; Cohen's d: -1.42), RPE (5.10 ± 1.91 vs 7.10 ± 1.29; p=0.001; Cohen's d: -1.60) and .E values (1.23 ± 0.17 vs 1.41 ± 0.24; p=0.016; Cohen's d: -0.94) were observed at 18° C. The aerobic contribution (Aer) was higher (86.20 vs 81.90%; p=0.037; Cohen's d: 0.77) and anaerobic lactic (AnL) influence lower (5.80 vs 9.82%; p=0.001; Cohen's d: -1.46) when swimming at 18° C, but Etot (383 ± 60 vs 397 ± 98Kj) and C (0.96 ± 0.15 vs 0.99 ± 0.25kJ/m) remained similar within conditions. Furthermore, swimming at 18 and 26° C was not different from a general kinematical point of view (SR: 0.54 ± 0.04 vs 0.55 ± 0.06Hz; p=0.115; Cohen's d: -0.55; SL: 2.39 ± 0.20 vs 2.32 ± 0.20m; p=0.176; Cohen's d: 0.46; SI: 3.06 ± 0.53 vs 2.96 ± 0.44m2 s-1; p=0.145; Cohen's d: 0.50 and Eta p: 47 ± 4.7 vs 48 ± 6.4%; p=0.325; Cohen's d: -0.33). The tendency for lower values at 18° C are not in agreement with the literature and could be affected by the reduction of the blood flow volume in cold water and also due to methodological issues, particularly the learning effect regarding the use of the flume and breathing apparatus.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Einzel-Wiederholungstests zur Messung der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065385</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065385</guid>
      <author>Greenshields, J. T.</author>
      <author>Skutnik, B. C.</author>
      <author>Stickels, C. M.</author>
      <author>Yildirim, A.</author>
      <author>Shen, Y.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greenshields, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skutnik, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stickels, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yildirim, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate a newly proposed single repetition test (SRT) for calculating maximal excess external power (Pmax) against an existent, incremental, discontinuous power testing protocol (IPT) developed by Hopper, Hadley, Piva, and Bambauer (1983). Pmax from the IPT is calculated by having swimmers complete multiple maximal efforts while attached to varying external loads. This method is highly practical in a field setting; however, it is time-consuming due to the multiple maximal bouts needed to derive Pmax. We propose a single repetition, continuous, incremental test (SRT) to measure Pmax lasting approximately 15 seconds during which the external load is linearly increased through the 22.86 m length. On two occasions separated by 14 d, elite swimmers (N = 14) performed IPT or SRT. Power delivered to an external load (Pload) during the IPT was calculated using a known force applied via a modified Power Rack® and hand-timed speed (N = 2) over a distance of 10 m. During the IPT swimmers completed multiple repetitions (6 to 10) until a maximal Pload was observed. During the SRT all data were automatically collected at 500 Hz by computer through a commercial A/D. The external load was applied using an electronically braked motor. The load was linearly increased beginning at 10 m and continuing to task failure. To test the repeatability of the calculated Pload during the SRT swimmers (n = 13) performed repeat trials. During the IPT swimmers completed 7 ± 2 trials. Maximal Pload was IPT 98.8 ± 34.3 W and SRT 110.0 ± 32.3 W. The between method correlation was 0.98 (90% CI 0.95 to 0.99), typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation 6.6% (90% Cl 5.0 to 10.2%). The SRT also showed repeatable Pload values between trials; 111.6 ± 36.9 W, 111.2 ± 36.5 W. These results were correlated 0.99 (90% Cl 0.98 ± 1.0), with within-subject variation 3.2% (90% CI 2.4 to 4.9%). The high validity and repeatability of the SRT makes the methodology useful for research, athlete assessments, or field studies involving competitive swimmers. The single bout protocol requires little time commitment from coaches, swimmers and researchers alike and may avoid invoking any significant subject fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Analyse der Atemwegsveränderung beim Ausatmen beim simulierten Schwimmen mit Eintauchen des Gesichts </title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065387</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065387</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Homma, T.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Tamari, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, N.</author>
      <author>Hamada, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamari, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For the safety and continuance of swimming, breathing is the most important factor. The purpose of this study is to support instruction of breath control while swimming for beginners. The exhalation airway may change from one`s nose to mouth. This airway change might be an involuntary action, so the most important instruction is how to change airway. We used the nasal and oral pressures to recognize the airway route. Twelve recreational swimmers participated, who were in the prone position at pool side. They immersed their faces into the water. In the first trial, after face immersion, subjects held their breath for five seconds, then continued exhalation for five seconds from the nose and then changed the airway