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    <item>
      <title>Verbessert ein vierwöchiges Training der Einfachreaktionszeit die Startleistung im Schwimmenr?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032611</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032611</guid>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Kazarine, L.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazarine, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Start performance, as defined by time to 15-m, has been used as an indicator of overall performance in sprint swimming. However, there is limited information regarding the key time to response to start (RT) that influence swimming start performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RT training on start performance in sprint swimming trials. 
Methods: Eight male French national sprint swimmers (17.5±0.9years, 174.0±0.1cm, 65.6±10.4kg) performed, before and after 4 weeks of training, 3 repetitions of squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and start on swimming start block on a Microgate Optojump optical measurement system. Short-term training session consisted to plyometric session associated to 3 days a week, a swimming start training based on simple reaction time with different stimuli: visual, auditory, combined (visual and auditory). 
Results: Pearson correlation revealed time to perform 15-m was inversely related with height performance in SJ (r=-0.82, p=0.013) and CMJ (r=-0.85, p=0.007) after but not before training (SJ: r=- 0.61, p=0.111; CMJ: r=-0.60, p=0.113). Time to perform 15-m was significantly related toRT measured on the block during auditory swimming start before (r=0.89, p=0.019) and after training session (r=0.83, p=0.022). No significant relationship was found between the change in RT and the difference in the time to perform 15-m with training (r=0.61, p=0.109). Finally, there was no significant change in 15-m swimming start (before training: 6.81±0.56s vs. after training: 6. 74±0.50s) with a small Effect size (Cohen's d: 0.13). 
Conclusion: This study provides start training with stimuli associated to plyometric training induced neuromuscular adaptations rather than strength improvement, which was directly transferable in swimming start condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenspiel der kritischen Geschwindigkeit und der anerboen Leistungsfähigkeit und deren Beziehung zur Wettkampfleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032610</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032610</guid>
      <author>Mitchell, L. J.</author>
      <author>Rattray, B.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P. U.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rattray, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P. U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: While critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic distance capacity (ADC) have been measured in swimming for many years, the relationship between these two measures of performance capacity, as well as their relationship to competition performance, has not been thoroughly detailed. 
Methods: National level junior swimmers (22 males, 26 females, age= 15.8 ± 1.2 y; mean± SD) completed a 400 m, 200 m and 100 m freestyle maximal effort time trial on consecutive days. A subgroup of 22 athletes (8 males, 14 females) also completed four 25 m maximal freestyle efforts, from which the fastest effort was recorded. Critical velocity was measured as the slope of the regression line for the three maximal effort time trials, and the ADC was established as the intercept of this line and they-axis. Competition performance within 3 months prior to CV testing was compiled and expressed relative to the world record (WR). The swimmers' best event was the race for which they were closest to WR. 
Results: Critical velocity and ADC were negatively correlated (p < 0.001) for both male (r = -0.75, -0.88
to -0.54; r-value, 90% confidence interval) and female (r = -0.72,-0.52 to -0.85) swimmers. In the freestyle sub-group, the ADC and fastest 25m performance were also highly negatively correlated (p < 0.01) for both males (r = -0.96, -0.82 to -0.99) and females (r = -0.72, -0.38 to -0.89). Across both male and female athletes a 5 m higher ADC corresponded to a decrease in CV of 0.05 m/s . Female swimmers whose preference was a 400 m event had 6.1 to 8.5% faster CV values when compared to all other distances, the same was found for male 1500 m swimmers compared to male 100 m swimmers, 7.1% faster. Critical velocity was also significantly correlated with competition performance regardless of stroke or distance for males (r = -0.59, -0.79 to -0.29), and for performance in 200 m events regardless of stroke for females (Spearman's rho= -0.49,-0.75 to -0.07, p < 0.05, n =20). Female swimmers also had a significant negative correlation between ADC and 100 m performance regardless of stroke (r = -0.50, -0.73 to -0.16, p < 0.05, n = 21). 
Conclusions: The moderate negative relationship between CV and ADC fits well with the conventional notion that swimmers often exhibit either an aerobic or anaerobic orientation. While both systems can be improved with training, different swimmers often focus on one system, potentially to the detriment of the development of the other. The CV-ADC relationship may provide insight into the potential effects of having an excessive focus on one energy system in training. lt appears junior male freestyle swimmers exploit their anaerobic capacity to a greater degree than junior female swimmers over 25 m. Critical velocity and ADC are also related to 100 m competition performance, further strengthening the case for their use in the monitoring of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilotstudie zum Beitrag von Armzug und Beinschlag an der Freistilschwimmgeschwindigkeit sowie der Steuerung der Armzug- und Beinschlagfrequenz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032609</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032609</guid>
      <author>Morris, K. S.</author>
      <author>Skinner, T. L.</author>
      <author>Jenkins, D. G.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morris, K. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner, T. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jenkins, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During maximal freestyle swimming it is generally accepted within the literature that the arms contribute approximately 90% to the total swimming velocity in elite swimmers [1, 2]. This contribution has also been shown to be valid irrespective of swimming ability [3]. While some authors have taken this finding to imply that the leg kick contributes to only 10% of the velocity [4, 5], others have found that, when swimming with the leg kick only, swimmers can achieve approximately 60-65% of the velocity attained during whole body swimming [3]. Thus, when the reported contribution of the arms (~90%) is summed with the contribution of the legs (~60%), the result far exceeds the velocity achieved during whole body swimming (100%). Previous research has also investigated the contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick to whole body energy expenditure. In studies where the anaerobic and aerobic capacities of arm stroke, leg kick and whole body freestyle swimming have been measured, the summation of arm stroke and leg kick energy expenditure have exceeded the total energy expenditure observed in whole body swimming [6-8]. Authors have suggested that synergistic stabilising muscles (e.g. trunk muscles) could be active in both the arms only and legs only trials. As a result, these muscles require 0 2 in both instances and this energy overlap when summing the VO2 values from arms only and legs only trials is not accounted for in whole body swimming. While this may be true, the difference between whole body swimming VO2 and the sum of the VO2 of arms only and legs only swimming is too great to be solely attributed to the double-up of the VO2 requirements of the synergistic stabilising muscle groups [6]. Possible reasons for the discrepancy in previous findings could relate to the lack of measurement and control over stroke and kick rate across trials, as these parameters can influence swimming velocity as well as metabolic cost [5, 9]. If a swimmer's stroke rate in the arms only trial exceeds that attained in the whole stroke trial, the swimmer is likely to achieve a higher velocity with higher energy expenditure compared to what would be observed if the stroke rate of the arms only trial matched that of the whole stroke trial. Allowing participants to swim the whole stroke trial, and the arms only and legs only trials with varying stroke and kick rate means that the internal mechanical power and metabolic demands are bound to exceed 100% when summed together. The contribution of the arm stroke and leg kick to swimming velocity, and the associated energy expenditure, while controlling for stroke and kick rate, is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine the contribution of the legs and arms to velocity in submaximal, steady-state freestyle swimming while controlling stroke and kick rate, and 2) determine the metabolic cost associated with whole stroke, arm stroke only and kick only freestyle swimming. A comprehensive understanding of the contribution of the upper and lower limbs to swimming velocity and metabolic cost will inform training prescription, with the aim of decreasing the metabolic costs associated with these movements while increasing the velocity contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einen Sprintintervalltrainings auf die metabolischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032608</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032608</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Nagira, A.</author>
      <author>Yotani, K.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nagira, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yotani, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of very high-intensity, low-volume, sprint interval training (SIT) on metabolic, mechanical characteristics and swimming performance. Eleven well-trained college swimmers (male n=6; female n=5; age 20±1 yrs) performed SIT twice/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks in swimming flume. The SIT consisted of five 5 s bouts at an intensity which cause exhaustion in around 10 s (~250%VO2max) with a 10 s rest between each bout. Before and after the training period, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), swimming economy, drag-swimming speed relationship and maximal propulsive power (MPP) were determined. Furthermore, a swimming record on 50m freestyle event was determined. No significant changes were found in swimming economy and drag-swimming speed relationship. On the other hand, VO2max, MAOD, and MPP increased significantly (P<0.05). Consequently, the swimming record on 50m freestyle event was significantly improved (P<0.01). These results revealed that the SIT used in this study can enhance MPP as well as VO2max and MAOD, and consequently improve sprint swimming performance even in well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Führen verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung der aeroben Leistungsfähigkeit zu einheitlichen biomechanischen Parametern?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032607</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032607</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Pimenta, R. A.</author>
      <author>Leao, H. F. P.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pimenta, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leao, H. F. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Monitoring the swimming training process requires reliable methods for aerobic capacity evaluation. There are different methods available in literature, eventually providing similar feedback regarding swimming velocity and blood [La-]. Nevertheless, a given swimming velocity can be achieved through different stroke rate and stroke length relationship. Indeed, different adjustments in the biomechanical parameters can interfere with swimming efficiency, which is a major determining factor of swimming performance. Thus, for training prescription, it is important to determine the best individual swimming velocity for aerobic capacity potentiation, but also the biomechanical determining factors characteristic of that particular intensity. Therefore, this study aimed to compare swimming biomechanical parameters and velocity (v) obtained by the goldstandard method, i.e. the maximal lactate steady state test (MLSS), and those obtained from the main and most common methods employed to evaluate aerobic capacity in swimming training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen dem Plateau der Sauerstoffaufnahme und der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle bei Ausdauerschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032606</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032606</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Dalamitros, A.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A. C.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dalamitros, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) has been proposed as a valid index for the objective estimation of cardiopulmonary function during submaximallaboratory testing (Baba et al. 1996). OUES is strongly correlated with maximal oxygen uptake (V0 2max) and has been observed to reach its highest and leveling off values (plateau-OUEP) near the anaerobic threshold (AT) in patients with cardiorespiratory disease and normal subjects (Sun, Hansen & Stringer 2012). However, OUES and OUEP have never been studied in highly trained athletes, particularly swimmers. The purpose of this study was to compare the velocity and oxygen uptake efficiency (QUE) values obtained during OUEP and individual anaerobic threshold (!AnT) in well trained swimmers. 
Methods: Eight female endurance swimmers (17.5 ± 1.9 yrs, 1.71 ± 0.06 m, 62.1 ± 6.2 kg) performed an intermittent incremental swimming step test (7 x 200 m, with increments of 0.05 m/s and 30 s intervals). OUES was calculated by the ratio of oxygen uptake and minute ventilation. The IAnT was determined by the velocity vs. lactate curve modeling method. ANOVA for repeated measures and regression analysis were performed to test differences between methods {p<0.05). 
