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    <item>
      <title>Aktivitäten im Wasser - Praxis braucht Theorie</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041517</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041517</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic Space Activities (ASA) is an umbrella-like term for activities in water like: Competitive - Recreational - Masters swimming, Fin-swimming, Triathlon, Scuba-diving or Water-exercises. ASA have to obey flow physics. Traditionally, flow physics in aquatic sports is confined to steady conditions assuming that the flow velocity is constant and the body is rigid. It is not new information that this is not and was never the case in human swimming. Fact is, limbs change motion in all ASA which cause unsteady flow conditions. Unsteady flow demands closer consideration of water-motion induced by limbs` motion. The purpose of this paper is to introduce some challenging information concerning unsteady flow conditions and consequences for practise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zu den veränderten Aspekten des Wasserballspiels infolge der internationalen Regeländerungen im Jahr 2005</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041519</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041519</guid>
      <author>Shimizu, N.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfbestimmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to evaluate the aspects of the games such as swimming distance, swimming velocity and time-motion analysis under a revised condition. The activities of 18 water-polo-players (6 center forwards, 6 drivers and 6 center backs) were videotaped and analyzed, in a total of five games of the Japan Swimming Championship which was held in the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium from 29th June to 1st July in 2007. As results, an average of game duration was 48min 53second. An average of swimming distance of total is 1803.3±137.8m. An average of swimming velocity of total is 0.65±0.06m/s. It is revealed that the mean duration of contact was decreased, the mean duration of swimming was increased and the mean duration of vertical position was decreased. These results show that the intention with the revision of rules has been achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zu den Auswirkungen des Trainings zur Steigerung der Wurfgeschwindigkeit im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041520</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041520</guid>
      <author>Funasaki, H.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Funasaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to estimate effects on shooting speed by eggbeater kick`s training and weight training that are supposed to effect on shooting speed. In addition, it will explain what physical and technical factors relate to shooting speed. Eighteen members of Japan men`s university water polo team participated in the study. The eleven players belong to the training group and other seven players belong to the control group. The former is regarded as the training group which performs the effect of special training that was proven in the pilot study. The special training consisted of an underwater training using a tube and a weight training for specific body parts. On the other side, the latter is regarded as the control group, they didn`t carry any special training but normal training. As results, after they worked out their respective training, we found that both of them improved their shooting speed. The training group significantly stepped up to 2.2km/h (p=0.016) while the control group did to 1.4km/h (P=0.0008). Moreover, we found that the wrist curl related to physical factors and a height of the right elbow and the right toe related to technical factors. Those are, however, only confirmedin the training group. Therefore, it is allowed the special trainings in the experiment were valuable. It was also found that the enforcement of the wrist curl and the height of dominant side`s toe and elbow were important to improve shooting speed. Moreover, improvement of eggbeater kick is essential in order to raise the height of dominant side`s toe.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Wurfgeschwindigkeit im Wasserball - Zeit der Speed Gun bei den 12. FINA Weltmeisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041521</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041521</guid>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, S.</author>
      <author>Shimizu, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2007</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study are to classify goals in the 2007 FINA World Championships Water Polo games and to verify the shot speed which was measured with a speed gun. The speed of 171 shots was collected and analyzed by the attack pattern and the shot area. It follows from these analyses that the fastest average shot speeds were recorded in the case of the penalty shot (74.7 kph), the middle shot (68.7 kph) nearby, the 5m shot (71.2 kph) and the middle shot in extra-man (67.1 kph). The shots of these attack patterns were taken by a similar standing posture. Furthermore, a faster shot speed was recorded in the 5~10 meter area from the goal line and near the vertical line to a goal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Delfinbeinschlagwelle mittels Zweikomponenten-Particle-Image-Velocymetrie-Technik</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041522</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041522</guid>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, J.</author>
      <author>Muramatsu, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muramatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to visualize and to analyze the wake of a swimmer`s dolphin kick in a horizontal and a vertical (sagittal) plane using two-component PIV (2C-PIV) technique. PIV allows us to visualize the unsteady flow field instantaneously and to estimate the fluid force. One trained male swimmer was instructed to maintain a swimming position with dolphin kicking in a swimming flume. Unsteady flow fields of dolphin kicking wake in a sagittal and a vertical plane was measured by 2C-PIV. Results of both horizontal and vertical planes showed the pairs of vortices and jet flow between them especially after a downward kicking motion. The direction of the jet flow was mostly oriented to backward. Therefore, it was plausible that the dolphin kicking motion performed in this study generated a propulsive force by generating the vortex pair and the jet flow as a reaction force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer synchronisierten PIV- und Bewegungsanalyse sowie deren Anwendung bei Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041523</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041523</guid>
      <author>Muramatsu, Y.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, J.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Muramatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Flow fields around a swimmer are extremely unsteady. Top swimmers are supposed to swim using unsteady flow force effectively. PIV can visualize the unsteady flow field around swimmer`s hand. A motion analysis can analyze the unsteady motion of swimmer quantitatively. Our main aim is to construct a synchronized system of the two methods, and to apply it to a front crawl swimmer, in order to clarify the relationship between swimmer's hand motion and the vortex generated by hand. To combine two methods, we illuminated swimmer`s hand with the red lights, and separated the lights by passing it through Laser Line Band Pass Filter and Red Band Pass Filter for PIV and for High-speed camera, respectively. To synchronize two types of images, we utilized the first shutter timing of a pulse generator and set the shutter period to 72ms in PIV and 8ms in a motion analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unregelmäßige Auswirkung auf die Vortriebskraft beim Armzug im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041524</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041524</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Generation of propulsive force in swimming was investigated. In knowing the mechanism of the generation information on the complex hand motion and the unsteady flow are important. The conventional quasi-steady theory cannot give the correct understandings on the generating mechanism of the propulsive force. The role of unsteadiness is critical in the generation of momentum and therefore in the force production. Two high-speed cameras determined the hand trace including the time variation of the geometry of a palm. It was found that the reduced frequency for the variation is too high to neglect the unsteadiness and the hand speed of the elite swimmer is not necessarily fast, which cannot be explained by the quasi-steady theory.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Skelettmuskel-Simulation zur Bestimmung der muskulären Aktivität im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041525</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041525</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Motegi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Motegi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objectives of this study were to conduct the musculoskeletal simulation for the breast, back, and butterfly strokes using a musculoskeletal simulator which was recently developed by the authors, and to examine the validity of the simulator. Based on educational movies of an elite swimmer, standard swimming motions for the three strokes were constructed and input to the simulator. The body geometry of averaged Japanese male of 20-30 years old was also input. Many reasonable tendencies were obtained in the simulation results. These results suggested that the musculoskeletal simulation for swimming will be a powerful tool to assess the swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulationsanalyse der Auswirkungen der wellenförmigen Amplitudenänderung auf die Leistung beim Delfinbeinschlag Unterwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041526</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041526</guid>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objectives of this study were to conduct the musculoskeletal simulation for the breast, back, and butterfly strokes using a musculoskeletal simulator which was recently developed by the authors, and to examine the validity of the simulator. Based on educational movies of an elite swimmer, standard swimming motions for the three strokes were constructed and input to the simulator. The body geometry of averaged Japanese male of 20-30 years old was also input. Many reasonable tendencies were obtained in the simulation results. These results suggested that the musculoskeletal simulation for swimming will be a powerful tool to assess the swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines multiplen Regressionsmodells zur Bestimmung der Kraft beim angebundenen Schwimmen (TS) und der Schnellkraft beim semi-angebundenen Schwimmen (STS)</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041527</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041527</guid>
