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    <item>
      <title>Wasserschatten von 2 Schwimmern im Freiwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085091</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085091</guid>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Pretot, C.</author>
      <author>Larrarte, F.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pretot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larrarte, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The word drafting defines the benefit obtained by an athlete from the wake of an opponent. Drafting is observed in various sports such as team sports or when racing against other athletes: running, swimming, car racing or cycling. The main idea is that an athlete can benefit from a drag reduction when being behind another one. Therefore, the draft athlete produces less effort than their opponent to move at the same speed. This energy saving can make a difference in the outcome of a race. In swimming, athletes move at the interface between air and water, which makes drafting in swimming specific because of the waves created at this interface. Different studies have monitored physiological parameters and their evolution in drafting configurations [1, 2, 3]. These articles draw the conclusion that drafting has a positive impact on physiological parameters such has a reduction of the concentration of blood lactate, a reduction in oxygen uptake and heart rate and a reduced perceived exertion on the Borg scale. As a consequence, draft swimmers will face less physical fatigue than isolated swimmers. Moreover, Janssen et al. [3] also shown a positive correlation between passive drag reductions in drafting formation and physiological benefit in active swimming in those same formations. There are also numerical papers that study drag forces and drag coefficients on passive swimmers [4, 5]. They suggest that the drafted swimmer encounters reduced drag compared to the leading swimmer, which can explain the evolution of physiological parameters mentioned before. The wave field created by a passive leading swimmer has been studied by Yuan et al. [6], using a potential theory approach and neglecting the wake produced by the swimmers. They found that a draft swimmer following a leader could encounter a drag increase or decrease depending on the distance separating the 2 swimmers. Finally, some works try to actually measure drag during drafting experimentally. For example, Westerweel [7] did some drag measurements on scale models and concluded that the drag reduction could be up to 40% for the draft swimmer. Our goal is to determine the relative positions of swimmers that allow them to make the most of drafting during open-water races. The study is conducted on passive scale models, which allows us to study a wide range of race configurations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schmetterlingsschwimmens mit Widerstand und Unterstützung auf Muskelaktivitätsmuster und -wert</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085092</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085092</guid>
      <author>Honghui, Y.</author>
      <author>Wei, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Honghui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The aim is to examine the effects of resisted and assisted butterfly swimming training on muscle activity patterns and magnitude by using surface electromyography(sEMG). The order of muscle activity and the control of muscle motion extent during swimming are very important for swimming performance, but due to device limitation, there was little research.
METHODS
Eight male college swimmers (age 20.50 ± 0.76yr; height 186.37 ± 6.02cm; weight 81.88 ± 4.85kg) participated in this study. Two GoPro underwater cameras(50Hz) were used to identify the stroke cycle. The subjects finished three 50m butterfly sprints by conditions of resisted (with a resistance parachute), assisted (with a towing tether) and normal butterfly swimming. All subjects were instructed to give maximal effort for each trial. Eight upper limb muscles activity were collected using Cometa sEMG system (2000Hz, Italy).
RESULTS
1.There are significant difference in the whole stroke cycle and the stroke time among conditions.Time duration of resisted butterfly swimming was much longer than normal butterfly swimming (P<0.01)and time duration of assisted butterfly swimming was much shorter than normal butterfly swiming (P<0.01).
2.Resisted butterfly swimming showed similar muscle activity patterns compared with normal butterfly swiming. Assisted butterfly swimming also showed similar muscle activity patterns except latissimus dorsi, which was activated earlier than the pectoralis major.
3.The difference in RMS was also appeared in stroke phase. Compared with normal butterfly, RMS values of sEMG of pectoralis major (P<0.05), triceps (P<0.01), and latissimus dorsi (P<0.01) during resisted butterfly swimming were significantly greater than those during normal butterfly swimming. No significant difference in RMS values were observed between assisted and normal butterfly swimming.
DISCUSSION
There were no significant difference in muscle activity patterns of upper limb muscles, except latissimus dorsi, among resisted,assisted and normal butterfly swimming. Assisted swimming may have more benefits for trainng because it would maintain the muscle activity pattern as well as reducing the stroke time. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Aktivität des autonomen Herznervensystems bei schwangeren Frauen in Rückenlage bei Wasserimmersion</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085093</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085093</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Fujisawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Seki, K.</author>
      <author>Nakano, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujisawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakano, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Prenatal swimming is a physical activity that uses a swimming pool for pregnant women in the stable period of pregnancy. It has been reported that swimming for pregnant women improves malaise. However, the findings are inconsistent concerning what kind of mechanism improves indefinite complaints. Many studies on autonomic nerves during pregnancy focus on short-term changes. Therefore, we hypothesized that cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity increases during the stable of pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the changes in the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system from pre-pregnancy to postpartum in a single subject. The subject was a 33-year-old woman. Log HF and heart rate were measured before pregnancy, at 20, 28, 33, and 37 weeks and after delivery. Log HF was measured using the MemCalc method. The subject was kept in the supine position in the water and on land. The measurement time was 5 minutes. Log HF is an index of cardiac autonomic nerve activity. The Log HF in the water condition was higher than in the land condition before pregnancy, showed a lower value at the 20th week of gestation, and changed to a higher value at the 28th, 33rd, and 37th weeks of gestation. HR tends to be lower in the water condition than on the land condition. After 28 weeks, the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system was found to be effective in alleviating malaise in pregnant women. We obtained the following three findings. First, in water floating, there is a period of reversal of cardiac autonomic nerve activity during pregnancy. Second, in water immersion, cardiac autonomic activity predominates after 28 weeks of gestation. Third, cardiac autonomic nervous activity in water is high after 28 weeks of gestation. Participation in the experiment was obtained with the permission of the attending physician.  ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Ansatz zur Koordination mehrerer Gliedmaßen beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085094</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085094</guid>
      <author>Shemeikka, J.</author>
      <author>Ruokanen, A.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shemeikka, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruokanen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whole-body interlimb coordination in front crawl swimming, focusing on the relationship between upper and lower limb movements. Thirteen competitive swimmers (aged 14-18) performed a 10 x 100 m stepwise test. The swims were recorded above and below water. Coordination patterns were analyzed, assigning values based on the number of inter-connected limbs and mutual timing. Four distinct groups emerged: contralateral, ipsilateral, phasing, and non-coordinated. Contralateral and ipsilateral coordination were the primary patterns. We conclude that the introduction of new coordination indices and comprehensive analysis of coordination groups sheds light on the complexity of movement between the arms and legs during front crawl. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Handströmungskraft und der Handkinematik nach Zugphase beim Sprint-Kraulschwimmen zwischen den Leistungsstufen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085095</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085095</guid>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Hyodo, H.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hyodo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Several methods have been proposed for dividing the front crawl stroke into phases. One of the most popular methods is to divide the stroke into three phases: glide, pull, and push (Chollet et al. 2000). The glide phase starts after the hand enters the water until the hand begins to move backward, the pull phase starts after the glide phase until the hand reaches just below the shoulder, and the push phase starts after the pull phase until the hand exits the water. In front crawl, the first moment of propulsive force, called the "catch", is considered important. The catch is considered to be the beginning of the pull phase, approximately one-third of the way through the underwater stroke (Maglischo, 1993; Chollet et al., 2000). Therefore, it is important to make the better catch motion in the first half of the stroke to obtain greater propulsive force in the subsequent phases. However, the characteristics of the glide phase in
fast swimmers are not clear.
In addition, it has been reported that the pull and push phases are important in shortdistance front crawl. It has been reported that the lateral velocity of the hand in the push phase is important for achieving high hand propulsive force (Kudo et al. 2023). The angle of attack of the hand is reported to be a factor that influences hand propulsive force and hand surface pressure (Koga et al. 2020). Therefore, it is possible that fast swimmers have distinctive hand velocity and angles of attack during the glide phase and subsequent phases. The purpose of this study was to compare hand fluid forces and hand kinematics during each stroke phase between high-level sprinters and skilled swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die chirurgische Behandlung der Schwimmerschulter zeigte eine schlechte Korrelation mit den Ergebnissen der präoperativen Magnetresonanztomographie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085096</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085096</guid>
      <author>Etter, J.</author>
      <author>Sharpe, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Operationsforschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Chirurgie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Etter, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharpe, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
One of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in competitive swimmers is shoulder pain. Some shoulders remain symptomatic after a full course of therapy consisting of scapular stabilization and posterior capsular stretching. The purpose of this paper is to describe one surgeon`s experience with arthroscopic management of swimmer`s shoulder and especially to describe differences in surgical and MRI findings.
METHODS
Over a 2 year period, competitive swimmers with painful shoulders who failed physical therapy and had clinical findings of instability underwent evaluation with MRI and subsequent arthroscopic evaluation. 16 shoulders in 13 patients required surgical management.
RESULTS
All 16 shoulders demonstrated pathology of the anterior inferior labrum. 12/16 had plastic deformation of the anterior inferior labrum and 4/16 had Bankart lesions (displaced tear of the anterior inferior labrum). There were also 14/16 with anterior inferior capsular laxity and 11/16 with a Type II SLAP tear. Only one MR arthrogram accurately described the pathology that was found at the time of arthroscopy. With surgical stabilization and appropriate physiotherapy, nearly all swimmers in this series were able to return to competitive swimming at prior or higher level of performance.
DISCUSSION
We found that swimmer`s shoulders which fail physical therapy generally have anteriorinferior laxity most often with plastic deformation of the labrum, which is not seen on MRI or MR Arthrogram. MR arthrogram findings consistently underestimated the pathology found at time of arthroscopy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der vorgegebenen Zugfrequenz auf die Fähigkeit zum wiederholten Sprintschwimmen und die kognitive Wahrnehmungsbelastung: Auswirkung von Erfahrung und Defiziten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085097</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085097</guid>
      <author>Leprêtre, P.</author>
      <author>Maruitte, T.</author>
      <author>Guimard, A.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Letocart, A.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprintwiederholungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leprêtre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maruitte, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guimard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
High level of motor flexibility, illustrated by stroke rate (SR) changes during competitive event, may explain the swimming performance (Seifert et al. 2014). The study aimed to determine whether the SR imposition could impact performance and perceptual cognitive load (PCL) in higher and lower proficiency swimmers and para-swimmers.
METHOD
26 swimmers and 9 para-swimmers (20.4±4.3y, 177.6±9.1cm, 68.1±8.8kg) performed 50m sprint in their speciality at their freely-chosen SR (FC) and at the imposed mean SR, based on the averaged FC. Then all the subjects randomly swam 4 ´ 50m at SR-6, SR-3, SR+3 and SR+6, separated by 7-min of passive recovery. SR was imposed by a Tempo trainer (Finis Inc, Livermore, USA) (Altavilla et al. 2018). Perceptual cognitive load was measured by visual analogic scale, 3-min after each 50m.
RESULTS
All the swimmers were significantly faster during FC compared other conditions (p 0.008). Performance during mean SR was higher than SR-6 (p 0.020). SR+3 and SR+6 conditions induced a significant higher perceptual cognitive load value compared to FC trial (p 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the ability to repeat the same level of swimming performance (i.e., < 5% changes with FC condition), was related to proficiency (p 0.002), the ability to swim quickly at the lowest (SR-6) and highest (SR+6) imposed SR (p 0.022), disability (p 0.023) and swimming speed (p 0.038). No relation was found between the repeated sprint ability and the perceptual cognitive load (p 0.671).
DISCUSSON
Higher proficiency able-bodied swimmers seem to be able to use a large SR range to perform. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Austauschbarkeit der Rückwärtsextrapolation und der Messung der Sauerstoffaufnahme unter Belastung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085098</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085098</guid>
      <author>Leprêtre, P.</author>
      <author>Cassirame, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spirometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leprêtre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassirame, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements are a technical challenge in ecological exercise conditions with face immersion. Backward extrapolation was proposed to estimate swimming VO2 value based on post-exercise VO2 and exercise heart rate values (pVO2(t)). Specific snorkel has been already released to measure VO2 (swim-VO2) in a flume. The study aimed to compare swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) during non-tethered swimming. 10 well-trained swimmers (20.1±4.1y, 176.7±9.2cm, 64.9±12.4kg) performed 4 ´ 200m front crawl at different intensities (moderate to severe) separated by 1-min of passive recovery in water. VO2 was collected using Metamax3B-R3 with Metaswim (Cortex biophysics, Liepzig, Germany). swim-VO2, pVO2(t) and their agreement with each other were determined. No significant difference was found between mean swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) values (3.4±0.7 vs. 3.4±0.8L·min-1, p=0.083). The variation between swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) was -0.9±3.9% (from -6.9 to 9.6%). swim-VO2 and
pVO2(t) were significantly correlated (r=0.99 for 95% confidence limits). A good level of agreement was found between two methods [-0.21;0.29] L·min-1. Mean, upper and lower limits of bias were 0.05, 0.20 and -0.07 with a small standardized typical error of estimate (i.e., 0.15). Both methods could be considered as interchangeable for estimating VO2 during front crawl swimming from moderate to severe intensities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Schwimmstart, Wende und Zieleinlauf auf die Endzeit bei 200-m-Wettkämpfen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085099</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085099</guid>
      <author>Mckenna, M.</author>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <author>Sheath, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Endspurt</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mckenna, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sheath, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, there has been increasing interest from swimmers, coaches and practitioners in the role played by the start, turn(s) and finish in the context of the overall outcome of a race (Morais et al., 2018). The aim of this study was to firstly compare the start, turn and finish times, for both male and emale swimmers, across all four swimming strokes for 200m events in national and international long-course-metre competitions. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between these different components of the race and final race time. The findings from this study seek to provide insights that could help guide training interventions and optimise race strategies for swimmers at different competitive levels and swimming strokes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verwendung von Ermüdungsschwellen zur Bestimmung von Veränderungen der anaeroben Leistung von Schwimmern nach einem Makrozyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085100</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085100</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Sampaio, A.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Vieira, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsbereich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Makrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sampaio, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieira, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocimetry is an indirect method that may be used to evaluate swimmers' performance and determine anaerobic fatigue thresholds related to metabolic needs. However, how training changes the performance monitored through anaerobic fatigue thresholds is still unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in anaerobic performance and anaerobic fatigue thresholds, determined through the velocimetry method, imposed by a training macrocycle. Thirteen swimmers (six males and seven females) performed a 200 m maximum and an all-out 50 m front crawl sprint before and after a six-month macrocycle. In the 50 m, the swimmers' waists were connected to a speedometer through a cable for instantaneous velocity measurement. The anaerobic fatigue threshold was determined through wavelets analysis of frequencies using a MatLab routine. A video camera was placed in the pool deck for sagittal image recording. Rest and post-effort blood lactate concentrations were measured by dry chemistry and ear-lob puncture. A Student t-test was computed to assess pre and post-test differences (p.0.05). Results showed a decrease of |~2s in the 50m performance time after the macrocycle and a lactate increase of ~2 mmol.l-1, suggesting an improvement in the total metabolic anaerobic contribution. However, the fatigue threshold remained statistically unchanged with training (18.23±6.35 vs 16.38±4.98s, p>0.05). It can be concluded that anaerobic fatigue thresholds may not be good indicators of swimmers' anaerobic performnce after a long training period.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von Schwimmunterricht im Fluss auf das Bewusstsein von Schülern der Mittelstufe für die Prävention von Ertrinken</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085101</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085101</guid>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Kishi, T.</author>