Results: Similar velocity (1.20 ± 0.05 vs. 1.22 ± 0.05 m/s ) and OUE values (43.9 ± 5.83 vs. 42.9 ± 5.8
ml V02.L VE- 1) were obtained during OUEP and IAnT calculated intensities, respectively. Regarding the Passing & Bablok regression analysis and the Pearson's coefficient of determination, velocity (Intercept A= -0.096, Slope B= 1.071, R2= 0.638, p<0.017) and OUE values (Intercept A= -5.360, Slope B= 1.154, R2= 0.875, p<0.001) obtained both at the OUEP and at the IAnT were highly correlated. 
Conclusion: These findings suggest that OUEP has a practical application in swimming as a noninvasive submaximal index closely related to the IAnT in well-trained female endurance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanisches Profil des Armzugs und Schwimmökonomie während eines progessiven Tests der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032605</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032605</guid>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: The relationshipsofdistance per stroke (Os) and stroke rate (SR) with velocity (v)progression,over a range of swimming intensities within aerobic energy supply, did not evidence how Ds and SR slopes (Ds51ope and SRslope' as well as, the crossing point (Cp) between them)change their profiles during maximal aerobic test, and what is the parameter of endurance capacity (among gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen uptake (V0 2 max), and economy (e)) that correlates better to these changes.
Purpose: the aimed was to highlight the physiological responses associated to Ds and SR changes as swimming velocity increases. Even, analyze if Ds and SR are reliable indices to the control of training and/or improvements in aerobic pace.
Methods: Nine subjects performed a continuous incremental test (300m per stage) until volitional exhaustion. Eachstagewas designed by percentages of the maximal crawl velocity in 400m (%v400). VO2max, GET and RCP were examined. The velocities corresponding to VO2 max (vVO2 max), GET (vGET) and RCP (vRCP) were identified. SR was determined from the time taking to complete three strokes. Ds was calculated from equation v = Ds x SR. A second order polynomial function was applied to adjust Ds (y) and SR (y) to v and VO2 (x). The slopes were determined in x (-b/2a) and y (-D/4a, where D = b2-4ac) given vDsslope' vSRslope' VO2DSslope' and VO2SR, slope· The v and VO2 at Cp (vCp and VO2Cp) were determined from the intersection point of the adjusted algorithms. VO2 (y) and v (x) was adjusted from a power function (f(y) = xn). Economy was quantified at vDs,slope, vSR, 1ope' and vCp by means of VO2 and the caloric coefficient for VO2 (20.1kJ).
Results: Taking values of VO2max (4458 ± 645 ml/min ) as reference of maximal aerobic rate pace, GET and RCP were locating at 63 and 77% of VO2max, and VO2Cp, VO2 Ds, slope and VO2SR, 1opewere observed to be located at 122%, 68% and 49% of VO2 max, respectively. These results mean that swimming intensity paced by V=2Cp would require great anaerobic demand, since it was located above aerobic maximal rate pace, and that VO2 Ds,1opeand VO2SR, 1ope are reliable indexes of aerobic pace, but they could not be used interchangeable. VO2Ds,1opeseems to be appropriated to develop endurance capacity, since it located swimming intensity in heavy domain of exercise, while VO2SRslopeparameterises the moderate domains of exercise, which is better applied between high intensity sections of training or to pace active rest. The economy from expected VO2 at vDs, slope (0.84 ± 0.18kJ/m
) and vSRslope (0.68 ± 0.16kJ/m ) evidenced correlations with GET (r = 0.76 and 0.70, respectively), but at vCp (1.13 ± 0.19kJ/m
) none correlations were observed. 
Conclusions: Thus, Ds and SR showed an independent turn point profile for VO2 response, as swimming velocity increases. Moreover, Ds and SR influenced better the swimming velocity at GET than at RCP, showing that GET is the metabolic reference beyond which stroke profile could not ensure an economic pace.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostik der spezifischen Belastbarkeit und Bestimmung der Anpassung an Trainingsbelastungen während der Saison von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032604</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032604</guid>
      <author>Petriaev, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petriaev, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regular evaluation of functional diagnostics tests is needed in order to increase the efficiency of active control in the process of monitoring of functional state of the swimmer, and the tests must be conducted in circumstances specific for the precise type of sport. At the same time the specifics of muscular activity and the orientation of the training process are defining the features of the diagnostics of functional state of the swimmers, which is, in turn, oriented to control the adaptation processes of those systems and functions of the swimmer's body that are principal for swimming in open water. The bio-energetic potential is a key factor for achieving high results for swimmers who compete on long and very long distances. E. Maglischo's 'Swimming fastest' is going through the issue of evaluation the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of swimmers in detail. Around 10 methods are given to individually estimate the aerobic and anaerobic threshold using the invasive procedure of measuring the blood lactate and it is pointed out that each of them we can use for the gathered data correlates well with aerobic efficiency of swimmers [1]. Nevertheless, the static values of lactate are also used in training practice as they allow to trace the dynamics of the bio-energetic potential of the swimmer via standard protocol which allows us to evaluate the quality of work objectively over the year. The aim of this study was to design a method for diagnostics of specific working capability of swimmers in open water with a specific competitive activities]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Messgeräts zur Bestimmung der horizontalen Geschwindigkeit von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032603</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032603</guid>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, the athlete's performance is reflected by swimming speed. Unfortunately, this measurement remains difficult due to the specific constraints of testing in an aquatic environment. Either the method constrains the task that can be analysed (only one length can be swum when using speedometers; Craig, Term in & Pendergast 2006; Schnitzler et al. 2010) or the method, that offers greater flexibility, is complex, time-consuming and/or can not guarantee acquisition of all desirable data (such as bubbles around the swimmer's body and line-of-sight difficulties in the case of video based systems; Callaway, Cobb & Jones 2009; Puel et al. 2012). Technological advances however, that overcome these concerns are beginning to change the way we measure (and in turn perceive) athletic performance. The past twenty years has seen the increasing use of inertial measurement units in the study of human movements (Cuesta-Vargas, Galan-Mercant & Williams 2010) and sports biomechanics, including swimming (Ohgi 2002; Dadashi et al. 2011; Stamm et al. 2011), especially as these systems becoming more financially feasible (Mayagoitia, Nene, Neltink 2002). The aim of this study was to validate an inertial measurement unit prototype specifically designed for swimmer movement analysis (CIREN, Actris, Brest, France; Figure 1), against current gold standards for estimating rotational spees, translational accelerations and longitudinal speed of the swimmer relative to a global reference frame.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Höhentraining erhöht die Leistung von Schwimmern: Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Untersuchung mit vier parallelen Gruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032602</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032602</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <author>Calderon, C.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Barrero, A.</author>
      <author>Wachsmuth, N. B.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calderon, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wachsmuth, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Based on available scientific literature, training at natural altitude has failed so far to prove useful for the enhancement of sea level performance in swimmers 1, 2. This controlled nonrandomised four parallel groups trial examined the effects on performance, oxygen transport and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmassl of four training interventions: terrestrial living high-training high for 3 or 4 weeks (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high-training high/low (Hi-Hilo), and living and training at sea level for 4 weeks (Lo-Lo). 
Methods: From 65 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed sea-level time trials over 50 and 400 m front crawl (TTSO, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (non-sprinters) at best personal stroke (TT100/TT200). VO2max was measured on an incremental 4x200-m front crawl test. Training load was estimated using TRIMP and session RPE assessment. Initial performance and measures (PRE) were repeated immediately after the camp (POST) and once weekly on return to SL during 4 weeks. tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once a week during the camp. Intervention effects were analysed using mixed linear modelling. 
Results: TI100 or TT200 improved by ~3.5% regardless of living or training at sea level or at altitude, but Hi-Hilo improved more two (5.3±1.6%) and four weeks (6.3±1.9%) after the intervention as compared to the other groups. Hi-Hilo and Hi-Hi improved more in TI400 (4.6±1.4% and 3.3±1.4%, respectively). There were no changes in VO2max in any of the groups after the intervention. tHbmass increased in Hi-Hi (6.2±2.6%) and Hi-Hi3 (3.8±5.6%), whereas no significant changes were noted in HiHila (1.3±4.3%). 
Conclusions: Hi-Hilo is an effective strategy to enhance performance in elite swimmers over a range of distances, clearly exceeding the smallest worthwhile enhancement effect for Olympic-standard swimmers (0.8-1%) 3 . This substantial performance improvement was not linked to changes in VO2max or tHbmass, hence could not be attributed to enhanced oxygen transport capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer subakuten moderaten Hypoxie auf die Leistung, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme und Zugkinematik in 50- bis 400-m-Rennen bei Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032601</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032601</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Mercade, J. J.</author>
      <author>Argüelles, J.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <author>Calderon, C.</author>
      <author>Barrero, A.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Argüelles, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calderon, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Exposure to moderate hypoxia negatively impacts many physiological responses to maximal exercise (e.g. decreased cardiac output and muscle recruitment, increased cost of ventilation) and impairs aerobic performance, whereas short duration, anaerobic exercise is not much affected. The effect of acute hypoxia on physiological and technical performance in swimmers has been investigated during submaximal 1 but not during maximal swimming exercise. We analysed the effects of subacute exposure to moderate altitude within a range of distances on maximal swimming performance, peak V02 and stroke kinematics in elite swimmers.
Method: Nine elite swimmers (8 M, 1 F) performed an incremental 4x200 m front crawl test (T4x200) for VO2max· On separate days, they performed time trials in a 50-m indoor pool: 50 and 400 m front crawl (TT50, TT400) and 200 m at best personal stroke (TT200). They were tested both under normoxic (NORM) and hypoxic conditions (HYPO) -72 h after arrival to an altitude of 2,320 m (CAR Sierra Nevada, Spain). Respiratory gases were collected breath-by-breath for 1 to 3 min during the immediate recovery. Peak V02 was taken as the first post-exercise 20-s average. Swim trials were video recorded with 3 lateral cameras (50Hz), 2 placed underwater and 1 outside the water. Final time (t) and 3-cycle stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) were assessed on each trial. Differences in peak V02 measured in the different tests were assessed using AN OVA for repeated measures. Differences between NORM and HYPO were assessed using the two-tailed paired t-test (P<0.05 for significance).