      <author>Saijoh, T.</author>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Shionoya, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regressionsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saijoh, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shionoya, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to develop the systems, which measured the force in TS and the power in STS with ease and low cost and to investigate the relationships between the performance of swimming and force in TS and power in STS. Furthermore, the multiple regression models to estimate the force in TS and the power in STS were developed using several physical elements. The relationship between the force in TS and the power in STS in male was Y=1.82X-16.35 ( R=0.902 ) and this relationship was highly significant statistically( p<0.001 ). The relationship between the force in TS and the power in STS in female was Y=1.82X+9.44 ( R=0.800 ) and this relationship was highly significant statistically( p<0.001). Furthermore, the examples of the multiple regression model of the power in STS for male was aquired as follows; Power in STS = 0.33*Height+0.37*Finger Span+0.10*Vertical Jump+0.03*VJP-91.066** (r=0.85)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren der gesteigerten Schwimmleistung durch Tragen einen Triathlonwetsuits</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041528</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041528</guid>
      <author>Tomikawa, M.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was aimed to clarify the effects of wearing a triathlon wetsuit (WS) on performance-determining factors during swimming and to determine the factors in improved swimming performance during triathlon races when wearing a WS. Less power to overcome drag was required at a given velocity and triathletes were able to swim in faster speed. Furthermore, wearing a WS could delay accumulation of fatigue by lessening the energy used for buoyancy and postural stability, and work completed by the arms increased without increasing entire exercise intensity in a WS condition. Therefore, improved swimming performance by wearing a WS was attributable merely to the utmost use of the limited physical performance capacity, i.e. the improvement in propulsion efficiency, and was dependent more on incremental changes in stroke rate than stroke length.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschied der Blutlaktatwerte zwischen S-förmigen und I-förmigen Armzügen im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041529</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041529</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Daisuke Abe, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke Abe, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the authors proved that the calculation results which showed I-shaped pull stroke in freestyle stroke: The drag pull generates the maximum impellent. While the conventional S-shaped pull stroke provides the maximum efficiency. The result obtained here is mechanical efficiency, and it is distinct for physiological efficiency. S-shaped pull is shifted easily to the anaerobic motion in a high stroke pitch with a heavy load. As a result, the blood lactate accumulates in muscles to get tired. However, with the I-shaped pull, the stroke pitch cannot get so high that the I-shaped pull is not easy to become anaerobic motion because of the heavy load to the arm originally. The authors measured the blood lactate and heart rates with both pulls at a fast speed at the almost same time with a swimmer who mastered both pulls. As a result, it was found that physical load of I-shaped pull is less than that of S-shaped pull at the same fast swimming speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des optimalen Armzugs im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041530</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041530</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most general armstroke of the backstroke in a present competitive swimming is the so-called S-shaped stroke on a side of the body. The author calculated the optimal stroke in the backstroke with a simplified physical model by fluid dynamic characteristic of a palm obtained by a wind tunnel experiment. As a resut, the optimal stroke path of the maximum efficiency and the maximum thrust were obtained as a driving angle, a tilt angle, and an angle of attack of a hand. The maximum efficiency was obtained in the S-shaped pull stroke on a side of the body, while the maximum thrust was obtained in the I-shaped pull stroke parallel to the body axis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen den kinematischen Parametern der Vortriebsphase und der Sprintleistung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041531</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041531</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the kinematical parameters and the sprint ability in front crawl swimming. The subjects were nine well-trained male swimmers. They performed front crawl swimming with five different velocities (1.1-1.9 m/s) in swimming flume. The hand trajectory was obtained by three dimensional motion analysis. The propulsive phase was defined as the duration to push water backward. It was observed that there was a significant correlation between the relative propulsive duration in the trial 1.7 m/s and the best record of 50 m freestyle (r = -0.67, p < .05). The relative propulsive duration would have a possibility to be one of the parameters to evaluate the sprint ability in front crawl swimming, although it was difficult to discuss the swimming propulsion using only the kinematical parameter]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Absprungwinkels auf die Startleistung beim Schwimmstart</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041532</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041532</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the take-off angle change on the take-off velocity, flight distance and time on the starting block, and suggest the appropriate take-off angle range for the start performance until water entry. Twelve well trained male swimmer participated as a subject in this study. Each subject performed the grab start from the starting block with the three different take-off angles (Higher: HT, Normal: NT, Lower: LT). Kinematic variables were calculated by 2D motion analysis using the DLT method. There was significant correlation between the body angle at the take-off and the take-off velocity. The decrement of take-off angle resulted in the significant increment of take-off velocity, significant decrement of flight distance, and no significant difference of block time. Proper take-off angle range for the start performance until water entry was from 11.8deg to -18.7deg.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer kognitiven Intervention auf die Zuglänge von Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041533</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041533</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Advanced age-group swimmers and their coaches try to optimize their individual swimming technique. Therefore the stroke distance is often mentioned as a criteria. If swimmers cover more distance stroke by stroke, their movements under water are more efficient. The base of a successful motion sequence is a well-structured mental representation. Mental representation can be visualized by using special software. Based on these results, special workouts have been designed. During a six-week training period the participating group worked precisely according the advised concept. As pre-and post-tests the swimmers worked on the computer and performed 25 meters freestyle starting in the water, as fast as they could. On the date of the post-test the swimmers had a mental representation that was more organized and made improvements in their swimming performance. The distance was covered at nearly same speed, but with a lesser stroke rate; the stroke distance therefore increased.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Bewegungsverlaufs der Kraulhand bei Nachwuchsschwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041534</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041534</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[judgment of arm motion below waterline based on observation from pool deck is not always sufficient to determine the effectivity of the action. For this purpose Reischle (1979) proposed to film the hand motion using fixed underwater cameras. Using one camera the 3-D-motion of the hand can be represented by a 2-D-trajectory in a plane; mostly the sagittal plane is represented and the components forwards / backwards and upwards / downwards can be investigated. Using a fixed camera instead of a panning one the hand motion resembles a cycloid shape (a curve generated by a curve rolling on another curve) with trocoid property, namely the exit point is in front of the entry point of the hand. This is the topographical basis of the interaction between hand and water, called water-view. A 2-D-trajectory can be analyzed quantitatively. The purpose of this paper is to compare the sagittal trajectory of age-group swimmers before and after an intervention and a 3rd time without intervention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Variablen WAVING bei japanischen Flossenschwimmern der 50 m an der Wasseroberfläche und 50 m Apnoe</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041535</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041535</guid>
      <author>Oshita, K.</author>
      <author>Ross, M.</author>
      <author>Koizumi, K.</author>
      <author>Kashimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oshita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ross, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koizumi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kashimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We investigated about the variables of WAVING, such as the swimming velocity (SV), the WAVING rate (WR; WAVING per second), the WAVING length (WL; distance per WAVING) in the 50-m Surface (SF) and Apnea (AP). The subjects were five expert (EX) and four nonexpert males (NE). The SV of EX was faster than that of NE in the SF (2.7 vs. 2.3 m/ sec) and the AP (3.1 vs. 2.6 m/ sec). The WL of EX was longer than that of NE in the SF (1.0 vs. 0.9 meter) and the AP (1.1 vs. 1.0 meter). The WR in the SF and the AP were not significant difference between EX (2.8 and 2.7 Hz) and NE (2.7 and 2.6 Hz). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between SV and WL in the SF or the AP. However, there was no significant relationship between SV and WR in the SF or the AP. These results suggest that WL is concluded to be an important factor that influences the SV in the 50-m SF and AP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was muss man bei der Nutzung der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Schwimmtraining wissen?</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041324</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041324</guid>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Anddekerle, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anddekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because swimming coaches and scientists need to define accurately exercise intensity domains to optimize and evaluate aerobic and severe swimming training programs, the purposes of this review are to:
1. Review the recent studies conducted on the assessment and using of the Critical Swimming Speed (CSS) in order to well define the intensity domains and their boundaries.