to the mouth. In the second trial, the exhalation order changed from the mouth to the nose. Subjects repeated face immersion for more than four times in each trial. We measured the changing time of exhalation from nose to mouth (CTNM) and mouth to nose (CTMN) on pressure curves. The average of four repetitions of CTNM was 258.1 msec and the CTMN was 307.3 msec. The average nasal pressure decreased 0.25 cm H2O and oral pressure increased 1.07 cm H2O in the first trial. In the second trial, the average nasal pressure increased 0.52 cm H2O and oral pressure decreased 0.86 cm H2O. The changing time and the pressure difference revealed no significant difference in the paired T tests. The results seem to show that airway change from nose to mouth is easier than mouth to nose. From measuring pressure, exhalation from nose is easier than from mouth.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulierte physiologische Reaktionen beim Intervalltraining auf der Grundlage eines mathematischen Modells bei einem Olympiasieger</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065394</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065394</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For a male Olympic champion (91 kg, VO2max 79 ml/kg/min, VLamax 0.55 mmol/l/min) metabolic responses were simulated for maximal interval sets (20x25, 12x50, 12x100, 6x200 m) with short or long rest. For the 20x25-m set (11.9-12.2 s, 15-s rest), VO2and glycolytic flux rate (GP) increased from 70 to 75 ml/kg/min and 9 to 11 mmol/l/min, respectively, whereas pH decreased from 7.2 to 7.0. For the 12x50-m set (26.2-26.4 s, 30-s rest), VO2increased from 72 to 76 ml/kg/min whereas pH (7.2 to 7.0) and GP (13 to 8 mmol/l/min) both decreased. Changes in metabolic parameters for the 12x100-m set (57.3-59.2 s, 1-min rest) were observed in VO2 (72 to 80 ml/kg/min), pH (7.2 to 6.9) and GP (7.6 to 4.8 mmol/l/min). Finally, during the 6x200-m set (1:59-2:02 min:s, 90-s rest), VO2 and pH stabilised (68 ml/kg/min, 7.1) and GP decreased from 2.5 to 2 mmol/l/min. Shorter intervals (50-100 m vs. 200 m) and longer rest intervals (30 vs. 15 s) promote faster speeds, a more significant VO2 drift, higher aerobic and anaerobic power, higher blood lactate concentrations, larger phosphocreatine depletion, lower Pi repletion and lower pH. Short 25-m intervals allowed faster speeds associated with almost maximal VO2 but moderate muscular pH and lactate concentration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilität und Empfindlichkeit der Schätzung metabolischer Parameter unter Verwendung eines mathematischen Modells des Muskelstoffwechsels</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065395</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065395</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Dupont, C.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Arsac, V.</author>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dupont, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsac, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For a male Olympic champion (91 kg, VO2max 79 ml/kg/min, maximal anaerobic capacity, VLamax 0.55 mmol/l/min), VO2max and VLamax were estimated from the lactate-speed-distance data by randomly varying the lactate values first within the 0 - 5% range of error of the lactate meter (Lactate Pro2, Arkray) and then within the range of real physiological variation (5 - 10%). Reverse validation consisted of computing the lactate-speed-distance curves from the VO2max values within the 0 - 5% range of error of a K4b2 Cosmed portable analyzer, as established during a validation test-retest for 3-min trials, and then within the range of the real physiological variation (5 - 10%). For a random variation in measured lactate, VO2max and VLamax estimations were very similar. For a random variation in measured VO2, the parameters of the VO2tot speed equation were similar. For a random variation in measured VO2 max, the variations in estimated VO2 were 0.6 - 2%, with 5 - 11% for estimated VLamax and 5 - 20% for the lactate-speed curve. The potential measurement error for lactatemia had little effect on the calculated values but the potential measurement error for VO2 induced wide variability in VLamax and the estimated values of the lactate-speed curves. These results suggest the need for procedures to improve the accuracy of VO2 measures in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pacing- und Teamstrategie bei Staffelrennen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065396</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065396</guid>