Results: Under NORM conditions, there were no significant differences between VO2max (3,555 ± 827 ml/min) and VO2peak measured at TT50 (3,246 ± 732 ml/min) TT200 (3,341 ± 766), or TT400 (3,331 ±648) (P=0.25). Under HYPO conditions, there were no differences in V02peak measured at TT50 (2,955± 501 ml/min), TT200 (2,921 ± 524), or TT400 (2,856 ± 476) (P=0.59). When comparing measurements under NORM and HYPO conditions, there were not differences in TT50 in any of the parameters. In contrast, in TT200 and TT400 there was a decrease in performance (2.9 ± 1.6% and 1.2± 1.2%, respectively, mean ± SD), peak V02 (12 ± 6% and 14 ± 10%), and SI (4.1 ± 3.8% and 5.8 ± 3.0%). 
Conclusions: Acute exposure to moderate altitude (2,320 m) does not affect sprinting ability (-30 s), whereas it impairs middle-distance performance (-2-5 min), VO2peakl and stroking efficiency, likely as a consequence of early fatigue caused by centrally-limited 0 2 delivery to the exercising muscles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktatwerte und Ergebnisse in 100-m-Freistilwettkämpfen von jugendlichen Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032600</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032600</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Lampadari, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lampadari, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was: a) the correlation between lactate parameters and lOOm freestyle results and b) differences between blood lactate recovery parameters between genders in youth swimmers. The sample of this study consisted of 20 swimmers, of them 10 were male of age=16±1 y, height 180±5 cm and mass70±8 kg and 10 were female of Age=16±0.5 y, height=168±7 cm and mass=59±5 kg. Subjects performed lOOm freestyle with maximum intensity (100VEL). Performance time was recorded and heart rate (HR) recorded after the test. For the determination of maximum accumulation of lactic acid (laMAX), blood capillary samples were taken in 3rd, 5th and 7th m in postexercise. The results of this study showed that there is statistical significant relationship between 100vEL and timecourse of blood lactate recovery parameters as predictor variables at R2 adi = 0.97, Standard Error = 0.68, p = 0.000. Statistically significant differences between male and female swimmers was only found at: t_laMAX- t=1.982, p=0.039 (347.4±72.4 vs 261.8±87.2 sec for male and female swimmers to reach Mac lactate, respectively).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übereinstimmende Validität eines neuen Models zur Abschätzung der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme auf Grundlage von Messungen der Herzfrequenzkinetik nach Belastungen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032599</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032599</guid>
      <author>Schuller, T.</author>
      <author>Hoffmann, U.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schuller, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmann, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: We aimed to assess the validity of a mathematical model based on heart rate (HR) and post-exercise VOz measurements for estimating peak VO2 at the end of a swimming exercise. Its physiological rationale relies on the assumption that during the immediate recovery the systolic volume and the arterio-venous O2 difference remain practically constant for a certain period. According to Fick's principle, this leaves HR as the main parameter for changes in VO2. 
Method: 34 elite swimmers performed 3x200 m at increasing sub-maximal speeds, followed by a maximal 200 m swim. VO2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyser (K4 b2, Cosmed) connected to the swimmer by a respiratory snorkel. HR was measured from RR intervals (CardioSwim, Freelap). Data were time aligned and 1-s interpolated. Exercise V02 was the average of the last 20 s during the swim [VO2(end)L and recovery VO2 was the post-exercise first 20 s average [VO2(0-20)]. The model calculates a virtual VOz at time (t) of recovery [vV02(t)t using the quotient between the peak HR during the last 10 s of the swim [HR(O)] and the 1-s interpolated value at (t) [(HR(tn multiplied by the 1-s interpolated VO2value at (t) [VO2(t)], resulting in: vVOz(t) = HR(O) I HR(t) · VO2(t). Average vV02 values were calculated for different time intervals and compared to measured exercise VO2 values (RM-ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, *p< 0.05). Mean differences (mean~) and Pearson's coefficient of determination (R2 ) were also calculated. 
Results: Peak VO2 at the last 20 s during exercise (3547± SD 692 ml/min) was different from VO2(0- 20) (3431 ± 685) (mean diff. -116, 3.3%, p= 0.001). All virtual VO2 values were highly correlated with (R 2 = 0.86 to 0.96, p<O.oon and not different from VO2 (end). Best estimates (mean diff.<0.5%} were • 2 • 2 delivered by vVO2(0-20) (3564 ± 698, R = 0.96, SEE= 120) and vVO2(5-20) (3559 ± 705, R = 0.94, SEE=121). 
Conclusions: The difference between peak VO2 at the end of the exercise and during the immediate recovery pinpoints the inaccuracy of the 20-s recovery method of estimation and supports the need for the model. The lack of significant differences and high correlation between measured peak VO2 and estimated post-exercise vVO2 support its basic physiologica I assumption. In conclusion, the proposed mathematical model for estimating peakVO2, which couples and takes into account both HR and VO2 off-kinetics, provides valid and accurate results, while allowing the subjects to swim completely unimpeded and avoiding the uncertainty of the backward extrapolation method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Methoden zur Zusammenfassung der Trainingsbelastung in Prognosemodellen der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032598</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032598</guid>
      <author>Scordia, C.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scordia, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Training quantifications are valuable for monitoring and prescribing elite swimmers' training and are indispensable in mathematical models that attempt to accurately predict performance. Modelling the association of training with performance raises an important issue: how should we account for volumes at different training intensities? Mujika et al. (1996) constructed a training load by adding weighted (by a priori constants representing energetic intensities) volumes from each intensity. Avalos et al. (2003) computed a training load as the sum of normalised training intensities. Here we compared the predictive accuracy of these methods to others based on: a/ alternative normalisations, b/ summary scores derived from data, and c/ machine learning techniques, with recognised predictive qualities, such as PLS. 
Methods: Training volumes at eight intensity levels (in kilometres and minutes per week, for in-water and dry-land workouts, respectively) and performances in competition of 138 professional French swimmers were collected during 20 seasons. Training intensities were determined using measurements of blood lactate concentrations. We assumed that swimmers may react differently to the same training and over time, thus we used mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, age, swimming distance and event specialty. The comparison criterion was the cross-validated prediction error.
Results: Summary scores for three training loads (low-intensity/high-intensity/dry-land workouts) with data derived weights showed the best results (mean cross-validated prediction error± SD were 0.60±0.89, 0.50±0.62 and 0.10±0.19 for sprint, mid- and long-distances, respectively). However, crossvalidated prediction errors were close relative to their variances, which were high. 
Conclusions: The use of complex machine learning techniques did not lead to more accuracy in predicting performance. Although data derived scores showed the lowest prediction error, the statistical variability was too high for being conclusive. A possible explanation is that the lactate sensitivity to extraneous factors (mode of exercise, technique quality of training, diet or sleep quality prior to test) and the subject-specific variations in lactate thresholds introduce not negligible measurement error. As practical recommendation, we suggest completing lactate measurements with athlete/coach questionnaires to better assess the physiological stress associated with the training load. Also, errors-in-variables models might be more appropriated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Körperzusammensetzung und Wettkampfleistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032597</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032597</guid>
      <author>Shephard, M. E.</author>
      <author>Pritchard-Peschek, K. R.</author>
      <author>Skinner T. L.</author>
      <author>Bolam, K. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pritchard-Peschek, K. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner T. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolam, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, a multitude of physical, physiological, biomechanical and psychological parameters influence performance. While body composition is believed to be an important contributor to performance in swimming, with some coaches placing a strong emphasis on it during the training preparation phase, previous research is limited and inconclusive (Stager 1984; Siders et al. 1993; Carter & Ackland 1994; Anderson et al. 2008). Anthropometrical data of swimmers competing in the 1991 World Championships reported the best swimmers in all strokes were taller and had longer limb lengths (Carter & Ackland 1994). In that study the best performers in most strokes also had lower proportional skinfold thicknesses (Carter & Ackland 1994). In comparison to elite athletic groups in other sports such as running however, swimmers appear to have higher levels of body fat (Thorland et al. 1983). A study of adolescent female swimmers reported that while the faster swimmers had greater fat-free mass, there was no difference in body fat measurements compared with the slower swimmers (Stager et al. 1984). lt has been previously suggested that a certain level of body fat may be useful for swimmers, enhancing buoyancy and body position in the water, or by providing rounded body surfaces which are more favourable for streamlining with less drag characteristics (Stager et al. 1984; Bixler 2005).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinetik der Sauerstoffaufnahme und biomechanisches Verhalten bei verschiedenen Prozentanteilen der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032596</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032596</guid>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Cascais, C.</author>
      <author>Pelarigo, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cascais, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sustaining exercise beyond a few seconds depends upon the appropriate supply and utilisation of oxygen (Jones and Poole 2005). However, the kinetics of oxygen uptake (V02 ) response to exercise depends on its intensity, being described three main exercise intensities- moderate, heavy and severe (Gaesser and Poole 1996)-and more recently, a fourth much less studied one- extreme (Hill et al. 2002). The V02kinetics at moderate and heavy exercise intensities is well documented in the literature, namely in treadmill running and cycle ergometer exercise (Sousa et al. 2011b; Burnley and Jones 2007). To date, the investigation of V02 kinetics in swimming has been limited either by the use of specific competitive distances (Rodriguez et al. 2003; Sousa et al. 2011b; Sousa et al. 2011a) or by presenting the V02 slow component as the only kinetic parameter of the V02 response (Demarie et al. 2001; Fernandes et al. 2003). The purpose of this study was to compare the V02kinetics and biomechanical responses in three time to exhaustion exercises from rest to different percentages of maximal oxygen uptake (V02max) intensity- 95, 100 and 105%.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Sauerstoffaufnahme mittels rückwärts gerichteter Extrapolation in 200, 400, 800 und 1500 m Kraulschwimmen jugendlicher Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032595</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032595</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Lopes, A. L.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Engelmann, L.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engelmann, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare oxygen consumption (V0 2 ) responses assessed by backward extrapolation after 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m in youth swimmers. V02 in the 400 m was greater than all other distances, with enough time and intensity for the swimmers to achieve V02max at the end of the 400 m maximal effort. Although less accurate and precise, backward extrapolation technique was confirmed to be attractive and able to identify similar V02 values to those obtained during swimming with direct assessment methods.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Laktatwerte von jugendlichen Schwimmern: Umfang und Zeitintervall zur Messung nach 50-1500 m maximaler Belastung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032594</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032594</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Lopes, A. L.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>da Silva, L. M.</author>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Silva, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare lactate peak and area under the curve lactate-time (AUC) values at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m maximal efforts in youth swimmers performing front crawl. Twelve {eight males and four females) youth swimmers {15.6 ± 0.9 years old, 63.0 ± 7.2 kg body mass, 1.75 ± 0.08 m height, and 1.81 ± 0.10 m arm span) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol involved the performance in a randomised order of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500 m allout effort (24h interval). Capillary blood samples (~25 ~I) for blood lactate concentration ((La]) analysis were collected after 10 min rest (Rest), after warm-up (Pre) and during the recovery period (1, 3, 5 and 7 min, [La]peakl after each event (50-1500 m) using Accutrend Plus (Roche®). AUC of [La] was calculated by the trapezoidal mathematical method, i.e., the sum of trapezoid areas AUC of [La] was expressed as percentage difference between each distance, with 50 being 100%. The highest [La] observed in 100 and 200 m indicates the high glycolitic contribution between 50-1500 events. Factorial AN OVA found no difference between [La]peak of 100 and 200 m, but AUC showed difference of+ 3% between 100 and 200m. Area under the curve (AUC) of [La] may be applied in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der konditionellen Komponenten der Schwimmmanschaften bei der japanischen Universiade</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032593</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032593</guid>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Kato, T.</author>
