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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung von Fehlern beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085041</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085041</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Stibilj, J.</author>
      <author>Muha, K. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stibilj, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muha, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimming is based on times achieved for a selected swim distance. Therefore, quantitative analysis is most commonly used by swimming coaches. In addition to measuring swim times, they are usually determined by measuring stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, index of coordination as well as breathing frequency. In addition, methods of quantitative analysis may include video-based techniques from which kinematics and kinetics can be derived by direct measurements of velocity and force using various velocity and force measurement devices (Sanders et al., 2006). However, in some cases, a quantitative approach may not reflect progress in the athlete's swimming technique. In fact, feedback from a coach to a swimmer is often based on qualitative observations. Swimming coaches perform technique analysis themselves by observing and qualitatively evaluating. The latter is based on their own knowledge and experience (Lees, 2002). They need to identify the technique mistakes and evaluate them in terms of their impact on the swimmer's performance. For this reason, there is a clear need for an assessment tool that can help swimming teachers and coaches in their work with swimmers of different quality levels. In this regard, it is surprising that the researches of Pion et al. (1988), Stibilj et al. (2020) and Kapus et al. (2022) were, to our knowledge, the only attempts to date to evaluate a swimming technique, i.e. breaststroke and backstroke, respectively, using an mistakes rating. Therefore, we sought to identify the perceptions of experienced swimming teachers and coaches regarding common mistakes in breaststroke swimming. In addition, we compared their perceptions with those of participants who have no professional experience teaching/coaching swimming. Finally, we attempted to develop a breaststroke assessment tool (BrAT).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schmetterlingskicks mit geradem Knie auf die Leistung und die Laktatsäure bei 50 m Schmetterling: die cse-Studie mit dem ehemaligen Weltrekordhalter der Männer und dem ehemaligen asiatischen Rekordhalter</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085042</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085042</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Johnson, W. F.</author>
      <author>Yoshimura, Y.</author>
      <author>Schoeman, R. M.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Takase, S.</author>
      <author>Hicks, L. R.</author>
      <author>Noel, A. L.</author>
      <author>Mikish, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshimura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schoeman, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takase, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noel, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikish, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of study was based on the above evidence it is clear the most preferred butterfly technique is to use a straightness knee butterfly kick. Although straightness knee technique results in high speeds and better body position, it also creates more lactate acid. Swimmers using this technique should be aware of the potential benefits of using a straightness knee butterfly kick, but also the potential shortcomings. Although the straightness knee butterfly kick increased the stroke velocity by one, distance per cycle and max speed it also creates too much lactate acid for the swimmer to hold the form for more than 30 seconds under current conditions. This study analyzed the butterfly kick technique of former world record holder and former Asian record holder were found butterfly performance significantly improved to an in distance per cycle and reducing resistance compared to a bending knee butterfly kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kontrolle des Beinschlags nach oben beim Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085043</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085043</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Skrzydlo, S.</author>
      <author>Rudnik, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skrzydlo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudnik, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study it has been assumed, that the value of forces generated in time function (impulse) during the downward and upward phases of dolphin kicking, can be treated as a quantitative measure of the dolphin-kick propulsion effect. In the presented context, there is evidence that especially in upward dolphin kicking, the ability for kinesthetic control of the propulsive forces generation, as a qualitative measure of the dolphin-kick propulsion effect, can improve the dolphin kicking performance. Therefore, apart from analysis of the process of propulsive forces generation in butterfly swimming technique (BS) or dolphin kick only (LK), direct diagnosis of controlling activation of upward kick (AUK), will be taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to analyze the process of the propulsive forces production as a result of upward and downward dolphin leg movements. It was hypothesized that skilled butterfly swimmers are able to kinesthetically control their movement during upward kicking and this way they can learn how to use this phase to improve their performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effekte von Weltklasseschwimmern, die verschiedene Muskeln bei der Rückenschwimmbewegung einsetzen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085044</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085044</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Johnson, W. F.</author>
      <author>Takise, S.</author>
      <author>Hicks, L. R.</author>
      <author>Inada, N.</author>
      <author>Fujimori, H.</author>
      <author>Fujimori, T.</author>
      <author>Noel, A. L.</author>
      <author>Mikish, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takise, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimori, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimori, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noel, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikish, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, we assess the effectiveness of utilizing a straight knee butterfly kick for world class backstroke swimmers measuring the time, max speed, and distance per stroke. We analyzed freestyle kick of knee angles from 7 times Olympic medalist, 1970`s S-shaped pulling pattern stroke with a bending knee freestyle kick. The straightness knee kick used in butterfly competitions resulted in improvements from 54.74 to 51.00in men`s 100-meter butterfly and 24.01 to 23.46 in men`s 50-meter butterfly. Using a straightness knee kick in backstroke competitions resulted in improvements from 1:01.74 to 1:00.55in the women`s 100-meter backstroke event. Increases in performance speed, max speed and distance per stroke among 9 world class elite swimmers are highly correlated to duration of the kick resistance, and straightness knee kick in backstroke. The straightness knee backstroke kick also resulted in an increase in lactate acid.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Brückenschlag zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis im Schwimmsport: von der Blackbox zum multifaktoriellen Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085045</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085045</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Modern training of elite swimmers makes a steady and rapid transition from training based on a «black box» model: «input (parameters of physical workload) - output (training or racing results) » to training which requires a regular evaluation and monitoring of physical and technical preparedness parameters of athletes. Apparently, this approach demands close cooperation and understanding between sports coaches and scientific support staff. Such cooperation results in better knowledge among sports coaches about internal mechanisms of adaptation and functioning of metabolic and biomechanical systems. Knowledge of the functional relationship between metabolic abilities and biomechanical characteristics on the one hand and useful result of motor activity (swimming velocity) on the other been formalized in the form of several biophysical models (Di Prampero et al., 1974; Toussaint & Beek, 1992; Ribeiro et al., 2017; Zamparo, Cortesi, & Gatta, 2020; Kolmogorov et al., 2021). These biophysical models allow using a more efficient multi-factorial approach to the planning of training and monitoring of its efficiency. Thus, the aim of the study was to improve the efficiency of training swimmers for medium distances based on a regular and interconnected analysis of the main biophysical fitness criteria.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Profile des Abstoßens während eines 50-m-Schmetterlingsrennens</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085046</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085046</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Raffalt, P.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raffalt, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although evidence indirectly suggests that swimmers likely adjust their movement in a complex manner, no studies have quantified how the frequencies, as well as other related kinematic factors, change throughout the underwater and surface swimming segments during butterfly races. Identifying such behaviours is of great importance for practitioners to consider appropriate training and drills that are directly related to swimming races. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematic profile throughout a butterfly swimming race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirkung von Bojen zur Unterstützung des Gleichgewichts unter Wasser auf die Schwimmleistung von Schwimmanfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085047</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085047</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S. I.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of an underwater balance assist buoy (swim balancer: SB) jointly developed by the author and Dunlop on the underwater posture and swimming performance of beginning swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schwimmleistung und Leistungszielorientierung junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085048</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085048</guid>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Pensgaard, A. M.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pensgaard, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance cannot be determined by physiological or biomechanical factors alone. Psychological factors, such as motivation, should also be considered. Load-velocity profiling has shown that front crawl performance is related to theoretical maximum velocity (V0 ) and load (L0 ) (Gonjo et al., 2021). Task goal orientation, based on the Achievement Goal Theory, has been associated with improved performance and increased effort (Roberts et al., 2018). Sixty-seven swimmers aged 11-13 completed the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) and performed three 25 m semi-tethered swims using the 1080 Sprint. Results showed no significant correlations, suggesting that performance level is independent of motivation at this age. Regardless, the non-significant results should not lead to disregard of goal orientation`s influence on performance through persistence in hard-work and intrinsic enjoyment (Roberts et al., 2018).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraulen im Freiwasser: tatsächliche Schwimmstrecke, Kinematik und Effizienz des Armzugs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085049</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085049</guid>
      <author>De Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Guedes, J. P.</author>
      <author>Ongaratto, D.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, D. H.</author>
      <author>Trindade, C. Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ongaratto, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trindade, C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming in open water, even for experienced swimmers, is a challenge. The aim of this study was to verify the actual distance swum, the kinematic, and the arm-stroke efficiency during a 2000-m front crawl test performed in open water. Eight male swimmers (38.8±7.8 years old) performed a 2000-m (GPS in a boat) front-crawl test in three laps in a lagoon. Each participant wore a GPS (XT; Garmin® Smartwatch). Performance and the distance swan were, respectively, 2617±355 s and 2197±80 m (p<0.001 to 2000-m). The speed and stroke rate have decreased (p<0.001), respectively from 1.12±0.13 to 0.93±0.16 m/s, and from 35.7±3.4 to 30.1±3.7 cycles/min. Stroke length (1.90±0.24 m) and arm-stroke efficiency (34.6±4.5%) remained constant. The distance swan was almost 20% higher than the measured circuit. However, we do not rule out possible measurement error of the individual GPS. The swimmers decreased V and SR, as expected; but surprisingly the SL and ? remained constant along the circuit.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parametrische Untersuchung der Vortriebskräfte beim Kraulschwimmen - Beschleunigungseffekt und Strömungsverhalten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085050</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085050</guid>
      <author>Raphaël, G.</author>
      <author>Eon, A.</author>
      <author>Decatoire, A.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T.</author>
      <author>Laurent, D.</author>
      <author>Samson, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raphaël, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decatoire, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laurent, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The arms play a key role in propulsion (Maglischo, 2003; Takagi et al., 2016). Numerous authors have studied the links between the kinematics of aquatic strokes of the upper limbs and propulsive forces, which are defined as the component of the resultant force in the swimming direction (Berger et al., 1999). The main kinematic parameters in optimising propulsive force have been shown by (Samson et al., 2015). Among these, arm acceleration holds an important place and many authors have studied its role in propulsion (Gardano & Dabnichki, 2006; Kudo et al., 2013; Rouboa et al., 2006; Sanders, 1999). Variations in velocities (accelerations) can generate up to 9 times more force than at constant velocity (Kudo et al., 2013). Although these studies have shown the relevance of acceleration in propulsion, to our knowledge, no parametric study has been carried out to model a relationship between acceleration and propulsive forces. To deepen our understanding of propulsive forces in relation to acceleration, we carried out a parametric experiment under unsteady conditions using a robotic device. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of acceleration on arm propulsion from a basic rotation movement. This work is based on both force and fluid velocity measures, from a robotic arm. Concurrently, a CFD study has been carried out. In so doing, we were able to experimentally observe the evolution of propulsive force versus acceleration (force measurements). Simultaneously, experimental and numerical 2D-PIV fields have enabled us to understand the phenomena (vortex dynamic and flow behaviour around swimmers` arms) behind the generation of these forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des Flatterbeinschlags auf den aktiven Widerstand beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085051</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085051</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antriebsregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In front-crawl swimming, the swimmer generates propulsive forces by both arm strokes and leg kicks. And the alternating left-right up-down motion of both legs seen in front-crawl swimming is called the flutter kick. It has been reported that the flutter kicking motions increase swimming velocity by 10% compared to without flutter kicking motions (Deschodt et al., 1999). Flutter kick is seen 6-kicks per 1-stroke cycle in short-distance events, and 2 or 4 kicks in the long-distance events. It is unclear whether flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming generate propulsive forces, since these motions are primarily in the vertical direction, not in the propulsive direction. In the previous studies, the role of the flutter kick is thought to lift the lower limbs not only to generate propulsion forces (Yanai, 2001). Thus, there is no consensus on the role of flutter kicks, and it is not certain whether it is providing propulsion or reducing active drag. Unfortunately, flutter kicking motions generates bubbles and unsteady turbulence around feet, making it difficult to analyse the motions due to low visibility. In recent studies on front-crawl swimming, researchers have conducted to estimate fluid forces acting on the hand by measuring the pressure distribution on the hand surface (Tsunokawa et al., 2018: Tsunokawa et al., 2019). This method allows for the quantification of hand propulsive forces. As another approach, a method for evaluating active drag acting on the whole body using MRT method has been reported (Narita et al., 2018). Although the analysis of flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming is still difficult, clarifying the relationship between different kicking motions and hand propulsive forces and active drag by combining pressure analysis and MRT method could allow for indirect investigation of the role and contribution of the flutter kicking motions in front-crawl swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of the flutter kick indirectly by estimating active drag and hand propulsive force by using pressure analysis and MRT method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modell zur Bewertung des Potenzials für das Kraulschwimmen von Jugend-Wasserballspielern: Internationaler Standardisierungsansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085052</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085052</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Perazzetti, A.</author>
      <author>Özkol, M. Z.</author>
      <author>Ošljak, A.</author>
      <author>Novoselac, N.</author>
      <author>Tessitore, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perazzetti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, M. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ošljak, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novoselac, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tessitore, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
Beside the technical and tactical skills, the most swimming or physical activities in water polo last for <20 seconds, with mostly very intense movements, where swimming sprints averaging between 7 to 14 seconds, mostly by the use of crawl stroke1. The purpose of the study was to define model for assessment potential for front crawl sprint swimming at youth water polo players through an international standardisation approach.

