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    <item>
      <title>Halbangebundene Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profile - Korrelationen mit Stoffwechsel- und Kraftparametern an Land bei männlichen und weiblichen Kaderschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085141</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085141</guid>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Semi-tethered load-velocity profiling is a reliable method to estimate swimspecific neuromuscular capacities, i.e., theoretical maximal load (L0), speed (v0), and slope of the regression line (Slv), and can therefore be used for individual athlete characterization and training derivations (Olstad et al., 2020). For example, higher L0 and v0 values were observed in male compared to female front crawl swimmers (Olstad et al., 2020), higher L0 and lower v0 values were found in butterfly swimmers compared to front crawl swimmers (Gonjo et al., 2020). Despite high correlations between load-velocity profiles and 50 m performance (Gonjo et al., 2020), it is still unclear which metabolic or mechanical properties are associated with different semi-tethered load-velocity profiles. Therefore, we correlated anthropometric, dryland strength, and metabolic parameters with L0, v0, and Slv to elucidate underlying mechanisms between different profiles separately by sex.

METHODS: 12 male and 9 female (inter-)national-level squad swimmers (FINA points: 729 ± 68) completed 4 separate testing sessions in a randomized order. Besides anthropometric (height, mass, and arm span) and dryland neuromuscular assessment (squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RMSQ, 1RMBP]), metabolic parameters (energy cost of swimming and maximal lactate accumulation rate [c.Lamax]) were determined in water using a 500 m submaximal and 20 s sprint test, respectively. In addition, semi-tethered load-velocity profiles were determined from five ~20-m front crawl sprints, with loads increasing from 1 kg by 2 kg for male and 1 kg for female athletes, and speed recorded at 333 Hz by a robotic resistance device. From the linear regression of load (x) and speed (y), L0 (x-intercept), v0 (y-intercept), and Slv (-v0/L0) were calculated. Associations between metabolic and mechanical parameters and L0, v0, and Slv were examined separately by sex using Pearson correlation r.

RESULTS: L0, v0, and Slv were 21.3 ± 4.8 and 16.5 ± 2.9 kg, 1.88 ± 0.06 and 1.66 ± 0.06 m.s-1, and -0.09 ± 0.02 and -0.10 ± 0.02 -m.s-1.kg-1 in male and female swimmers, respectively. Regarding anthropometry, mass (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) correlated moderately with L0 in male (r = .55, p = .06) and with Slv in male (r = .52, p = .08) and female (r = .51, p = .16) athletes. c.Lamax (0.50 ± 0.12 mmol.L-1.s-1) was the only metabolic parameter highly related to v0 in male athletes (r = .68, p = .02). Regarding dryland strength, 1RMSQ (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) was moderately (r >= .51, p =< .13) and 1RMBP (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) highly correlated with both L0 and Slv (r >= .76, p =< .03) in male and female athletes, while 1RMSQ and 1RMBP were only moderately associated with v0 in female athletes (r >= .54, p =< .16).