      <author>Koizumi, K.</author>
      <author>Kaneoka, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>konditionelle Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koizumi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneoka, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most injuries occurring in competitive swimmers are caused by overuse. Some studies have reported injuries in competitive swimmers. In Japan, Muto et al. conducted medical checkups for national team swimmers who participated in the 1990 Asian games. They reported that 68.8% of swimmers had injuries and that the low back region was the most frequently affected body part (1992, Written in Japanese). In addition, 56.1% of swimmers who participated in the 2008 Olympic games had injuries, with the low back region being the most frequently affected. In contrast, injury survey reports for the national swimming team of the United States have mentioned that approximately 70% of national team swimmers had shoulder girdle injury and that 57% of swimmers who participated in the world championship games had shoulder girdle injurll2 l. Thus, the prevalence of injury and the injured parts are different even among top swimmers. This discrepancy may be caused by the differences in the support system of each country. The Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS) and the National Training Center (NTC) were established as centers for sports sciences, sports medicine, and information. The JISS promotes research activities and provides support for athletes and sports instructors, in cooperation with the Japanese Olympic Committee, sports federations, universities, and sports research institutions and organisations. The NTC is also a base for strengthening the performance of top-level athletes, enabling them to undergo intensive continuous training. The national swimming team also uses the facilities and support systems of JISS and NTC. Since 2001, the national swimming team has performed training camps at the JISS and NTC to improve competitive level and conditioning. These efforts help to not only improve competitive level but also prevent injury in swimmers. Because of these support activities, the incidence and locations of injuries have changed; however, these details have not been reported. In addition, it is important to longitudinally analyze conditioning components and the number of conditioning techniques used while developing injury prevention programs for swimmers. Because most previous studies among swimmers were cross-sectional surveys, data verifying the effects of injury prevention programs and the conditioning components for swimmers are insufficient. The present study aimed to verify the longitudinal changes in the type and number of conditioning components for high-level Japanese swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Bahn auf die Leistung bei der Schwimmweltmeisterschaft 2013</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032592</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032592</guid>
      <author>Brammer, C.</author>
      <author>Cornett, A.</author>
      <author>Stager, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2013</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cornett, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Olympic Games and World Championships are the pinnacle of international sporting competitions where athletes compete in a wide variety of competitive events while representing their respective nations. However, as we watch these competitions, we do so under the assumption that each competitor's success is determined solely by hard work, commitment, discipline, and talent, and not influenced by external variables or biases. To ensure that this is so, international governing bodies, such as FINA, IAAF, FIFA, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), exist to 'provide fair and drug free sport'. lt is unfortunate, however, that there are circumstances when external biases unfairly influence sporting outcomes, and can only be identified ex post facto when it's too late to protect the integrity of the competition. The most obvious and evident of these external biases involves the competitors' use of ergogenic substances to enhance their performance. Considerable effort and funding have been devoted specifically to curtail performance enhancing drug (PED) use, but the means to enforce the rules always seems to lag behind those used to disregard them (Botre 2008). Sport governing bodies must also consider advances in technology (e.g, equipment, uniforms, timekeeping) that sometimes challenge the inherent nature of the sport by unduly influencing competitive outcomes. For example, since the early 21st century, swimsuit manufacturers have experimented with different fabrics, shapes, and stitching techniques in an effort to provide competitive swimmers with the fastest swimwear. However, it was not until 2008 that a swimsuit innovation drastically biased Olympic competition in favor of those with access to them (Brammer et al. 2012). like PEDs, the suits facilitated a swimmer's intrinsic and natural ability to perform, and were subsequently banned in 2010. In 2010, design limitations were imposed by the sport's international governing body, the Federation lnternationale de Natation (FINA), to constrain competitive suit manufacturers as a means to re-establish competitive fairness. This example is particularly important because it demonstrates that performance data can be described using analytical techniques, which can then be used to identify the existence (or lack) of competition bias. Further, this empirical evidence can prompt sportgoverning bodies to act to remove the bias. This, the use of analytics to identify and remove competition bias, is the focus of this paper. A recent scenario at the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships in Barcelona presents another opportunity to use analytics to identify variables potentially influencing competitive outcomes. According to observers and participants, a current was present in the pool such that when swimmingaway from the finishing end swimmers were at a competitive disadvantage on one side of the pool but at an advantage on the opposite side. If there was, in fact, a current in the pool during competition, it would have violated FIN A regulations which state that water flowing into and out of the pool is {permissible as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created' (FINA, 2013, p. 392). Because the competitive venue was temporary, it is no longer possible to directly measure the flow characteristics of the pool. However, quantitative analysis of existing performance data might allow appropriate conclusions to be drawn. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use an analytical approach to assess the performance data from the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships. This was done in order to determine whether or not evidence exists in support of the hypothesis that swimmers' competitive performances (and thus the race outcomes) were affected by lane assignment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines kostengünstigen Prototyps sowie Bestimmung des Schwimmgeschwindigkeitsprofils mithilfe eines neuralen Netzwerks in Verbindung mit allgemeinen externen Optimierungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032591</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032591</guid>
      <author>Ferreira da Cruz, L.</author>
      <author>Freire, R. Z.</author>
      <author>dos Santos Coelho, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira da Cruz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freire, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos Coelho, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocity analyses are supportive for coaches in order to improve swimmers' technique and have been widely studied in order to improve the athletes' performance. This work presents a low- cost prototype development to measure swim velocity encompassing noise reduction by using a microcontroller associated with an incremental encoder. Swim velocity profile identifications have been performed by using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) improved by the stochastic Generalised Extremal Optimisation (GEO) method to provide a fast convergence. The proposed RBF- NN training is aimed at adjusting Gaussian basic function centres using GEO, which has just one free parameter to be se. lt does not make use of derivatives and can be applied to non-convex or disjoint problems. Finally, the velocity data from a Brazilian elite male swimmer performing the crawl stroke have been obtained in a 25 meters test by using the prototype presented in this work. In this experiment, the pseudo-inverse was employed in the RBF-NN output layer. The proposed RBF-NN provided a multiple correlation coefficient R2 equal to 0.84.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des passiven Wellenwiderstands eines Schwimmers mittels experimentellen Daten und computergestützter Simulation der numerischen Strömungsmechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032625</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032625</guid>
      <author>Banks, J.</author>
      <author>James, M.</author>
      <author>Hudson, D.</author>
      <author>Taunton, D.</author>
      <author>Turnock, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Banks, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hudson, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taunton, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turnock, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The passive resistance of a swimmer on the free surface has previously been researched experimentally. The contribution of wave resistance to total drag for a swimmer with a velocity around 2.0 m.s- 1 was found to vary from 5% for Vorontsov and Rumyantsev (2000), to 21% for Toussaint et al. (2002) and up to 60% according to Vennell et al. (2006). The exact resistance breakdown of a swimmer remains unknown due to difficulties in the direct measurement of wave resistance. As noted by Sato and Hino (2010), this lack of experimental data makes it difficult to validate numerical simulations of swimmers on the free surface. This study is therefore aimed at presenting direct measurements of a swimmer's total drag and wave resistance, along with the longitudinal wave cuts which may be used to validate numerical simulations. In this paper, experimental data of a swimmer's resistance are presented at two different velocities (case 1 = 1.7 m/s and case 2 = 2.1 m/s ). Total drag was measured using force block dynamometers mounted on a custom-built tow rig (Webb et al. 2011). Moreover, a longitudinal wave cut method was used to directly evaluate wave resistance (Eggers 1955). The two conditions tested were simulated using the open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code Open FOAM (Open FOAM® (2013)). The body geometry is a generic human form, morphed into the correct attitude and depth using the above- and under-water video footage recorded during the experiment. 3D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations were performed using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to solve the air-water interface. A similar numerical technique was used by Banks (2013a) to assess the passive resistance of a swimmer. Two cases were simulated and the error in total drag compared to the experimental data was found to be 1% and 22% respectively. In this paper, the resistance components over a swimmer's typical range of speeds are investigated and compared with the experimental data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerische Strömungsmechanik des stromlinienförmigen Gleitens und des Freistil-Beinschlags in verschiedenen Wassertiefen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032624</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032624</guid>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <author>Cheng, L.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows simulation of complex fluid flow regimes and geometry to overcome limitations with current empirical testing techniques. The CFD model can predict net propulsion or net drag of each body segment when gliding and kicking. Thus, one can determine the differences between the forces on body components at depth and the surface. This study aimed to predict how and where changes in net forces of a swimmer gliding and kicking at the water surface compared with being fully submerged. These analyses increased our technical understanding regarding net forces produced during gliding and freestyle kicking; and reported large differences in forces on various body components when fully submerged and at the air-water interface.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Sprungzeitpunkts auf die erreichte Höhe bei Hebefiguren im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032623</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032623</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Hatakeyama, G.</author>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatakeyama, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of jumping timing on resultant height for lift in synchronised swimming by means of the computer simulation. The lift by four swimmers, which consists of one upper, one middle and two lower swimmers in the formation was analyzed in the present study. The body geometries and joint motions of the swimmers were put into the simulation model. The equations of motion for the translational movements of the four swimmers were solved computationally, and the jumping height of the upper swimmer was obtained. By virtually changing the timing of motion among swimmers in the simulation, a parameter study about the effect of jumping timing on resultant height was carried out. From the parameter study, following findings were obtained: lt is important to synchronise the jumping motions of the upper and middle swimmers. Both the earlier and later jumps by the upper swimmer result lower jumping height. The gain due to the synchronisation is 0.5-0.7 m. The synchronised motion causes significant increase in the hip joint torque of the upper swimmer. This increase, however, can be reduced by taking an appropriate position during jumping motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im visuellen Suchverhalten und der Informationsentnahme zwischen Schwimmtrainern des Hochleistungsbereichs und Trainern in der Ausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032627</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032627</guid>