2. Verify whether the speed corresponding to the slope of the distance-time relationship (Sd-t) in swimming is sustainable and represents the boundary between the heavy and severe intensity domains in swimming.
3. Assess whether intermittent swims at Sd-t are tolerable and induce a physiological and psychological stress.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übergreifende Trainingsbelastungsindikatoren der Juniorennationalmannschaft im Wasserball: Das serbische Modell der Saison 2007</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041325</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041325</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Vasilovski, N.</author>
      <author>Manojlovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Serbien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasilovski, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manojlovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to define and specify the values of the indicators of overall training workout for the Serbian junior national waterpolo team in 2007 season, for the purpose of improving technology management. During the 90-day period between Jun 18, 2007 and Sep 15, 2007, the team had 75 pure training practice days with the total of 160 single training units, which included 88 training units in water, 41 training units outside water, and 31 games (where 8 were training games, 4 were official training games, and 19 were competitive games). In total, the team did 237 h 49 min of practice work, out of which 198 h 13 min were in the swimming pool (including the games) and 39 h 36 min were dryland work. Besides, the team members realised overall training load by swum total of 375.64 km (including the games), with an average of 3.157 km per single training unit. According to the time structure, players realised an average of 4 h and 6 min of training workouts per single training practice day, or 1 h 39 min 56 sec per single training unit in water (including the games days) and 57 min 57 sec per single training unit outside water. ITE index, the coeficient of pure training (practice) efficiency was at the index level of 0.3164 ± 0.1755.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Beinbewegungen und Belastung der Monoflosse zur Steigerung der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit (vorläufiger Versuch)</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041326</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041326</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Ochmann, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ochmann, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was analysis of leg segments displacement and monofin strain in terms of propulsion efficiency. It was assumed that application of Artificial Neural Network enables precise determination of brackets within which the leg segments displacement and monofin strain will achieve optimal scope to gain maximal swimming speed. The response of network pointed 10 parameters. Those chosen to analysis are: foot flexion angle towards shin, proximal fin part flexion angle towards foot, attack angle of the distal fin part, attack angle of fin surface. Comparing network response graph with the results of the real movement analysis validates the results in the modelling sense. Vast network capabilities in developing the analysis with new cases allow for applying the model in monofin swimming technique assessment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Messung der Vortriebskraft und Federbewegung der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041329</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041329</guid>
      <author>Tamura, H.</author>
      <author>Nakazawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tamura, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming competitions, in which swimmers compete wearing a mono-fin, are being held in many countries. The most exciting aspect of finswimming is its speed. We produced an experimental monofin which generate the maximum propulsive force most effectively. This study was noticed at the angle which wore monofin in an ankle especially. Propulsive force was measured using manufactured equipment. The effect of this wearing angle on the propulsive force was carried out. Simultaneously, the configuration of monofin which the most efficiently generated the propulsive force was studied. The percipient feeling evaluation of the swimmer was evaluated for six kinds of shapes. As the result obtained in this study, the most propulsive force is generated under up-kick motion in wearing the monofin to the position at á = -15°.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Bewegung des Oberköprers bezüglich der Dingi-Segelleistung gegen den Wind mittels eines differenzierten globalen Positionssystems</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041332</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041332</guid>
      <author>Chiashi, K.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Maeda, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Segeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chiashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maeda, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive sailing where a race course is marked out by anchored floats on the sea surface, close-hauled, sailing, a technique for sailing upwind, accounts for about 60% of total race time. While sailing close-hauled, waves from the upwind direction cause the boat to slow down, and in order to minimize deceleration, the sailor leans the upper body backward. The present study investigated the effects on boat speed of the posterior leaning of the upper body while sailing close-hauled. Subjects were six male competitive sailors, and the study was conducted using an international Laser class single-person dinghy. The study was conducted in a hike out condition with wind speeds of 5-7 m/s with or without the upper body leaning. Boat speed was measured using D-GPS (20 Hz, Hemisphere), and a digital camera was used to capture the movements of the sailor in the dinghy. In data analysis, an average speed per two-minute period was used to calculate deceleration based on the maximum and minimum velocities while going over waves. The results showed no significant differences in average velocity with or without the upper ody leaning while riding in the left or right side of the boat. However, for an expert sailor, the upper body leaning significantly increased boat velocity. No significant differences were seen in deceleration with respect to the upper body leaning. The results suggest that for top-level competitive sailors, the upper body leaning is important and is a factor that affects boat speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie halten Synchronschwimmer ihre Beine über der Wasseroberfläche?</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041333</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041333</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Washizu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Washizu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study defines the support scull techniques required to maintain a stable and maximal body height above water. We analyzed support scull movements performed by 10 top-ranked synchronized swimmers of the world by employing the 3-D DLT technique. The support scull techniques that efficiently generated lift comprise a horizontal sculling motion from inside to outside during the out-scull, a smooth transition of the attack angle during sculling, and a large forearm supination angle during the stroke phases to ensure that the palms face downwards. When swimmers lifted both legs, larger upper arm motion ranges and higher sculling tempo were required to maintain the maximal height above the surface of the water. In the crane position, swimmers maintained body balance by holding their right arms close to the body and by maintaining a small left wrist flexion throughout sculling.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Video-Feedback-Systems unter Verwendung des SMART-Systems - Versuch in einem privaten Schwimmverein</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041335</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041335</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to develop the Video-Feedback System (V-FBS) utilizing the SMART system in a private swimming club. The V-FBS is a system to provide feedback information along with underwater swimming motion during swimming training. The V-FBS utilization period was set for six-month. Eleven junior competitive swimmers attending in the private swimming club participated in this study (group utilizing the V-FBS: EX n=4, group merely taking part in the ordinary training session: CON n=7). Results of high attendance rate and larger training volume might indicate that the V-FBS could contribute to sustain the swimmers motivation to participate training. Questionnaires results indicated that swim image was recalled from the training diary and the movies for the swimmer. Consequently, we devised an ideal motor learning model for coaching field.