      <author>McGibbon, K.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Thompson, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McGibbon, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interest in medal winning opportunities in swimming relays has grown with the addition of mixed events at the FINAWorld Championships and the 2020 Olympics. Although pacing is considered crucial for success in individual events, there is a lack of research examining pacing in relays. Performance in relays may be affected by the order swimmers are placed within a team. The purpose of this study was to compare pacing strategies in relay events with corresponding individual events, and examine the relationship between team selections and performance. Race data from FINAWorld Championships between 2011-2017 including 50-m splits and overall race time were analysed retrospectively. A total of 256 (128 male, 128 female) 4 x-200-m freestyle relay final swims involving 192 swimmers were analysed. Individual 200-m freestyle season`s best time for the same year was located using FINA world rankings. There was no substantial impact of pacing strategy on 200-m freestyle performance, except positive pacing led to slower times in individual events for females. Relay swimmers are typically faster in the first half of their 200-m leg, but slower in the second half, when compared with their individual events. Approximately half of the swimmers changed pacing strategy when competing in relay events. The majority of relay teams placed their first or second ranked swimmer on the lead-off leg, and their third or fourth ranked swimmer on the third leg. Successful team strategies were different for males and females, although the quality of the swimmers in a team also plays a role.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen modifizierten Drei-Minuten-Testwerten und Wettkampfleistung bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065398</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065398</guid>
      <author>Mitchell, L. J. G.</author>
      <author>Rattray, B.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P. U.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L. J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rattray, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P. U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Thirty-four elite swimmers (22 female, 12 male, world record ratio (WRR) = 107.0 ± 3.1%) completed a modified 3 minute test (12x25m) as a part of their routine sport science support. This test involved a series of unpaced maximal 12x25m intervals interspersed with 5 s rest periods. The model speed = a.eb.time + c was fitted to the data and integrated to calculate supra-critical speed distance capacity (D`). The slowest two of the last four efforts were averaged to calculate critical speed (CS). Peak speed was recorded as the fastest average velocity for a single 25 m effort and drop off % was the percentage difference between peak speed and CS. Season`s best times in 50 m, 100 m and 200 m events were compared to world record to calculate a world record ratio (WRR) where WRR = Swimmers time/World Record x 100. Variables were all compared to performance using a multiple linear regression model with sex and stroke as covariates. This analysis showed that peak speed had a strong relationship with 100 m WRR; R2 = 0.62. Faster peak speeds related to lower WRRs. This was also true for CS which related to 200 m performance with an R2 = 0.61. Drop off % comparisons showed trivial relationships to performance, and D` related best with 50 m WRR (R2 = 0.37). For D` a second order polynomial model achieved a higher R2 value, indicating that for 50 m and 100 m events there may be an optimal value for this metric, 24.2 and 25.2 m respectively. The 12x25m test is a simple, practical and viable alternative for CS testing and also offers two useful metrics, peak speed and D`, for the assessment of the anaerobic system as well.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der relative Einfluss von Beinschlag- und Armzugfrequenz auf die Geschwindigkeit und die metabolische Belastung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065400</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065400</guid>
      <author>Morris, K.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M.</author>
      <author>Jenkins, D. G.</author>
      <author>Skinner, T. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morris, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jenkins, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner, T. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The extent to which kick rate influences front crawl velocity and metabolic cost while considering the impact of other biomechanical and individual characteristics on swimming performance is currently unknown. To inform methodology for future physiological and/or talent identification testing sessions, this study aimed to determine the relative importance of biomechanical parameters (stroke and kick rate) and individual characteristics (200-m freestyle personal best, sex and anthropometry) on submaximal front crawl velocity and metabolic cost. Thirty-six national-level swimmers performed two submaximal 200-m front crawl efforts; velocities were equivalent to 64 ± 6% and 77 ± 5% of participants` 200-m personal best velocity. Skinfolds, body mass, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, velocity, stroke rate, kick rate and metabolic cost were measured. Two multiple linear regression analyses were conducted; one with velocity and the other with metabolic cost as the dependent variable. The input variables explained 73.2% of the variance in velocity (p<0.001) and 23.3% of the variance in the metabolic cost (p=0.001). Stroke rate, sum of seven skinfold sites, kick rate, and body mass all contributed to the velocity model, while body mass was the only contributor to the metabolic cost model. Biomechanical and anthropometry parameters explain the vast majority of variance in velocity while the metabolic cost of submaximal swiming appears to be influenced by other factors not considered in the present study. Considering their contributions to velocity, both the stroke and kick rates should be measured and controlled when collecting and interpreting data from physiological testing sessions. Additional parameters (e.g. intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations, index of coordination and kick depth) should be explored in conjunction with stroke and kick rate in future studies to further explain the variance in metabolic cost.