      <author>Waters, A.</author>
      <author>Brendan, L.</author>
      <author>Tidman, S.</author>
      <author>Benjanuvatra, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Waters, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brendan, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tidman, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benjanuvatra, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, where developing efficient technique is integral to achieving the main goal of swimming faster [1], a coach's ability to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of an athlete's performance is critical for optimal development of the athlete. This relies on having a high-level of perceptualcognitive skill that enables coaches to integrate visual information with existing knowledge ensuring the right decision concerning a swimmer's technique can be made. A critical element of this is knowing where and when to look while observing a performance [2). Despite this, information pertaining to the understanding of visual perceptual skills in swimming coaching is limited and it is unclear whether expert swimming coaches have developed visual search strategies that enable them to be more efficient at the way they extract and use visual information. While the visual perceptual skill of an athlete has been shown to be an indicator of expertise evidence supporting the idea of an expert coach also having superior visual perceptual skills is inconclusive. Recording of the coach's eye movements while watching a performance enables a direct evaluation of what aspects of the performance the coach is looking at. The location of a gaze fixation identifies an area of interest and the number and duration of fixations reflects the amount of information processed [3]. Of the limited research, however, the results are varied and a common visual search characteristic could not be established for expert coaches across a variety of sports. Some studies have found that expert coaches display a smaller number of fixations of longer duration [4, 5), while others have found no differences between expertise groups [6, 7). In swimming, Moreno, Saavedra, Sabido and Luis [8) found no differences in the number, location or duration of fixations between swimming coaches of high and low levels of experience. lt is important to recognise that the limitation associated with relying on visual fixation data alone. Essentially, the studies mentioned above only reported what the subjects were looking at, and not what information was extracted from the visual environment. Without this information, it is not possible to critically assess the significance of the visual search behaviours of the coaches. Given that accumulation and organisation of knowledge specific to their field is a component that underpins an expert's performance [9), and experts are able to represent problems in terms of their theoretical foundations whereas non-expert's only view a problem's surface aspects [10], it is logical that visual search behaviour would be influenced by the amount of knowledge and experience one has. How this relationship works, however, remains inconclusive and warrants further investigation. Therefore, this study sought to investigate whether expert coaches with greater than 10 years of experience would have a different visual search strategy that enable them to extract greater amount of technical information when viewing a short video clip of a swimmer performing a freestyle sprint. More specifically, this study hypothesised that expert coaches will be able to extract a larger amount of information of greater depth than their developing counterparts, and would be more accurate at predicting the swimmers' ability (swim time) than developing coaches. They would achieve this by relying on fewer gaze fixations that are of longer durations than that of developing counterparts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drehmoment und Kraft der Armgelenke während des Armzugs im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032626</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032626</guid>
      <author>Harrison, S. M.</author>
      <author>Cohen, R. C. Z.</author>
      <author>Clearly, P. W.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, R. C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clearly, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Improvement of swimming performance involves changes to technique, endurance and strength, but the relationship between these factors cannot be predicted precisely for an individual athlete. Recent advances in computational models of swimming provide the opportunity to study these relationships in a virtual environment. Unlike in physical experimentation, the forces on individual body segments, torque about body joints and joint powers can be calculated in the model. These model outputs allow new insight into the loading on the body from the fluid along with the internal biomechanical forces that result. We use a coupled Biomechanicai-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (B-SPH) model to calculate joint torque and joint powers for the arms of a male elite athlete performing a freestyle stroke. Results show the large demand on the muscles of the arm, especially those spanning the shoulder. Future developments and applications of the model are discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation der Unterwasserbewegung beim Flossenschwimmen von Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032644</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032644</guid>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Terada, M.</author>
      <author>Kataoka, H.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Kamiya, M.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, A.</author>
      <author>Kida, N.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terada, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kataoka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamiya, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to evaluate the relationships between horizontal velocity, kick rate, kick length, and the range of motion of each body part in apnea finswimming. Research was conducted on 81 male and 26 female high-school swimmers without monofin swimming experience. Each subject swam at their maximum performance during the test. Measurements for motion analysis were taken for the wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles and the tip of the monofin. We used the vertical displacement of each body part over time to approximate a sine wave (z=a1 *sin (b1 *t+c1) +d1 *t+e1). Using these figures, we observed the following three points. 1) For male subjects, no correlations were observed between horizontal velocity and the length of amplitudes of the wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips and knees. For females, no correlations were found between horizontal velocity and the length of amplitudes of the shoulders and hips.2) There was a negative correlation between kick rate and amplitudes for both males and females (Elbow r = -.660, p<.Ol) 3) There was a significant positive correlation between kick length and the amplitudes of the lower limbs. (Males: Ankle r=.888 p<.Ol, Females: Ankle r=.863 p<.01)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eigenschaften eines Schwimmstarts im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032643</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032643</guid>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <author>Ball, K. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, the start has been strongly linked to overall performance (Cossor & Mason 2001), The swimming start can contribute between 0.8-26.1% of total race time depending on the distance (Lyttle & Benjanuvatra 2005), with the percentage contribution increasing as the distance of the race becomes shorter (Hay 1986). The swimming start phase of a race is defined as the time from the starting signal to when the centre of the swimmer's head reaches 15 m (Cossor & Mason 2001). The start as a whole is typically broken into three sub-phases: the on-block, flight and underwater phases. The percentage time contribution of each sub-phase is approximately 11%, 5% and 84% respectively (Siawson, Conway, Cosser, Chakravorti & West 2013). The on-block phase is described as the time from the starting signal to when the swimmer leaves the block while the flight phase is the time from when the swimmer leaves the block to when the swimmer enters the water. The last and longest phase of the start is the underwater phase and is the time from when the swimmer enters the water to when the swimmer resurfaces to begin free swimming. The free-swimming time is defined as the time following the underwater phase from breakout to 15 m. Following the Beijing Olympics in 2008 a new starting block was introduced to international competition. The Omega OSB11 starting block has an adjustable kick plate, footrest or back plate fixed at 30° which can be moved to five different locations (35 mm intervals) along the length of the starting platform which is also angled at 10° to the horizontal. As a result of the introduction of these blocks a different starting techniquecalled the 'kick-start' has been developed and utilised by most elite swimmers during competition. Multiple research studies have found that swimmers can gain an added advantage using this new technique (Honda, Sinclair, Mason & Pease 2010; Takeda, Takagi & Tsubakimoto 2013). This is mainly due to an increase in horizontal velocity with the added contribution of the increased force that is able to be produced by the rear leg (Honda et al. 2010). There have been many previous start studies that have compared different start techniques (Bianksby, Nicholson & Elliott 2002), or evaluated different elements of the start such as foot placement (Takeda et al. 2013), entry angle (Groves & Roberts 1972) and starting position (Honda, Sinclair, Mason & Pease 2012). Although these studies have used elite/sub-elite subjects the groups they used were mixed and comparisons between genders were not made. Cesser and Mason (2001) did separate their analysis into male and female groups, however they did not make comparisons between gender. Furthermore, Seifert et al. (2010), Vantorre et al. (2010), Breed et al. (2000), Kirner et al. (1989) examined start performance based only on low-to moderate numbers of single gender subjects. There is obvious strength, performance and technical differences present for males compared to female swimmers so combining genders in the same analysis may not be appropriate, as differences might exist in how velocity is developed. The same observations can be made when comparing start performances for difference strokes. There are even fewer studies that have combined different strokes in their study design. Only two known studies have compared the differences between freestyle and butterfly starts. Strojnik et al. (1998) found small differences in the flight phase of the start, while Whitten (1997) found that butterfly swimmers travelled deeper during the underwater phase. However, these studies compared the differences between strokes using a grab start technique. Given that the grab start has been superseded by the kick-start, the findings from these studies may not be relevant to techniques currently used in competition. This study is the first to compare start performances and specific start parameters between male and female using elite swimmers and the new kick-start technique. The aims of this study were to characterise the swim start of elite swimmers using the new Omega OSB11 starting block and to make comparisons between gender and different strokes based on overall start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung der Beinschlagtechnik im Brustschwimmen mittels einer Druckverteilungsanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032642</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032642</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsive force produced by limbs is a key contributor to the velocity attained during human swimming. However, the swimming motion in the aquatic environment is very complex, being difficult to evaluate the propulsive forces. Although many researchers have developed direct method to measure active drag during human swimming (Hollander et al. 1986; Formosa, Mason & Burkett 2011), the situation differs from that in free swimming. To circumvent these difficulties, a new method has been developed in which fluid forces are estimated from analysis of pressure distributions (Takagi & Wilson 1999; Kudo et al. 2008). This method has been used to successfully measure the force acting on a hand over time. As swimmers move their hand through the water, the pressure fluid drag forces act perpendicularly to the hand surface. Swimmers are propelled by the reaction force that matches the sum of these fluid forces. Estimating fluid forces by analyzing pressure distributions confers a distinct advantage over conventional measures: swimming technique is undisturbed and, provided that the pressure drag is measured directly, errors in the estimated fluid forces appear to be reduced. However, no methodology has been proposed for predicting the fluid forces acting on other parts of a swimmer's body. Especially in the breaststroke, the propulsive forces produced by lower limb motions are more important than those produced by upper limb motions. Therefore, while an improved kicking technique would seem to be essential to performance of the breaststroke. If the fluid forces produced by breaststroke kicking could be measured precisely, coaches and swimmers would be better equipped to evaluate their technical training. In addition, if the reliability of a methodology for estimating the fluid forces acting on a foot during breaststroke kicking could verified, then coaches and swimmers could apply this information. The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for evaluation of breaststroke kicking motion using a pressure distribution analysis around a foot.