METHODS:
Two-hundred and thirty (n=230) youth water polo players (Age=13.9±0.8 yrs., training experience=5.5±1.4 yrs.) from five countries (Serbia, n=74; Italy, n=28; Turkey, n=15; Slovenia, n=11; Germany, n=102) were tested. The subjects swam 25m at maximum intensity using two swimming modalities: crawl with head in water (25CHeadIN) and with ball (25CBall)2. Skill index was calculated, as corrected crawl skill index, 25CSkillIndxCORR=(25/25Ball)*(25HeadIN/25Ball), expressed in arbitrary unit. Two specification equations were calculated: SCSP (sprint crawl swimming potential, summary distribution score for 25CHeadIN and 25CBall), and SCSSP (sprint crawl swimming skill potential, summary distribution score for 25CHeadIN, 25CBall and 25CSkillIndxCORR). Descriptive, factorial and multiple linear regression statistical analyses were used.

RESULTS:
Mean values (MEAN) and standard deviation (SD) for observed variables were: 25CHeadIN=14.80±1.05 sec.; 25CBall= 15.64±1.15 sec.; and 25CSkillIndxCORR= 1.52±0.14, respectively. SCSP specification equation had the following form= 292.0943 - (25CHeadIN*8.3184) - (25CBall • 7.6096). SCSSP specification equation had the following form = 159.8392 - (25CHeadIN*5.366) - (25CBall*5.8613) + (25CSkillIndxCORR*40.192).

DISCUSSION:
The obtained equation models indicate a high practical applicability of two field swimming tests and skill index at youth water polo players providing a specific tool to monitor the development of young water polo players, i.e., as a deterministic model of the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Strömung um den Fuß des Schwimmers und Schätzung der Schubkraft in einem Schwimmbecken.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085053</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085053</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies have revealed the propelling technique of natural swimmers by applying the flow visualization technique, specifically the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method (Matsuuchi et al., 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011). Utilizing the PIV method involves calculating the velocity vector field within the measurement area, thereby aiding in comprehending fluid dynamics such as jet flows and vortex generation, which may contribute to our understanding of propulsion mechanisms (Takagi et al., 2014). While this method enabled the visualization of wake flow around a skilled swimmer's foot during leg-kick swimming in a water flume (Shimojo et al., 2019), the wake flows within an indoor swimming pool using the same equipment and settings remain ambiguous. Furthermore, a study by Epps and Techet (2007) demonstrated the estimation of wake force for forward acceleration in maneuvering fish by integrating complementary approaches, including capturing wake structures like vortex ring geometry. This study aimed to visualize the wake flow around a human foot during leg-kick swimming in an indoor swimming pool and subsequently estimate the associated thrust force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Standardisierung von Beobachtungs- und Bewertungskriterien für die Armschlagtechnik "Kraulschwimmenl" auf die Inter- und Intra-Rater-Reliabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085054</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085054</guid>
      <author>Peres, M. V.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, T.</author>
      <author>Ramos, W.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, L.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Standardisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peres, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The intervention carried out with the raters in an attempt to standardize the observation and rating criteria did not have the desired effect on inter- and intra-rater agreement. The results found are in line with those of other studies in the literature, but there was a belief in the possibility of improving reliability. Actually, despite the discussions raised in the intervention, what seems to have prevailed during the evaluations were the raters` prior experiences. Thus, it is important to propose an intervention with quality and sufficient criteria to enable greater standardization as to the criteria for swimming teachers with different training and professional experiences to observe and rate swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Lumbale Spondylolyse bei Leistungssportlern im Tauchen ~Fallserie~</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085055</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085055</guid>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lumbar spondylolysis is a fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebral arch and is common in adolescent athletes. Lumbar spondylolysis is also the most common identifiable cause of low back pain in young athletes and the main symptom of it is low back pain during exercise. The first line of treatment is conservative therapy, which includes rest and a brace. The incidence of spondylolysis has been shown to be 6% in the general adult population and the incidence is higher in the athletic population, with studies showing as many as 52% of athletes with low back pain suffering spondylolysis. Lumbar spondylolysis is also reported to be common in gymnastics, where the movements are similar to those of diving. In the present study, we investigated the trend of lumbar spondylolysis in competitive divers and its relationship to competition, using three cases of early-stage lesions in our experience.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Schwimmfähigkeiten in britischen und deutschen Büchern für Kinder</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085056</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085056</guid>
      <author>Vogel, M.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Kronenbürger, S.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vogel, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kronenbürger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Previous research on British and German children`s books has shown that they may serve as transfer of knowledge to a society but might lead to a distorted representation of the importance of the competencies (i.e., submerging, and floating) [1]. To identify cultural differences or similarities in the learn-to-swim process, the competencies submerging and floating are compared by considering their frequency and implementation in the children`s books.

METHODS
For the selection of the British children`s books the PRISMA statement was used. By a screening of a total number of 625 fictional children`s books on swimming, 11 were eligible for analysis. The selection of the German children`s books is based on the principle of the most up-to-date and well-known works, with no further restrictions on selection. Thus, nine books were identified eligible for analysis. The analysis is limited to a macroanalysis of the content and representation of the text and pictures, as well as their interdependence.

RESULTS
The competence submerging, in an initial phase and not as part of swimming, is described in detail in 56% of the German and 27% in British children`s books. In the German books, submerging is illustrated in 44% by retrieving an object. In the British books, the competence is displayed by text and corresponding illustration. The second competence analysed, floating, is addressed in 67% of the German and in 45% of the British children`s books. The position of floating varies in the British books with 40% on front and 60% on back and is mediated by text and illustration. Floating in German children`s books is described as both, on front and back. In both, German and British children`s books, a distinction must be made whether buoyancy aids are used or not.