      <author>Hasegawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kishi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hasegawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Drowning prevention is a global issue. The United Nations designated July 25th as World Drowning Prevention Day starting from 2021 (Uinted Nations, 2021). In Japan, 13,808 people were involved in water-related accidents over the 10-year period from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2022, of which 7,409 people died or are still missing. The number of children aged 15 and under who died or went missing was 346, and these cases are distributed as follows: 183 (52.9%) in rivers, 75 (21.7%) in the sea, 40 (11.6%) in lakes, ponds, and swamps, 32 (9.2%) in irrigation channels, and 11 (3.2%) in pools (National Police Agency, 2023). This clearly indicates that incidents occur much more frequently in natural aquatic environments compared to pools. Furthermore, when categorizing the deaths and missing children by activity, 161 cases (46.5%) were related to playing in the water, 44 cases (12.7%) to swimming, 25 cases (7.2%) to fishing or catching fish, and 20 cases (5.8%) to passing by water (National Police Agency,  2018, 2023). This indicates that in order to prevent drowning incidents among children, it is necessary to consider educational content that takes these activities into account. In Japan, efforts to enhance children's crisis management abilities have emphasized the cultivation of effective skills after falling into water. Methods such as maintaining a supine position to ensure breathing and waiting for rescue, as well as using items like plastic bottles or bags to aid buoyancy, are actively taught in elementary and middle schools. However, Stallman et al. (2017) propose that drowning prevention education for children should incorporate risk awareness and risk avoidance behaviors related to drowning prevention. They suggest including natural environments such as beaches, rivers, and lakes in the educational programs. In the context of Japan's school education, fostering not only children's crisis management skills but also their risk management skills appears to be an urgent task. To achieve this, exploring learners' awareness, emotions, knowledge, and attitudes would serve as a starting point.
The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact and sustainability of river-based lessons on the emotions and awareness of middle school students regarding drowning prevention. The study also examined participants' knowledge and attitudes concerning drowning incidents.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aqua-Spiroergometrie im Strömungskanal zur Bestimmung der individuellen Gesamteffizienz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085102</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085102</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Götz, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spirometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Götz, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper aims to present the calculation steps, taking into account the dimensional analysis and scaling as well as laws conservation of energy without speculating about the specific forces, which are difficult to determine separately. Moreover, data from an experiment on spiroergometry in the flume is used to answer a question asked by the swimmers. Swimmers asked how many watts they put out on their hands during one cycle? They had learned from cyclists that they were apparently well informed about how many watts they apply "on the padale".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung der Gleitzeiten beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085103</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085103</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Leblanc, H.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leblanc, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The specificity of cyclic activities is characterized by the fact that locomotor displacement is achieved by the realization of a motricity reproduced in an identical or similar manner (cycle). Human locomotion is cyclical by nature and includes walking, running, cycling, rowing, ice or roller skating, etc. While cyclical activities are intrinsically "continuous", each of its locomotor cycle can be broken down into "phases". The term "sliding sport" defined as: "all sports involving gliding (skiing, windsurfing, surfing, etc.)" appears fairly restrictive. However, many physical and sporting activities can be considered to be cyclical and gliding, as in the case of ice skating, roller skating, cycling, canoeing, kayaking and swimming. Breaststroke in particular, like cross-country skiing, appears to be a cyclical gliding activity insofar as gliding phases play a predominant role.
Even at high stroke paces, there is a substantial glide time that follows the propulsive phase of the legs allowing the breaststroke swimmers to take advantage of this propulsion to keep moving forward. This glide time depends on swimming speed, level of expertise and gender. Alternating propulsion and gliding phases are crucial to performance, particularly in breaststroke, to avoid the accordion effect achieved by beginners, i.e. a coordination pattern where the legs extension and flexion respectively.
The burst-and-coast model for swimmer intra-cycle velocity variations (Carmigniani et al, 2020) highlights the alternation of propulsive and glide phases. This seems similar to the burstand-coast swimming behavior observed for certain fish such as cod or saithe. They found that if the fish had a reduced drag during the glidin phase they could consume less mechanical energy to maintain the same average velocity than in steady swimming.
Measuring the duration of the gliding phase and its timing in relation to the other phases of the cycle enables us to assess its importance, particularly the gliding phase that follows the propulsion of the legs.
The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in arm and leg coordination in breaststroke over three increasing swimming speeds and to compare these changes among current elite swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein inkrementeller Rampentest zur Bestimmung von Trainingszonen im Freischwimmen - eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085104</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085104</guid>
      <author>Filho, D.</author>
      <author>Vasconcelos, C. M.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Almeida, T. F.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>DiMenna, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsbereich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rampentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasconcelos, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Almeida, T. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DiMenna, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to design a rapidly-incremented protocol to assess peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak), gas exchange threshold (GET), and respiratory compensation point (RCP) in free swimming. The V.O2max attainment was confirmed, and variables were compared to similar measurements in tethered swimming. Eight male swimmers (19.4±5.2 years, 181.8±8.8 cm and 73.9±10.4 kg) performed two protocols: a ramp-incremental test and a constant bout both in free and tethered swimming. For free swimming, the protocol was 8x100-m stages at 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100% of maximal velocity in 200-m. For tethered swimming, a pulley-load system graded workload (WL) increasing at 5% every minute from 30 to 100% of maximum tethered force. The constant bouts for free and tethered swimming were performed at 5% above the highest work rate achieved on each incremental test (i.e., 105% vV.O2peak and WLV.O2peak). Two-way ANOVA analysed the differences (p<=0.05) across conditions (free vs. tethered) and protocols (incremental vs. constant). Correlations were analysed using R2. The were no differences for free vs. tethered swimming for V.O2peak (53.5±6.0 vs. 51.6±5.2 ml kg-1 m n-1), GET (37.2±4.3 vs. 36.1±4.7 ml kg-1 min-1) or RCP (46.3±4.4 vs. 45.9±4.3 ml kg-1 min-1). Moreover, the V.O2max (i.e., the higher values across the two bouts for each swimming mode) did not differ for free vs. tethered swimming (54.9±5.5 vs. 53.0±7.5 ml kg-1 min-1) or when compared to the V.O2peak for each swimming condition. The V.O2peak, and V.O2 at GET and RCP were correlated (R2=0.81, 0.66, and 0.92, respectively); however, the GET and RCP for free swimming (84.2±2.2 and 92.3±3.1 %vV.O2peak) differed (p=0.01) compared to GET and RCP for tethered swimming (68.7±7.9 and 85.8±5.4 %WLV.O2peak). The incremental-ramp test for both free and tethered swimming provides a valid assessment of V.O2peak with values representing the V.O2max. Moreover, GET and RCP (69.6 vs. 69.9 and 86.8 vs. 89.0 %V.O2peak) in free vs. tethered swimming are similar in both swimming conditions, and comparable to previous reports. However, the submaximal mechanical profile (i.e., v or WL at GET and RCP) differed. Hence, submaximal aerobic parameters are mode-specific, and should be assessed in each swimming condition for training planning and performance evaluation (e.g., for sprint pace).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung des Energieverbrauchs und der kritischen Stoffwechselleistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085105</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085105</guid>
      <author>Filho, D.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Almeida, T. F.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Almeida, T. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The environmental constrains in swimming preclude the application of devises for the analysis of oxygen uptake (V.O2) with no impairments upon swimming velocity, and therefore also affecting the exercise intensity and the confidence on the estimated parameters of the velocitytime limited model. Hence, this study aimed to approach power-time limited model in tetheredswimming, focusing: (i) the estimate of the energetics in different workloads (WL), (ii) determine critical power (CP) and anaerobic reserve (W'), and (iii) compare CP to gas exchange threshold (GET), and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Sixteen swimmers (17.6±3.years, 175.8±10.5 cm, and 68.5±10.6 kg) performed an incremental ramp-test (IRT), attached to a weight-bearing pulley-rope system, to the assessment of peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak), correspondent WL (WLV.O2peak), GET and RCP. The V.O2 kinetics was analysed at 95, 100 e 105% WLV.O2peak, describing oxygen deficit (O2Def = A1 x tau), tolerance (tLim) and V.O2peak attainment. Total energy (ETotal) demand was estimated [=EAnaer + (alpha x (V.O2peak-VO2rest) x tau) - (alpha x A1 x tau) x (1-e^((-t)/tau))] for each transition, with EAnaer [=(alpha x A1 x tau) + (beta x delta La- x body weight)]. The CP and W' were assessed from linear adjustment [PTotal=CP + (W' x 1/tLim)]. The ANOVA compared CP vs. GET and RCP, and EAnaer vs. W'. During swimming at 95, 100 and 105% WLV.O2peak, the V.O2 response attained 97.2±5.2, 100.4±3.8 and 101.8±5.7 %V.O2peak, which during IRT corresponded to 50.2±6.2 ml min-1 kg-1. The values of GET and RCP corresponded to 67.4±7.4 and 87.4±3.4% V.O2peak. The responses of ETotal and tLim during the transitions at 95 (515.8±138.9 kJ and 591.2±171.9 s), 100 (362.6±89.2 kJ and 356.4±91.3 s) and 105% (237.1±80.6 kJ and 231.2±63.5 s) were adjusted to estimate CP (0.84±0.22 kW) and W' (31.1±16.2 kJ). Considering the values of power at 100% (1.05±0.24 kW), the CP (79.8±10.1%) differed from GET and RCP (p<0.01), and W' values also differed from the average EAnaer (69.7±18.1 kJ, p<0.01) for the three transitions. The metabolic power corresponding to the CP was estimated in tethered-swimming with this physiological response characterizing the heavy to severe exercise boundary, which has been reported to range from 76 to 90% of V.O2peak. Despite the current value of CP is located at this range, it differed from RCP and therefore might not support the similar role in demarcating the heavy exercise domain. Moreover, Wf estimate seemed to underestimate the calculated EAnaer, which is otherwise aligned to the anaerobic stores estimated in supramaximal front-crawl performance to exhaustion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehungen zwischen Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen an Land und Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen beim Kraulschwimmen bei Elite-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085106</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085106</guid>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Duchateau, C.</author>
      <author>Dernoncourt, E.</author>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duchateau, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dernoncourt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between maximum force-velocity abilities in dry-land and swimming load-velocity results. Fourteen swimmers completed a force-velocity profiling on upper-limb exercises frequently prescribed in Strength & Conditioning (S&C) and a freestyle load-velocity profiling in water. Main results showed that relative maximum force on the Lat Pulldown was strongly associated with swimming maximum relative load. Mean maximum force on all exercises was also strongly related to maximum swimming velocity and relative load.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen dem Zeitlimit bei maximaler aerober Geschwindigkeit und der Schwimmleistung bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085107</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085107</guid>
      <author>Almeida, T.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) is usually used by coaches for intensity zones prescription as it combines effort economy with V.O2max. This study aims to characterize and compare swimmers' physiological responses in a time-limit (tLim) at MAV test and determine whether these variables could relate to performance. 13 well-trained male swimmers performed an incremental test composed of 6 sets of 250 meters plus 200 meters at maximum intensity in front-crawl to obtain V.O2max and MAV. 48 hours later, a continuous test at MAV (tLim-MAV) to exhaustion was used for tLim, maximum V.O2 of the test (V.O2peak), percentage time close to V.O2max (>=90%V.O2max), and V.O2 kinetics (V.O2k) assessment. A gas analyzer attached to a swimming snorkel, was used to analyze the expired gases, and an underwater light pacer to velocity control. Swimmers' records at 400 (T400) and 800 m (T800) freestyle were recorded. The V.O2peak of the tLim-MAV test (57.0±4.8 ml kg1 min-1) was not different from the V.O2max (57.1±5.7 ml kg-1 min-1). The tLim (243.6±59.3 s) showed correlations with T800 (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and >=90%V. O2max (44.4±18.9 %) (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and an inverse correlation with MAV (1.30±0.07 m s-1) (r = -0.72, p < 0.01). The V.O2k parameters did not influence the other variables of the tLim-MAV test. MAV, V.O2max, and V.O2peak of the tLim-MAV were related with the T400 performance (r = -0.54, p < 0.05; r = -0.77, p < 0.01 and r = -0.73, p < 0.05, respectively). The inverse relationship between tLim and MAV suggests that the ability to tolerate this relative intensity in time, by itself, is not related to swimming performance, which was confirmed by the direct relationship with T800 since swimmers with higher tLim present worse performances. This data may be important in prescribing training sets for MAV since faster swimmers should perform sets with shorter repetitions to avoid fatigue early in the task. Thus, we suggest applying tLim-MAV tests to swimmers to better individualize the training prescription. The MAV, V.O2max, and V.O2peak, being the variables that are most related to performance, should be considered, and the development of these variables should assume a predominant role in training protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VO2-Kinetik bei hoher Intensität: eine Pilotstudie zum Vergleich der physiologischen Reaktion auf freies und angebundenes Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085108</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085108</guid>
      <author>Almeida, T.</author>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>DiMenna, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DiMenna, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Unsupported to the oxygen uptake kinetics (V.O2k), the analysis of the physiological responses determining exercise tolerance in severe intensity domain are unable to be characterized, and the specificity of tethered swimming to reproduce similar physiological process inducing muscle to exhaustion cannot be established. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare free vs. tethered swimming with regard to the V.O2k at severe domain to verify the association between the mechanisms of oxidative response. 7 male swimmers performed two incremental tests, in free and tethered swimming. In free swimming, a continuous incremental protocol was designed with 8x100-m at from 60 to 100% of 200-m maximal velocity. In tethered-swimming, a pulley-load system graded workload (WL) was increased 5% every minute from 30 to 100% of maximum tethered force. The V.O2k described oxidative response during free and tethered swimming performed to exhaustion at delta 70%. A Wilcoxon test was used to compared free vs. tethered swimming at delta 70% regarding differences on TD, time constant (tau) and V.O2 amplitude (A1') for primary response, V.O2 slow-component (V.O2SC), V.O2 end-exercise (EEV.O2), and time-limit (tLim). Differences were not significant when comparing free vs. tethered-swimming regarding V.O2peak (54.3±6.0 vs. 52.5±5.0 ml kg-1 min1, p=0.18), neither were free vs. tetheredswimming in V.O2 response (A1': 3665±293.7 vs. 3544.4±579.8 ml kg-1; V.O2SC: 143.6±90.8 vs. 350.0±262.1 ml kg-1; and EEV.O2: 3808.9±314.9 vs. 3894.3±342.2 ml kg-1), or the transients (TD: 12.2±9.5 vs. 9.4±4.4 s; and tau: 36.0±14.6 vs. 25.6±12.7 s) and tolerance (tLim: 322.3±47.3 vs. 334.71±142.8 s) at delta 70% (all with p>0.05). The free vs. tethered-swimming did not differ with respect to the initial muscle target oxidative demand. Also, both conditions showed analogous profiles for V.O2 adjustments during performance (V.O2SC) and final elevation (EEV.O2), demonstrating similarities regarding muscle physiological processes. Free vs. tethered-swimming showed similar temporal profiles of O2 dynamics and from lung-tomuscle in concert with the onset of exercise (i.e., similar TD and tau), which probably even supports the similar tLim. This might be evidence of a similar]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dient der Flatterkick dem Vortrieb beim Kraulschwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085109</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085109</guid>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Among the four strokes used in competitive swimming, the front crawl can achieve the highest swimming velocity and is performed using alternating left and right arm strokes and leg kicks (the flutter kicks) (Yanai & Wilson, 2008). The use of the flutter kicks increased swimming velocity by 10% over the no-kick condition in front crawl (Gourgoulis et al., 2014; Silveira et al., 2017). However, the reason why the flutter kicks improve swimming velocity has been somewhat unclear.
Swimming velocity is determined by the propulsion exerted by the swimmer and the drag force acting on their body. Therefore, by using the flutter kicks, the swimming velocity is improved as a result of either the increased propulsion or reduced drag force. A study investigating active drag during front crawl swimming reported that there was no difference in active drag at the same swimming velocity with or without the flutter kicks (Narita et al., 2018). Thus, the possibility of the drag force being reduced by the flutter kicks might be low, and it is likely that the use of the flutter kicks increases the total propulsion exerted by the swimmer and improves the swimming velocity. In addition, Gourgoulis et al. (2014) investigated the effect of flutter kicks on hand propulsion using quasi-static approach in maximal effort swimming. In that study, although the hand propulsion is not a measured value, but an estimated value calculated from the kinematics of the hand, there was no difference in hand propulsion. This means that the flutter kicks likely contribute directly to propulsion.