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Echtzeit-Sonifikation im Schwimmen - Von der Druckveränderung des verdrängten Wasser zum Geräusch</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032641</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032641</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sonifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The communication about the swimmers' internal perception of flow and the movement control is hampered because of missing mutual information about effect of interaction of actions of limbs and invisible motion of displaced (clear) water. Interaction as part of the connectivity of a two-bodies energy sphere. According to Schack {2004) the sensory picture of a voluntary action is a template to organise motor commands and guide motor control. lt is widely known that elite swimmers have an excellent perception of water motion using somatosensory, proprioceptive or vestibular and visual cues. Swimming as a self-induced activity in aquatic space means displacing water mass at low energy costs while yielding high swimming speeds in reaction and this is what elite swimmers strive to reach using a right feel for water. Takagi & Wilson (1999) emphasised that without pressure no propulsion exists and a pressure differential method is potentially a useful means in stroke analysis of cyclic 3D hand action. Pressure-time recordings are 'essential complementary information' (Loetz et al. 1988) helping to detect wrong hand positions when unusual pressure graphs occur {Van Manen et al. 1975). Klauck & Ungerechts {1997) pointed out that the interaction goes with pressure changes and momentum-induced effects of displaced water mass while drag-even if it is repeated often-does not explain the interaction effects sufficiently. Hence, kinematics of limbs' actions is not necessarily a direct indicator of flow effects. Ungerechts & Klauck {2014) highlighted that interaction is a means to transfer metabolic energy via limb's action to a unit volume of water which changes the energydensity, known as 'pressure' which in liquids or currents differs from the term pressure solid body mechanics (although in both cases the physical unit is [Pa]). Hermann et al. {2012) pointed out the importance of change of pressure, as an 'intermediate level' (Fig. 1) in connection with momentuminduced locomotion in aquatic space, a level which lacks attention in most swimming literature.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der "zusätzlichen Masse" eines Schwimmers als ein Teil von Studien zu ungleichförmigen Fließmustern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032640</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032640</guid>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers displace mass of water because there cannot be two bodies which share the same space. Due to the cyclic interaction of body and water mass there are flow effects on the body beyond common consideration of thrust and drag known from steady flow mechanics which was developed for ship construction. A ship, with given shape, should not sink and not produce too much drag to keep the energy costs low. Concerning ships the 'hull' is separated from the propulsive propellers and flow effects are sufficiently described by using steady flow mechanics. In contrast, biological organisms produce thrust and resistance simultaneously during cyclic self-produced propulsion of bodies changing their body form. The cyclic actions prevent flow phenomena from being constant and changes of velocity (acceleration) influence the interaction effects profoundly. These time-space effects are better explained using non-steady flow physics which is not a synonym for turbulent flow of any boundary layer due to viscosity (Lighthill1969). Scarcely any publication on sport swimming or various activities in aquatic space is touching the flow effects of unsteady water mass. Change of motion of water mass cause momentum change which give raise to effects either in or against swimming direction (Matsuuchi et al. 2006); the saying 'push off from water' cannot be supported, even not for didactical purpose because 'giving way' is elementary for a fluid. Interest of non-steady flow phenomena can be extended to all activities in aquatic space and is not limited to sport swimming. Also when dealing with health related activities it is necessary to understand which momentum changes are involved when e.g. swinging the leg to and fro below waterline which is also accompanied by change of motion of water mass. In this text the aspects of non-steady flow physics will exemplified by a general situation of locomotion in water: the gliding after start and pushoff from a wall. lt seems as if everything is clear what happens: the speed of a swimmer will slow down according to the effect of drag. However, studies reveal that the data of gliding distance based on calculation using steady flow mechanics laws do not match with the data gained experimentally; swimmers glide further than calculated (Kiauck 1976). Consequently the drag of the gliding swimmer was modified by acceleration, called reaction-acceleration-force (AR). The surrounding water is also set in motion by the body movement relatively to the water which requires imparting momentum to displace the water in the body's path (Ungerechts 2003). The momentum change ofthe water masses can be observed as sloshing water if a swimmer has touched the wall at the end of a race and a little bit later waters sloshes on the wall. The water masses which were moved once by the body by frictional effects develop an independent way of motion ifthe bodies are slowing down e.g. due to gliding phase. Due to inertia ofthese moved water masses act as flywheel masses and continues to accelerate the body. lt is to be expected that a gliding person glides by effect of the ostensible additional masses differently compared to the easy acceptance that a steady and constant speed works. The purpose of this paper is to show a means to estimate AR by quantifying 'added mass'.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interindividuelle Variabilität von Körperwinkeln während des Schwimmstarts: Analyse der bevorzugten und nicht-bevorzugten Technik von Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032639</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032639</guid>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernades, R. J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernades, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most of the biomechanical studies of start time have used kinetic and kinematical analyses to compare the two main start techniques used in competition: the grab and the track starts. Using a track start, swimmers tend to leave the block quicker (Ayalon, Van Gheluwe & Kanitz 1975) and to make a flatter flight trajectory due to higher horizontal velocity (Costill, Maglischo & Richardson 1992). With the grab start, swimmers spend more time on the block (lssurin & Verbitsky 2003). The above-referred studies, as many other studies, tried to observe which is the best starting technique to increase performance. Indeed, studies that compared the two start techniques showed the comparison between grab starters and track starters, each swimmer in his preferential technique. These studies were particularly interested in the starting technique effect. However, studies that analyzed differences between start techniques and that take in consideration the swimmers start preference are scarce as Vilas-Boas et al. showed us (2003) or more recently with Vantorre et al. (2011) on angular momentum. Knowing that the use of preferential technique may induce better performance to 1Sm, as well as other differences like a higher variability in some parts of the movement. Indeed, some studies showed that expert swimmers were able to exploit movement variability to achieve the dual-task goal of the swimming start: dive as far as possible to minimise resistances and to make a forward rotation to enter into the water properly (Seifert et al. 2010; Vantorre, Seifert, Fernandes, Vilas Boas & Chollet 2010; Vantorre, Seifert, Fernandes, Vilas-Boas & Chollet 2010). Consequently, it is challenging to investigate the impact of the non-preferential technique in comparison to the preference one. The aim of this study was to analyse inter-individual variability on body angles and velocity between preferential and non-preferential start techniques during aerial phase of swim start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mehrdimensionale Verbindung zwischen der körperlichen Fitness an Land und im Wasser bei Wasserballspielern bis 14 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032638</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032638</guid>
      <author>Zoran, B.</author>
      <author>Milivoj, D.</author>
      <author>Milenkovic, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allg. athlet. Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoran, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milivoj, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milenkovic, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water polo players realise their process in water, as basic training, and as dry-land exercises, as additional training. As both training forms must be functionally and logically connected whales, this paper is aimed at determining the relation of dry-land and in-water physical fitness in water polo players aged up to 14 years. The quantitative type of research included a sample of respondents consisting of 42 randomly chosen water polo players from the Republic of Serbia (average age 13.2±0.5 years, BH = 171. 77±7.98 cm, BM = 63.51±8.04 kg, and length of training 4.36±1.43 years). The players were tested for general dry-land physical fitness (long jump; 10s push-ups; 30s sit-ups; flexibility sit and reach test) and test battery indicating general physical fitness in pool (15m crawl; 25m crawl; SOm crawl; 200m crawl; 25m legs crawl kick; 25m breaststroke kick; 25m egg beater kick; 25m with head up; 25m swimming with the ball). The results are analysed by descriptive analysis, followed by multidimensional scoring transformation into the scores of general fitness of players in water and dry. By applying linear regression analysis the level of connection between the observed variables of general dry-land and in-water physical fitness was established. The results have shown that the connection of general scores of dry-land and in-water physical fitness in water polo players aged up to 14 years is on the level of 20.4% (AdjR 2 = 0.204) and is statistically significant on the level F=11.56, p=0.002. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that it is of utmost importance that the training process of water polo players aged 14 years is performed parallel both in water and out of the pool because this way more efficient positive transfer of mutual physical fitness of the
players is in focus.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein einfacher Feldtest zur Bestimmung der aeroben schwimmerischen Fitness: Ein mehrdimensionaler Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032637</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032637</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Di Nino, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Nino, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[From the viewpoint of kinematics, swimming is a cyclical sport, while in terms of energy system loads, it predominantly belongs to endurance sports (Maglischo 2003). The aerobic energy system is basic for the support of a wide range of endurance effort in sport. Both in training and competition, swimmers will benefit from a well-developed aerobic energy system regardless ofthe type of performance required in sprint, middle distance or long distance swimming (Oibrecht 2000). The training process involves many years of continuous and systematic work, which comprises a time cycle with different training methods and goals at which training regimes are aimed. However, during a given period of the training cycle, the coach must have a method or methods that are objective and easy to apply in order to control the competitive level of important physical abilities of swimmers, including the capacity of the aerobic energy system, i.e. of endurance fitness. lt is well known that blood lactate concentrations are the best indicators of the achieved swimming intensity (Oibrecht 2000). Also, lactate testing has already been used in the process of training optimisation, as increasing the concentration of lactate in the blood is the main metabolic mechanism responsible for the appearance of fatigue in swimmers during the training sessions or in the race. As the process of training is aimed to improve the swimmer's results, that is, to increase the swimming velocity in the race, this implies that the ratio between swimming velocity and the achieved lactate concentrations can provide a basic two dimensional (2D) model useful for the coach in the objective control of the training process and the assessment of actual adaptation levels in swimmers. The aim of this research was to define the generic model for a simple, valid and user-friendly field test for the coach to assess the levels of actual general aerobic fitness independent of the type of the swimmer (sprint, middle or long distance), which would be conducted by using only two variables: the swimming velocity and the lactate concentration levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsanalyse der Mannschaften bei der Frauenweltmeisterschaft im Wasserball 2013</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032636</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032636</guid>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Kobayashi, D.</author>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2013</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kobayashi, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study compares the performance characteristics of the high- and low-ranking teams in the female water polo tournament at the 2013 FINA World Championships. Data on 2,500 shots and 682 exclusion fouls were obtained from official score sheets, which were provided by the organising committee of the FINA World Championships. Performance variables were defined as follows: number of shots and goals by style (center, action, 5-m, counter-attack, exclusion, or penalty), shot results (goal scored or goal saved by goalkeeper [GK)), exclusion fouls (in field or in center}, goal percentages, and percentage of GK saves for each style of shot. The frequency of the performance variables, both in offense and defense, were calculated per match. The sixteen participating teams were divided into four groups based on their final ran kings in the championships as follows: 1st- to 4th-place teams {Gl}, 5th- to 8th-place teams {G2}, 9th- to 12th-place teams (G3), and 13th- to 16thplace teams (G4}. In terms of offense, Gl had significantly higher frequencies, compared to the other groups, of counter-attack shots and counter-attack goals. G4 had significantly lower frequencies, compared to the other groups, of total shots and action goals. As for defense characteristics, Gl showed significantly lower frequencies of action shots, total shots, and GK saves in counter attacks. G4 showed significantly higher frequencies of counter-attack shots, action goals, center goals, and GK saves.