DISCUSSION
In German children`s books, submerging is portrayed congruent with German scientific literature and in British children`s books it is also portrayed congruent with international literature. That the German children`s books significantly more often depict submerging as important competence for the learn-to-swim process, may be because submerging is not only a prerequisite but also one element of the first swimming badge in Germany. Moreover, the international literature distinguishes between submerging and a safe entry into water [2], which is not treated so sharply in German literature [3]. Concerning floating, German, and British children`s books portray the competence congruent to each scientific literature. However, it should be noted that in international literature, compared to German literature, water treading also belongs to the competence of floating [2], but here it has not been considered. Both competencies, submerging and floating, are similarly treated as essential elements of the learn-to-swim process. Further studies may consider the choice of the first swimming technique in each children`s books.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des Vortriebs von Schmetterlingsschwimmern mittels statistischer parametrischer Kartierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085057</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085057</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Lopes, T.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Quirós-Vásquez, A.</author>
      <author>Morais, J. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quirós-Vásquez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The butterfly swim stroke, as also the remaining swim strokes, is highly dependent on the propulsive force. This is characterized by a symmetrical and simultaneous motion of both upper limbs. It is expected that swimmers do not exhibit significant imbalances to maximize swim velocity. Differing from discrete variables (0-D), continuous variables (1-D) allow retrieving deeper insights about where within the stroke cycle such differences may occur (Morais et al., 2022). Also, it may be expected that butterfly sprinters present a propulsive force decline in maximal trials as well as it occurs with swim velocity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to: (i) verify the propulsive force variance over three consecutive arms-pulls in the butterfly stroke (i.e., time effect), and; (ii) verify differences in propulsive force between upper limbs (i.e., side effect).

METHODS
The sample was composed of seven male adolescent swimmers (15.40 ± 0.30 years, 67.39 ± 9.17 kg of body mass, 1.76 ± 0.07 m of height, 1.83 ± 0.08 m of arm span, and 59.81 ± 2.47 s at the 100 m short-course butterfly event). After the warm-up, swimmers underwent a 25 m maximal trial in butterfly. The propulsive force was acquired with an AQUANEX system that measures both upper limbs separately. Three consecutive arm-pulls in the middle of the
swimming pool were used for analysis. A Statistical Parametric Mapping two-way ANOVA was used to understand the propulsive force variance during three consecutive stroke cycles and the side effects.

RESULTS
The left upper limb presented a mean propulsive force of 32.59 ± 2.00 N, 31.29 ± 3.92 N, and 31.13 ± 2.03 N for the first, second, and third arm-pull, respectively. The right upper limb presented a mean propulsive force of 31.51 ± 3.34 N, 28.80 ± 3.54 N, and 30.31 ± 3.37 N for the first, second, and third arm-pull, respectively. The Statistical Parametric Mapping two-way ANOVA revealed both non-significant time and side effects (p > 0.05), as well as a non-significant interaction (p > 0.05). This indicates that swimmers were able to maintain their propulsive force levels, and without significant imbalances over a butterfly maximal trial. Notwithstanding, using this kind of statistical approach will help researchers and coaches to understand where within the stroke cycle such differences may occur. This would provide more specific details for the swimmers technical training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Rumpfmuskelaktivität beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085058</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085058</guid>
      <author>Hyodo, H.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwimmkanal</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hyodo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In crawl swimming, rotational movement around the long axis of the trunk is performed in conjunction with the stroke movement of the upper limbs, and this movement is defined as trunk rotation movement. In crawl swimming, since the upper and lower limbs are moved alternately, contraction and control of the trunk muscles are important [1]. It has been reported that the timing of switching the torsion motion of the knee shifts to an early stage [2]. The purpose of this study was to clarify the trunk muscle activation with changes in swimming speed during crawl swimming and to investigate the relationship with trunk twisting movements.

METHODS
The subjects were 7 male swimmers. After a sufficient warm-up, the first trial was a 100m swimming speed trial (V_100m), and the second trial was a 50m swimming speed trial (V_50m). The trial was performed in an experimental circulating water tank. The target muscles were the muscles of the trunk, and a total of 6 muscles were attached (Latissimus dorsi, Erector spinae, abdominal oblique). We attached LED markers to 11 locations on the body, divided the movement into phases, and calculated the maximum rotation angle (MRA) for each "Shoulder roll, Hip roll, Trunk twist". In the propulsion phase, the phase up to MRA was called Roll Phase (RP), and the phase after MRA was called Roll Back Phase (RBP). The EMG was converted to an RMS waveform and normalized by the peak value (mvc) obtained by manual muscle strength measurement, which was defined as "%mvcRMS". From these values, Active Phase (%) in each phase was compared between trials.

RESULTS
Higher swimming speed decreased stroke time (V_50m: 0.99 s, V_100m: 1.09 s, p<0.01) and increased trunk twist rotation angle (V_50m: 27.92°, V_100m: 30.97°, p<0.05). A significant increase in the active phase of the trunk muscle group was observed in the right oblique muscle of the trunk twist MRA RP between trials. Similarly, a significant increase in trunk twist MRA RBP was also observed in the left erector spinae muscle.

DISCUSSION
At higher swimming speeds, the active phases of the erector spinae and abdominal oblique increased significantly with increasing trunk torsion angles. This suggests that these two muscles may contribute to the torsional movements during crawl swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Eigenschaften von Sportlern, die in der Startphase eine hohe Absprunggeschwindigkeit erreichen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085059</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085059</guid>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The results of this study showed that the elite swimmer obtained high take-off velocity at the start phase had high velocity by the time the rear foot left and accelerated further before the front foot left. This finding suggested that increasing the time holding the start block may increase the horizontal force exerted by the rear leg, thereby resulting in a higher horizontal velocity at take-off and better start performance. Further collection of data from many elite swimmers is necessary to clarify the techniques and training methods to improve the horizontal velocity at take-off.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Raumkontrolle und Torschusseffizienz im Elite-Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085060</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085060</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Hohenstein, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2018</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohenstein, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Shooting is one of the most important performance prerequisites in water polo (Alcaraz, Abraldes, Ferragut et al., 2012). The subject of this study was the throwing behaviour of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final "World Cup Water Polo" tournament 2018 in Berlin. On the basis of the dynamical systems approach, the goal shot has to be interpreted as the result of a macroscopic interpersonal coordination of the attackers
in relation to the interpersonal coordination of the defenders. An important key performance indicator describing the macroscopic formations of the players as agents in a complex adaptive system is the space control in front of the goal (Headrick, Davids, Renshaw et al., 2012).

METHODS
On the basis of video data from cameras mounted to the rooftop 15 m above the playground, and notational analysis we investigated all N = 1482 goal shots from all 24 tournament matches, and obtained an observational quality for observer agreement with a Cohens` Kappa of k =0.903. Specifically, we analysed successful throwing actions only in the position attacks (during 6-vs-6 position attack and 6-vs-5 man-up attack) within an 8*15 m rectangular game zone in
front of each goal. Based on the positions and trajectories of the players and the ball the key performance indicator space control was analysed by means of Voronoi-cells (Hochstein, Hohenstein & Hohmann, 2022).

RESULTS
The area of the Voronoi- cells differed in defending and attacking teams as well as between successful and non-successful teams. Thus, space control was validated as a key performance indicator for successful versus failed goal shots. The attacking six players controlled a significantly larger field area in front of the opponent`s goal than the six defensive players together with their goalkeeper (p < 0.05). In the case of unsuccessful attacking attempts, this area ratio was exactly reversed (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION
Generally speaking, when scoring a goal in water polo, the top international water polo teams try to increase their control of space in front of the opponent`s goal primarily through quick position changes in the attack. On elite level, that superior space control both in the positional attack and in defence leads to a significantly higher rate of goal scoring or goal prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schweres und extrem intensives Schwimmtraining in derselben Trainingseinheit: Auswirkung der Satzabfolge auf physiologische Reaktionen und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085061</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085061</guid>
      <author>Nikitakis, I. S.</author>
      <author>Ioannou, C.</author>
      <author>Chalkiadakis, I.</author>
      <author>Paradisis, G. P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G. C.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingseinheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nikitakis, I. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ioannou, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chalkiadakis, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paradisis, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
Interval training sets may be applied in a varied sequence within a swimming session. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different sequences of training sets on performance and physiological responses in a training session.

METHODS:
Twelve swimmers (18.7±3.4 years) performed a 50 m sprint to evaluate maximal speed. On a subsequent day they completed an incremental intermittent protocol (5x200 m) to calculate the speed corresponding to the lactate threshold (sLT). Based on the preliminary tests, training sets of 8x200 m at speed corresponding to sLT (set A - heavy) and 8x50 m at 95% of the maximal speed (set B - extreme) were planned, both including 30 s of recovery between repetitions. In two randomized order sessions, swimmers completed the following set sequences: i) set A - set B (A-B), ii) set B - set A (B-A), with 10 min of passive recovery between sets. The time to complete each repetition and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Lactate concentration [La-] was determined at the start, middle and end of each set and the mean [La-] was calculated. Blood pH, base excess (BE) and bicarbonate (HCO3) were determined at the start and end of each set. Plasma volume changes (dPV) after each training set were calculated based on hematocrit and hemoglobin changes. R-R intervals were recorded the night after each session and heart rate variability was calculated. The logarithm of root mean square successive difference (LnRMSSD) was used to examine the effect of the entire session on the autonomic nervous system. Individualized training impulse (TRIMPi) was also determined using individual HR and lactate profiles determined during the incremental protocol.