To date, no studies have directly measured the propulsion of the flutter kicks. Gutta et al. (2012) towed a swimmer performing the flutter kicks with maximum effort and maintaining a streamline position various velocity, and estimated the propulsion of the from the traction force. As a result, they reported that the propulsion has measured even at a maximum of 2.0 m/s, although it decreased as the traction velocity increased. From this result, it is possible that the propulsion may be exerted even at high swimming velocity in the kick motion. However, a study that indirectly calculated propulsion using simulation also reported that the flutter kicks may not exert any propulsion (Nakashima, 2007). In this way, previous research suggests that the propulsion is likely to be exerted by the flutter kicks, but no consensus has yet been reached. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to investigate whether the propulsion of the flutter kicks is exerted during front crawl swimming.
In recent years, the propulsion during swimming has been estimated by combining pressure distribution measurements and three-dimensional motion analysis. In the propulsion estimation method using three-dimensional motion analysis and pressure distribution measurement, the hand/foot propulsion is estimated from the pressure difference between the palmer (planter) and dorsul side and the orientation of the hand/foot. Studies have been conducted to estimate hand propulsion in front crawl swimming and foot propulsion in breaststroke and eggbeater kick. Although this methodology has not been used for the flutter kicks so far, we believe that the methods used for breaststroke and eggbeater kick can be applied.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the factors that increase swimming velocity by using the flutter kicks by measuring hand and foot propulsion with and without the kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Trainingsunterbrechung auf Anthropometrie, Körperzusammensetzung und Somatotyp bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085110</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085110</guid>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konstitution</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adoleszenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Somatotyp</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Anthropometric measurements are important aspects in the early identification of talented swimmers (Rejman et al., 2018). Both anthropometrics and body composition changes may affect swimming performance, including the longitudinal variations during maturational growth (Oliveira et al., 2021; Zacca et al., 2019). Hence, the anthropometric assessment plays an important role in the swimming area (Alves et al., 2022).
Based on the sport or physical activity practiced, the somatotypes defined differs for each athlete (Rakoviæ et al., 2015). In young swimmers, the mesomorph has been identified as the most common somatotype (46.1%), followed by the ecto-mesomorph (30.8%) and the meso-ectomorph (23.1%) (Stankoviæ et al. 2018). Understanding that training programs of young swimmers are usually planned to achieve two or three performance peaks over a 10-11 months season (Morais et al., 2018), which are characterized by a temporary break known as detraining (Mujika & Padilla, 2000), the anthropometric changes may occur also as a process of training.
The detraining period after a season, may lead to the partial or total loss of training, inducing anatomical, physiological and performance adaptations (Mujika & Padilla, 2000; Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022). These detraining periods are influenced by the duration of training break, obtaining different adaptations in shorter or longer breaks than four weeks (Mujika & Padilla, 2000). For high-level swimmers, four weeks of season break are the typical detraining period (Mujika & Padilla, 2000), while age-group swimmers generally recover 4-6 weeks, depending of each national swimming calendar (Zacca et al., 2019). During the seasons` break, anthropometric changes are also influenced by the level of physical activity performed (Zacca et al., 2019), which should be considered to understand its possible effects. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyse the effects of five weeks of training cessation on anthropometric measurements and its influence on swimming performance. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von Krafttraining auf das anschließende Sprintschwimmtraining vor und nach der COVID-19-Pandemie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085111</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085111</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Arsoniadis, G.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G.</author>
      <author>Terzis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraftausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kniebeuge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bankdrücken</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsoniadis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terzis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to examine the acute effect of dry land maximum strength (MS) or strength endurance (SE) training on the subsequent sprint swimming training, before and after a period of swimming training cessation due to COVID-19 pandemic.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trockenübungen zum Aufwärmen für den Schwimmstart von Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085112</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085112</guid>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The efficacy of warm-up methods in improving sporting performances has been extensively demonstrated (Bishop, 2003). Consequently, the effects of different warm-up techniques can vary based on factors such as the type, duration, and intensity of the exercise (Boullosa, 2021). Most studies have primarily focused on adult populations, however, the responses of young individuals in response to warm-up could be different due to varying muscle and physiological development. Children have lower muscle development and a lower percentage of fast fibers compared to adults (Dotan et al., 2012; Lexell et al., 1992). This percentage significantly increases from approximately 35% at the age of 5 years to approximately 50% at adulthod (Lexell et al., 1992). Furthermore, literature suggests that children have a reduced ability to voluntarily activate their type II motor units in comparison to adults since higher resistance may not significantly impact higher threshold motor units in children (Armatas et al., 2010; Dotan et al., 2013). Consequently, it is expected that children would be less responsive to intense or highload stimuli (Dotan et al., 2012; Lexell et al., 1992).
In the context of swimming, a typical event consisting of multiple races, can span several hours from warm-up to competition. Specifically, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) rules stipulate that swimmers must enter the call room at least 20 minutes before the race for inspection by technical officials (www.fina.org). Besides, other factors such as delays in the competitive schedule or the time required for changing swimsuits can result in even longer transition periods. However, after a passive rest period of 15-20 minutes, muscle temperature can decrease rapidly, leading to adverse effects on performance (Bishop, 2003). For that reason, there has been significant interest among coaches and practitioners regarding the post-activation performance enhancements (PAPE) observed after incorporating bursts of voluntary activities during the transition phase between warm-up and competition (Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2022; Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2017). This approach, combined along with passive warm-up techniques, could help supplement or maintain the temperature increases and adaptations achieved through the in-water warm-up, particularly if there is an unavoidable delay between the warm-up and the actual task. Nevertheless, whether this strategy is beneficial for children remains to be established.
Several studies, such as (Lätt et al., 2009) and (Arabatzi et al., 2014), have identified differences in physical development and performance during biological maturation, favouring better results for individuals with advanced maturity offset. Traditionally, PAPE responses have been attributed to a muscle-memory mechanism triggered in type II fibres due to recent high-intensity contractile activity (Rassier & Macintosh, 2000). Consequently, the lack of fast fibre development may compromise potential PAPE responses in children. However, current literature has questioned this theory, ascribing this acute phenomenon to increases in muscular temperature mediated by vascular, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic adaptations that occur after brief periods of voluntary exercise (Blazevich & Babault, 2019; Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2017). Hence, it is possible that PAPE responses may not solely be dependent on type II fibre stimulation, and could be induced in children through means of moderate-intensity activities.
At this point, despite the existing evidence supporting the benefits of warm-up, devising effective and practical warm-up protocols for children can pose challenges due to the low day-to-day stability in their performance. For example, optimizing start performance is particularly crucial to success (Arellano et al., 2022). However, executing a successful start requires excellent motor coordination and control, making it a skilful performance (Vantorre et al., 2014). Furthermore, considering the time and space constraints in the call room, it becomes essential to design warm-up protocols that are feasible for children, since the available literature has primarily focused on warm-up routines for adults, which often incorporate sophisticated elements to induce highintensity stimulus (Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2022). Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of different warm-up routines on children`s swimming start (SS) performance and to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms. Our hypothesis was that a transition phase including dynamic activities would not cause fatigue but preserve the warm-up effects in children because of the PAPE effect]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Reaktionen beim wiederholten Sprintflossenschwimmen unter Wasser und an der Oberfläche</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085113</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085113</guid>
      <author>Kostoulas, I.</author>
      <author>Kalaitzoglidis, G.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Karatrantou, K.</author>
      <author>Gerodimos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprintwiederholungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kostoulas, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kalaitzoglidis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karatrantou, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gerodimos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming training includes repeated sprints applied underwater or on the surface. Physiological, kinematic or perceptual responses may be modified during underwater finswimming requiring short duration dynamic apneas, compared to surface swimming sprints. The purpose of the present study was to compare physiological responses during underwater and surface repeated sprints in elite finswimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen bebundenem Schwimmen und Unterwasserschwimmleistung mit Wellenbewegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085114</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085114</guid>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[With the exception of the dive, the underwater phase of the start and turns represent the fastest part of the freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke events, making undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) one of the most influential technical components on race performance (Mason & Cossor, 2000). Therefore, coaches should consider that any improvements within the underwater phase would lead to an enhancement of the start and turn performances, having a crucial impact on the overall race success. The UUS is a legdominated technique that achieves propulsion by performing body undulations while keeping a streamlined body position with the arms extended and held together over the head (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022a). The enhancement of UUS velocity could be achieved by either increasing propulsive forces or decreasing the active drag experienced. Hence, to understand the impact of the training and the development of this movement, it is crucial to conduct evaluations that allow for further insights.
The analysis of propulsion in UUS has relied mainly on the analysis of vortex, visualizing and measuring the form, size, and velocity of the vortices generated by the body during the UUS through particle image velocimetry (PIV)(Arellano et al., 2002). Although PIV provides very useful information, requires deep knowledge and time to conduct the analysis. On the other hand, other methods have been applied in swimming literature to assess propulsive force in swimming strokes. For instance, the direct measurement of force in swimming stroke has been obtained through tethered means. Tethered swimming allows the measurement of exerted forces assessing individual forcetimes curves during the exercise. Consequently, its use improves the possibility of analysis and comparison of swimming technique profiles, showing positive correlation between tethered variables and swimming performance, especially in short distances (Morouço et al., 2011).
Despite the use of tethered swimming in the four swimming strokes (Morouço et al., 2011) and its association, especially with short distance swimming performance (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2020) its use has been never applied to UUS. Thus, to have a more practical way to assess UUS propulsive forces, this research aimed to study the relationship between tethered swimming and UUS performance. Our hypothesis was that UUS performance would be associated with tethered swimming variables in both sexes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung der Leistung und der gesundheitsbezogenen körperlichen Fitness von Altersklassenschwimmern im Freiwasser während eines Trainingsmakrozyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085115</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085115</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>Suksawang, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suksawang, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The performance of open-water swimmers (OWS) is influenced by a complex process encompassing multiple factorial phenomenon, with recent research stating that anthropometric, bioenergetics, biomechanics, and propelling efficiency all play an important role in OWS performance (Vanheest et al., 2004; Baldassarre et al., 2017). Beside, evidence result suggests that extreme environmental conditions might characterize and effect successful open-water swimmers (Baldassarre et al., 2017). Therefore, controlling and monitoring training programmes in order to balance physical well-being and foster performance that provide valuable information to coaches for directly applicable and appropriate training periodization must be harmonized, particularly in young open-water swimmers. Their research results suggested that young open-water swimming, proper training conditions of use, and avoiding health problem issues not only play a significant role in increasing swimming performance but also benefit long-term athlete development.
Healthy physical fitness and well-being is marker of health that has increased the interest of researchers in the context of young athletes. Previous studies have identified factors that influence open-water performance in these segments, such as training characteristics (Baldassarre et al., 2017; Pla et al., 2019), biomechanical characteristics (Baldassarre et al., 2017), physiological athletes' adaptive responses (anthropometric, aerobic and anaerobic capacity and power, muscular strength and endurance, heart rate variability: HRV) (Vanheest et al., 2004; Baldassarre et al. 2018). As a result, the successful of the OWS race or the swimmer with the fastest finishing time is not usually determined by physiological and biomechanical point of view, but rather by overall physical fitness and well-being.
Monitoring swimming performance requires integrated and longitudinal measures to better understand the phenomenon and gives a deeper and more reliable (Zacca et al., 2020). Training monitorization of different psychological and physiological (Clemente-Suarez et al., 2021), energetics, technique and anthropometrics (Zacca et al., 2020) parameters has been commonly used in swimming. From these perspectives, monitoring a complex process of the individual performance, physical fitness and stress response to training particularly in young OWS is necessary, to maintain the unique balance required for homeostasis. Since biophysics (biomechanical and metabolic), physical and anthropometrics are all directly associated to OWS performance (Baldassarre et al. 2017), it is important for coaches to understand how these variables change with training during a training macrocycle. Therefore, we quantified changes of the performance, anthropometrics, health related physical fitness, and bioenergetics and biomechanics variables over a 12 weeks training macrocycle in age-group open water swimmers. Based on the literature (Baldassarre et al. 2017; Zacca et al., 2020), we hypothesized that the performance, health-related physical fitness and bioenergetics and biomechanics variables components would significantly improve and also explain variation in young OWS fitness levels during the third marcocycle of the traditional three peak preparation program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmende Faktoren für die Leistung im Freiwasserschwimmen über 5 km in der Altersgruppe</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085116</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085116</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>Suksawang, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Range of Motion</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suksawang, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Open water swimming (OWS) is described as any competition that takes place in rivers, lakes, oceans, or water channels except for 10-km races, which are called marathon swimming (Baldassarre et al., 2017; Zacca et al 2020b, 2022). OWS is a multifactorial swimming branch that involves a complex interaction between many factors such as psychological status, growth, physical fitness, hydrodynamics, kinematics, water temperature, nutritional status, etc. (Baldassarre et al., 2017). In fact, a single indicator is unable to predict OWS performance. Thus, the OWS performance knowledge demands structured reliable and integrated assessments (Morais et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Chainok et al., 2021). An integrated approach applied to OWS performance would help to identify its main determinant variables, as well as in swimming (Ribeiro et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Carvalho et al., 2020;). However, the available evidence for OWS performance in age-group open water swimmers is scarce. Therefore, we examined the relationships between physical fitness and performance related components (anthropometrics, pulmonary function, muscle strength, range of motion, tethered swimming force and energetics) and 5-km OWS performance in age-group national level open water swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Schwimmleistung und -kraft zwischen nationalen und nicht-nationalen japanischen Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085117</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085117</guid>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Okawa, K.</author>