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen bewussten Trainings auf die Technik von Schwimmern der nationalen Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032635</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032635</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewußtheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA['Deliberate practice' strategies are essential to develop expert skill performance (Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Romer 1993). Deliberate practice components include: clear instructions, appropriate task difficulty, a sufficient number of skill repetitions, immediate feedback, individualised supervision, a variety of learning strategies, tasks designed to maintain focus in the cognitive and associative learning stages, and replication of superior performance. In contrast, traditional practice in swimming, particularly for older and more competitive teenagers, often emphasises training distance (quantity) over skill instruction (quality). A previous study found that teenage competitive swimmers did not improve their technique (as measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) when training with traditional practice strategies (Havriluk 2003). In another study (Marinho, Barbosa, Costa, Figueiredo, Reis, Silva & Marques 2010), an eight week training program included only 'practicing technical drills' (consistent with typical traditional practice) and concluded that there was no significant improvement in the Cd. In comparison, two deliberate practice studies reported impressive technique improvements. A study with young teenage swimmers showed that a one-week intervention using deliberate practice produced a significant improvement in the Cd (Havriluk 2006). In another study, swimmers practiced deliberately during a two hour intervention that included real-time video and hand force feedback and had a 22% increase in average hand force (Jefferies, Jefferies & Donohue 2012). A general lack of emphasis on technique for (particularly more competitive) teenagers may be related to concern for interfering with success, a misperception about the potential impact on performance, and/or an emphasis on increased training distance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a deliberate practice intervention on the technique of older teenagers (national caliber swimmers) where in comparison to younger teenagers; the habit strength would likely be more resistant to change.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Leistung während Tapering und Wettkampf von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032634</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032634</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Savin, C.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to assess changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during a 3-week intensive training period, followed by 3 weeks of taper and one week of competition, and correlate changes in HRV with changes in performance (LlP). In thirteen elite swimmers (6 female, 7 male Their mean age, body weight and height at inclusion in the study was 18,3 ± 1,2 years, 55± 3 kg, and 167 ± 5 cm for females and 19,2 ± 1,7 years, 74 ± 2 kg and 181 ± 5 cm for males. All subjects had a history of more than 5 years of practice at national and international level. Diurnal standard indices of HRV were assessed by time domain and spectral analysis at the end of each period in supine (SU), supine control breathing (CB) and standing position (ST), and compared to a control age-and sex-matched sedentary group. The weekly training volume performed in dry-land workout (DL) and for swimming, under and above the individual anaerobic threshold (respectively Ll and HI) was recorded. During the taper the swimming training load decreased substantially as well as the parasympathetic indices in standing position SD1ST (28.7 ± 18.8 vs. 18.8 ± 14.3 ms); RMSSDST (40.6 ± 41.3 vs. 26.5 ± 20.2 ms); HFST, (1141.9 ± 2733.6 vs. 400.7 ± 608.8 ms^2) (P<0.05). Conversely, during the competition period, several HRV indices increased pNN50SU, (0.19 ± 0.08 vs. 0.22 ± 0.09%); RMSSDSU, (68.4 ± 32.7 vs. 82.2 ± 35.9 ms); LFSU, (2301.7 ± 1699.5 vs. 2491 ± 1690 ms^2); SD1CB, (55.7 ± 22.7 vs. 70.1 ± 38.1 ms); RMSSDCB, (78.4 ± 31.9 vs. 98.3 ± 53.3 ms); HFCB, (3694.2 ± 2482.5 vs. 5342.9 ± 4403.4 ms^2); (P<0.05). Improvement in LlP was positively correlated with an increase in HFcs and a decrease in LFcs expressed in normalised units (r2 =0.64, r 2 =-0.64, P<O.OS). The decrease in low intensity training during the competition was correlated to the increase in LF/HFCB (r 2 = 0.64, P<0.05). Heart rate variability decreased during taper and increased during competition. During the competition week, low intensity training was associated with a higher maintenance of parasympathetic modulation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Entwicklung des Schwimmtrainings durch die Überprüfung der Trainingsaufzeichungen von Dr. Counsilman</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032633</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032633</guid>
      <author>Ishimatsu, M.</author>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Tanner, D. A.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ishimatsu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanner, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes, coaches, and sport scientists endeavor to maximise sport performance through optimal, preplanned training regimes. In the history of competitive swimming, Or James 'Doe' Counsilman is considered legendary and credited with introducing innovative and pioneering training methods. He strove to produce a more effective training paradigm for elite competitive swimmers, which emphasised the specificity of training for each athlete. Under Counsilman's leadership and guidance, Indiana University's men's swim team won six consecutive National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship titles (1968 to 1973) and 23 Big Ten conference titles (including 20 consecutive team championships from 1961 to 1980). Forty-eight of Counsilman's Indiana swimmers competed in the Olympic Games, representing ten nations, and winning 46 medals (including 26 gold). His most celebrated pupil was Mark Spitz, who won seven gold medals in the 1972 Olympics, all in worldrecord time, and consequently, he was accredited for coaching the most dominant Olympic swimming campaign by any country after the USA men's swim performances at the 1976 Games.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysik des Langstreckenschwimmers des Hochleistungsbereichs: Eine Fallstudie während der Bestimmung der aroben Leistungsfähigkeit mittels verschiedener Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032632</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032632</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: In swimming research, the characterisation of various parameters are generally accomplished by its reduction to the mean and standard deviation. This procedure allows analyzing the tendencies and/or the variability of a group. However, in doing so, individual characteristics of an elite swimmer may be hidden by the group tendency. Thereby, the purpose of this case study was to analyze one elite endurance swimmer comparing biomechanical and physiological parameters among the main methods used for aerobic capacity evaluation. 
Methods: The elite female endurance swimmer (18 yrs, 1.64 m, 56 kg, 91.% 400m freestyle WR) performed in different days: 1) an intermittent incremental protocol until voluntary exhaustion to determine the velocity (v) associated at the individual lactate threshold (I LT), the ventilatory threshold (VT), the heart rate threshold (HRT), the lactate threshold of fixed 3.5mmoi.L-1 (L T3.5), maximal oxygen uptake (VOzmax), and minimal v that elicits V02max (vV02maxl; 2) three 30min sub-maximal continuous tests to determine the v and oxygen uptake (VQ 2) kinetics associated at the maximal lactate steady state test (100%MLSS), above (102.5%MLSS) and below (97.5%MLSS) this intensity. Blood lactate collection (Bla), v, ventilatory, energetic and biomechanical parameters were controlled in all tests.
Results: The results showed a close relationship among the 100%MLSS, ILT and VT regarding the v, ventilatory, energetic and biomechanical parameters. Meanwhile, LT3.5 and vV02 max presented higher values in all these parameters. Key points were noticed: 1) the oxygen uptake efficiency values (QUE) presented an uncommon stability and linear relationship with the v until VQ 2max• while the remaining swimmers showed decreased values of QUE, largely determined by metabolic acidosis and pulmonary dead space (Sun, Hansen & Stringer 2012). Thus, this maintenance of QUE may be explained by the low Bla observed in swimmer's vVQ 2 max (4.4mmolr\ 2) V02 slow component was not observed in both intensities of 100%MLSS and 102.5%MLSS; 3) the 100%MLSS v was very high (92.6% vVQ2 maxl implying low \ioz values (77.5% VOzmaxl·
Conclusion: Thereby, the analysis of individual characteristics of specific athletes, particularly elite swimmers, rather than rely upon mean sample values, may be decisive to understand the specific intervention required and to improve performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Können Schwimmer mit Down-Syndrom einer visuellen Tempovorgabe während eines Stufentests folgen?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032631</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032631</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Corredeira, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability (1). This condition occurs when there is an extra copy of the 21st chromosome. This gene over-expression leads to a highly complex and variable phenotype, in which physical and cognitive development are significantly altered (2). In total, there are over 80 clinical features occurring more frequently among individuals with Down syndrome than the population at large (3). Despite this, there is a very pronounced lack of knowledge on factors leading to sport success in these individuals, particularly in swimming. The well known positive relationship between physical activity and health may be even more important for individuals with disabilities. For these individuals physical activity can help them to improve ability to perform daily life activities, a critical factor in maintaining independence (4, 5, 6). Nevertheless, few investigations report findings in trained individuals with intellectual disabilities (7), even more in the case of a specific disability, such as Down syndrome. Furthermore, too often, one is left with the belief that the nature of the intellectual disability renders it impossible for a person to engage in the level of training or mental preparation required for high level competition (7). The ability to follow a race strategy might be a potential problem for persons with an intellectual disability. This is important to optimal performance. Little is known about this ability. In a previous study on race analysis for swimmers with Down syndrome (8), it was observed that for the 100 m freestyle these swimmers presented significant differences in speed and stroke rate from the 1st to the 2nd laps, and from the 2nd to the 3rd laps. Especially for stroke rate, there was a marked decrease on the 2nd lap, and a little less decrease on the 3rd lap. This could mean that swimmers with Down syndrome have trouble on pacing well in the race. The aim of this study was to verify if swimmers with DS are able to follow a visual pacer, and maintain velocity when swimming without the pacer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Trainingsbelastung bei hochintenisvem Widerstandsintervalltraining mit verschiedener Belastungsdauer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032630</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032630</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Kobayashi, K.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Training for competitive swimmers is characterised by its high volume swimming mileage, compared to other individual sport events. However, several studies investigated whether this high volume training is actually necessary for high performance achievement compared to high intensity training (Faude et al. 2008; Sperlich et al. 2010). These results suggested that high intensity (low volume) training could also enhance endurance capacity and race performance by the same amount as the traditional high volume (low intensity) training. Therefore, new training program introducing high intensity workouts is a matter of concern nowadays. An epoch-making training procedure of High Intensity Interval Training (HilT) had been introduced by Tabata et al. (1996), a training regimen of 20 sec exercise at 170%V02max intensity with 10 sec interval repeated by 8 sets, so-called 'Tabata Protocol'. This training protocol was suggested to enhance not only maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (anaerobic capacity) but also V02max (aerobic capacity). Furthermore, Ogita et al. (2010) reported an even shorter training set, 5 sec supra-maximal swim with 10 sec rest repeated by 5 sets, which indicated to have a potential to increase V0 2max as well as the glycolytic system. Even with these clear evidences of the HilT to enhance the swimmer's physiological capacity, it is hard to introduce this concept to the actual training field, because these training effects have been tested in swimming flume condition. To realise the HilT in actual training situation we attempt to combine HilT with a traditional Sprint Resisted Training, which is a common training method for sprint training utilising elastic rubber tube (Maglischo 2003). The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the training load during this new High Intensity Interval Resisted Training (HIIRT) programed by different exercise duration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern im Alter von 10-11 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032629</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032629</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Hatzilla, E.