RESULTS:
Performance in each set separately was not different between sessions regardless of sets sequence (p>0.05). Mean HR and mean [La-] were not different between sessions (p>0.05). However, mean pH of the entire A-B session was higher compared to the reverse sequence, while the reduction on BE and HCO3 was greater in B-A compared to A-B session (pH: A-B: 7.35 ± 0.04, B-A: 7.31 ± 0.04, BE: A-B: -5.1 ± 3.6, B-A: -8.4 ± 2.5 mmol/L, HCO3, A-B: 20.5 ± 2.9, B-A:17.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, p<0.05). Set A or set B separately showed similar physiological response independent of the sequence they were applied (p>0.05). dPV differed between sessions (A-B: -4.9 ± 7.7, B-A: -0.9 ± 7.2%, p<0.05), was decreased after set A (-3.6 ± 9.0%) in A-B session but was increased in B-A session (9.4 ± 8.9%, p<0.05). However, dPV after set B was not affected by the sequence applied (p>0.05). Nocturnal LnRMSSD was not different between sessions (p>0.05) while TRIMPi was increased in B-A session (A-B: 66.8 ± 36.0, B-A: 82.5 ± 30.0 a.u., p<0.05).

DISCUSSION:
Training sets sequence does not affect performance and physiological responses in each set separately. However, the overall effect of training session consisting of a near-maximum intensity set followed by a set at lactate threshold leads to a greater metabolic and acid-base disturbance and induce higher internal training load compared to the reverse order.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Haptisches Feedbacksystem für das Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085062</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085062</guid>
      <author>Hribernik, M.</author>
      <author>Umek, A.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Kos, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vibrationstraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hribernik, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Umek, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kos, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Real-time biomechanical feedback applications are rapidly evolving in sports training. To advance the field of feedback actuators, we have developed a wearable haptic device for water sports. To assess the perception of haptic stimuli, we conducted an exploratory study with 34 participants. The results presented, although anticipated, provide the basis for further refinement of the device and future studies. This study proves that haptic interfaces can be used in aquatic contexts, complementing the auditory interfaces recommended by peers (Cesarini et al., 2016; Schaffert et al., 2019). Future studies will focus on the athlete`s ability to understand presented information and test the usefulness and benefits of the RTBF application with real-time haptic stimuli in the water during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Live-Sonifikation der intrazyklischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085063</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085063</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <author>Duran, J.</author>
      <author>Arañó, M.</author>
      <author>Gutiérrez, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Quantität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duran, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arañó, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gutiérrez, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mastering a swimming technique is the ideal combination of swimmers propelling capacity and drag reduction ability. By repeating a similar stroke cycle while travelling along the pool, the swimmer is enabled to repeatedly perceive analogous sensations at each cycle, introduce and compare changes from previous to following cycles and replicate the most efficient for a more skilled interaction with the water.
In this process of improving how to `treat the water` for a better performance achievement, swimmers are relying on their internal subjective capacity to feel the water while executing and on the external coach`s advice after execution.
Our goal as water sports biomechanists is to offer the best assessment to swimmers and coaches. Many steps had to be done to what is finally presented in this paper. TwinDolly is the last version of an idea that started in 1999 and thought (a) as a tool for objective evaluation of the swimmer`s performance and (b) as a complement to the swimming technique learning process by reporting live or delayed feedback.
The system is recording video and instantaneous velocity while swimming. This data can be synchronized and displayed to coach and swimmer at the pool`s edge right after executing in a double screen display.
Sonification of intracyclic velocity has recently been implemented to assess while swimming, as resulting velocity is the best performance evaluator. The swimmer will try to accomplish a sound`s pitch, from a change in velocity, by altering the swimming conditions.
This variety of feedback in form (coach`s advice, video, velocity curves, calculated performance indicators and speed sonification) and temporality (life and delayed) can be offered separately or simultaneously combined for a more immersive perception and may lead to improve the swimmer`s feeling for the water through experiencing while being evaluated and reported of the resulting performance in a sustained and repeated loop.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Unterwasserbewegung von Schwimmern mit Defiziten in der linken unteren Extremität unter Verwendung der piv-Methode</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085064</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085064</guid>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antriebsregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Para swimming has been adopted since the first Paralympic Games in 1960 and is one of the most popular sports for people with disabilities. Para swimmers are expected to maximize their own physical abilities and perform at their best, despite the disadvantages they may have compared to able-bodied swimmers due to their physical handicaps such as paralysis and defects. The World Para Swimming rules allow for underwater propulsion in the 15 m section from the wall after the start and after the turn, just as in swimming competitions. In this section, most swimmers use a propulsion technique called Underwater Undulatory Swimming (UUS). This UUS is similar to the propulsion technique of cetaceans, it keeps a streamlined position and propels itself through the water by moving its lower limb up and down. A previous study has shown that the swimming velocity of the underwater movement has the greatest impact on the starting phase (Burkett et al., 2010), indicating the importance of increasing the swimming velocity of the UUS.
To increase the velocity of UUS, it is necessary to clarify the propulsive mechanism. Previous studies have attempted to elucidate the propulsive mechanism by visualizing the flow around the swimmer using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method (Hochstein and Blickhan, 2011; Shimojo et al., 2019). Previous studies on UUS in able-bodied swimmers using the PIV method reported that it is propelled by vortex pairs generated by the motion of both feet (Shimojo et al., 2019). Three-dimensional joint movements such as hip internal/external rotation and ankle internal/external rotation have also been observed (Matsuda et al., 2021), and these joint movements are thought to be essential for the vortex pair collision and release generated by both feet. So how does a one-leg deficient swimmer, who performs UUS movements with only one leg, generate propulsive force? Like normal swimmers, the one-leg deficient swimmer is propelled by moving the lower limb up and down while maintaining a sreamlined position with both upper limbs elevated. However, it is unclear what kind of vortex is generated and momentum is obtained during these propulsions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of UUS propulsion in swimmers with a deficient lower limb on one sid]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Wärmeempfinden nach dem Schwimmen im offenen Wasser hängt eher von der Kühlempfindlichkeit der Haut als von der Kerntemperatur ab</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085065</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085065</guid>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <author>Baba, Y.</author>
      <author>Hara, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In open water swimming (OWS) races take place in lower water temperatures (Tw ), swimmers often drop out due to severe cold sensation and/or hypothermia (Brannigan et al., 2009). Although changes in core and skin temperatures during OWS are assumed to vary across swimmers, it is unclear what influences individual differences in whole-body thermal sensation (TS) among OWS swimmers. The present study examined the relationships between whole-body TS and core temperature (Tcore ) during OWS, and skin cool sensitivity.