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Beinschlagfrequenzvariation auf die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und -kinematik beim menschlichen Unterwasserschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065220</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065220</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Meyer, A.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human underwater undulatory motion is one of the fastest aquatic locomotion modes. Swimmers use it during the starting dive and after the turn. However, the impact of the different parameters during human swimming (such as kick frequency, kick amplitude, and body wave-length) on the resulting swimming speed is insufficiently analyzed, especially when prescribing the kick frequency. In this study, swimmer`s motion was analysed by video data for different prescribed kick frequencies (between 0.5 - 3 Hz) to analyse the effect of kick frequencies, kick amplitude as well as body wave-length on swimming speed in underwater undulatory swimming, within the human capabilities. The results suggest, that - with respect to their effect on swimming speed - kick amplitude, wave-length, and kick frequency are highly inter-dependent and cannot be viewed as isolated, but must always be considered collectively and in their interactions. For swimmers different strategies or possibilities of combinations exist. For slow swimming speeds, swimmers always kick with low frequencies and have the choice using (a) small kick amplitudes and larger body wave-length or (b) larger kick amplitudes and shorter body wave-length. However, to reach higher swimming speed, a combination of high kick frequencies, small kick amplitudes and shorter body wave-length is necessary. Therefore, swimmers must be able to vary its kick frequency and kick amplitude as well as body wave-length and to coordinate these parameters in a sophisticated way.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Schultergelenks und dem Handvortrieb beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065221</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065221</guid>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Matsuda, Y.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, Y.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Winkelgeschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship between the angular velocity of the shoulder joint and hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke. Eleven skilled swimmers participated in this study. A motion capture system was used to measure the upper trunk, shoulder and hand kinematics of the swimmers during the front crawl stroke at their maximal sprinting pace. Twelve pressure sensors were attached on the right hand and used to measure pressures on the twelve points to estimate hand propulsion (HP) during the front crawl stroke. A shoulder joint coordinate system relative to an upper trunk coordinate system was used to calculate the angular velocities of the shoulder joint. HP due to drag (HPD) and lift (HPL) was computed using the hand kinematics and the pressures on the hand. The average angular velocities of horizontal adduction/abduction (Omega hor-add/abd), internal/ external rotation (Omega int/ext), and elevation/depression (Omega ele/dep) of the shoulder joint, HP, HPD, and HPL were computed in the pull and push phases. There were negative, moderate and significant relationship between Omega hor-add/abd and HP (r = -0.786, p = 0.004), and negative, strong and significant relationship between Omega int/ext and HP (r = -0.835, p = 0.001) in the pull phase. Based on the relationships, the magnitude of HP and selected kinematic values, different stroke technique in the pull phase was discussed in term of increasing HP and decreasing active drag on the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen dem aktiven Widerstand und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065225</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065225</guid>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between active drag and swimming velocity during front-crawl swimming using the MRT-method (a methodology using the measured values of residual thrust) and the MAD-system with the same group of swimmers. Six male swimmers swam front-crawl with (Whole stroke: WS) and without leg motion (arms-only stroke: AS) in the MRT-method, and they swam only AS trials in the MAD-system. In the AS trials, swimmers were instructed to put a buoy between their thighs and their ankles were tighten with a band. To establish an individual equation for calculating drag, it