DISCUSSION: While moderate to high correlations were observed between mechanical parameters (especially 1RMBP) and L0 as well as Slv in both sexes, v0 was only moderately correlated with dryland strength in female athletes and highly correlated with anaerobic power (c.Lamax) in male athletes. Thus, female swimmers might benefit from dryland strength training to increase v0, whereas males might benefit from anaerobic swim training. In both sexes, L0 might be improved by dryland strength training, especially for the upper body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Durchführbarkeit der Burst-and-Coast-Strategie beim Schwimmen auf der Grundlage einer einfachen Monte-Carlo-Simulation</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085142</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085142</guid>
      <author>Mezêncio, B.</author>
      <author>Huebner, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Serrão, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mezêncio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huebner, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serrão, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A common goal in swimming technique analysis is to improve swimming efficiency. Minimizing the total drag could increase the swimming velocity or improve efficiency for the same velocity, but it is also possible to improve efficiency without changing the drag. In the same drag condition, the velocity profile at the same mean velocity affects efficiency; the most obvious way to improve efficiency in this context is by reducing the intracycle velocity variation, which increases the mechanical efficiency due to the reduction of the velocity`s dynamical component (Fernandes et. al, 2023). Despite that, biological examples show that this is not the only possible strategy. Fishes are able to use intermittent locomotion to improve their efficiency, this strategy is known as burst-and-cost swimming and consists of a twophase periodical behavior, first an active propulsive phase followed by a passive gliding phase, the relative duration of each one of those phases, as well as the difference in the drag coefficient between than are determinants for the successful adoption of this strategy (Li et.
al, 2023).
In front crawl swimming the catch-up coordination mode presents some similarity with a burst-and-coast strategy, since there is a pseudo-gliding passive phase when the entry and catch phase of one arm occurs simultaneously with the recovery phase of the other one. However, even in the slow paces associated with a catch-up coordination mode, keeping a lower velocity variability is generally accepted as more efficient. To the best of our knowledge, it was never analyzed the possibility of deliberately adopting a burst-and-coast strategy to increase efficiency. To shed light on this issue, a Monte Carlo simulation in a very simple model was used to analyze the swimming mechanical economy during a burst-andcoast strategy, produced by the addition of a phase shift in one of the arms, generating a super-position propulsive active phase, followed by a more hydrodynamic pseudo-gliding passive phase. We hypothesized that human swimmers are not able to use the burst-and-coast strategy to increase their swimming economy due to the relatively short passive phase and the high drag factor associated with human swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asymmetrien der Hüftrotation beim Kraulen und Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085143</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085143</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Borgonovo-Santos, M.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Mezêncio, B.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rotation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borgonovo-Santos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mezêncio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Body rotation is typical of the alternated techniques due to the upper limbs actions, usually expressed as the shoulders/hip rotation amplitude. Rotation involves rolling to the right and left sides. Asymmetries were not explored in the backstroke, neither compared between alternated techniques. The current study compared front crawl and backstroke hip rotation to the right and left sides at distinct pace conditions. Six national swimmers (four males, 17±0.8 vs 14 years, 176.8±7.1 vs 164.5±4.9 cm, 73.1±12.9 vs 60.2±2.9 kg) performed four front crawl and backstroke trials at 90% and maximum velocity. A bi-axial Fluid Flow Sensor with a 9 degrees of freedom inertial unit was attached to the swimmers waist, allowing to obtain Euler angles. All upper limbs cycles were analysed, removing the first and the last ones. Paired t-test was used to compare rolling sides and swimming techniques (p.0.05). Hip roll amplitude decreased from 90% to maximum velocity in front crawl (95.6±21.3 vs 79.3±22.2°, p<0.05) but remained in backstroke (104.1±16.6 vs 99.6±27.4°). Hip rotation amplitude was similar between techniques at 90% (95.6±21.3 vs 104.1±16.6°) but not at maximal velocity (79.4±22.2 vs 99.6±27.4°), presenting differences in rolling to the right side (40.6±10.3 vs 54.1±9.9°, p<0.05, respectively). None of the alternated techniques showed asymmetries at any swimming condition, although a tendency to the right side can be observed. Hip roll asymmetries were higher than those already presented in front crawl, evidencing a right side dominance in both swimming techniques (despite no differences proved). Swimmers did not reduce rolling in backstroke when velocity increased, maybe due to the more complex underwater upper limbs motion. Alternated techniques roll with the different magnitude, but asymmetrical characteristics were not exhibited.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wellenförmiges Schwimmen unter Wasser: Verknüpfung von Kinematik, Wellenanalyse und Strömungsvisualisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085144</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085144</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Jesús J. Ruíz</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesús J. Ruíz</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) has aroused the interest of researchers since some swimmers, starting from the Moscow Olympic Games (1980), achieved very good results by swimming longer and longer distances underwater, until its limitation to 15m after the start and the turn or the recent possibility of using it in the backstroke finish. These limits, however, are sufficient for some swimmers to show great differences over the rest in these underwater phases (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022). It is our objective to explore in a "holistic" way, all the biomechanical components that could explain a good performance in UUS.

METHODS
A sample of male and female swimmers from international and regional level were included in the study and performed at least 2x15 m UUS with adequate rest. Swimmers were marked on the right side of the body and bilateral symmetry was assumed. The UUS was analysed according to Papic et al. (2020) using a pre-trained neural network with a mean test error of 5 mm. A set of custom Python scripts were developed to analyse the kinematic trials. In addition, the Kwon XP software allowed a deeper analysis thanks to its graphical capabilities in the analysis and especially in the vector analysis. Some trials were carried out using a linear encoder to record the instantaneous intra-cycle speed (200Hz), which allowed a more simplified analysis. All coordinates were obtained using 2K video at 100Hz. The kinematic analysis of relevant points such as the tip of the foot, ankle, knee, etc. shows coordination patterns in vertical velocity and acceleration (wave analysis). As a flow visualisation tool, we use injected bubbles and the bubble wall. Wake characteristics such as size, vorticity and inertia are related to kinematics and wave analysis to relate them to the propulsive wake generated.

RESULTS
Sample of graph results that we are producing to analyse the vertical displacement and velocity
vs time, and velocity and acceleration vs time in all the body points.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Theoretische Wellenbeschreibung beim wellenförmigen Schwimmen - ein neuer mehrdimensionaler Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085145</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085145</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Buschhorn, M.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buschhorn, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) is of great importance to sport swimming due to its application after the start and turn. Thereby, muscular power generates waves that propagate along the body in a pedal direction. As this 3-dimensional body wave propagates through swimmerfs body (with time), the individul body segments accelerate the surrounding water against the direction of swimming. To substantiate the results and to compare different swimmers, various visualization methods were used, however only using 2-dimensional views (either kick amplitude over time at a fixed location or the kick amplitude over swimming direction at a fixed time). However, no representation exists that simultaneously illustrates information about a variety of significant variables of motion while visualizing the shape of the motion over the time.

METHODS
To describe the vertical kick amplitude (elongation) the approach of general harmonic onedimensional wve was adapted to: …where x stands for the position/distance along swimmer's body, lambda represents the body wavelength, t the time, T the kick cycle duration and phi the phase. a(x) is the length specific amplitude (depending to the segment location) and B(x) the bias due to the asymmetric amplitude distribution (Hochstein & Blickhan, 2014).

RESULTS
This quasi-3-dimensional representation of measured data using the surface function z(x,t) vividly visualizes the trajectories of the individual body points, the amplitude trajectories over the distance of the body, the displacement of the amplitudes, the frequency of the motion, the body length, the body shape at a fixed time, and the wavelength of the body wave (Buschhorn,
2022).