METHODS
Nine elite Japanese swimmers (4 females) performed a 10 km time trial (TT) in the ocean at Tw of 22°C on sunny, warm day (ambient temperature: 25°C). During TT, Tcore was continuously measured by ingestible temperature sensor. Whole-body TS at pre- and post-TT were also measured. On a separate day from the TT, the changes in skin temperature (Tsk ) required to feel cool was measured on the forearm in six swimmers to confirm their skin sensitivity to cool.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Tcore was higher after TT than before TT in 8 of 9 swimmers (37.9 ± 0.8 vs. 37.1 ± 0.7°C, P<0.05), whereas post-TT thermal sensation was varied among swimmers (Figure 1A). A negative correlation was observed between Post-TT thermal sensation and the changes in Tsk required to feel cool (P<0.05, Figure 1B). These results suggest that swimmers with sensitive skin to cool may be more likely perceive greater whole-body cold sensation in OWS, even if their Tcore is increased.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Räumlich-zeitliche Variablen beim Schwimmen, die mit manueller Zeitmessung und Videoanalyse ermittelt wurden: Vergleich, Korrelation und Übereinstimmung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085066</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085066</guid>
      <author>De Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Zimermann, M.</author>
      <author>Menin, L.</author>
      <author>Nazário, C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, G. A.</author>
      <author>Fiori, J. M.</author>
      <author>Guedes, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlagtechnik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zimermann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Menin, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nazário, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fiori, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare, correlate, and verify the concordance of stroke rate (SR), length (SL), and velocity (v) obtained with both manual stopwatch and with video analysis. Fifteen male masters swimmers (39.7±8.3 years old) performed a 2000-m front-crawl in a 25 m swimming pool. Along 10 m from four steps, three consecutive stroke cycles and time to cover 10 m were manually timed (Casio HS-30W, Japan) by four (4 years experienced) timekeepers (TK). At the same time, sagittal images were obtained with a video camera (60 Hz) and then digitalized (10 m calibration ruler). Comparison, intraclass correlation, and agreement analysis were applied (? = 0.05). No difference (p>0.05) was found for SR, SL and v in any step (overall SR, SL, and v, respectively manual and video results: 27.8±3.3 and 28.2±2.7 cycles.min-1; 2.29±0.3 and 2.26±0.3 m; 1.05±0.13 and 1.06±0.13 m.s-1). Results were highly correlated (intraclass correlation > 0.90), and showed agreement in all steps (bias for SR, SL, and v were, respectively, less than: 0.64 cycles.min-1; 0.04 m; and 0.01 m.s-1.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von zwei verschiedenen Erholungsprotokollen auf die 100-Meter-Kraulleistung von männlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085067</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085067</guid>
      <author>Štrumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Ušaj, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Štrumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ušaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study is to ascertain whether the active recovery or protocol with the supplementation of NaHCO3 differentiates between the resulting performance of two 100 m front crawl swims during trials.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportlerspezifische optimierende Simulation des Armzugs beim Kraulschwimmen unter Berücksichtigung individueller Schultergelenksmomente</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085068</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085068</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Tsuchiya, S.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, R.</author>
      <author>Kuramoto, A.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuchiya, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuramoto, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The armstroke in the crawl swimming is important since it mainly contributes to the thrust generation. The optimum armstrokes were solved by optimizing simulation for swimmers without any physical disability [1,2], with hemiplegia [3] and with unilateral transradial deficiency [4]. In those optimizing simulations, the joint torque characteristics database, which was constructed based on experiments and musculoskeletal simulation, were always used as the constraints of the optimization. However, since the joint torque characteristics vary according to individual, the optimum armstroke for each individual is also considered to vary. For this problem, a framework to solve the optimum armstroke considering athlete-specific shoulder joint torque characteristics was proposed in this study. The objective of this study was to conduct the athlete-specific optimizing simulation considering individual shoulder joint torque characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die kinetischen Eigenschaften der Startbewegung von Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen im Wettkampfschwimmen.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085069</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085069</guid>
      <author>Sakai, S.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Impuls</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sakai, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The start of a competitive swimming is the only land movement and the swimmer achieves the highest speed in the competition. At the start, competitors aim to swim the designated distance as fast as possible, so acquiring high velocity in the horizontal direction is essential. Increasing the flight distance is believed to be important in reducing the swimming distance. However, an upward take-off angle from the starting platform increases the swimming distance. Therefore, a near-horizontal take-off angle is desirable to shorten the record. The take-off velocity and angle from the starting platform depend on the magnitude of the force exerted on the starting platform from the starting signal to take-off. Therefore, swimmers are required to push the starting platform strongly backward to acquire a high takeoff velocity and push it downward to achieve a more horizontal takeoff angle. Although many studies have investigated the movement on the platform in competitive swimming, few studies have examined the differences in the starting movement by gender. Previous studies have reported that gender produces differences in landing and jumping variables (Chappell et al. 2002, Lephart et al. 2002). It is not surprising that movements differ by gender due to variations in muscle strength and limb length. If there are gender differences, then there should also be distinct focal points for each gender in the instruction of the starting motion in competitive swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the gender characteristics of the starting motion in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Merkmale von Delfinkicks unter Wasser beim Schwimmen: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085070</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085070</guid>
      <author>Betke, L.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Betke, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The quality of the technique is a determining factor in swimming performance. Depending on the lane length and the discipline, the underwater phase makes up 30 % or 60 % of the competition distance (Atkison et al., 2014). The dolphin kicks are performed during the underwater phase to maintain high speed after the start and turn of butterfly, backstroke, and crawl (Maglischo, 2003). Therefore, the quality of the kicks is essential for overall swimming performance. This study systematically summarizes empirical evidence on the characteristics of the underwater dolphin kick. This summary aims to accurately describe the underwater dolphin kicking using the movement characteristics defined by Meinel und Schnabel (2015).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Strömung um den Fuß des Schwimmers und Schätzung der Schubkraft in einem Hallenbad.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085071</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085071</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies have revealed the propelling technique of natural swimmers by applying the flow visualization technique, specifically the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method (Matsuuchi et al., 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011). Utilizing the PIV method involves calculating the velocity vector field within the measurement area, thereby aiding in comprehending fluid dynamics such as jet flows and vortex generation, which may contribute
to our understanding of propulsion mechanisms (Takagi et al., 2014). While this method enabled the visualization of wake flow around a skilled swimmer's foot during leg-kick swimming in a water flume (Shimojo et al., 2019), the wake flows within an indoor swimming pool using the same equipment and settings remain ambiguous. Furthermore, a study by Epps and Techet (2007) demonstrated the estimation of wake force for forward acceleration in maneuvering fish by integrating complementary approaches, including capturing wake structures like vortex ring geometry. This study aimed to visualize the wake flow around a human foot during leg-kick swimming in an indoor swimming pool and subsequently estimate the associated thrust force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schulterverspannung des hinteren Deltamuskels: Risikofaktoren für Schulterschmerzen bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085072</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085072</guid>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Mise, T.</author>
      <author>Edama, M.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steifigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mise, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edama, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Shoulder pain is the most common complaint in swimming. Muscle stiffness in the posterior shoulder is associated with shoulder pain in overhead sports(Myers et al., 2006). However, this relationship is unclear in swimmers. This muscle stiffness can be measured as the shear elastic modulus using ultrasonic shear wave elastography (SWE). The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify risk factors for shoulder pain in swimmers based on elastic muscle coefficient by SWE, joint range of motion, and isometric muscle strength.
METHODS
Forty-eight competitive swimmers (18-28 years; 29 males) were followed up for 6 months. Baseline measurements of the elastic modulus of the pectoralis minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and pectoralis minor muscles were obtained using shear wave elastography. Range of motion and isometric strength were measured using a goniometer and a handheld dynamometer, respectively. The questionnaire was administered weekly to determine shoulder pain occurrence over 6 months. Additionally, differences between shoulders with and without pain were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analysis and recipient operating characteristic curves identified the risk factors.