      <author>Suzuki, K.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>national</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water polo, frequently called "martial arts in water," is an intense game. Recognized as one of the toughest sports (Takagi, 2008), water polo involves two teams, each comprising six field players and one goalkeeper, competing using a ball (Smith, 1998). Field player positions typically consist of a center forward, a center back, and four drivers (Snyder, 2008). While a good throwing ability is essential for the game (Smith, 1998), moving powerfully, overcoming water resistance, and transitioning instantly from stationary to top speed for ball possession also demands swimming strength and power (Wakayoshi, 2018). Power influences swimming speed (Costill et al. , 1983), making it an essential characteristic of the sport. Specifically, the simultaneous movements of eggbeater kick with arm sculling and breaststroke kick with crawl arm stroke are frequently used, combining traction force and speed (Wakayoshi et al. , 2022). Differences in performance levels significantly affect the energy requirements of water polo (Platanou et al. , 2003). Therefore, variations in swimming speed and traction force are crucial. Previous studies have revealed that tetherd force and power differ based on position (Wakayoshi, 2018) and that female players exhibit approximately 70% of the maximum traction force and power as male players (Wakayoshi et al. , 2022). However, no studies have focused on the differences in underwater traction power among water polo players at different competition levels. This study aimed to determine the differences in swimming speed, traction force, and traction power between Japanese elites water polo players and non-elites.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genauigkeit der Tritonwear-Einheit bei Hochleistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085118</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085118</guid>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <author>McKenna, M.</author>
      <author>Sheath, M.</author>
      <author>Scott, B.</author>
      <author>Lobb, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKenna, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sheath, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lobb, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Wearable devices to record swimming metrics are widely available but there is limited and contrasting evidence of the accuracy and validity of these devices (Morais et al. 2022). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the 2022 version of the TritonWear (TW) sensor to assess swimming performance metrics (e.g., time, stroke rate (SR), distance per stroke (DPS)) in high performance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genialität der Analyse mit KI für das Turmspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085119</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085119</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Kida, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Automatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kida, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aerial movements in diving competitions significantly affect performance. Aerial motions are captured by video, but it is not realistic for divers to wear markers in competitions. In addition, markerless visual tracking of the human body and digitizing joint positions is extremely timeconsuming (Nomura & Goya, 2018). Recent years have seen progress in automatic objecttracking technology (Fujitake et al., 2021). Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has enabled general-purpose pose estimation, which are OpenPose (Cao, 2017), Google PoseNet (Papandreou et al., 2018), and Vision Pose (Next-System, 2019). From the standpoint of  scientific support for sports, the use of automatic tracking of divers and their pose estimation by AI is considered beneficial. However, the fact that the human body is not a rigid body and changes its shape makes automatic tracking difficult. Furthermore, since the pose estimation application was developed mainly assuming a posture in a standing position, it is not suitable for pose estimation in diving performances involving rotation of the sagittal plane. Furthermore, in competitions, officials and spectators may be reflected in the background, creating problems in tracking athletes and estimating poses. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the detection power of a diver's movement tracking and attitude estimation by devising image preprocessing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer Unterstützungstechnologie für sehbehinderte Schwimmer für die Paralympischen Spiele 2020 in Tokio</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085120</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085120</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sehbehinderte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[After the decision to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo in 2020, the Japanese Government consolidated para-sport under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) into the Sports Agency under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the Sports Agency now has jurisdiction over both the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Japan. As part of this, the High Performance Support Project Paralympic Research and Development for the Para swimmers was conducted under the Sports Agency with an eye on the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympic Games. This research and development project started with a surveillance study in 2014 and continued as the development project until 2016. The authors were responsible for the development of training equipment and systems for use by visually impaired swimmers and coaches in training. Development continued after the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics until the postponed Tokyo Paralympics in 2021. This paper describes the development of technology to support visually impaired swimmers that the authors were responsible for.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Merkmale von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085121</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085121</guid>
      <author>Robin, P.</author>
      <author>Yannis, R.</author>
      <author>Xavier, B.</author>
      <author>Anaël, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Robin, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yannis, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xavier, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anaël, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, different protocols allow to determine the "anaerobic threshold" where the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is obtained after a continuous swimming exercise, lactate threshold is estimated after an incremental test and critical velocity which is assessed from swimming performance of various distances. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between different lactate threshold measurements, combinations of critical velocity and performance in elite distance swimmers in order to identify which method is the more appropriate to predict distance swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALFAC-Projekt (aquatic literacy for all children): Wie können 6- bis 12-jährige Kinder in Europa für die Wasserwelt vorbereitet werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085122</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085122</guid>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic activities (AA) are promoted for their health benefits1. However, these benefits can be tragically overshadowed if children are not empowered with protective skills against drowning. The age group most at risk of this tragic event, which affects 37,000 lives per year in Europe, is the 5-14-year-old age group2. To tackle the dual aquatic issue of protection and involvement in AA, a partnership has been built between researchers, educators, and stakeholders from Europe around the ALFAC project, co-funded by the European Commission. The project goal is to improve the quality of aquatic education while increasing the Aquatic Literacy (AL) levels of children aged 6-12. The aim of this presentation is to present the construction of a holistic European test battery around an innovative theoretical framework: AL.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung einer Testreihe zur Bewertung der Wasserkompetenz von Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren in Europa</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085123</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085123</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>De Martelaer, K.</author>
      <author>D'Hondt, E.</author>
      <author>van Droogenbroeck, L.</author>
      <author>Consortium, A.</author>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Martelaer, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Hondt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Droogenbroeck, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Consortium, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Assessing the level of protective aquatic skills is one challenge of the ALFAC (Aquatic Literacy For All Children) project. Stallman et al.'s (2017)1 model describes the fundamental aquatic skills (FAS) to be mastered in isolation to protect children from drowning. However, the use of combined tests is extremely relevant in assessing their ability to cope with different scenarios that can lead to drowning accidents. The presentation objective is to expose the aquatic ALFAC "parcours" to assess the capacity of children to combine aquatic tasks while making decisions in-action.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Korrelation zwischen FINA-Punkten und isokinetischem Drehmoment-Symmetrie-Index des Schultergelenks bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085124</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085124</guid>
      <author>Carneiro, N. B.</author>
      <author>dos Santos, Y. S.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. d. S.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rotation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carneiro, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos, Y. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. d. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The front crawl technique is considered the fastest and most frequently used technique in swimming training (Tourny-Chollet, Seifert, & Chollet, 2009) being characterized by upper limb cycles with propulsive and non-propulsive phases (Chollet, Chalies, & Chatard, 2000). However, despite the cyclical nature of this swimming technique, the symmetry of propulsive forces cannot be affirmed (Formosa, Sayers, & Burkett, 2013). One of the causes of asymmetry that affects propulsion are the differences in bilateral forces that cause three effects: 1) on the rotational balance of the body, causing misalignment; 2) the smaller contribution of the weaker side in the production of propulsive forces; and 3) fatigue due to the attempt to maintain swimming speed causing the stronger side to apply greater force to compensate for the weaker side (Sanders, 2013).
It has been reported that the application of symmetrical force between the right and left sides of the body is a factor that influences swimming performance by improving body alignment, reducing active drag, and decreasing intra-cycle velocity variations (Sanders, Thow, & Fairweather, 2011). However, swimmers can develop bilateral force asymmetries as a result of various factors (e.g., injuries, technique development, preferred breathing side, among others), reducing their ability to produce propulsive forces (Sanders et al., 2011). Investigating performance factors, such as the symmetr index, is critical to understanding bilateral strength in swimmers. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the relationship between FINA points classification and the symmetry index (SI) of isokinetic torque in internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), flexion (FL), and extension (EX) movements of the shoulders in swimmers, hypothesizing that FINA points influences isokinetic torque symmetry. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehungen zwischen Herzfrequenzvariabilität, metabolischen Reaktionen und Wohlbefinden während eines sechswöchigen Intensivtrainings</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085125</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085125</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Estelle, P.</author>
      <author>Durand, S.</author>
      <author>Brandolini-Bunlon, M.</author>
      <author>Centeno, D.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Estelle, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brandolini-Bunlon, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Centeno, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to individualise training loads according to individual responses methods of assessing biobehavioural markers (e.g. hormonal and endocrine responses, heart rate variability, indices of well-being) are of particular interest to investigate the effects of swimming training and their relationship with performance outcomes (Koenig et al., 2014). Given the systemic relationships between prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain regions, the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems, it is likely that an increase in training load will have an impact on global psycho-biological responses (well-being indices, heart rate variability and metabolomic responses).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Symmetrie des Vortriebs beim Fesselschwimmen und Freischwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085126</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085126</guid>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Russo, G.</author>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Russo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is characterized by body propulsion, where the upper limbs are the main contributor (Zamparo et al., 2020). To investigate the improvement of propulsion, numerical and experimental methods were applied (Santos et al., 2021). While the numerical approaches can help in visualizing and understanding the complex hydrodynamic mechanism, the experimental one (e.g., tethered swimming and wearable pressure sensors) can allow the "inpool" assessment with strong ecological validity thanks to the recent technology developments in pressure sensors (i.e., eliminating cables and reducing the encumbrance to the swimmer in terms of fixing the device to the body).
Propelling measurement during tethered swimming was proposed as an alternative tool of free swimming due to difficulties in quantifying it during free swimming and considered analogous in terms of swimming technique. However, due to the stationary nature and the propulsion more overlapping between arms in the tethered test, differences between the two conditions were highlighted (Morouço et al., 2011; Samson et al., 2019). Furthermore, in the last two decades, the balance between dominant and non-dominant arms was considered a key factor in investigating the propulsion mechanism of the swimmer, as it may significantly impact swimming performance (Psycharakis et al., 2021; Sanders et al., 2015).
Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the propelling forces of the two hands during free (Free) and tethered (Tet) swimming conditions using wearable pressure sensors. A comparison between dominant and non-dominant arms was also investigated. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistung bei einem 200-Meter-Kombinationstest: Schwimmanzug im Vergleich zur Vollbekleidung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085127</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085127</guid>
      <author>Laakso, B.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <author>Grimstad, R.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Nysted, H. P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grimstad, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nysted, H. P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most drowning occurs in open water as a result of an unexpected submersion (WHO, 2014). This usually means that the victim is clothed for the activity in which they were engaged before submersion. The added resistance of outer clothing makes it more difficult to swim wearing clothing than when only wearing a swim suit (Laakso, et al, 2018; Stallman et al, 2010). Activity during a cold season would include cold weather clothing, increasing the burden even more. While it is generally accepted that swimming with clothing presents challenges not encountered in swim suit only (Stallman, et al, 2010), too little documentation exists on the real differences.
Unfortunately, swimming with clothing, disrobing and dressing again are often neglected in the learning/teaching situation, especially in school swimming programs. Many assume that if one can swim in a swim suit, one can swim in clothing. This is not always the case and novice swimmers are especially at risk. We could argue that for those close to the demarcation between ``Can`` and Cannot`` swim, there are those who ``Can`` in a swim suit, but ``Cannot`` when fully clothed. Generally, at some point in time when higher skill levels are achieved, the differences in swimming without and with clothing are diminished. This is one of many arguments for continuing to seek higher levels of achievement. One can always be ``more safe``.
In the past two to three decades, research on the effects of cold water and with it, swimming with clothing has increased considerably (Tipton, 1990, Barwood, 2011). Though this should lead to more attention to this neglected activity, it appears not to have done so. In the past, much attention was directed towards disrobing, thinking that this makes swimming easier if one is forced to swim a considerable distance. More recently the positive effects of retaining clothing, thus reducing body heat loss has been the focus. Both positions are an over simplification of the reality. We argue they are of equal importance and deserve equal attention. We can easily imagine situations where both disrobing and retaining clothing are possible solutions to some given risk situation.
When experiencing swimming with clothes for the first time, one may face both psychological and physical challenges. This is an argument for starting early and gently. The experience of swimming with clothes is essential during the learning process. Within the school system explored here, swimming is compulsory, especially in Grade 4 though details are not specified. It is however, now compulsory that part of any swimming teaching program in the schools must be conducted in ``open water``. This logically also leads to the inclusion of swimming with clothing.
The increased difficulty of swimming with clothing is often the weakness in one`s skill profile which triggers a drowning episode. Once the emergency has become a fact, outer clothing may be the added burden which leads to drowning. While the added energy cost of swimming with clothing has been evaluated (Stallman, et al, 2010, Tipton, 1990, Barwood, 2011), it remains to apply a pedagogically appropriate measuring tool to the practical experience of swimming with clothing. We have chosen a ``combined test`` consisting of ``a)
entry into deep water, b) resurfacing and leveling off, c) swim 100m on the front, d) stop and rest with minimal movement for three (3) minutes - half on the front, half on the back; e) surface dive and retrieve an object, f) roll over, g) turn 1800, h) return to the start swimming on the back, i) exit. This combined test is also the ``Competence Goal`` for all Grade 4 children in the Norwegian school system.
Note that the pupils were required to progress on this test continuously and were not allowed to have contact with either the bottom of the pool or the sides.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Wahrnehmung von Unwohlsein vor und nach dem Eintauchen in kaltes Wasser bei Schulkindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085128</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085128</guid>
      <author>Laakso, B.</author>
      <author>Hagerup, A. J. T.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Nysted, H. P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kaltwasseranwendung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hagerup, A. J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nysted, H. P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Norway is subjected to harsh winters. Drowning after falling through the ice is an ever present risk. Water safety therefore, must include safety on the ice, exposure to cold water and how to exit the water under such circumstances. Activity on the ice of the lake and cold water exposure has been incorporated into the curriculum of Vingrom Elementary School. The school itself is located just 800 meters from the lake, increasing the exposure of pupils, necessitating the inclusion of knowledge of cold water exposure in their curriculum.