DISCUSSION
The presented method allows to evaluate the human UUS in a graphical way and helps to identify the relationships between the different individual variables or parameters in a compact way. When comparing the representations of different swimmers (or fin swimmers), differences in the execution of the movement and the variables that influence efficiency and speed quickly become apparent. Thus, this method of representation is able to evaluate, visualize, and compare the motion of undulatory swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Torwurfgeschwindigkeiten im Elitewasserball unter Wettkampfbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085146</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085146</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Hohenstein, D.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohenstein, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Throwing performance represents one of the most important performance requirements in elite water polo. The subject of this game analysis was the throwing behavior of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final "World Cup Water Polo" tournament 2018 in Berlin - as well as any differnces to the competition-specific throwing behavior (throwing situation, position, target, speed, as well as precision) of the top European nations Croatia, Serbia, and Hungary.

METHODS
For biomechanical analysis of the goal shot velocities on the individual level in each match player and ball positions were recorded by two high-speed cameras (PHOTRON Fastcam mini AX50 and Fastcam SA-3) positioned under the ceiling (top-view above the goals) with a high temporal (250 fps) as well as spatial resolution (1024x1024 pixels). Both sides of the field were calibrated on the water surface (2D direct linear transformation). Only the successful goals were analyzed with an endless loop mode and an end-trigger. The ball positions were tracked framewise using WinAnalyze 2.8. All further analysis were calculated in MATLAB 2018a.

RESULTS
Both penalty throw (from the 6 m line) and throw from the field showed very high release speeds (partly higher than 25 ms-1). Thereby, the top performers were Dusan Mandic from the 2016 and 2020 Olympic champion Serbia with faster than 27 ms-1 and Gergö Zalanki from Hungary with faster than 26 ms-1. At these shot speeds, the reaction time of the goalkeeper (time between leaving the ball from the hand and passing goalkeeper`s position) was less than 0.2 s in individual cases. Hungary`s national team occupied a special position among the world`s top water polo teams in terms of shot velocity, because, on the one hand, its average superiority over four of seven World Cup finalists was significant, and, on the other hand, no less than five players achieved shot velocities higher than 23 ms-1.

DISCUSSION
Throwing speed is probably one of the most important performance prerequisites in water polo at all performance levels. This increase of the throwing speed in the course of the last 15 years by about 9% may be regarded as an obvious concomitant of the professionalization of the water polo sport especially in the nations of the Mediterranean area. This considerable increase in speed is also underlined by the fact that the throwing speeds measured by Elliott et al. (1988) in the 1980s are now already achieved by 15-18-year-old Croatian junior national players with 19.91 ms-1 (±0.91 ms-1; Uljevic, Esco & Sekulic, 2014). In general, it should also be noted that goal throws under competitive match conditions have a ball velocity up to 3 ms-1 (p < 0.05) higher than drive shots throws performed on the empty goal under laboratory conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verwendung von parametrischem Mapping zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen der Schlagfrequenz auf die Kinematik der oberen Gliedmaßen beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085147</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085147</guid>
      <author>Simbana, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simbana, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Coordination between propulsive actions of the left and right arms is highly correlated to Stroke Rate SR, Speed V, v fluctuations, and power output (Seifert et al. 2015). Simbana et al. 2020 found that females swimmers had difficulty to follow the imposed SR. The purpose of this case study is to use parametric mapping (SPM) to explore the impact of imposed stroke rate on upper limbs swim cycle kinematics


METHODS
One female swimmer (24 years, 66 kg, 172 cm, mid distance specialist) participated in this study. She swam nine 25-m trials in a 25-m pool at maximal speed, SR were controlled by a pacing device (Aquapacer). She was equipped with one IMU on each forearm (x-, y-, and z-; to the mediolateral, anteroposterior, and vertical axes). All the data was processed at MATLAB, SPM analyses were implemented with a level of significance set at p . 0.05

RESULTS
The minimal SR was 42.51 and maximal 52.8 C.Min-1.The figure 1 show us the mainly differences are observed on the anteroposterior axis and from 40 to 70% at vertical axis, (end of the push and the beginning of return of the arm)

DISCUSSION
An earlier and faster return of the arms forward is due to the increase in swimming frequency because it is the easiest solution from a motor point of view to reduce cycle time and follow the imposed stroke rate. This SPM may be a new method to analyze the stability and symmetry of the swimming cycle of upper limbs.
Figure 1: (SPM) analysis, i.e., t-statistics (SPM{t}), for the acceleration for forearms x,y,z (right vs. left) for all the stroke rates for the swimming cycle (0% entry of the hand and 100% to the entry of the same hand at the next cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Stoffwechselprofils eines Schwimmers auf die energetischen Beiträge und den möglichen Trainingsreiz beim Intervalltraining - eine in silico Analyse.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085148</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085148</guid>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <author>Tran, C.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tran, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Work to rest ratio in interval training (IT) has been a focus of scientific research in order to understand how different interval training patterns effect energy metabolism and therefore the possible training stimulus2. For example the time spent at >90% of VO2max has shown correlate with improvements of VO2max (X). To our knowledge, little to no information exists how the physiological make up of an athlete effects energetic contribution and possible training stimulus during IT.