RESULTS
Forty-six swimmers (96%) were followed up for 6 months, and 20 reported shoulder pain. Predictors in the final model included muscle stiffness of the posterior deltoid. The predictor, muscle stiffness of the pectoralis minor, was extracted only for females.
DISCUSSION
High posterior deltoid stiffness was associated with and predictive of shoulder pain development in swimmers. Pectoralis minor muscle stiffness was a risk factor for shoulder pain in female swimmers. Maintaining the posterior deltoid and pectoralis minor muscle flexibility in conditioning was suggested.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie über die Auswirkung des Beinschlags an der anaeroben Schwelle im Strömungskanal für jugendliche Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085073</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085073</guid>
      <author>Shan, S.</author>
      <author>Honghui, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shan, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Honghui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Using Shanghai Swimming Flume System, this paper analyzes the effect of anaerobic threshold kicking of young swimmers in the flume, expands the flume training program of special kicking ability, improves the athletes' kicking ability.
RESEARCH OBJECT AND EXPERIMENTAL SCHEME
12 male college swimmers (age 12.54±1.52yr; height 165.80±5.64cm; weight 53.14±5.49kg) participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (A&B).They were given kicking training for 12 weeks.Group A arranged anaerobic threshold speed kick twice a week, the total amount of anaerobic threshold leg exercise in 1000-1200 meters. Group B used routine kick training methods. 
RESULTS
1. Analysis of anaerobic threshold strength kicking: anaerobic threshold kicking exercises play a very good role in coordination with the swim. It can help improve the players' ability to maintain a certain speed continuously. On the other hand, the lactic acid of anaerobic threshold kicking is not too high, which is conducive to the continuous and effective training of the players.
2. Analysis of kicking effect of anaerobic threshold speed in flume: arrange athletes in the flume kicking training, get a better effect, mainly because the flow rate in the water can enhance the stimulation of the athletes lower limb receptors, at the same time notice the position of the athletes' limbs in the water, better perception of muscle force size.
DISCUSSION
The anaerobic threshold strength of the kicking is helpful to improve the kicking training, arrange athletes to perform the kicking training in the flume, so that the body can get the maximum kicking effect, kicking performance has been significantly improved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Tempostrategien beim Freiwasserschwimmen.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085074</guid>
      <author>Hara, R.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Miki, J.</author>
      <author>Ueno, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miki, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ueno, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Open water swimming (OWS) is a swimming event in which swimmers swim in the ocean or a river, etc. The 10 km OWS is the most recent Olympic swimming event, which began in 2008, and in recent years the races have become faster. One reason for this is that the top long-distance swimmers are competing in the OWS as dual swimmers as well as competitive swimmers. For example, at the 2022 World Swimming Championships, the winner of the 10 km OWS also won the 1500 m freestyle swimming race. World Aquatics has announced that the  equirements to qualify for the Paris Olympics are to finish third or higher at the 2023 World Championships and 10th or higher at the 2024 World Championships. Therefore, in order to qualify for the Olympics, not only the swimmers' swimming ability but also their race strategy will be very important.
The competition time for the 10km OWS is approximately 2 hours, which is an endurance exercise similar in exercise duration to that of an athletics marathon race; in developing a race strategy for the 10km OWS, coaches and swimmers will make a comprehensive assessment of environmental factors such as weather, water temperature, and currents. On the other hand, OWS races are postponed during thunderstorms, so in big OWS events such as the World Championships and the Olympic Games, men's and women's races are held on different days to avoid cancellation of all races as much as possible. Nikolaidis et al. (2018) reported gender differences in race strategy for channel crossing swims, which are longer than regular OWS events, however, much remains unknown about gender differences in race strategy for the 10 km OWS. It would be of great help to swimmers and coaches if race strategies for the next day's race could be developed based on race strategies in either the men's or women's race.
Luis et al. (2017) compared pacing strategies by level for the 10 km OWS at the 2015 World Championships. The results showed that medalists and finalists exhibited similar pacing to slower swimmers at the beginning and middle of the race, but they swam faster in the last spurt of the final lap. Santiago et al. (2019) showed that elite open water swimmers at the 2017 World Championships successfully used a race strategy was presented. They suggest that the swimmers who placed in the top 10 in the race swam within 10-20 seconds of the lead swimmer. Because of this variety of developments in race strategies for faster 10 km OWS, it is necessary to examine the differences between men and women in the major 10 km OWS race strategies in recent years.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the sex differences in pacing during top 10 elite swimmers of the recent six major 10km OWS races. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Antriebsmodells beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085075</guid>
      <author>Brunel, T.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Larrarte, F.</author>
      <author>Cohen, C.</author>
      <author>Prétot, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brunel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larrarte, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prétot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming competition, among all the swimming style, front crawl is the one which allows to reach the highest speed and appear to be the most efficient (Barbosa, et al., 2010).
Thus, it is the stroke use in all the freestyle events. It covers a range of distance from 50 m to 1500 m in swimming pool and from 5 km to 25 km for open water swimming.
Front crawl swimming is characterized by an alternate action of the arms. A cycle is composed of three main phases for each arm: a gliding phase just after the hand entry into the water with one arm extended forward; a propulsion phase (pull and push) and a recovery phase. The frequency of this cycle is commonly called stroke rate. The study of the relationship between velocity and stroke rate leads to focus on arm organization during a cycle (Chollet, Chalies, & Chatard, 2000). Chollet et al. (2000) highlighted that there are different cycle coordinations depending on the swimming speed. At low velocities, typical of races longer than 200 meters, swimmers mark a gliding pause with one arm extended forward during their cycle before a propulsion phase. This coordination is called catch-up mode. As the pace increases, the gliding pauses become shorter, and the propulsion phases become dominant. Some elite swimmers are even able to superpose the propulsion phases of the two arms using a fast recovery (Seifert, Chollet, & Rouard, 2007). This coordination is called superposition mode.
In their work, Carmigniani et al. (Carmigniani, Seifert, Chollet, & Clanet, 2020) present a propulsion model to explain the general evolution of the coordination based on the minimization of energy during a cycle. This model outlines two regimes. The first one at low speed where the swimmers vary their speed with the force they use per stroke and maintain constant coordination. The second one appears when a critical velocity is reach which means that the swimmers are at maximum force. In order to further increase the swim velocity, they start to reduce the gliding and recovery phases.
In this study, we propose a first validation of this model through a progressive speed test, using instrumented paddles to measure the force generated by the arms of the swimmers and a video recording system to measure the velocity. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Antriebs- und Bremsmechanismus des Unterwasser-Wellenschwimmens: eine Analyse der Strömungskraft der einzelnen Wirbel der Füße, des Rumpfes und der oberen Gliedmaßen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085076</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085076</guid>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Hashizume, S.</author>
      <author>Kurihara, T.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hashizume, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurihara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers generally use underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) during the start and turn phases of freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly events. Swimmers can produce greater horizontal body velocities during UUS than during surface swimming (Veiga and Roig, 2016). Moreover, swimmers have been suggested to propel underwater using UUS to improve their overall swimming race time (Veiga et al., 2014). Therefore, the investigation of the propulsion mechanisms during UUS is a popular topic in swimming research.
Vortex generation around the feet, trunk, and arm of swimmers has been observed during UUS (von Loebbeck et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2022). Momentum changes in the water-flow field induce vortex generation (Matsuuchi et al., 2009). The propulsion or braking fluid force is generated by changes in the momentum of the flow field (Matsuuchi et al., 2009). Reciprocal acceleration and deceleration of the horizontal body velocity were observed during a one-kick cycle on the UUS (Atkison et al., 2014). A previous study suggested that the propulsion and braking fluid forces were produced by the vortices of the feet (von Loebbecke et al., 2009). A recent study indicated that vortices on the ventral side of the trunk are related to a high horizontal UUS velocity (Tanaka et al., 2022). These previous studies suggested that increasing and decreasing UUS velocities are associated with the vortices generated around the swimmers` whole body. This indicates that the propulsion and braking mechanisms of UUS can be revealed by analyzing vortex generation.
Previous studies have suggested that all vortices generated by a swimmer`s whole body are associated with propulsion and braking during UUS (von Loebbeck et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2022). Moreover, a previous study determined the fluid force of vortices for dolphins using vortex circulation, segment velocity, and segment length (Fish et al., 2014). If we determine the fluid force of each vortex of the feet, trunk, and upper limbs for humans, the details of the propelling and braking mechanisms of UUS can be revealed; however, this has never been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the propulsion and braking mechanisms of UUS by determining the fluid force of the vortices of the feet, trunk, and upper limbs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und projizierter Frontalfläche beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085077</guid>
      <author>Washino, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshitake, Y.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Murai, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Washino, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshitake, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murai, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The projected frontal area (PFA), which predominantly determines active drag (Gatta et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2020; Washino, Murai, et al., 2022), is decreased by an interaction between a higher vertical body position and a smaller trunk inclination during front crawl (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). The vertical centre of mass (CoM) position, as an index of vertical body position, increases linearly with swimming velocity (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022). In contrast, trunk inclination is not associated with swimming velocity (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022). Taken together, the PFA is expected to have a negative relationship with swimming velocity, but the relationship has not yet been clarified due to limitations of measurements and analytical methods.
For calculating PFA during swimming, two conventional methods have been employed: prediction models based on anthropometric features (Morais et al., 2011; Zamparo et al., 2009) and manual tracing of a series of perspective frontal snapshots of a swimmer (Gatta et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2020). However, these methods have inherent problems. The problem with the former method is that the formulas do not account for differences in body shape between swimmers but use a reference value, which causes measurement errors. The problem with the latter method is that it requires manual operation, which causes inter- or intra-operator variability in the calculated data and is time-consuming. To solve these problems, we have developed a new method for reconstructing volumetric swimming motion to reliably calculate PFA by combining an underwater motion-capture system with digital human technology (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). Using our developed method for calculating PFA, we aimed to examine the relationship between swimming velocity and PFA during front crawl, (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). We hypothesized that there is a negative relationship between swimming velocity and PFA, in contrast to a positive relationship between swimming velocity and vertical CoM position observed in the previous study (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wie Staffelschwimmer Leistungssteigerungen erzielen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085078</guid>
      <author>Braun, C.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Braun, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
There is considerable evidence of performance gains in 4 x 100 m freestyle relays over individual 100 m freestyle races (overview in Hüffmeier & Hertel, 2000). These gains consist of relay start benefits and increased swimmer effort due to the team situation. In this pilot study we want to analyze in which sections and in which way swimmers generally achieve a better performance in the relay race. We assume that swimmers increase their stroke rates in relays because this is a common strategy to swim faster in sprint events (Hay, 2002).