was assumed that drag can be expressed as D = kVb (D: drag, V: velocity). For both MAD and MRT testing, trials were conducted using a wide range of swimming velocities (between 0.9 and 1.5 m/s). The drag/velocity data were fitted to the equation to obtain coefficient k and degree b for each swimmer, and the active drag for 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 m/s were calculated using the function with individual k and b. In the AS condition, active drag in the MRT-method was larger than that in the MAD-system at all velocities. In the MRT-method, we found no difference between WS and AS, meaning that the kicking motion did not increase or decrease the drag. The difference in drag between the MRT-method and the MAD-system might be due to differences in the propelling condition (pushing fixed pads and the water) that potentially affect the flow around the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Biomechanik und Individualisierung der Wendetechnik im Schwimmen bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065226</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065226</guid>
      <author>Nicol, E.</author>
      <author>Ball, K.</author>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The swimming turn significantly contributes to overall race performance. Whilst the importance of the turn is well established within the literature, the biomechanical parameters that are most important to turn performance remain unclear. Furthermore, the extent to which individual differences influence these performance parameters is unknown. There were two aims of this study. The first was to identify the key biomechanical parameters that influence freestyle and butterfly turn performance within an elite population. The second was to identify how performance parameters differ between individuals. The first aim of the study was met through analysis of retrospective data collected from the Wetplate Analysis System. This system was a proprietary system developed by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and measured 27 parameters associated with swimming turn performance. The final dataset used for analysis consisted of 39 male freestyle turns, 41 female freestyle turns, 21 male butterfly turns and 23 female butterfly turns from an elite population. Regression analysis was used to identify the biomechanical parameters that contribute most to turn performance. Analysis of the male freestyle turn found mass to be the best predictor of turn performance. Average power per kg and mass were found to be significant predictors of turn performance for the female freestyle turn. Analysis of the male butterfly turn identified distance at point of surfacing as the sole predictor of turn performance. Distance at point of surfacing and average acceleration were identified to be important to female butterfly turn performance. The investigation of individual differences involved the analysis of turn data from eight individual swimmers. Statistical procedures utilised during group-based assessment were replicated during individual analysis. Analysis revealed that the parameters of importance differed between all eight athletes and to the parameters identified during group-based analysis. Results of the present study highlight the need to adapt current elite-level training practices to accommodate for individual differences in turn technique. This will increase the efficiency of prescribed interventions and assist in maximising improvement made to turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropometrisches Profil von erfahrenen Schwimmern und die Biomechanik des Schwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065227</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065227</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Bornikowska, A.</author>
      <author>Tyc, L.</author>
      <author>Kociuba, M.</author>
      <author>Rudnik, D.</author>
      <author>Koziel, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bornikowska, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tyc, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kociuba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudnik, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koziel, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of research was to compare the anthropometric indicators and parameters of skilled adult swimmers and students who have never undertaken swimming training. Two groups of men, homogeneous in age (18-25 years) and sociotechnical criteria, took part in the research. Swimmers (n=28) specializing in various strokes at 100 and 200 m represent the high level of proficiency. The control group (n=28) consisted of physical education students. In both groups direct anthropometric measurements (body height, length, width and depth, and circumference of its segments) were made. Additionally, non-standard parameters, such chest depth, hand length, palm width, hand width, distal forearm epiphysis width, elbow epiphysis width, knee epiphysis width, ankle and foot width were collected. Moreover, 14 anthropometric indices were proposed. The anthropometric profile was constructed on the basis of normalized mean values and defined a set of 27 parameters and indices significantly differentiating the professional