METHODS
Two metabolic profiles were compared, both with different VO2max, glycolytic power (VLamax) and Energy demand for 200m freestyle at a speed of 1.82 m/s: Athlete 1 (A1): 85 ml/min/kg, 0.8 mmol/l/s, 4.7 kcal/kg/km; Athlete 2 (A2): 80 ml/min/kg, 0.4 mmol/l/s, 4.3 kcal/kg/km. We compared the kinetics of the muscular energy metabolism for both athletes completing an interval set of: 10x 100m @57s with 13s passive rest, using a computer model (INSCYD.com, Switzerland). The computed possible best time for 200 freestyle for both athletes would be 108s (1.85 m/s).

RESULTS
Both athletes showed similar ratios of aerobic vs. glycolytic energy contribution at the end of the first interval: A1 = 77% vs. 21%, A2 = 76% vs. 22%, but different results for the last interval: A1= 81% vs. 17%; A2=78% vs 14%. Utilization of VO2max increased for both athletes from 1st to 10th interval: A1= 90% to 96%; A2 = 93% to 100%. Utilization of glycolytic power differed significantly between 1st and 10th interval as well as in between athletes: A1= 26% vs. 21%; A2 = 61% vs. 40%.

DISCUSSION
Our analysis show that the percentual energy contribution was similar beside different metabolic profiles of the athletes. However the utilization of the individual maximum aerobic and glycolytic capacity of each athlete changes during the training set and was significant different between both athletes. In between intervals the continuous decrease in muscular pH inhibited the glycolytic pathway, hence shifting energy contribution to aerobic energy supply and increased breakdown of PCr. More important is the more than twofold different in glycolytic stimulus in A1 vs A2. Following the widel appreciated logic that training stimulus can partly be quantified as fractional use of the maximum capacity, the anticipated adaptation of the glycolytic energy system would be significant different between A1 and A2. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines langfristigen Wassergymnastik-Trainings auf die Skelettmuskelmasse älterer Erwachsener: einschließlich der Auswirkungen einer Covid-19-Selbstbeschränkung nach der Trainingsperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085149</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085149</guid>
      <author>Matsui, T.</author>
      <author>Tatsumi, J.</author>
      <author>Fujisawa, T.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>COVID-19</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumi, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujisawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although the effects of long-term aerobic aquatic exercise training on skeletal muscle mass in the older adults are unknown, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aquatic exercise training, which lasted approximately 3 years, compared to land-based exercise. The study also aimed to determine the effects of one year of detraining with COVID-19 disasters. Twenty-two older adults (mean age 70 yrs) in the water exercise training group (WTG) and 18 older adults (mean age 72 yrs) in the land-based group (LTG), who trained in the group for aerobic exercise twice a week fo 45 min each time for about 3 years, were included in this study. Body composition and some physical fitness parameters were measured six times during the training period and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was compared. These measurements were taken again one year after training was terminated due to the COVID-19 infection. Data from those with at least 60% training participation were used in the analysis (WTG: n=20, LTG: n=17). Comparison of the means of each of the six measurements, three in the first half and three in the second half, showed a significant decrease in SMI in the second half of both WTG and LTG compared to the first half (WTG: 6.77±0.89kg/m2 in the first half, 6.69±0.89 kg/m2 in the second half, p<0.05, LTG: first half 6.33±0.73 kg/m2, second half 6.26±0.74 kg/m2, p<0.05). However, due to the COVID-19 disasters after training, only LTG was significantly lower than the second half in the data measured one year later (WTG: 6.68±0.87 kg/m2, LTG: 6.14±0.74 kg/m2, p<0.05). In training of the older adults, when they performed mainly aerobic exercise for approximately 3 years, both water and land exercises showed similar decreases in skeletal muscle mass, but WTG tended to maintain skeletal muscle mass during the period when group training was suspended in the COVID-19 disaster. And in grip strength, which reflects muscle function, WTG also maintained between detraining. Further verification of the factors related to the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass during detraining is needed, but the results suggest that long-term water exercise has advantages over land exercise in the maintenance of muscle mass.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isolierte Testbatterie für den Erwerb von Fertigkeiten im Wasser bei Kindern (6-12 Jahre) im Rahmen des europäischen Alfac-Projekts ("aquatic literacy for all children")</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085150</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085150</guid>
      <author>Martelaer, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorische Lernfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Martelaer, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Aquatic Literacy for All Children (ALFAC) research project investigates aquatic skills, knowledge and psychosocial domains to improve drowning prevention, motor development and a long live involvement in children (6-12y). As a part of the evaluation of aquatic skills acquisition a large-scale test battery was developed. Stallman et al.'s (2017) model describes the fundamental aquatic skills (FAS) to be mastered. Inspired by the work of Stallman et al. (2017), the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (Morgado et al., 2020) and the Assessment of Basic Aquatic Skills (Vogt & Staub, 2020), the ALFAC team selected 10 isolated skills: (1) entry in the water, (2) exiting the water, (3) breathing, (4) treading water, (5) floating on the back, (6) propulsion on the back, (7) propulsion on the belly, (8) submersion, (9) rotation in horizontal body position, (10) rotation in vertical body position.
Researchers also intended to facilitate a competent and confident movement experience in the exciting and diverse water environment. Therefore, the face and content validity and the feasibility in the selection and development of isolated tests was crucial. Tests not adapted to real life situations might lead to frustration and/or a false feeling of security. Therefore, stimulating pleasure and confidence to children discovering the aquatic environment in a safe and fun manner is the path to follow. Special attention was also given to the reality of different technical conditions in swimming pools by choosing the same material to create equal environments in all test sites in different EU partner countries. For example, to tackle the variability in the height of the edge, a standardized floating platform is used. The test battery of the isolated skills has also to be integrated into the complete holistic tool of ALFAC. E.g., the same test items were used for children`s self-perception about the aquatic skills, which is part of the questionnaire. The third and final part will be a `parcours` where the same skills are tested in a playful combination, where children must make individual decisions to stop or continue the challenge while swimming.
Development of the test battery and some first data of the pilot study on the 10 isolated skills in
this EU project will be presented at the conference.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welchen Einfluss hat ein interdisziplinäres Team auf die Schwimmleistung?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085151</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085151</guid>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Successful performances on the world stage are rarely achieved through a small team of a swimming coach and athlete but tend to be supported by experts. These specialists are traditionally in the field of biomechanics, physiology, strength and conditioning, physiotherapy, and nutrition as a minimum. Other disciplines include psychology, medicine, engineering, data science, skill acquisition, performance lifestyle, performance analysis, soft tissue therapy, and management. Generally, these people will specialise in high performance sport and are likely to have completed postgraduate degrees. It is imperative that support staff working within an interdisciplinary team are aware of the current research from both academic and applied settings to ensure that these are considered as part of the performance planning process with the coach and athlete. This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of an interdisciplinary team compared with multidisciplinary teams to provide a holistic approach to improved performances at international competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zur Bedeutung der Dissipation für die Analyse der Effizienz der Hand-Wasser-Interaktion - Auf zu neuen Ufern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085152</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085152</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Ram, V. I. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ram, V. I. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to determine the relevance of the convection during the hand-waterinteraction by quantifying the power during one cycle of an immerged hand in action. It is a first attempt to determine that power, as a wattage, in connection with a convective scale system. Also for the first time a uncommon approach is being pursued namely to determine power usinf merely variables like i) mass mw, i i) l ength of the working path of the hand during breaststroke d_im and iii) duration of the hand-water interaction T_im. To determine the displaced water mass mw the displaced water mass, which has hitherto been known for the Archimedean buoyancy directed towards the waterline, is used. Last but not least, the calculation methods are outlined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität und Reliabilität der Messung der Sauerstoffaufnahme mit der Post-Exercise-Atmungsmethode beim Schwimmen - eine systematische Überprüfung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085153</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085153</guid>
      <author>Degenhardt, K.</author>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Graumnitz, J.</author>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Degenhardt, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graumnitz, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Building on the review of Sousa et al. (2014) there are different methods to measure V.O2 in swimming. Here, the post-exercise gas analysis of the V.O2 is an established method to determine the V.O2 during swimming (V. O2swim). To get valid and reliable values of V.O2swim, the used analysis method is of great importance. Therefore, the objective of this work is to systematically review the validity and reliability of the methods used for post-swim gas analysis.