METHODS
Video footage (50 Hz) of N = 29 (12 female) swimmers from the European Junior Championships in Kazan (2019) was analyzed. Relay splits and individual races of each swimmer were analyzed for the race sections of clean swim: 15-25m, 25-35m, 35-45m, 65- 75m, 75-85m, and 85-95m. For each section, swim times were recorded, and swim cycles were counted. Stroke lengths and stroke rates were calculated from these parameters. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to compare performance in the relay to the individual races for the dependent variables of swim time, stroke length, and stroke rates.
RESULTS
Results show faster mean swim times for the race sections in the relay (M = 5.65 s, SD = 0.10) compared to the individual race (M = 5.68 s, SD = 0.08), F(1, 27) = 9.51, p = .005, Etap2 = 0.26. Faster swim times were especially pronounced in the first three clean swim sections, eGG = 0.2, F(1, 27) = 252.85, p < .001, Etap2 = 0.90. Those faster swim times were achieved through higher stroke rates in those sections (15-25 m: +2.3%, 25-35 m: +4.1%, 35-45 m: +0.6%, 65-75 m: +0.2%, 75-85 m: -0.4%, 85-95 m: +0.5%), eGG = 0.2, F(1, 27) = 12.76, p < .001, Etap2 = 0.32.
DISCUSSION
This pilot study shows that performance gains in relay swimming were primarily achieved by increasing stroke rate in the first 50 m of the race. These results support the notion that relay swimmers do indeed swim faster, and that faster swim times are not exclusively due to the relay start, but primarily due to increased effort (Braun et al., 2021).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung des Kraulschwimmens mit kontinuierlichem, kurzzeitigem Video-Feedback</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085079</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Signorini, G.</author>
      <author>Mariucci, L.</author>
      <author>Formenti, D.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Signorini, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mariucci, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formenti, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Coaches use several methods to analyze elite athletes' performances and define the most suitable training practices. Quantitative (competition performance, biomechanics, psychological and physiological parameters) and qualitative (technical execution) assessments serve this purpose. Video-based approaches allow quantitative and qualitative evaluations but are specifically instrumental in examining the swimmer's technique, a crucial component permanently addressed throughout the swimmer's competitive activity. Therefore, coaches frequently use video analysis, even if it implies time-consuming efforts to shoot, digitalize, and process their swimmer's video recordings. However, by doing this, coaches can detect all technical issues, especially from underwater views, and provide adequate corrections to swimmers (Mooney et al., 2016).
In physical education, practical mobile devices allow boost instructions simply by video captures or thanks to dedicated apps for video analysis (Laughlin et al., 2019), often free. Apps are generally easy to use with aerial recordings, but unfortunately, they do not entirely respond to the swimming needs that should profit from additional underwater visions. Action sports cameras are fit for underwater motion analysis (Bernardina et al., 2016). Still, they cannot provide real-time streaming due to signal loss when immersed, reducing their practicality for underwater video shooting to satisfy immediate didactic purposes. Nevertheless, with alternative underwater cameras and open-source software such as Kinovea, performers can receive immediate video feedback only with a few seconds delay.
The visual information the performers receive can effectively support verbal feedback coaches or teachers commonly provide during training or education (Guadagnoli et al., 2002). Hence, the benefits from video-based provisions are not confined to elite athletes. For example, video supports have been used successfully in swim teaching (Scurati et al., 2019; Syahrastani, 2014) to complete ordinary educational methods such as verbal instructions, teacher demonstrations, and drawings. Furthermore, by video-based solutions to watch previously executed actions, the performers can receive additional feedback enriching individuals' sensory perceptions (SteMarie, 2013). Coaches and teachers are facilitated in guiding swimmers' attention, focusing on the more accurate and efficient technical execution of the stroke.
This study with young competitive swimmers aimed to investigate the effects on the front crawl performance and technique of supplementation of different forms of video feedback (immediate, postponed, none) by employing relatively practical video devices during swim training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Profilierung der Zugparameterverwaltung beim Kraulen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085080</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In cyclic activities such as swimming, speed (S, in m/s) is the product of stroke length (SL, in m/cycle) and stroke rate (SR, in cycle/min). However, to swim faster an athlete can adopt different strategies of SR-SL combination. Hay (2002), and Seifert and Chollet (2009) have modelled the relationships between SR and S and between SL and S by quadratic regression.
Recent findings have shown that the increase of S in front crawl can be achieved through two regimes of functioning (Carmigniani et al., 2020): (i) First, at low pace and low drag, swimmers minimise energy consumption, exhibiting a stable SL, a catch-up pattern of coordination (i.e., a lag time between two propulsive actions of the upper limbs measured by the index of coordination; Chollet et al., 2000), and increase S mainly by increasing SR. In fact, at low pace, an optimal coordination (i.e., catch-up pattern) exists independently of the speed. The swimmers kept a constant index of coordination and varied their speed by increasing their mean propulsive force. This seems similar to the burst-and-coast swimming behaviour observed for certain fish such as cod or saithe. A model to explain this behaviour was proposed by (Videler & Weihs, 1982). They found that if the fish had a reduced drag during the gliding phase they could consume less mechanical energy to maintain the same average velocity than in steady swimming. The extended arm during the gliding phases in front-crawl can be interpreted as a way to reduce the body drag. (ii) Second, when S and drag increase, and when they reached their upper bound of force, the propulsion time was minimal and did not vary. To further increase their speed, they had to reduce their non-propulsive phases (recovery, entry and catch) and the time between two propulsive phases. Thus, the swimmers used a maximal force regime characterised by high increase of SR and of the continuity between propulsive actions, which above 1.8 m/s led to a superposition pattern of coordination (Carmigniani et al., 2020; Seifert & Carmigniani, 2021).
Thanks to the burst-and-coast approach, Carmigniani et al. (2020) provide insights into the nonlinear change in the motor organisation (e.g. arm coordination) with swimming speed and the leading parameters (SR and SL) that influence the optimal choice of motor coordination. The first aim of our study was to compute a simplified modelling of the two regimes of functioning based only on S-SR relationships. Then, beyond this general law, one can wonder how swimmers individually select a strategy of SR-SL combination; therefore, our second aim was to investigate different profiles of S-SR relationships management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Automatische Erkennung von Schmetterlings-Schlüsselpunkten anhand von Inertialmessgeräten: eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085081</guid>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Muller, J.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muller, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In front crawl swimming, Seifert et al. (2014) explained that the variability of behaviours might be functional in enhancing performance at different levels (e.g. intra-cyclic, inter-cyclic and inter-individual level). If the energy cost should be minimized in swimming by maintaining a movement speed as stable as possible, it was observed that different coordination modes can be used. Therefore, computing coordination indexes can help to evaluate the intra-cyclic variability of behaviours. As a result, understanding and minimising the intra-cycle speed variations becomes relevant because it may indicate a high continuity between propulsive actions (showed in front crawl, Seifert et al., (2014)). Practically, coordination indexes have been proposed to attest coordination (crawl: Chollet et al. 2000; breaststroke: Chollet & Seifert, 2004; butterfly: Chollet et al. 2006; backstroke: Chollet et al. 2008). Such indexes are based on the simple collection of some relevant spatio-temporal parameters of each stroke cycle to obtain insights on the swimmer`s behaviour. Those spatio-temporal and kinematical parameters are generally collected with a video system or an optoelectronical camera-based system, considered as a gold standard to analyse movement in swimming (Seifert et al. 2015). However, in an aquatic environment, these systems suffer from a number of technological limitations (restricted field of view) and limitations in terms of adaptability to the environment (light refraction, effects of water turbulence, water clarity, parallax effect and problems of contrast and distortion), making data collection limited to 3 to 4 swimming cycles per sequence, which is not enough to register an entire 50m pool length or even a 25m swimming race. To overcome these limitations, IMUs (inertial measurement units) have become popular for analysing swimmers (James et al. 2011). An IMU is an electronic system consisting of a 3D accelerometer, a 3D gyroscope and a 3D magnetometer. These sensors respectively measure linear accelerations, angular velocities and the magnetic field to estimate the speed, orientation and position of the swimmer in the water, offering the scientific community new measurement possibilities. The present contribution seeks to propose an algorithm that would automatically detect the key points of the butterfly technique, in the manner of Dadashi et al. (2013) and Guignard et al. (2017) who analyzed front crawl with IMUs. We hypothesize that the kinematic similarities in the sagittal plane of upper limb movements between crawl and butterfly could allow for a fine-grained study of butterfly stroke phases and hence butterfly coordination based on the existing literature.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Index der Koordination in der Kraultechnik bei üblichen Entfernungen im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085082</guid>
      <author>Santos, P.</author>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zugfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zuglänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
This study falls within the scope of the technical analysis in competitive swimming and is focused on using the Index of Coordination (IdC) developed by Didier Chollet et al (2000) to characterize the model of swimming synchronization. In this topic, published research always used official distances in the assessment protocols, never focusing on the different distances and tasks used during training sessions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the coordinative model in the crawl technique at maximum speed in two different non-competitive distances, the 25m and the 300m, allowing coaches to have a better understanding of the tasks and the way swimmers swim during practice compared to the competition.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 8 male and 4 female athletes, averaging 17.04±3.78-year-old. Anthropometric data were collected. For the kinematic measurements, video recordings were done using 3 video cameras, one frontal and one laterally underwater and the last one laterally out of the water. Those records were analysed in Kinovea to obtain the following variables: velocity (v), stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), swimming index (SI) and propulsive
efficiency (eP). The lag time (LT) between the beginning of the propulsive phase of one arm and the end of the propulsive phase of the other arm was collected for the IdC, dividing this value by the total stroke time (Tt). Statistically, the normality and homogeneity of the distribution of all variables were analysed by the Shappiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively, requiring a significance of p = 0.05.
RESULTS
Average values of v, SF and SI decreased from 25 m to 300 m (1.77±0,17 m/s to 1,36± m/s ; 0,90±0,06 Hz to 0,62±0,05 Hz; 3,49±0,66 m2/s to 3,02±0,48 m2/s, respectively). But average values of SL and eP increased from 25 m to 300 m (1,96±0,18 m to 2,20±0,24 m; 17,91±1,68 % to 20,08±2,17 %, respectively). During IdC analyses, we observed that the values of all variables (LT, Tt and IdC) were higher at 25 m. On average, the athletes presented a coordination model in opposition on the 25 m (IdC = 0,57±3,14) and in superposition on the 300 m (IdC = -7,96 ± 3,56).
DISCUSSION
The athletes presented, on average, equal lag time between propulsive and non-propulsive phases on the 300 m, but different on the 25 m. As expected, athletes increased their IdC with increasing speed and decreasing distance, changing their coordination from superposition to opposition. The lower eP at 25 m is related to the overlapping of the propulsive phases, with no glide, perceived by the high IdC and shorter SL. On the 300 m, swimming in opposition allows greater glide with greater SL and smaller SF, leading to more efficient strokes, confirmed by the superior eP. All results were in line with former research using official distances and competition. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische und muskuläre Charakterisierung von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085083</guid>
      <author>Silva, C.</author>
      <author>Conceição, A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J.</author>
      <author>Torres, D.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <author>Štastný, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceição, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Torres, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Štastný, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Muscular behaviour during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an natural environment. The aim of this study is to analyse the muscular and kinematical behaviour of open water swimmers during a 5 km swimming.
METHODS