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines Video-Feedback-Systems unter der Verwendung des SMART-Systems auf die Motivation und Schwimmleistung von Juniorenwettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041338</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041338</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to identify the effect of Video-Feedback System (V-FBS) utilizing SMART system on junior competitive swimmer`s motivation and swimming performance. Eleven junior competitive swimmers attending in a private swimming club participated in this study (Experimental group: EX n=4, Control group: CON n=7, age: 12.0±1.6). Swimmer`s under water swimming motion through the training session were filmed once a week and presented to the EX utilizing SMART system one week after. CON merely took part in the ordinary training session. It was indicated that the measurement data were equivalent to 2.49 stroke reduction in EX for swimming 25 m compared to 1.48 stroke reduction in CON. Furthermore EX will exceed 1.5 m for ten strokes in SL improvement (EX: 4 m, CON: 2.5 m). Consequently it was concluded that V-FBS has an effect to improve swimming technique for junior competitive swimmer more effectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovation in der japanischen Schwimmausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041339</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041339</guid>
      <author>Haruki, T.</author>
      <author>Toriumi, T.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, H.</author>
      <author>Ishide, Y.</author>
      <author>Suga, Y.</author>
      <author>Suzuki, D.</author>
      <author>Kurokawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haruki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toriumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ishide, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurokawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Japanese swimming education has been deflected in technical guidance of competitive swimming up until now. The establishment of comprehensive swimming guidance, including clothed swimming, water treading, and marine sports is needed. This research focuses on clothed swimming for preventing drowning accidents, and is purposed to establish educational guidance. Physiological effects given by clothed swimming will be researched. In-clothes swimming itself and mental practice, heart rate, blood lactic acid, and the Borg score significantly declined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugtechnik beim eingeschränkten Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041340</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041340</guid>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to assess the technical evolutions under constrained swimming i.e at constant velocity with a fixed stroke rate value. Ten trained swimmers performed a maximal 400-m front crawl test (V400), and a set of time to exhaustion (TTE) at 95, 100, and 110% of V400 at an individual stroke rate value (corresponding to the average value of freely choosen stroke rate adopted in previous set of same TTE). Durations of TTE, relative durations of arm stroke phases and arm coordination were analysed. Durations of TTE were 333±54s, 177±58s, and 47±10s for TTE at 95, 100, and 110% of V400 respectively. For each TTE, all variables were steady, suggesting a stabilisation of the stroke technique. According to previous resutls, stroke rate can be seen as a useful tool for controlling the arm technique during paced exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung im Flossenschwimmen - Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041322</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041322</guid>
      <author>Laurent, B.</author>
      <author>Guillaume, G.</author>
      <author>Charlie, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laurent, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guillaume, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Charlie, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming is as old as swimming. Techniques but also technologies have been changed since our ancestor until these last centuries. The last thirty years have seen the most important changes in the finswimming history for four reasons: teaching swimming has become an obligation at school, the democratization of holidays has generated an interest for aquatic activities like fin swimming, development of industries has created a new market on fins and finally the first competitions has accelerated the optimization of products and specifically the monofins. These changes have been studied and supported by different scientific areas such as biomechanics, hydrodynamics, physiology, and psychology. This review is divided into three sections, the past from 1970 to 1997, the present (last 10 years) and the future, and focused specifically on fins and their uses. The future addresses the work that should be attempted in the next ten years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041323</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041323</guid>
      <author>Hood, R. M. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hood, R. M. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Diving is not considered to be a separate sport by its organising body, the Federation Internationale de Natacion (FINA). FINA governs four forms, or disciplines, of aquatic competition . swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo. Diving was popularised by the Swedes and the Germans in the 18th and 19th centuries. It grew out of the gymnastics principles developed in those nations. The first known book on diving was published in Germany in 1843. Competitive diving began in Britain in the 180.s. In the late 19th century a group of Swedish divers visited Great Britain and gave numerous exhibitions, which stimulated the formation of the first diving organisation, the Amateur Diving Association, in 1901. Diving as an Olympic event was first contested at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, USA, and its appearance on the Olympic programme in both springboard and platform events has been continuous since 1908. Two new events were added to the Olympic programme in 2000 the Sydney Olympic Games for both men and women, these being synchronised springboard diving and synchronised platform diving. These events consist of two divers leaving the springboard or platform simultaneously and diving together as a mirror image of each other performing the same dive. It has become a firm spectator favourite and is added another component to the highly telegenic sport that diving is.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Wettkampfparameter während und zwischen den Wettkämpfen von Schwimmern mit geistiger Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041334</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041334</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I. P.</author>
      <author>Jóhannsson, E.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jóhannsson, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine the variability of diverse aspects of freestyle race performance in swimmers with intellectual disability (ID). Sixteen competitors (8 ID and 8 without ID) swam three 200-m freestyle races in competition over a 4 month period. Both groups had similar training background and competitive experience. ID swimmers showed a greater between race variability than the control group in end result (9.9% vs. 6.3% for WID) and mid-pool swimming speed. They also showed a greater variation in the relationship between change in Stroke Rate and change in swimming speed. ID swimmers swam slower and had not only a shorter Stroke Length but also lower Stroke Rate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserkompetenz: neue Einblicke in das Schwimmen und Ertrinken</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041543</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041543</guid>