METHODS
The Grade 7 pupils participating (N=18) were involved for the first time and had no previous experience with this exercise. The exercise was performed while fully clothed in winter clothing. A questionnaire was developed which explored the students anticipation of discomfort before entering cold water and their perception of discomfort after experiencing cold water. On six questions, the subjects were asked to rate their response from 0 to 10, giving a maximum score of 60, exploring their subjective reaction. With the assistance of the Fire Department of Lillehammer, a hole was chopped through the ice, measuring ca. 3 X 8 meters. The water temperature was 0° C. The Fire Fighters provided all necessary safety measures in cooperation with the project coordinator (the lead author). The pupil in action was provided with traditional ice picks which were worn around the neck for easy access. A rope was fastened around the waist after which they entered the water, swam 6-8 meters, turned 180°, returned to the starting point and exited the water with the assistance of the ice picks. A lavvo (large tent) was provided where the students could change into dry clothing and regain their warmth. The before questionnaire was administered shortly before the exercise and the after questionnaire immediately after the exercise while the pupils changed to warm clothing. The scoring system allows a comparison of before and after.

RESULTS
Using the scoring system described above, the mean before score was 37.6/60, and the mean after score was 53.8/60. The results clearly showed anxious anticipation prior to entering and the expression of satisfaction after the exercise. A typical reaction was that it was easier than anticipated.