METHODS
PubMed, SPONET, SPOLIT, Sportdiscuss with full text databases were used for the systematic literature search. Articles were included that addressed the reliability and validity of different methods of post-exercise gas analysis of V. O2 in swimming between 01.01.2012 and 31.03.2023.

RESULTS
From 1206 articles, seven were identified as relevant. Several methods to determine V.O2swim were found: average of the first 20 s (AV20s), linear, exponential, or semi-logarithmic backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 10-30 s, model by Fickfs equation. Depending on the method, the V.O2swim assessed by online measurement can be estimated without significant mean differences by breath-by-breath gas analysis from post-exercise oxygen uptake. Using the model according to the Fick's equation, overestimations are the lowest at 0.1 % - 4.3 % with no significant differences. For BE methods there were some significant differences. Overestimations of V.O2swim were obtained by linear (up to 13.9 %) and semi-logarithmic (up to 20.6 %) BE. The AV20s method underestimates the V.O2swim by up to 8.7 %.

DISCUSSION
Post-exercise breathing can be used to estimate actual oxygen uptake during normal pool swimming. Using the Fickfs equation leads to the best validity and reliability. Due to there are no restrictions for the test protocol or for the swimmer, it is particularly well suited for use in the field. However, difficulties in data collection may arise if even the first breath of the afterload is not recorded. Thus, a well-practiced test procedure is significant for valid and reliable test results. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung von Kennzahlen beim Freistilschwimmen bei unterschiedlichen Belastungen und Atmungsseiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085154</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085154</guid>
      <author>Stamm, A.</author>
      <author>Shlyonsky, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Automatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stamm, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shlyonsky, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
MEMS sensors (IMU`s) are widely available nowadays and tend to be used more often in swimming in the past years (Guignard, Rouard, Chollet, & Seifert, 2017). These sensors have very good measurement capabilities today, but the automatic analysis of the gathered data has not yet been implemented. Our objective is to develop and validate an automatic analysis which can provide the swimmers/coaches with nearly immediate feedback on a smartphone/tablet.