      <author>Langendorfer, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Langendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Langendorfer and Bruya (1995) originally proposed 'water competence' as a gender-inclusive alternative to 'watermanship', to describe aquatic expertise broadly conceived. Other authors (e.g., Stallman, et al. 2008; Moran, et al. 2011) have suggested water competence as minimum performance required to reduce drowning risk. I propose that contemporary science requires envisioning human aquatic performance, learning, and instruction uniquely by associating water competence with five key principles: 1) dynamic; 2) individual; 3) task-related; 4) contextualprobabilistic; and 5) developmental. lt is critical to view water competence dynamically, specifically using Newell's (1986) constraints model, rather than from static 'ability' conceptions. Water competence views efficient and effective control and coordination of aquatic tasks as resultant of interactive relationships among individuals' personal characteristics, specific aquatic environments in which persons find themselves, and unique task demands required. The dynamic developmental view argues against a unitary approach to swimming instruction or to drowning prevention efforts. lt should embrace the notion that individual capabilities emerge in semi-predictable orders across the lifespan as well as moment to moment and from one aquatic situation to the next. Because it recognises the complexity of water competence, I argue for engaging lines of scientific 'strong inference' (Piatt 1964) to explore how persons, aquatic environments, and task demands interact, while searching for the existence of lawful, yet heuristic, principles by which to guide our clinical and professional behaviors in swimming and aquatics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Herzfrequenz beim Kopfstand im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041544</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041544</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Murata, M.</author>
      <author>Tsuchida, Y.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, V.</author>
      <author>Goto, M.</author>
      <author>Takagi, Y.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Kawano, H.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Kremenik, M. J.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Handstand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuchida, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremenik, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A previous study showed that heart rate (HR) significantly decreased during standing while in water, and that the phenomenon depended on the depth of immersion. A headstand posture is often assumed during synchronised swimming. However, it is uncertain whether changes in HR during a headstand position in water are the same as those while in a standing position. In this study, we determined the changes in HR during a headstand posture in water. Ten healthy Japanese males volunteered for this study and provided their informed consent prior to their participation. Measurements were conducted under two conditions, on land and in water, in a random order. Each subject maintained a headstand position on land or in a swimming pool for one min. While in water, the subjects breathed through a compressed gas cylinder used for scuba diving. Water depth was set at a subject's waist level. Water and room temperatures were maintained at 30°C and 28°C, respectively. HR was continuously measured using a waterproof HR monitor. HR rapidly decreased within 18 seconds from the beginning of a headstand posture while in water and was subsequently maintained at a steady state. The changes in HR while in the water were statistically significant interaction (by Repeated two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). By comparison, HR responses while on land decreased until18 seconds and then showed a minimal increase. HR when in water (55± 5 bpm) was significantly lower than when on land (68 ± 7 bp m; p < 0.05). Our results showed that HR decreased during a headstand while in water, which could be attributed to the diving reflex and an increase in venous return.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Jan Swammerdam. Duchenne de Boulogne .. Leon Levillie ...  oder Wie die Bewegungswissenschaft zu einer multidisziplinären Wissenschaft wurde</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041545</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041545</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorwort</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041546</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041546</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Marques, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques, A.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasser-Wellenbewegung: Untersuchung von Frequenz, Amplitude und Phasenmerkmalen der "Körperwelle"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041547</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041547</guid>
      <author>Gavihin, A.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gavihin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze wave motions of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) and to compare these whip-like actions with previous studies developed in butterfly and breaststroke. UUS is characterized by vertical displacements of the body parts such that a wave progresses along the body with most of its power contained in a single sinusoidal harmonic (Hl). Progression of the H1 wave from hip to ankle raises the possibility that energy is transmitted along the whole body in butterfly swimming and from the hips in USS. In UUS
upper body segment movements were not part of the body wave and would be used to stabilize position. Increasing values of vertical velocities caudally from hip to knees to ankles appears to be related to maximising horizontal velocity of the CM in UUS. A future analysis of the wake structure generated by UUS and its relationship to wave characteristics seems a logical step for further understanding propulsive mechanisms in UUS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik der Atmung im Freistilschwimmen und direkte Auswirkungen auf das Tempo</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041548</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041548</guid>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>Guimaräes, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guimaräes, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselparametern und Armzugtechnik im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041553</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041553</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>D'Acquiato, J.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquiato, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physiological parameters and stroking technique characteristics in front crawl. Subjects performed a swimming economy test for determination of steady-state oxygen uptake (V02) and an incremental swim test to volitional exhaustion for determination of peak aerobic power . (V02peak). Two additional swim efforts were performed at velocities corresponding to 80 and 1000/oV02peak (V80%V02peak and V100%V02peak). Stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (VOBLA) were determined to assess stroking technique and endurance ability. For each sub-maximal effort, SL and SR remained unchanged throughout the six minute swim, and V02 was found to reach steady-state levels. During the 80 and 1 000/o V02peak swims, SL and SR showed significant decreases and increases, respectively. V02 increased significantly throughout the 80 and 100% V02peak swims. Lactate threshold (LT) corresponded to an average velocity of 1.3 m/sand a mean VOBLA of 1.423±0.017 m/s. These results suggest that stroking technique remained unchanged during swimming activities corresponding to aerobic intensities, but changes in swimming mechanics occurred in order to maintain pace at anaerobic workloads.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genesis von Seitenunterschieden bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4038646</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4038646</guid>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Hermsdorf, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermsdorf, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In swimming evenly distributed movements are performed by the limbs. Nevertheless differences in the motion of the left and right body side are to be observed frequently. These effects are strongly related with breathing and lead to necessary correction movements, without a propulsion effect. A goal of the investigation was to quantify the energetic causes of these side differences.

METHODS
For the evaluation of the side differences we analyzed specific power tests for upper limbs of 1 or 2 min duration (freestyle/butterfly stroke) on a rope pulling ergometer. 82 tests (43 male and 39 female subjects) were included into our investigation.In addition 22 of the freestyle swimmers also participated in a three-dimensional trunk force test (Pegasus, BfMC Leipzig).