DISCUSSION
The subjective assessment of the students reactions to cold water suggests that the task employed produced a positive and appropriate change in their relationship to ice safety and cold water. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die internationale Schwimmliga - eine Analyse aus trainingswissenschaftlicher Sicht</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085129</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085129</guid>
      <author>Feser, S.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Behr, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2020</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feser, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Behr, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
This study investigated whether participation in the ISL in 2020 had an impact on swimmers' Olympic preparation and whether participation in the ISL influenced swimmers' performance at the Olympic Games (OS) in Tokyo 2021.

METHODS
This study is a retrospective analysis of publicly available data. The team line-ups from the ISL homepage were used for the analysis. In the second season of ISL, a total of 309 athletes from 45 countries competed in ten teams. The selection of athletes for the study was based on various criteria. One minimum criterion was that the athletes had participated in at least one individual event at the Olympic Games and that this event had been completed at least twice within the entire 2020 ISL season. The training science question was answered by means of two statistical key figures, the coefficient of variation (VarK) and the odds ratios (OR). In addition, with the help of the OR, it was possible to investigate at which point in time an Olympic qualification competition should be held.

RESULTS
The extracted data was processed using Excel, which was transferred to SPSS for further statistical analyses. The calculated VarK illustrate the high performance stability shown by athletes during the ISL period (VarKISL = 1.62 % ± 0.96 %). The calculated ORs indicate a slight positive influence on performance at the OS when participating in the final competitions in calendar weeks 45 (OR = 1.18, x² = 0.154, p = 0.695) and 46 (OR = 1.35, x² = 0.349, p = 0.555) of the ISL. However, the previous competitions show a slight, non-significant, negative influence. Furthermore, it can be deduced from the ORs that both an early Olympic qualification (OR = 2.10; x² = 0.326; p = 0.515) (approx. 14 weeks before the Olympic Games) and a late Olympic qualification (OR = 4.80, x² = 29.25; p = 0.087) (approx. four weeks) have a positive influence.

DISCUSSION
Participation in ISL 2020 had a small positive impact on the athletes' performance at the 2021 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The ISL has shown potential influence on youth development, e.g. through the introduction of an ISL Junior League. The ISL as a professional league system in swimming leads to immense difficulties in the optimal planning and control of training and competitions due to a progressive compression of the competition calendar. It remains to be seen what influence a regular season lasting several months will have on the athletes' performance at seasonal highlights.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Das Zusammenspiel von aktivem Widerstand, Armschlageffizienz und Vortriebskraft als Determinanten der Sprintleistung beim Kraulen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085130</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085130</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Identifying key predictors of performance obtained from field tests is of particular interest for coaches, performance analysts and athletes. The aim of this study was to verify in-field the association between active drag factor (k), propulsive power (W_prop), propelling efficiency (eta_p), and maximal sprint performance (v_max) in front crawl.
METHODS
Swimmers of different levels (n=51) performed four all-out semi-tethered front crawl sprints with increasing loads (0.1, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kg) using an electromechanical device (1080 Sprint, Sweden). A linear regression of the semi-tethered force vs swimming speed relationship was used to obtain input parameters for the calculation of Drag, k and W_prop adapting the Velocity Perturbation Method1. The eta_p was obtained from the ratio of the average forward speed and the average tangential hand speed2. A stepwise regression was used to identify the association between the selected parameters and maximal sprint performance in front crawl (alpha =5%).