swimmers from the control group (test t-student). Accordingly, some previously unidentified somatic traits of swimmers were identified: a relatively longer shank (difference in knee length-to-lower limb ratio (+6.6 cm)); a slim, elongated shape of the hand (difference in palm breadth-to-hand length ratio (-2.1 cm)); and a slim foot difference in foot breadth-to-foot length ratio (-1.2 cm)). The identified intergroup differences in the somatic body composition of swimmers and their reference to the laws of biomechanics and hydrodynamics give the results a contributing dimension, to reinforce the thesis, that anthropological characteristics may be helpful in identifying factors favouring progression in swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Teilkörperkoordinierung zur Sicherstellung der Wirksamkeit von Körperhebeln in Wechselschlagschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065228</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065228</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <author>Lopez, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is a combination of multiple small and local levers acting for the general purpose of propelling the swimmer`s body as fast as possible. The ability to link and connect each lever at the proper time will be a key to maximize its efficacy. Improving swimming coordination of arm pulls and kicks will ensure the body levers` fulcrums and allow the force induced by the swimmer to override the resistance offered by the water. Involving as many body parts as possible while swimming will enlarge the length of lever`s arm and imply a better mechanical advantage explained by Archimedes lever law. The main goal of the study is to describe how World Championship and Olympic Games elite swimmers coordinate arm pulls and kicks in alternative strokes and to justify its reason for being when seeking for efficacy of body levers while swimming. The following parameters have been used for the evaluation of swimmers coordination: number of kicks per arm pull, order and duration of kicks, start time of kicks in relation to pulling arms and overlapping between arms. Swimming distance of the race and breathing actions seem to modify arm-to-arm coordination and timing of kicks in relation to arms` underwater phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Lage des Körperschwerpunkts auf die Gelenkdrehmomente der vier Extremitäten am Startblock</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065229</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065229</guid>
      <author>Sakai, S.</author>
      <author>Koike, S.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sakai, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koike, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming-race events, athletes can obtain their highest horizontal velocity at the instant of take-off from a starting block. Therefore, a faster take-off velocity is an important technical factor, especially for sprint-event swimmers. This study aims to clarify the influences of initial whole-body configuration (i.e. setting position on the starting block) on the four-limb joint torques during a starting motion. Seven male swimmers were instructed to practise dive starts with three types of starting positions (i.e. anterior-inclination, neutral and posterior-inclination positions) with maximum effort. The three-dimensional coordinates of the markers on the body during starting motion were collected using a motion-capture system with 25 high-speed cameras. Reaction forces exerted by each foot and each hand on the block were measured using two force sensors and two force plates. The joint torques of the extremities were calculated by inverse dynamics using the coordinate data and the block-reaction forces. The rear-side lower limbs` joint torques affect the forward movement of the body in the case of setting a posterior inclination, whereas the front-side lower limbs` joint torques affect the forward movement when setting an anterior inclination. These results indicate that body posture affects certain joint torques.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unbeständige numerische Strömungsdynamik der axialen Strömung, die durch die Drehung eines Arms beim Schwimmen erzeugt wird</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065230</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065230</guid>
      <author>Samson, M.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T.</author>
      <author>Lacouture, P.</author>