RESULTS
We found significant side differences in the dynamic parameters power, strength and maximum speed of both strokes.While the side differences in the butterfly stroke were generatedby differing stroke length, different stroke duration was the reason for the differences in freestyle stroke. The results of a trunk force test with the freestyle swimmers proved a significant correlation between the results on the rope pulling ergometer and the trunk strength in the frontal direction
DISCUSSION
The results show the relation of the higher dynamic parameters in the cyclic movement with a better stabilization of the trunk on the contra lateral side. This result stresses the importance of trunk muscles for the transmission of the generated momentums from the limbs to the overall system especially for freestyle sprinters. The conclusions for training practice of these results are a high-quality trunk muscle training as well as the control of an effective breathing technology in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unregelmäßige hydrodynamische Kräfte auf einen Roboterarm und dessen Strömungsfeld während des Kraulenschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032622</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032622</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ozaki, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozaki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The importance of unsteady phenomena in human swimming has been emphasised in previous studies (Sanders 1999; Toussaint et al. 2002), hence we know that quasi-steady hydrodynamic theory is insufficient to describe the mechanisms by which humans propel themselves through water. To address such problems, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), including the effects of unsteady fluid flow, has been making a major contribution to understanding hydrodynamic phenomenon when the swimmer was moving actively either on the surface or underwater (Von Loebbecke et al. 2009; Dabnichki 2011). Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has also proven to be a powerful tool for measuring the actual flow fields around human swimmers. Based on PIV measurements, Matsuuchi et al. (2009) have reported that a pair of counter-rotating vortices might play an important role in generating unsteady fluid forces, and Hochstein and Blickhan (2011) have found that vortices generated in the region of strongly flexing joints are suitable to enhance propulsion; this process is known as vortex recapturing. Combining the results from CFD and PIV should help in visually and theoretically understanding complicated hydrodynamic mechanisms. However, actual experiment data, such as for forces and pressures, are also valuable for verifying CFD results and interpreting PIV images. Therefore, in a previous study, we conducted experiments in which we directly measured hydrodynamic forces, pressure distributions, and flow fields around a hand attached to a robotic arm (Takagi et al. 2013). In that work, simple 2D hand motions were the subject for study; nevertheless, a significant unsteady hydrodynamic phenomenon was observed that reveals the behavior of certain kinds of vortices play an essential role in generating substantial unsteady hydrodynamic forces. In this study, we used a robotic arm and PIV to clarify the mechanisms by which unsteady forces are generated during 3D crawl-stroke-motions. By analyzing the 3D motions, it is expected that actual propelling mechanisms can be elucidated and the findings will contribute to an improvement of swimmers' technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ventilationsdynamik während des Schwimmens mit Wettkampfgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032621</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032621</guid>
      <author>Päivinen, M. K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Tikkanen, H. O.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Päivinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tikkanen, H. O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Respiratory symptoms are common among competitive swimmers. The most respiratory symptoms have been reported during very hard, race pace swimming. lt has been suggested that extreme strain with high pulmonary load would have an effect on development of sthmatic symptoms among athletes. The aim of the study was to examine pulmonary ventilation during very hard intensity, race pace swimming in elite competitive swimmers. 
Methods: Fourteen healthy elite swimmers, 7 females and 7 males, 18 years old, with training history of 9 years on the average were studied. Maximal ventilation (VEmax) was measured breath-by-breath during race-pace swimming. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) was measured on land (L) and in water (W) in prone swimming body position. MVV was also estimated (cMVV) by calculating 35·FEV 1 on Land W. Measurements were performed by portable Cosmed K4b 2 analyzer. Snorkel build for swimming testing was attached to the breathing valve. 
Results: During the swim, VEmax was 106 (4) l·min-1in females and 136 (14) l·min-1in males. Breathing reserve (Br) was 27% in females and 25% in males when LcMVV. However with WcMVV, Br decreased to 24% in females and 20% in males in comparison to LcMVV. When pooled data on LMVV, WMVV, LcMVV and WcMVV were examined, WMVV correlated the most with VEmax. During the race pace
swim VEmax reached 76% in females and 80% in males of the calculated maximal voluntary ventilation in water.
Discussion: Results indicate that during the race pace intensity swimming, the extremely high load on the pulmonary function induces asthmatic respiratory symptoms in elite competitive swimmers. The observation that the VEmax was 76-80% of the WcMVV, was higher than the target ventilations used to detect respiratory symptoms in physical exercise at 60% of LcMVV. Therefore, we suggest that the special effects of swimming and water environment on pulmonary function should be taken into account when analyzing respiratory hazards in elite swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Schwimmbelastung bis zur Erschöpfung auf das maximale isometrische Drehmoment und die Zyklusparameter</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032620</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032620</guid>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Bassan, N. M.</author>
      <author>César, T. E. A. S.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungszyklus</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ellbogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bassan, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>César, T. E. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, biomechanical aspects, such as drag and the level of application of propulsive force as well as physiological aspects associated to the energy production are important for performance (Hollander et al. 1986). Some technical parameters such the stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) have shown significant changes throughout competitive races (Craig et al. 1985) as well as constantspeed tests (Dekerle et al. 2005; Alberty et al. 2009; Pelarigo et al. 2011; Oliveira et al. 2012), which have been attributed to the compromised capacity to generate force to overcome drag (Craig et al. 1985). Thus, the changes in swim technique have been attributed to fatigue (i.e., the reduced capacity to produce force) (Gandevia 2001). Indeed, decrements on power, speed and SR have been demonstrated during swim exhaustive tests (Toussaint et al. 2006). Moreover, Aujouannet et al. {2006) have shown significant changes in SR and SL throughout an exhaustive test and maximal isometric force, performed in a swim bench. At similar swim conditions, lkuta et al. (2012) verified significant reduction of electromyographic activity of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles during the test. However, no studies have determined the relationship between changes in musce strength and the changes in swim technique in exhaustive swim tests. In front-crawl swimming, the propulsion is produced mainly by arm movements (Hollander et al. 1987). Among the main muscles utilised for propulsion are the triceps brachii and biceps brachii, which are essential during the underwater phase of the stroke (Ciarys 1983). Indeed, Figueiredo et al. (2013) have demonstrated significant changes in the amplitude (triceps brachii and biceps brachii) and frequency (triceps brachii) electromyography parameters throughout a maximal 200-m front crawl swim test. Thus, the objective of this study was to correlate the changes in the isometric peak torque (IPT) of elbow flexors (EF) and elbow extensors (EE) and the stroke parameters (i.e., SR and SL) induced by an exhaustive swim. it was hypothesised that a direct relationship might exist between the changes in swim technique and force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der Knochenmineraldichte zwischen Schwimmern und Fußballspielern verschiedener Altersgruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032619</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032619</guid>
      <author>Colantonio, E.</author>