METHODS
A group of x swimmers (18-25 years of age) with different levels of experience were asked to swim two 50m laps at lower (1,500m pace) as well as higher (400m pace) effort levels in an temperature controlled 50m indoor pool. All trials were recorded with a 3-axis accelerometer. In each lap the participants were asked to breathe the first 25m to the right and the second 25m to the left side. The data were process in an automatic way as described by (A. Stamm, 2021).

RESULTS
For each lap, the following metrics were measured for the first and second 25m respectively: left and right arm distance per stroke; left and right average distance per stroke; left and right average velocity; minimum and maximum velocity for each arm; velocity pattern for left and right arm, left and right arm timings. Based on the recorded metrics the analysis was performed considering the breathing side and effectiveness of the strokes. Results have been presented as figures to visualise the findings to coaches and athletes.

DISCUSSION
The initial hypothesis shared among many coaches was that the strokes on the breathing side are longer and more powerful. However, the outcome of this research showed that this is only valid for around 60% of the participants. Other participants showed either shorter strokes, less powerful strokes, or even no influence on their stroke timing nor distance per stroke on their breathing side.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine alternative Beleuchtungsquelle auf Basis von LEDs für PIV-Messungen an Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081737</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081737</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kamera</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz des Qualisys Über- und Unterwassersystems</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081738</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081738</guid>
      <author>Fonseca, P.</author>
      <author>Betzler, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Betzler, N.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Belastungs-Geschwindigkeits-Profiling beim halbangebundenen Schwimmen - mögliche Anwendungen zur Individualisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081739</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081739</guid>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metabolisches Profiling im Schwimmsport - poolbasierte Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Stärken und Schwächen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081740</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081740</guid>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Datenanalysen mit Smart Paddles</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081741</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081741</guid>
      <author>Vitazka, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vitazka, M.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fortgeschrittene Forschungsmethoden der Strömungsdynamik zur Verbesserung der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080720</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080720</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computergestützte Strömungssimulation für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080722</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080722</guid>
      <author>Sato, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
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      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
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      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
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      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>SWUM - Ein numerisches Simulationsprogramm speziell für das Schwimmen </title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080723</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080723</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Computergestützte Strömungsdynamik - Transfer in die Praxis</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080724</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080724</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
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    <item>
      <title>Talentidentifizierung und -entwicklung in Deutschland</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079587</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079587</guid>
      <author>Hoffmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Standardisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einblicke in die Förderung von Talenten im finnischen Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079588</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079588</guid>
      <author>Kalaja, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Finnland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kalaja, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Talentsichtung im Schwimmen ist mehr als "nur" Schwimmen. LVT - Ein Vielseitigkeitstest im Deutschen Schwimmverband</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079589</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079589</guid>
      <author>Altmann, K</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>konditionelle Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vielseitigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
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      <dc:creator>Altmann, K</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Präsentation about the LandesVielseitigkeitsTest - A versatility test in the german swimming federation. 
Take home messages of the presentation:
1. Foster individual development instead of cross-sectional comparison.
2. Take into account several performance requirements instead of only complex swimming performance.
3. For further analyses standardize the implementation and organize a central data organization.
4. Always keep in mind: What is tested is trained!T]]></content:encoded>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Es geht um das Schwimmen! Entwicklung einer deutschen Technikphilosophie für junge Sportler</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079591</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079591</guid>
      <author>Eberhardt, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technikleitbild</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eberhardt, A.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Integration des Sportunterrichts in den Lehrplan einer Eliteschule des Sports im Bundesland Brandenburg</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079592</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079592</guid>
      <author>Drewicke, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>duale Karriere</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drewicke, E.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Unterstützung von Nationalmannschaften durch Zusammenarbeit - eine australische Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078280</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078280</guid>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2022</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Biomechanik-Analyst im Schwimmsport: Ein innovationsgetriebenes Aufgabengebiet </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078281</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078281</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsverbesserung aus paralympischer Sicht - Wie das UK Sport World Class Programm die britischen Paraschwimmer unterstützt</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078282</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078282</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Trainingsbelastung bei aufeinanderfolgenden Wettkämpfen zur Verbesserung der Leistung </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078283</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078283</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>unmittelbare Wettkampfvorbereitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
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    <item>
      <title>Aspekte der Unterstützung von Schwimmteams in Deutschland - Überlegungen vor der Einführung der Sonifikation im Schwimmsport</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078284</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078284</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
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      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
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    </item>