RESULTS
Two models predicting v_max were obtained from the stepwise regression: (i) including W_prop (R2=0.797; p<0.001), (ii) including W_prop and k (R2=0.965; p<0.001). The eta_p was excluded by the stepwise regression and, individually, presented a negligible correlation with  v_max (r=-0.274; p=0.026).

DISCUSSION
W_prop and k obtained using a coach-friendly semi-tethered swimming protocol are strongly related to v_max. Despite its importance in converting the total mechanical power into W_prop, and its known correlation with swimming economy (an important determinant of performance in longer distances) the eta_p was not a strong predictor of sprint performance in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schätzungen des aktiven Widerstands auf der Grundlage von vollständigen und halb angebundenen Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085131</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085131</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Antrieb</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During full tethered swimming no hydrodynamic resistance is generated (FD = 0 since v = 0) and all the swimmer`s propulsive force is utilized to exert force on the tether (FT). During semitethered swimming, propulsive force can be made useful to one of two ends: exerting force on the tether (FST) or (actively) overcoming drag in the water (FD = Da). The quantity FT -FST (the "residual thrust") should, thus, correspond to Da. In this study we explored the possibility to estimate Da based on full tethered and semi-tethered swimming tests (residual thrust method: DaST = FT - FST). We then compared these values with passive drag values (Dp) and values of active drag calculated by means of the "planimetric method" (as DaPL = Dp .1.5). Speedspecific drag (k = D/v2) in passive conditions (kp) was about 26 N m2 s2 and in active conditions (ka) was about 37-38 N m2 s2 (with either method); thus, DaST > Dp and DaST = DaPL. We can thus conclude: i) that since these two approaches (planimetric method and residual thrust method) lead to similar results, they probably measure the same quantity and ii) that active drag is larger (about 1.5 times larger: 38/26=1.46) than passive drag.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantifizierung der externen Belastungen durch handelsübliche Bremsfallschirme im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085132</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085132</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Swimming parachutes are widely used as a practical and low-cost tool for resisted swimming and its shape, cross-sectional area, as well as its speed, might influence the magnitude of the added load (Cortesi et al., 2019). Although its effects on stroke kinematics and coordination have been discussed in the literature, information on the training loads imposed by swimming parachutes are limited (Schnitzler et al., 2011) and usually not provided by the manufacturer. The aim of this study was to quantify the external loads imposed by a commercially available set of swimming parachutes, by establishing the hydrodynamic characteristics of parachutes of three different sizes.

METHODS
Three sizes of swimming parachutes were tested (NABAIJI 900): small (20 cm2), medium (23 cm2) and large (28 cm2). The protocol consisted of 30 passive Drag trials (10 for each parachute size) towing the parachutes for 25 m at constant speeds (0.6-2.4 mEs-1), using an electromechanical device (1080 Sprint, Sweden; 333 Hz). The average values from 10~20 m were considered. A power regression between Drag and speed was established for each parachute, as follows: D = k x v^(n+1); in which D is the Drag force, k is the constant of proportionality of the equation (i.e., the Drag factor), and v is the towing speed. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to indicate the goodness of fit of the Drag vs. speed regressions, for each parachute size.

RESULTS
The small size parachute presented a Drag factor of 10.0 kg m-1 (R2=0.99), while the values for medium and large sizes were 12.9 kg m-1 (R2=1) and 23.3 kg m-1 (R2=1), respectively.

DISCUSSION
The external loads imposed by a parachute depend on the swimming speed and/or the parachute size. The medium parachute increased the Drag factor by 28%, compared to the small size, while the large parachute increased it 81%, compared to the medium size. Swimming industry should consider producing mre intermediary sizes of parachutes, to allow a more precise manipulation of training load in resisted swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie bewerten Lehrkräfte ein diagnostisches Verfahren zur Analyse der Schwimmfertigkeiten?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085133</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085133</guid>
      <author>Fokken, I.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lehrer</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fokken, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Physical education teachers face the daily challenge of accurately diagnosing their students` motor skills (Knudson, 2013). However, research has shown that PE teachers often lack a skill analysis competence (Ward et al., 2021). In a previous study (n=551) on PE teachers` approach to analyse their students` skills in the specific field of swimming, we found that in most cases the quality of information gathering is not sufficient to design swimming lessons linked to the students` individual swimming skills. The study showed that 63.8% of the participants prefer a diagnostic tool to support their information gathering. As a solution for school use, our research group has developed an easy-to-apply "Diagnostic Procedure for Swimming Skill Analysis (DPSSA)", based on the Assessment of Basic Aquatic Skills (ABAS; Vogt & Staub, 2020). By using this tool, teachers can easily conduct an initial classification during the first swimming lesson to get a direct insight into their learning group. In our current study, teachers were asked to use DPSSA at the beginning of their swimming lessons for diagnostic purposes. Afterwards they were asked to evaluate the manageability and the subjective value of the DPSSA.

METHODS
Qualitative, structured interviews in groups of two to four were conducted with German PE teachers from different backgrounds (n=14, 35.7% male, 71.4% primary school teachers, 42.9% did not study sport, 21.4% do not have a teaching diploma). The interviews were transcribed for double-coding and categorical analyses.

RESULTS
Preliminary findings show that using DPSSA helped almost all teachers to better structure their students` swimming skill analysis. Many teachers reported that DPSSA helped them to arrive at a more reliable judgement of students` swimming skills. Teachers agree that the students are motivated to perform the tasks. It was also mentioned that DPSSA is a good support for teachers with little experience. A more detailed analysis is currently processed. Additional findings will be added for presentation at the symposium.

DISCUSSION
The interviewed PE teachers seem to benefit from the support of a diagnostic tool like DPSSA. This hypothesis should be verified in a larger-scale quantitative online study. Further research can also be used to show whether the improved information gathering can also increase the adaptivity of swimming lessons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Trainerverhaltens auf die Motivation im Schwimmsport - eine systematische Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085134</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085134</guid>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Bieder, A.</author>
      <author>Ufermann, L.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bieder, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ufermann, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
High-performance swimming requires extensive training loads (Maglischo, 2015), often characterized by monotony and isolation. It requires persistence and commitment to develop performance and eventually be successful in elite swimming. Therefore, motivation plays an essential role. The coach is the athlete's most important reference and influences athletes` motivation (Mageau & Vallerand, 2003). This systematic review investigates the influence of coaching behaviors in the motivational context of competitive swimming.

METHODS
PubMed, PsycArticles®, and SURF databases were systematically searched for studies published in English. The results were checked for duplicates and evaluated regarding the chosen in- and exclusion criteria. A total of eleven swimming-specific studies were found.

RESULTS
The studies had a sample size of between 119 and 799 subjects (between 10-22 years, male and female competitive swimmers). The findings show that autonomy-supportive behavior and a task-involving climate were positively associated with self-determined motivation. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between autonomy-supportive behavior, taskinvolving climate, and basic need satisfaction, which can be considered a predictor for selfdetermined motivation. In addition, autonomy-supportive behavior and self-determined
motivation were connected with persistence in swimming.

DISCUSSION
Coaches should focus on goal-oriented and satisfying basic psychological needs and provide choices and opportunities for self-determined swimming practice. Autonomy-supportive coaching behavior instead of controlling coaching behavior and a task-involving training climate instead of an ego-involving environment significantly affect athletes` self-determined motivation. Further researchers should investigate the impact of situational, leader, and member characteristics on coaching behavior and determine coaches' views. The findings can be used to develop recommendations for (the education of) swimming coaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Validität und Reliabilität des drahtlosen Drucksensors für Aktivitäten im Wasser und dessen ökologische Nützlichkeit für die Analyse des Schwimmantriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085135</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085135</guid>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Russo, G.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Antrieb</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Russo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The thrust force (Ft) is only a fraction of the overall force exerted by the swimmer to move his body, and its enhancement is fundamental to improve velocity. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the unsteady flow in swimming, how to measure the amount of this force is still under debate. Several approaches have been developed distinguished in indirect or direct methods. The latter methods extrapolate Ft directly, such as tethered-swimming or pressure sensors, while the former includes computational fluid dynamics, inverse dynamic estimation and Ft estimation from the swimmer`s active drag (Da)(Santos et al., 2021; Takagi et al., 2021).
Because the direct assessment during free swimming remains difficult to quantify due to the swimmer`s progress, tethered swimming has become largely used to solve these issues. However, some differences were highlighted in fully-tethered swimming compared to freeswimming, such as the influence of the back acceleration during stroke pause (Takagi et al., 2021), or changes in swimming biomechanics (Samson et al., 2019). On the other hand, the challenge to assess Ft with less constraint and in natural swimming encouraged the group of Takagi and collaborators to propose an alternative technique based on the differential pressure of sensors placed on the palm and back of the swimmer`s hand (Takagi & Wilson, 1999). Subsequently, many devices based on the differential pressure approach are proposed in the literature (Koga et al., 2020; Tsunokawa et al., 2018), but the ecology of these devices remains questionable for the use of wires, taping, and gloves that impact the comfort and the sensibility of the swimmer.
In recent years, advances in wireless technology can help the knowledge about swimming propulsion using an ecological approach and lower interferences with the swimming action (Fantozzi et al., 2022). Thus, this study aims to validate a wireless and wearable pressure sensor through i) a hydrostatic test to check the within-sensor, between-sensor, and day-by-day reliability of the device and the accuracy using the theoretical hydrostatic pressure (PRsT) as gold standard, ii) a hydrodynamic test to check the between-sensor reliability and the accuracy of the device using the theoretical hydrodynamic pressure (PRsT) as gold standard (PRdT). Furthermore iii), to check the ecological usefulness of these sensors for swimming propulsion, we conducted a comparison between the differential pressure force placed on the hands and the force exerted against a load cell during fully tethered swimming only-arms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Testen einer traditionellen Progression für Schwimmanfänger im Vergleich zu einer Progression, die von 5- und 6-jährigen Lernenden gewählt wurde</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085136</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085136</guid>
      <author>Horneman, E.</author>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to examine the official progression used by a national swimming organization for the teaching of beginning swimmers. This ``official`` progression was virtually identical with those of other screened oranizations. Instructors are encouraged to follow this standard progression as if it suits the needs of all learners. In the spirit of ``individualizing``, we ask, ``to what extent does such an organizational progression meet the needs of all beginners?`` It is rareley considered that the learner might require a different progression - their own! Another progression was created by the learners themselves as teaching progressed. Here we have tested a traditional progression against a progression created by the learners while they were engaged in learning.