      <author>David, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Computational Fluid Dynamics</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacouture, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>David, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, it has been shown experimentally that the arm rotation induce significant axial flow along the arm toward the hand, which acts favorably on propulsion (Toussaint et al., 2002). The purpose of this paper is then to numerical study the role of the axial flow on the propulsion of the hand and the forearm from a simple rotational movement. This study is based on unsteady RANS methodology (Samson et al., 2017). A comparison was made between two simulations in translation and rotation conditions. Velocities and depths of the hand were chosen so as to approach the actual conditions of swimming: the hand velocity is equal to 2.5 m/s, and rotational velocity is equal to 5 rad/s. Pressure, force and the spatio-temporal evolution of the vortices were used to the analysis. The results of the velocity fields of the flow show the presence of the axial flow along the hand and forearm in rotational configuration, but not in translation. The dynamic pressure gradients between the dorsal side of the hand and the elbow are higher in the rotational configuration (close to 2500 Pa) than in translation (close to 0 Pa). The hydrodynamic forces applied to the hand are greater in rotation than in translation (43 N vs 37 N respectively). At the beginning of the movement, two vortices are present all along the suction surface of the forearm and hand (a leading edge vortex on the little finger side and a trailing edge vortex on the thumb side). Next, these structures detach and are shedded into the wake. In both configurations, due to an accumulation of vorticity, a complex entanglement of vortex structures appears on the dorsal side of the hand. In the rotating configuration, there is more vortices on the dorsal side of the hand relative to the translation configuration. This can be explained by both the effect of the axial flow which translates the vorticity towards the fingertip, and at the same time the effect of the tip vortex at the fingertip which prevents the release of this vorticity (Von Ellenrieder et al., 2003).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivitätsmerkmale des vorderen und hinteren Beins eines Schwimmers während eines Kickstarts - Einwand für die Fallstudie eines Eliteschwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065232</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065232</guid>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Mizukami, T.</author>
      <author>Kusanagi, K.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mizukami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kusanagi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Numerous studies have reported on the kinematics and kinetics during a swimmer`s kickstart. However, no studies measuring the muscle activity of the lower limbs during the kickstart have been presented. This study investigated the muscle activity of both the front lower limb and the rear lower limb during a swimmer`s kickstart and identified its characteristics. The participant was a national-level competitive male swimmer - 24 years old, 200-m breaststroke Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) points: 888 - who performed the breaststroke at the starting block for 15-m maximum effort at two kickstart conditions: right lower limb is front (LF) and right lower limb is rear (LR). Trials were recorded using a video camera (120 frame/s) from the sagittal movement, and surface electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded from eight right lower limb muscles: rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial head of gastrocnemius (MHG), lateral head of gastrocnemius (LHG), soleus (SO), and gluteus maximus (GM).The EMG data were filtered using a Butterworth bandpass filter (10 - 500 Hz), and the root mean square (RMS) was calculated on a 50-ms window of data. The result showed that the muscle activity in lower limbs during the kickstart was in the sequence RF, VL, GM, TA, MHG, and LHG, working in accordance with the movement of each joint.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie visuelle Informationen die Annäherung an die Wand für die Rollwende einschränken</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065233</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065233</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this case study was to investigate the role of the visual source of information to approach the wall in order to perform the tumble turn in swimming. The approach of the wall is represented by a T-line located at 2m from the edge of the swimming pool. To understand how this visual information is picked up by the swimmers to approach the wall, the T-line position was manipulated: normal T-line position (T), T-line 30cm backward (T30), and T-line 60cm backward (T60). One national swimmer had to swim 12 x 25m, corresponding to two trials at 70% and 90% of their maximal 25m swimming speed in three T-line positions. The swim speed was collected by aerial side camera. The speed at 3m to the wall, the distance between the head and the wall at the initiation of the rotation were computed from an underwater camera located at 3m from the wall. The stroke rate and the index of coordinationwere computed from three inertial measurement units located on the left wrist, right wrist and hip. The results highlighted that stroke rate further varied when the swimmers approached to the wall, accompanied by fluctuations of the index of coordination. These findings were more pronounced for the 90% pace and more marked for T60. In the meantime, head-wall distance and the speed at 3m to the wall further decreased for the 90% pace at T60 than for the other conditions of speed and T position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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