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      <title>Muskelkräftigung zur Vorbeugung der Schwimmerschulter - vor oder nach dem Wassertraining?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077367</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077367</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erforschung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Schulterkraft und technischen Fähigkeiten im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077368</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
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      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Können wir Schulterschmerzen bei Schwimmern vorhersagen, z. B. auf der Grundlage des Schwimmtrainingsumfangs in Kombination mit Risikofaktoren?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077369</guid>
      <author>Feijen, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feijen, S.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Subscapularis-Tendinopathie ist in der Schulter von Leistungsschwimmern weit verbreitet: Eine MRT-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077370</guid>
      <author>Holt, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
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      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirksamkeit von Widerstandstraining an Land und im Wasser auf die Kraft und das Gleichgewicht der Schulterrotatorenmanschette bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077371</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
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      <title>Die Schwimmerschulter: Überlegungen zur Pathophysiologie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077372</guid>
      <author>Sharpe, K. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
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      <dc:creator>Sharpe, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhinderung der Schwimmerschulter durch angemessenen Beginn der wirbelorientierten Handbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077373</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung zur Schwimmerschulter: Schwimmtechnik </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077374</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077374</guid>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
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      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
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      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was können wir über das Schwimmen lernen, wenn wir Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen untersuchen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076669</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076669</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virusinfektionen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076678</guid>
      <author>Wüstenfeld, J.</author>
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      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Infektion</dc:subject>
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    </item>
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      <title>Auswirkungen eines spezifischen Krafttrainings im Schwimmen auf den Strömungswiderstand, die Vortriebsleistung und die Vortriebseffizienz</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065774</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065774</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Yamanaka, D.</author>
      <author>Yotani, K.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamanaka, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yotani, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study aimed to examine the effects of specific resistance training using a fixed push-off point (POP) system on the drag-swimming speed relationship, maximal propulsive power (MPP) and propelling efficiency (ep). Six-teen well-trained male college swimmers (age 20 ± 1 years) were randomized into two groups, a control group (CON, n=8) and a resistance swimming group (RT, n=8). Training and all measurements in this study were performed in arm stroke of front crawl swimming. The training consisted of 10 arm stroke sprints of 25 m with (RT) or without (CON) the POP system, and it was conducted 3 days/week for 5 weeks. The active drag force and MPP were directly measured using measuring active drag (MAD) system. Propelling efficiency was determined according to the method described by Toussaint (1988). After the 5 weeks of training, no significant changes were observed in all variables in CON. In RT, the drag-swimming speed relationship and ep did not change significantly, either. However, MPP increased significantly from 182 W to 207 W (P<0.01) in this group. Furthermore, both the maximal propulsive force (P<0.01) and maximal swimming speed (P<0.01) at which MPP was obtained on MAD system increased significantly in RT. These results revealed that specific resistance swimming using a POP system can improve maximal propulsive power, which suggests that it is a beneficial training method to improve sprint swimming performance. In contrast, this kind of training does not appear to reduce active drag or improving swimming efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitverläufe von Herzfrequenzveränderungen während des apnoischen Eintauchens des Gesichts im Wasser und denen an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065776</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065776</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Hamada, H.</author>
      <author>Murata, M.</author>
      <author>Tamari, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, N.</author>
      <author>Aratani, Y.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamari, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aratani, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study we aimed i) to clarify the time courses of HR changes during apneic facial immersion in water, and ii) to compare them to those observed on land. Six healthy Japanese adult males participated in this study. HR were measured under 4 different conditions on land and in water (Figure1): (1) standing (S-condition), (2) standing with breath-holding (SB-condition), (3) forward bending with breath-holding (FB-condition), and (4) apneic facial immersion (AFI-condition). Each participant immersed his face for 1 minute while standing at leaning forward position on land or in water. In the water condition, the water surface was set at the xiphisternal level. The water temperature for both facial and body immersion were kept at 36 degrees Celsius. HR was calculated from R-R interval of the ECG. In the SB-condition in water, HR decreased within a few seconds right after the onset of breath holding and was stable till to the end of the trial. The patterns of HR changes between on land and in water were different in the FB-condition. The patterns of HR changes in the AFI-condition, were very similar between on land and in water, i.e. decrease -> increase -> decrease -> staying. Our results indicated that time courses of HR changes during apneic facial immersion "in water" is similar to those observed "on land".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainingsorganisation und physiologisches Profil eines 25-km-Freiwasser-Weltmeisters</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065778</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065778</guid>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Aubry, A.</author>