      <author>Juzwiak, C. R.</author>
      <author>Scorine, C.</author>
      <author>Madureira, F.</author>
      <author>Clemente, J.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Knochenmineraldichte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colantonio, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Juzwiak, C. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scorine, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madureira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During childhood and adolescence, bone mineral density (BMD) increases until the peak bone mass is reached in adulthood. Physical activity has been proposed as a major determinant of BMD. The osteogenic effect of exercise can be attributed mainly to the impact and mechanical loads applied to the bone; however, not all physical activities have the same effects on bone. Duration and intensity are factors which will affect the osteogenic stimulus produced [1, 2, 3]. Recent literature reviews have shown that high impact sports seem to be more osteogenic than non impact sports such as swimming or cycling, in children [4], young adults [4, 5] or older adults [6]. Some studies showed that athletes from other sports presented BMD values much higher than swimmers [7, 8]. A lot of investigations have been produced approaching this theme; nevertheless, results among studies remain disparate [7-12]. Therefore, further investigations in this area are needed in order to elucidate the effect of swimming on BMD.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermüdung der internen Schulterrotatoren nach einer maximalen 200-m-Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032618</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032618</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>King, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high prevalence of shoulder pain has been reported for competitive swimmers with severe cases potentially leading to functional impairments and termination of participation (Tate et al. 2012). Greater swimming exposure defined by distance or time spent swimming, characterises symptomatic groups (Tate et al. 2012; Sein et al. 2010) who present, among other physical impairments, weakness of the internal and external rotation strength (Tate et al. 2012; Beach et al. 1992; Se in et al. 2010). Pain vs pain-free swimmers, and within the pain group, symptomatic vs non symptomatic shoulders, are characterised by reduced concentric and eccentric internal rotational torques leading to greater external-to-internal rotational strength ratios (Bak and Magnusson 1997). Muscle fatigue of the internal rotators and the pectoralis major in particular, affects dynamic stabilisation of the humeral head which may lead to microtrauma (Wanivenhaus et al. 2012). During the arm stroke in freestyle, the overhead arm action is produced by the scapular and rotator cuff muscles. These muscles work in synergy to deliver movement whilst establishing stability (McMaster 1999). Shoulders are internally rotated during the hand entry, late pull-through phase (90° flexion to hand exit) and recovery phase, i.e. all but one phase of the stroke [early pull-through phase (Wanivenhaus et al. 2012)]. Studies measuring electromyographic responses during all-out front crawl swimming have reported increases in activities of upper-limb muscles including internal rotators such as the pectoralis major as fatigue developed (Rouard 2010; lkuta et al. 2012; Figueiredo et al. 2013). This was suggested to reflect the recruitment of additional motor units in an attempt to maintain the swimming speed (Rouard 2010). Most investigations on muscular strength and endurance report the use of isokinetic dynamometers to ensure validity and reliability in torque measurement (Baltzopoulos and Brodie 1989). Torque can be measured during short voluntary contractions performed (a) maximally (MVC) and {b) at different, set (isometric), joint angles. Pre- and post-exercise measurements allow for the maximal torquejoint angle relationship to be assessed in both fresh and fatigued states of muscle groups [human elbow flexors, (Philippou et al. 2004; Prasartwuth et al. 2006)1. Fatigue has been shown to alter the inverse-U shape of this relationship with a shift to the right of the optimal joint angle alongside a fatigue-reduced peak torque (Philippou et al. 2004; Prasartwuth et al. 2006). Decrements in force production have been observed during or following all-out swimming (Aujouannet al. 2006; Rouard 2010). To our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of a fatiguing swim on the ability for a muscle group, the internal rotators in the present study, to generate force across a range of joint angles. A significant decline would ascertain the presence of fatigue (Taylor & Gandevia 2008). Muscular fatigue has often been put forward as the main explanatory mechanism underpinning the changes in the stroking parameters observed during a 200-m all-out swim (Aiberty et al. 2005; Figueiredo et al. 2013). The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the loss of isometric torque during MVCs performed prior and following a 200-m all-out swim. Three different joint angles for the internal rotators were tested. Changes in swimming speed, stroke rate and stroke length were also quantified throughout the 200-m all-out swim. lt was hypothesised that maximal isometric torque would be reduced post-exercise. This evidence of fatigue should be concomitant with a reduction in speed, stroke length and stroke rate during the 200-m swim.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der langsamen Komponenten der Sauerstoffaufnahme während einer ansteigenden Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032617</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032617</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study analysed the oxygen uptake slow component (V02sc) of front crawl swimming along an incremental swimming protocol, using a multi-exponential function. Eleven well-trained swimmers (20.4±2.5 yrs, 1.80±0.06 m and 74.1±4.12 kg) performed a front crawl incremental protocol of 7x300 m until exhaustion (with increments of 0,05m/s and 30s rest intervals between steps). V02 was collected bxb using a portable gas analyzer {K4b2) connected to the new Aqua Trainer respiratory snorkel {both from Cosmed, Italy). V02sc was assessed using a double exponential regression model with exponential terms amplitudes, time delays and time constants representing the V02 kinetics fast (1) and slow (2) components. In addition, the calculation of the V02sc values through the fixed interval method was also conducted by subtracting the average V02 observed in the last 40s of each step by the average V02 observed in the 3rd m in of exercise. A paired T-test was used to compare both methods along the incremental test (p ~ 0.05). The multi-exponential model showed that the vo2SC was above 200 ml/min from the 5th until the 7th step of the incremental protocol, i.e., intensitiesabove the anaerobic threshold. Differences were observed in mean values of V02sc obtained by the mathematical modelling and the fixed interval method in every step of the protocol (P 5 0.05, d > 0. 76). lt was concluded that in well-trained front crawl swimmers V025c exists in a significant faction at exercise intensities above the anaerobic threshold. This means that at heavy and severe swimming intensities the higher work rates implied the recruitment of faster but more easily fatigable fibers, which could lead to less efficient processes, and consequently, to higher V025c mean values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Benötigt Rükenschwimmen einen größeren Energieverbrauch als Kraulschwimmen bei äquivalenter sub-anaerober Schwellengeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032616</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032616</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <author>Coleman, S.