Nine national male open water swimmers performed a 5x1000 m front crawl in a lake at maximum effort with a rest of 30 seconds in each trial. Surface electromyography (EMG) of 7 muscles: Upper trapezius (UT); Latissimus dorsi (LD); Pectoralis Major (PM); Posterior Deltoid (PD); Anterior Deltoid (AD); Triceps Brachii (TB); Biceps Brachii (BB) was recorded. Previously to the test, each subject performed three maximal voluntary isometric measurements (MVC) to normalise the amplitude of the EMG signal. The results were expressed in the percentage of the mean MVC. The cycle duration was given in the percentage as well. Swimming speed (v), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) were extracted from the video recordings.
RESULTS
SR increased with a small effect (F=2.71, p = 0.05, Eta2=0.25), SL decreased with a medium effect (F=3.41, p = 0.05, Eta2=0.30), especially in the last trial. The muscles PM (13.2% MVC) and TB (20.3% MVC) were the muscles with the highest muscular activation in the propulsion phase, while UT (33.2% MVC) and BB (14.4% MVC) were the most active in the recovery phase.
DISCUSSION
The findings suggest that some fluctuations were detected in muscle activity during the trials, but the biggest changes were in the last trial, with the appearance of fatigue generated by the increasing SR and decreasing SL (Ikuta et. al., 2012; Rodriguez et al., 2021). It seems that muscular behaviour had some compensation from PD, UT and TB in the propulsion and recovery phase. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Wirkung der Handströmung auf den Beinschlag beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085084</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085084</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Swimming is an interaction between the swimmer and the water. Swimmers produce propulsive force using upper and lower limbs. In most swimming styles the current created by the upper limbs can be regarded as upstream and the current created by the lower limbs as downstream. Flow created upstream by the upper limb could affect the flow created by the lower limb located downstream. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the flow created by the upper limb on kicking during front crawl swimming.
METHODS
A competitive swimmer participated in the study. The trials consisted of 25m front crawl and flutter kicking swimming with maximal effort. Four pressure sensors (PS-05KC, Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd., Japan) were attached on the swimmer`s right foot to estimate the fluid force produced by the swimmer`s kicking. In addition, the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was used to visualize the flow from hand to foot in front crawl swimming.
RESULTS
It was not observed any obvious effect of the hand flow on the estimated fluid force of the kicks in front crawl swimming. Hand flow was visualized during stroke motion, but most of the flows disappeared before reaching the kicking area. Only a few trials showed the hand flow reaching the swimmer`s foot.
DISCUSSION
While the interaction of the flows from the upper and lower limbs should be discussed carefully, it was suggested that the effect of the hand flow on the fluid force of the kick would be small. This is because the fluid force estimated from the measurement of pressures was not observed to be changed by the hand flow. Although flow from the upper limb to the lower limb was observed in a few trials, most of the hand flow would disappear before reaching the swimmer's foot. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainingsintensität und Zugvariablen während des Intervalltrainings mit der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern auf nationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085085</guid>
      <author>Funai, Y.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <author>Kanegawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Taimura, A.</author>
      <author>Matsunami, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zugfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Funai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taimura, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunami, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Critical swimming velocity (CV), calculated as the slope of the regression line between distance and time, have been used as an index for setting intensity aerobic training. In aerobic interval training (IT), physiological and biomechanical responses are considered to vary depending on swimming distance per repetition (Hellard et al., 2010). This study examined the effects of the swimming distance per repetition on the training intensity and stroke variables in IT using the CV.
METHODS
Eleven national-level collegiate swimmers (19.45 ± 1.04 years) participated in an all-out 200 and 400 m front crawl swims to determine the CV. Thereafter, the participants performed 5 × 400, 10 × 200, and 20 × 100 m front crawl swims at the CV (400, 200, and 100-m IT, respectively), and each bout was separated by 60, 30, and 15 s of passive rest, respectively. Blood lactate concentration was measured after each test, and heart rate and rated perceived exertion were assessed during the rest period every 400 m. Stroke rate and stroke length were measured every 50 m, and the mean value was calculated for every 400 m.
RESULTS
The mean calculated CV value was 1.44 ± 0.07 m/s. The blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the 100-m IT (3.4 ± 1.9 mmol/l) than the 400 and 200-m IT (6.4 ± 2.6 and 5.3 ± 3.2 mmol/l, p < 0.05). The heart rate in 100-m IT was significantly lower than the 400-m IT after 800 m (p < 0.05) and did not differ across measurement points (p > 0.05). The stroke rate and stroke length were significantly different between the 400 and 100-m IT (p < 0.05) but did not differ between the 200 and 100-m IT (p > 0.05) for all measurement points.
DISCUSSION
Regarding the intensity of IT using the CV, 400 and 200 m were considered overload, while 100 m was considered the optimum intensity. Nevertheless, the propulsive efficiency per stroke of IT using CV for 200 m may not be different from 100 m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Höhentraining zur Vorbereitung von Eliteschwimmern: ein Blick vom Pooldeck.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085086</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085086</guid>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The successful performance of NEC swimmers in 2013-2015 proved that the setup of the training MC used in their preparation (Altitude Training -> Race Pace training block and Race at selected events -> Taper and Performance at the Major Event) was highly efficient on all three occasions. No decrease in the working ability and performance was observed for days 30-35 after ALTT.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hängt die Asymmetrie der Koordination mit der einseitigen Atmung und/oder der Beeinträchtigung der Seite bei paralympischen Kraulschwimmern zusammen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085087</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085087</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of our study was to investigate whether coordination asymmetry relates to unilateral breathing and/or impairment side in paralympic swimmers. We hypothesized that paraswimmers exhibited arm coordination asymmetry. We also hypothesized that arm coordination asymmetry further occurred on the impaired side and on the preferential breathing side. The second aim examined the effect of swimming speed on arm coordination asymmetry. We hypothesized that arm coordination asymmetry mainly occurred at high speeds as unilateral breathing might further unbalance propulsion organization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Weg zu Gold im Marathonschwimmen - Einblicke in die Trainingsmethodik und die sportwissenschaftliche Strategie, die Florian Wellbrock in Tokio 2021 auf das Podium brachte</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085088</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085088</guid>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Berkhahn, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berkhahn, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
On August 5th 2021, the Olympic 10 km marathon swim was held at Odaiba Marine Park in the Tokyo Bay. 26 swimmers from 22 nations jumped into the 29.2 °C warm water at 6:30 a.m. that day. The humidity was 80 % and the air temperature went from 27 to over 30 °C during the race. Under these conditions, Florian Wellbrock (FW) finished after 1:48:33.7 with almost a start-finish victory and won the Olympic gold medal (2nd K. Rasovszky, +25.3 sec, HUN; 3rd G. Paltrinieri +27.4 sec, ITA). A marathon swim race at this international level actually has a different character. The main competitors tend to stay more together, the pace is also usually higher, and the race is mostly decided at the finish line. The fact that this race was different from previous world-class races was certainly due to the special environmental conditions in Tokyo in combination with the extraordinary performance of FW. That's why it is worth taking a closer look at what the cornerstones of Wellbrock's training methodology and sports science strategy are that helped him reach the top of the podium in Tokyo. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Individuelle Optimierung des Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085089</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085089</guid>
      <author>Prétot, C.</author>
      <author>Brunel, T.</author>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsrhythmus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flugphase</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prétot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Unlike most race sports (athletics, kayaking, rowing, track cycling) where the start consists of accelerating as quickly as possible, the swimming start aims to maintain the speed acquired following the push on the pad. Indeed, take-off speeds are of the order of 4.5 m/s (Takeda et al., 2012) when swimming speeds do not exceed 2.1-2.2 m/s. The swimmer therefore reaches his maximum speed in less than a second, which is not the case in other race sports. The first 15 meters of a swim race are called the start phase. The choice of this distance is dictated by the FINA rules (article SW5.3) "from that moment the head must have cut off the surface of the water". For the same reasons we will consider the position of the head passing the 15 meters as the end of this phase of the race.
Figure 1 shows a typical trajectory during this race phase. One can cut the trajectory into different parts, corresponding to different movements: the block phase, the flight phase (or more precisely free fall), the glide phase, the undulation phase and finally the swimming phase. This naturally defines the associated transitions: take-off, water entry, activation of undulation, and swim recovery (Vantorre et al., 2014). These phase transitions are very important since they are technically demanding, requiring the right timing. In this paper, we present a model to optimize the swimming start trajectory. We describe the model and tests to evaluate the major parameters. An optimization is done to evaluate the optimal activation velocity and the optimal trajectory. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung des optischen Herzfrequenzsensors Polar Verity beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085090</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085090</guid>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Schneider, C.</author>
      <author>Göbe, L. M.</author>
      <author>Caldwell, A. R.</author>
      <author>Ferrauti, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Polar Electro</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Göbe, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caldwell, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferrauti, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In swimming, the standard method of monitoring heart rate (HR) in practice is the palpation of the pulse for 10 seconds at the end of a training set. However, this method has an error of at least 6 bpm. A more accurate ECG-based method is to measure the HR with a chest strap. But also this method is error-prone as the strap slips often during swimming or wall push-offs (when no swim suit is worn). Technological developments in recent years have led to the launch of an optical HR sensor from Polar, the Verity Sense (VS). This sensor may overcome the practical limitations of chest straps due to the measurement on the head (temple). In this study, we evaluated the agreement between the VS and Polar H10 chest strap sensors during swimming.
METHODS
60 competitive swimmers and triathletes (29f, 31m, median 17.9 yrs) were equipped with VS and H10 sensors during a regular training session. The VS and H10 were worn as recommended by Polar, at the right temple and at the chest covered by a swim suit. Agreement between HR data series (stored with 1 HR value per second and manually synchronised for optimal overlap) was analysed at the individual level and for the complete data set using Bland-Altman analysis. In addition, qualitative analyses were performed by visual inspection of individual BlandAltman plots and HR time series to identify potential sources of measurement error.
RESULTS
The analysed data sets had a median length of 95 min (Q1,3 81, 102 min). In the overall statistical model, the bias of the VS was -0.6 bpm (95% CI -1.1; -0.1 bpm) compared to the H10. Here, the 95% limits of agreement ranged from -13.5 bpm (95% CI -14.1; -12.9 bpm) to 12.3 bpm (95% CI 11.7; 12.9 bpm). The standard deviation of differences (SDdiff) was 6.6 bpm, with an intra-individual variability of 6.2 bpm and a between-subject variability of 2.2 bpm. Visual analysis indicated that larger errors tend to be present at low to moderate HR values, e.g. typically during rest periods or at the start and end of exercise sets.
DISCUSSION
Our analyses show an acceptable agreement between the VS and H10 during regular swimming. The difference (bias) of around -1 bpm in combination with an SDdiff of =7 bpm is acceptable from a practical point of view for the VS, considering the problems described in the introduction and the error of the previous measurement standard (pulse palpation). However, there is also a substantial variability in results between swimmers that have to keep in mind. Qualitative analyses further indicated that a notable proportion of the observed errors occurred during specific exercise or rest periods. Therefore, users (coaches, athletes, scientists) must be aware that although the VS can measure with an acceptable accuracy, the measurement error may be unacceptably high in some athletes or during certain training periods, requiring habituation and an evaluation of the physiological plausibility of the measured values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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