      <author>Merino, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aubry, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Merino, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This case study describes the training of a world champion in open water swimming and some physiological variables over the 20 weeks before his title. Methods: Training volume and intensity were collected by a sport scientist using the coach`s daily reports and tests were performed to measure physiological adaptations. Results: The swimmer presents: VO2peak: 58.5 ml/ min/kg, maximal heart rate: 178 beats per minute, and maximal ventilation: 170 L/min. Weekly training volume was 85 ± 21 km with 12 ± 1 sessions, corresponding to 28 ± 4 hours per week. Training performed at intensities < 2 mmol/L (Z1) was 38.8 ± 7.5% of total training volume, 52.7 ± 7.9% between 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L (Z2) and 8.5 ± 4.2% > 4 mmol/L-1 (Z3). Conclusion: Training volume was higher than volume described in previous reports in elite swimmers. Training intensity showed a model marked by a large part conducted between 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L. Kinematics show a high swim index at this intensity and could explain why the swimmer dedicated a large part of training in Z2. Another finding highlights the speed corresponding to 4 mmol/L as a good endurance indicator.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Sauerstoffaufnahme- und Herzfrequenzverlauf bei Leistungsschwimmern - On- und Off-Kinetik-Reaktion bei Laktatschwellenintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065786</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065786</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Sano, M.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate oxygen up-take (VO2) and heart rate (HR) kinetics during swimming exercise at lactate threshold intensity, and to clarify the association of these parameters with endurance capacity and performance. After previous determination of VO2max, swimming velocity at VO2max (v VO2max) and swimming velocity at lactate threshold (vLT), nine highly trained male swimmers were divided into two groups according to their specialized swimming event: sprint event (SP group) and middle distance (MD group). Participants performed a 12 min swimming exercise in a swimming flume that consisted of 4 min at 70% vLT, 4 min at 100% vLT intensity swimming, and 4 min at 70% vLT. On-kinetics of VO2 and HR were investigated at the commencement of the 100% vLT period, and Off-kinetics were investigated at the second 4 min 70% vLT period. All tests were conducted using the front-crawl swimming style with breath-by-breath and beat-by-beat analysis using specific snorkel (Metaswim, Cortex) and HR monitors (RCX5, Polar), respectively. Mono-exponential functions were utilized to obtain each kinetics variable. The MD group presented significantly shorter time constants of HR On-kinetics than the SP group (SP group at 66.3 ± 21.2 sec vs. MD group at 37.1 ± 5.8 sec, p < .05). HR On-kinetics correlated significantly with endurance performance (v VO2max, r = -0.840, p < 0.01; vLT, r = -0.672, p < 0.05). Statistical differences and correlations were not observed with VO2 kinetics variables. Our results suggest that HR kinetics, but not VO2 kinetics variables are related to endurance capacity at lactate threshold swimming intensity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit im 100-m-Freistilschwimmen der Männer bestätigt die Fairness des Paralympischen Klassifizierungssystems: eine Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065792</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065792</guid>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Correia, R. D. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, R. D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite an increase in popularity of Paralympic sports, there is a lack of studies on these sports, and controversies regarding the classification system for Paralympian swimmers. The Paralympic classification system features 10 classes to provide fair competition for swimmers with a physical disability. The summary of the clean swimming speed (SS) can provide useful information for the classification system in competitive swimming. The aim of this study was to summarize evidence of the fairness of Paralympic categories of male swimmers with a physically disability, focusing on SS in the 100-m front crawl. Multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ISIWeb of Knowledge, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL) were examined for observational studies published until October 2017, on official swimming races. Five studies were found and analyzed (n = 369; national and international level). The random effects model was used for this meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity among the studies was assessed by the inconsistency test (I2) and alfa = 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed with addition of the "class" covariant according to the characteristics of the studies. Bias was analyzed with a forest plot on the OpenMeta[Analyst] software. Increases in SS were related to higher Paralympic classes. Pooling data from all studies and classes, the estimated mean of SS was 1.25 m/s, SD = 0.05 m/s, p < 0.01, I2 = 99%, p < 0.01. The analysis of sub-groups found high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the Paralympic Classification System seems to be fair for the men`s 100-m freestyle events. Assessment of studies by close classes and by groups with many classes together, e.g. S1 - S10, increased the heterogeneity of the analysis. However, further studies are necessary to explain possible inconsistencies in the Paralympic Classification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körper- und Auftriebsschwerpunkt bei körperlich beeinträchtigten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065794</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065794</guid>
      <author>Hohrai, T.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <author>Ohnuma, H.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohrai, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohnuma, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal and transverse axes position of center-of-mass (LCM, TCM) and center-of-buoyancy (LCB, TCB) in physically impaired swimmers. Ten physically impaired elite swimmers participated in this study. The participants lay prone and took a streamlined posture on a customized platform which was held with three tension sensors. During center-of-mass measurement, the participants and the platform were held above the water. Subsequently, center-of-buoyancy was measured, while the participant`s body and the platform were totally submerged under the water. The participants maintained the same posture during center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy measurements. During the measurement of center-of-buoyancy, the participants used a snorkel and continued breathing. The measurement was carried out for one minute. Center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy were calculated using the values from the tension sensors. Because center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy changes with breathing, the data for a period of three ventilation cycles was averaged and analyzed. In nine out of ten participants, LCB was located superior to LCM. This result was similar to that reported for non-disabled swimmers in other studies. However, the distance between LCB and LCM was closer in the lower limb amputee participants than in the upper limb amputee participants. In paralyzed participants, the distance between LCB and LCM did not seem to correlate with the part of paralysis. The body part of amputation or paralysis did not show a consistent effect on TCM and TCB.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Simulation des Armzugs im Freistilschwimmen bei Sportlern mit beidseitiger Oberschenkelamputation</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:34:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065795</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065795</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, R.</author>
      <author>Nemoto, C.</author>
      <author>Kishimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemoto, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kishimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For competitive swimmers with a physical disability, the ideal stroke for crawl swimming has not yet been clarified, and it may be different from that of able-bodied swimmers because of differences in body structure. The objective of this study was to solve computationally the fastest arm stroke of crawl swimming for swimmers with bilateral transfemoral amputation, and to investigate the features of the optimal stroke. The optimal stroke was obtained by the optimization method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the swimming human simulation model (SWUM). In this method, the design variables were the joint angles of the upper limbs, and the objective function was to maximize swimming speed. The optimal stroke was obtained for each stroke cycle of 0.8 s to 1.5 s with increments of 0.1 s. In addition, it was also obtained for several palmar flexion angles of the wrist at the catch phase. The fastest stroke was obtained when the stroke cycle was 1.0 s and the palmar flexion angle was 35 degrees. For short stroke cycles, the optimal stroke was the motion pulling and pushing the water near the mid-line of the trunk. For long stroke cycles, the optimal stroke was the motion pushing the water toward the outside of the trunk. In both strokes, the water was pulled and pushed shallowly. Possible reason for these features was that the optimal strokes were the solutions to reduce the torque which sinks the lower body and to stabilize the posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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