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coleman, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-individual differences of energy expenditure between front crawl and back crawl at the same speed below the anaerobic threshold. Seven male swimmers performed 300m front crawl and back crawl at 95 percent of back crawl anaerobic threshold speed. During the trial each swimmer's respiratory gas was analysed using a portable gas analysis system. The speed of each swimmer was controlled by a visual light pacer, and each trial was recorded by a digital video camera. Energy expenditure during the trial was assumed to be equal to the swimmer's oxygen consumption. Stroke frequency and stroke length of the swimmer were calculated from the video image. Energy expenditure in back crawl was significantly higher than front crawl (mlO2/kg/min, front crawl: 38.91±3.13, back crawl: 48.20±5.31). However, there was no difference in stroke frequency (cycle/sec, front crawl: 0.43±0.04, back crawl: 0.43±0.04) and stroke length (m/cycle, front crawl: 2.53±0.17, back crawl: 2.53±0.22) between the two. The results suggested that the superiority of front crawl over back crawl at aerobic intensity is due to the difference of the economy between them, rather than the differences between stroke parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ventilatorische, metabolische und kinematische Reaktionen beim Sprint- vs. Langstreckenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032615</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032615</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare the speed, oxygen uptake ( V02 consumption), blood lactate concentration ([La]b), and stroke rate (SR) in sprint and middle-distance swimmers. Seven male elite middle-distance swimmers (performance level=89% of the world record) and seven male sprint swimmers (performance level=88% of the world record) were recruited. Ventilatory, metabolic and kinematic parameters were obtained during a 6 x 300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion. VO2 kinetics were compared between groups using a 500-m interval training set (IT-500) swum at the lactate threshold (LT). Speed at VO2max was faster for the middle-distance swimmers (1.51 ± 0.02 m/s) than the sprinters (1.34 ± 0.07 m/s). Speed at LT was also faster for the middledistance swimmers (3.1 ± 1.2 mmol/L; v LT= 1.46 ± 0.01 m/s, equivalent to 96.7 ± 0.5% of vVO2maxl than the sprinters (4.5 ± 1.5 mmol.r1; v LT= 1.22 ± 0.06 m/s, 91 ± 1.9% of vVO2max; P < 0.01). The middle-distance swimmers had a higher stroke rate at LT (36.7 ± 4.5 vs. 30.3 ± 0.7 s/min) and consumed a larger VO2max fraction (95 ± 2 vs. 84 ± 5% of VO2max; P < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was observed between dVE and dSR (r^2= 0.93, P < 0.01) in the middle-distance swimmers during the IT-500, whereas a negative relationship was observed with llstroke length (r= 0.81, P < 0.01). The middle-distance swimmers were typically 10-15% faster at the lactate threshold and at the maximal oxygen uptake. In contrast, the blood lactate concentration was 40% higher in the sprint swimmers but the stroke rate was 15% lower at the lactate threshold.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung des Gaumensegels während des Atmens bei einer simulierten Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032614</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032614</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Hanaoka, Y.</author>
      <author>Tonogi, M.</author>
      <author>Nakajima, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tonogi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakajima, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[How to control breathing is one of the most difficult things for beginner swimmers. This breathing means to change the airway which may be carried out by the soft palate. Controlling the soft palate is difficult because it is controlled by the autonomic nerves. The purpose of this research is to try to find the intentional way of soft palate control. We observed the motion of the soft palate with an endoscope and at the same time measured oral pressure. In order to change the exhaling route from the nose to the mouth, we found that to pronounce the sound 'Mnn' and 'Pah' is best way to control the soft palate spontaneously.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verschiebung des bioelektrischen Impedanzvektors durch Training bei jungen Synchronschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032613</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032613</guid>
      <author>Irurtia, A.</author>
      <author>Carrasco, M.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez-Zamora, L.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Brotons, D.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>bioelektrische Impedanz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Irurtia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrasco, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez-Zamora, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brotons, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: A synchronised swimming (SS) training session typically includes specific drills, choreographies, and physical conditioning exercises, imposing complex physiological demands (Rodriguez-Zamora et al. 2012). Training volume and intensity differs depending on the age and competitive level ofthe swimmers. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a non-invasive and safe technique for assessing hydration and body composition changes (Lukaski & Piccoli 2012). This study applied BIVA to the assessment of hydration changes evoked by SS during a typical training session in swimmers of different age and competitive level. 
Method: 59 swimmers were divided into 1) juniors (JR) (16.7±0.9 years) and pre-juniors (pre-JR) (13.9±0.9 years). Body height (h) and mass (BM) were assessed following the norms and procedures of the ISAK. BIVA was conducted PRE and POST a typical training session (pre-JR 2.5±0.1 h; JR 4.0±0.2 h). A multi-frequency wrist-to-ankle BIA meter device (Z-Metrix", BioparHom, France) was used and 50kHz whole-body BIA vectors were analysed by the resistance (R)- reactance (Xc) graphic method, and Z mean values plotted (Piccoli et al. 1994). PRE-POST differences were tested by paired t-test. Hotelling's T2 test determined differences in the complex localised vector through the 95% confidence and tolerance intervals. 
Results: Significant differences were found in whole-body BIA vector in both pre-JR (T2=25.6, p=0.003) and JR (T2-=25.8, p=0.001). Changes were observed between PRE and POST in BM (pre-JR: 47.0±7.2 kg vs. 46.7±7.3 kg, P<0.001); JR: 53.7±4.9 kg vs. 53.4±4.9 kg, P<0.001), R (pre-JR: 530±46 Q vs. 548±45 Q, P<0.001); JR: 503±33 Q vs. 524 ±45 Q, P=0.004), and Xc (pre-JR: 64.4±5.4 Q vs. 66.6±4.8 0, P=0.002); JR: 66.0±2.9 Q vs. 70.3±4.3 Q, P<0.001). BIVA showed significant vector migration from PRE to POST (T2=8.99; p<0.05) in JR, whereas no changes were noted in pre-JR (T2=l.92; P>0.05).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Widerstandssprintschwimmtraining im Wasser für Nachwuchsschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 08:51:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032612</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032612</guid>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Brammer, C. L.</author>
      <author>Sossong, T. D.</author>
      <author>Abe, T.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sossong, T. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abe, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Worldwide, coaches employ training paradigms in an effort to maximise the performances of their athletes. In competitive swimming, a variety of methods have evolved as a means to improve swim performance, all of which focus on increasing swimmers' abilities to develop propulsive force, decrease drag forces, or some combination of these factors. One accepted method used to improve propulsive force is an increase muscle size and function. There is some support that land-based resistive exercise increases muscle size, improves muscle function, and enhances motor skills with children and adolescents (Behringer et al. 2010; Harries et al. 2012). However, whether or not landbased resistive training enhances sport performance remains inconclusive in young athletes, due primarily to methodological and logistical discrepancies among previous studies. Further, land exercise does not commonly replicate actual swim movements, thus the extent to which it is useful in improving swim performance may be limited. Specific training methods would, at least theoretically, increase the likelihood of improving performance outcomes. Swim power or 'in-water' resisted sprint swim training (IWRST) has been acknowledged by scientists and coaches to enhance sprint swim performance due to the specificity of training. Typical IWRST requires a cable connected to a spring balance scale (Julian & Coltune 1958), a rack-pulley system (Hopper 1975), or an elastic cord (Girold et al. 2007) whereby a swimmer is attached via a waist belt to the resistive load while swimming. IWRST has been previously suggested to invoke positive effects on adult swimmers (Aspenes & Karlsen 2012; Tanaka & Swensen 1998). Only one study has reported the use of IWRST in late adolescents (Girold et al. 2007). Studies using similar training paradigms with pre- or peri-adolescent (age-group) swimmers do not appear to exist. The limited prevalence of research regarding IWRST in age-group swimmers may be attributable to the limited availability of training devices and/or other specialised equipment. More importantly, the lack of information regarding practical use and the efficacy of such training with age-group swimmers is likely an added deterrent. Whether or not IWRST, specific to age-group swimmers who are already actively training, is effective and advisable is currently dependent upon speculation. Therefore, data describing the benefits, or lack thereof, of IWRST in the adolescent population are needed. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of IWRST on sprint swim performance and muscle mass in age-group swimmers when compared with traditional non-resisted sprint swim training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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