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Lampadari, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatzilla, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lampadari, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic training in critical swimming speed during the second training cycle after five months of training in swimmers aged 10 to 11 years. The method of critical speed is used as an alternative method because it is simple, inexpensive and non-intrusive. Many distance combinations are used to determine critical speed of swimming. The research involved 16 active pre-pubertal swimmers. Seven of them (n == 7) were boys, age: 10.9 ± 0.9 years, and 9 of them (n == 9) were girls, age: 11.0 ± 0. 7 years. Their basic technique was freestyle swimming and all of them were swimmers of short and middle distance. The mathematical model calculates the value of critical speed distances, 50m, 100m, 200m and 400m. Subjects underwent a series of tests carried out on three different periods. The results showed that there is no statistical significant difference between the two genders and the three different measurements {Sig .651 and Sig .259 respectively). In individual level, boys and girls had a statistical significant improvement in critical speed over the different measurements (Sig .000 and Sig .000 respectively). From the findings of this research it appears that critical speed obtained with mathematical determination, can be used as an alternative to determine the appropriate speed for endurance training in children and young swimmers. The results of the research can lead to the following conclusion: The critical speed varies from period to period studying individually boys and girls.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation der Auswirkung individueller Höhentrainingsprogramme von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs auf metabolische und biomechanische Merkmale</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032628</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032628</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A. R.</author>
      <author>Rumyantseva, O. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rumyantseva, O. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Current technology for preparing elite swimmers suggests simultaneous development of dominant energy systems and efficient biomechanical patterns (swimming technique). In the case of nonstationary movements of a swimmer in the water medium, at the 1st stage metabolic energy with some loss is transferred into mechanical energy, then at the 2nd stage with additional loss mechanical energy is transformed into useful result- swimming velocity. The metabolic energy necessary to perform muscular work is submitted by both aerobic and anaerobic energy delivering systems [1, 2]. Fig. 1 illustrates the relative contributions of oxidative (Eai(a.s.)), phospogenic (Eai(fs.)) and lactacid (Eai(t.s.)) energy systems to the overall active energy metabolism (fail in athletes in relation to the duration of the performed work. The figure clearly shows a substantial contribution of the oxidative (aerobic) system to the active metabolism during exercises of different duration. Altitude training over a duration of 21-28 days at altitudes 2100±200 m above sea level is widely used in swimming in order to increase aerobic capacity, power and efficiency within definite periods of training macro cycles, including periods of preparation for major events. The content of individual training programs at altitude depends on the timing of altitude training within the macro cycle. Most frequently one of two variants of altitude training is used: 1) 1intensive'-with descent to sea level after altitude training 21-25 days before the major competitions and 2) 1extensive'-with descent 40-42 days before the major event. lt should be mentioned here that both variants of altitude training have been used efficiently to maximise sport performance. Nevertheless, the 2nd variant is considered by many swimming specialists as much more safe/ because training at altitude is predominantly aerobic and a block of high intensity race specific training is performed after descent to sea level instead. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of individual training programs on the dynamics of swimming velocity at the anaerobic threshold, vO (AT), and the efficiency of swimming technique during a 21-day altitude training camp (altitude 1960 m, descent to sea level, 40-42 days before a major swimming event). All of the swimmers who took part in the study specialised in 100 and 200 m events (Russian distance swimmers use a different training strategy).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kannst du schwimmen? Lehrern Wissen vermitteln zur Sicherheit beim Schwimmen und Baden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037483</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037483</guid>
      <author>Blitvich, J.</author>
      <author>Petrass, L.</author>
      <author>McElroy, G. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blitvich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrass, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McElroy, G. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[University of Ballarat Exercise and Sport Science degree students must complete a swimming and water safety unit in first year. Their entry level skills vary widely from very limited to national-level competitive swimming. This paper, part of the wider `Can you swim` project, describes a swimming and water safety intervention embedded within their course, designed to enable students to enhance their understanding of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that contribute to drowning risk; develop personal swimming and survival skills; and establish teaching strategies and sequences for enhancing aquatic skills of others.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung von Vorstellungen zum Schwimmen bei Kindern und Pflegekräften: eine qualitative Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037484</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037484</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Pedersen, T.</author>
      <author>Thoresen, T.</author>
      <author>Setlo, T.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thoresen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Setlo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Beliefs about what swimming really is may influence expectations in the learning situation. There may be disparity between the `providers` and the `clients`. This suggests a need to inform children and caregivers about why specific competencies are important.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Räumlich-zeitliche Charakteristika des Gehens an Land und im Wasser: Zuverlässigkeit der Messwerte und Analyse der Unterschiede</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037485</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037485</guid>
      <author>Cadenas, C.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Lopez-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Taladriz, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cadenas, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taladriz, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gait is a major sign of independence, quality of life and participation1 and is frequently impaired by a variety of musculoskeletal and neurological conditions or diseases (for example, stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis or osteoarthritis)2. To improve the locomotion system, exercises are mainly carried out on dry land although now numerous activities have been proposed in the water environment. Specifically, forward walking (FW) may be one of the most common motor tasks in both environments because it can be practiced by any age-group and with most medical conditions3,4. The purpose of this study was to compare the spatial and temporal characteristics in FW walking on land and in water using 3D kinematics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Konzepte "schwimmen können" und "Wasserwettkampf" und deren Beziehung zueinander: ein konzeptionelles Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037486</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037486</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
A concise definition of what swimming really is has yet to be broadly adopted. Such a definition is necessary to advise teachers, instructors and program planners. Appropriate content has protective value in a drowning prevention context.
Methods:
Four sources of data have been used to construct a definition of `CAN SWIM`: 1) a review of content of 25 well known organisations, 2) in depth interviews with drowning survivors, 3) observation of simulated drowning episodes, 4) theoretical movement analysis. Skill alone is often not enough to prevent drowning. Water competence which includes skill, was defined by polling expert opinion. The relationship between swimming skill and water competence was devised as a conceptual model.
Results:
The resulting definition of swimming skill focuses on essential protective skill elements in an all-around aquatic skill development. Each of these has a protective value of its own as well as collective value when integrated with each other. Water competence is defined to include skill plus the cognitive and affective competencies which provide additional protection, i.e. attitudes, knowledge, judgement, values and behaviour. The conceptual model of the relationship between swimming skill and water competence places skill as the core of water competence with the affective and cognitive qualities as added protective value.
Conclusions:
Swimming skill is the core of water competence. To the core is then added all cognitive and affective competencies which increase the protective value on, in and around the water. The minimal teaching package which we should deliver, is a water competence package.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewogener Fortschritt: optimaler Schutz in einer Überlebensituation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037487</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037487</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
In any drowning episode, there is usually some factor, some weak or missing skill, which triggers the emergency. At any given stage of aquatic skill development, the optimal level of protection is achieved when all essential elements are evenly developed. Elsewhere, the principles of such development have been described as a) equally proficient on front and back, b) equally proficient underwater and at the surface, c) possession of a well balanced and all around aquatic skill base. A common example of persons without balanced development are those who are moderately skilful on the front but very weak on the back (or vice versa).
Methods:
A conceptual model is presented on the premise that the weakest element in a person`s skill profile is most likely to trigger an emergency situation in the water, i.e. a potential drowning. The chain is only as strong as the weakest link. From a previous study, in depth interviews with drowning survivors have uncovered typical weaknesses in skill development.
Results:
When skill development is uneven, weak spots or holes are left in the foundation. Because foundational skills are weak or missing, the next row of bricks (skills) is weaker. Pressure grows as the wall gets higher. One missing brick leads to another. A fault line develops. Finally, the wall collapses. A weak or missing essential survival element has triggered a drowning episode.
Conclusions:
Water safety education must strive for balanced development of essential protective skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Effizienz  verschiedener Beinschlagtechniken im Sporttauchen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037488</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037488</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Siermonstowski, P.</author>
      <author>Ogrodnik, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siermonstowski, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogrodnik, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse the various techniques of the underwater leg-kicking in terms of their efficiency, defined as an effective and economical use of their surfaces to achieve maximal speed. We hypothesised that identification of the factors determining the efficiency of various leg-kicking provides basis for choosing the optimal techniques adequate to the utilitarian aims undertaken by scuba divers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der "Aufbau" der Wissenschaft im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037489</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037489</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The BMS movement emerged from the Steering Group Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming of the World Commission on Science and Sport (International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education—ICSSPE—UNESCO), aiming to promote the production, spreading and recognition of science within the sports community, particularly in swimming. Over the last 30 years, the University of Porto, Portugal, has been fighting for this goal, despite initiating and evolving this purpose in a particularly adverse context, as follows:
• a small peripheral country
• little expression of the swimming sport
• far from leading other sport sciences on a global scale
• low confidence on scientific and theoretical `external` contributions to the field of swimming practice
• limited budget and staff.
Sport and science `entrepreneurs`, like Leon Lewillie (and also Jean-Peter Clarys), and the BMS family, catalyse that fight over time, through their example and the opportunity and motivations they have made possible. Nowadays, the University of Porto, the Faculty of Sport, the Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, and especially the Swimming Science Portuguese family, may be proud of a raised building. This text explores the story behind this `locally based struggle for the BMS spirit`, concluding that projects like this one are feasible, and may also be a word of motivation for the sake of their proliferation throughout the world.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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