METHODS
One hundred sixteen (116) five and six year olds were enrolled in an 18 lesson program. Throughout the program, 3-4 teaching elements from the traditional progression were always presented at roughly the same time. Each learner was encouraged to choose their own `next step` rather than to follow the prescribed sequence. In this way, each learner created their own progression. The various progressions created by the learners were amalgamated into a single ``learner`s progression`. This progression was then tested for it`s similarity to the standard organizational progression using the Spearman`s Rank Correlation, Rho.

RESULTS
The Rho correlation was 0.97, high in spite of the fact that some major differences occured from a pedagogical standpoint. Examples of these differences were: a) rhythmic breathing ranked before head under the water, b) a jump entry submerging the whole head ranked before simply submerging the head, c) gliding on the front ranked before floating on the back. These differed from the traditional progression of major organizations. For example, all of the major organizations polled ranked simply submerging the head before rhythmic breathing.

DISCUSSION
A standard progression is obviously a necessity when teaching beginners. At the same time, modern pedagogy is based on individualization when teaching. We therefore recommend that such standard progressions be used as a starting point. Individual learners should be allowed to deviate from this when the need is shown. While this may make our job more difficult, it makes the learners task easier. We cater much better to each learner`s needs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Können der funktionale Auftrieb und der Schwimmwinkel den Erfolg beim Erlernen der ersten Schwimmfähigkeiten bei jungen Männern vorhersagen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085137</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085137</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
A common belief is that those who float better or float closer to the horizontal, learn to swim more easily. It is supposed that they have some kind of `head start`. While this sounds quite logical, little if any data is available to confirm it. If such an advantage does exist, it should be possible to quantify it. A head start of any kind is of course, always welcome.

METHODS
Young military men (N = 120) were enrolled in a compulsory swimming program for those who could not swim. To determine floating angle the subject inhaled maximally, gripped a rod in their hands at surface level, stretched out fully and allowed the body to adopt its own angle. This was done against a backdrop on which was painted a 90° angle with both 30° and 60° allowing the observer to visually determine the floating angle. Functional buoyancy was determined by classic under water weighing, with a full inhalation. The subjects were grouped as a) those who floated at less than 30°, b) those between 30° and 60°,  and c) those greater than 60°. Re functional buoyancy the data were grouped as a) the one third (40) of subjects who were most buoyant, b) the 40 who were moderately buoyant, and c) the 40 who were least buoyant. The number of items (0 to 15, i.e. Total Score) successfully performed, success on the final three item test and distance on an all-out swim were the measures of success. Point bi-serial and phi coefficient correlation techniques were used.

RESULTS Those who were most buoyant scored best on all measures of success. Those who were least buoyant scored most poorly. Those who floated at less than 30° scored better than those who floated at more than 60°. Functional buoyancy correlated with Total Score with r = 0.49, with the Final Test with r = 0.50 and with Distance Swim with r = 0.39. Floating angle correlated with Total Score with r = 0.40, with success on the final test with r = 0.36 and with Final Distance Swum with r = 0.33.

DISCUSSION
It appears that functional buoyancy contributed more to success in learning beginning swimming skills than floating angle. The correlations were modest to low however, and while lower buoyancy and a deep floating angle seemed to give a modest disadvantage, it can be overcome simply by using more time for those who require it, regardless of any anatomical characteristics. Other factors probably influence success as much or more than these.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wassergymnastik als Medizin zur Behandlung schwangerschaftsbedingter Probleme von Frauen: Bestandsaufnahme der Lücken und wichtigsten Ergebnisse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085138</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085138</guid>
      <author>Azam, M.</author>
      <author>Ali, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Syrien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Azam, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is commonly known that pregnant women undergo physiological, psychological, pharmacological, metabolic, and morphological changes. Research shows pregnant women could benefit from exercise-based interventions (e.g., Chan, Au Yeung, & Law, 2019). Also, it is well established that expectant women participating in water aerobics improve their mental and physical health (Ali, Azam, & Askry, 2020). This study highlighted the gaps and conclusions of two systematic investigations on aquatic activities and psychophysical issues in pregnant women. Both of those investigations focused on aquatic activities and pregnant women.

METHODS: We first conducted a qualitative analysis to highlight the gaps and then synthesised the data from the two systematic studies.

RESULTS: Both studies highlighted the lack of research comparing aquatic and land-based physical exercise or other activities on pregnant women. Both found positive effects of water exercise on pregnant women. Water activities may improve physical pain, mental health, quality of life, sleep, and weight gain in pregnant women (Ali et al., 2020). Aquatic fitness programs help pregnant women regulate their heart rates, balance, and glucose levels, according to Cancela-Carral and co-researchers (2022).

DISCUSSION: Throughout pregnancy, women frequently have emotional and physical difficulties. Aquatic exercise can help manage these psychological and physiological changes. Anxiety, depression, stress, body image dissatisfaction, and general well-being have witnessed considerable reductions. Prenatal aquatic exercise programs may help pregnant women reduce physical pain, improve positive psychological outcomes, and reduce negative psychological symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic exercise may help with physical pain, psychological issues, and maternal weight gain. Water exercise or paired land activity (e.g., walking) throughout pregnancy improves the mother's physical and mental health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die allgemeinen Merkmale von Schwimmausbildungsprogrammen in Europa - LEN Bericht der Unterkommission zum Schwimmenlernen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085139</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085139</guid>
      <author>Štrumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Costa, A.</author>
      <author>McMorrow, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lehrer</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Štrumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McMorrow, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most recent scientific evidence supports the importance of aquatic competence in reducing the risk of drowning, particularly in children (Campaniço, 2019).
Proficiency in swimming is a prerequisite for safely engaging in sports such as water polo, synchronized swimming, diving, swimming itself, and other forms of water-based exercise, whether in competitive or recreational form.
The learning of swimming has a long-standing tradition, as the first manual on swimming was published as far back as in the 1538 by Wynman (Pelayo,2003). Swimming has become an important cultural phenomenon where teaching is complex (Pelayo, 2003) According to Pelayo (2003) from 1538 to 1970 numerous writen works (more than 500 before 1900) have been published in relation to technical and teaching concepts.
Since then, the methodology and didactics of swimming have evolved, making the process of learning to swim increasingly effective. Numerous studies have contributed to this development by investigating when and how it's most effective to start learning swimming (Stallman et al.,2017). However, these studies haven't provided unequivocal answers, leading different countries to approach swimming education in various ways. Some have left swimming instruction to parents, sports clubs, and other non-governmental organizations, while others have incorporated it into the school curriculum.
Despite various efforts to encourage swimming education among the widest population, water-related fatalities still remain a significant issue across Europe and worldwide. Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths (WHO, 2014). According to the WHO Global report on drowning (2014) age is one of the major risk factors for drowning. This relationship is often associated with a lapse in supervision. Globally, the highest drowning rates are among children 1-4 years, followed by children 5-9 years.
Based on the available 2017 data, around 5 100 deaths of European Union (EU) residents were caused by accidental drowning and submersion (Eurostat, 2020).
LEN (European Swimming Federation) serves as the governing body for aquatic sports in Europe and has established the Learn to Swim sub-commission. This sub-commission's task is to create a safe environment for engaging in swimming sports through the technical and scientific advice on the development of good practices for the massification of aquatic competences across all European member federations.
The aim of this study was to understand the general characteristics of governmental and/or federative swimming education programs, national definitions of what constitutes being able to swim in single country as well as the current qualification and professional license
requirements for swimming teachers in Europe.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen metabolischen, mechanischen Faktoren und Leistung bei jungen Kaderschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085140</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085140</guid>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Maximal swimming speed is determined by the interplay of metabolic (aerobic and anaerobic) and mechanical (drag and propulsion) parameters, but their importance varies by discipline (i.e., short-, middle-, and long-distance). Such differences in the relationship between performance determinants and race speeds have already been demonstrated for single distances (e.g., 100 [Latt et al., 2010] or 400 m [Jurimae et al., 2007]). However, to investigate systematic differences, it is necessary to minimize the influence of divergent diagnostic methods, training phases, and heterogeneous samples. In addition, most available research focused only on male swimmers. Thus, we related anthropometric, neuromuscular, and metabolic and parameters to short- and middle-distance race speeds in female national-level squad swimmers to assess their relevance to swimming performance.

METHODS: 16 female short- and middle-distance front crawl swimmers (15.1 ± 1.3 yrs, FINA points: 728 ± 43) were tested during the competition period. Besides dryland anthropometric (body height, mass, and arm span) and neuromuscular assessment (squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RMSQ, 1RMBP]), metabolic parameters (energy cost of swimming [C], maximal oxygen uptake [V. O2peak], lactate threshold 1 [LT1], and maximal lactate accumulation rate [c.Lamax]) were determined in water using a 500 m submaximal, 200 m all-out, incremental step (+0.03 m.s-1 every 3 min), and 20 s sprint test, respectively. Performance was recorded as average speed over 50 (v50), 100 (v100), 200 (v200), and 400 m (v400) in official races ~3 wk around the diagnostic assessment. Bivariate Pearson correlations r were used to examine associations between diagnostic parameters and performance over different distances.

RESULTS: V50 (1.84 ± 0.08 m.s-1) correlated moderately with c.Lamax (0.38 ± 0.11 mmol.L-1.s-1; r = .46, p = .08) and highly with mass (62.2 ± 7.8 kg; r = .59, p = .03) and 1RMSQ (67.8 ± 14.1 kg; r = .56, p = .06), while v100 (1.69 ± 0.07 m.s-1) was highly and moderately associated with mass (r = .59, p = .02) and 1RMSQ (r = .46, p = .11), respectively. V200 (1.52 ± 0.05 m.s-1) correlated highly with LT1 (1.22 ± 0.03 m.s-1; r = .56, p = .05) and moderately with mass (r = .44, p = .11) and 1RMBP (51.1 ± 7.1 kg; r = .40, p = .18), while v400 (1.41 ± 0.06 m.s-1) was highly associated with LT1 (r = .62, p = .04) and 1RMBP (r = .53, p = .12).

DISCUSSION: Moderate to high correlations of body mass and 1RMSQ with v50/v100 and of LT1 and 1RMBP with v200/v400 suggest greater importance of anthropometrics and lower body strength for short-distance performance and aerobic capacity and upper body strength for middle-distance performance in young female squad swimmers. Therefore, depending on the discipline, training in this collective may focus on either improving dryland (lower body) strength in short-distance swimmers or improving aerobic capacity through high-volume and/or high-intensity water training and dryland upper body strength in middle-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
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