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    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Analyse der Hüft- und Kniegelenkbewegungen beim Delfinkicks und beim Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065305</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065305</guid>
      <author>Yamakawa, K. K.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to clarify differences in hip and knee joint movements during dolphin kick alone and during butterfly stroke swimming, and to investigate which parameter relates to swimming performance in each stroke. Eight male swimmers performed three trials using dolphin kick with a kick board (BD), underwater dolphin kick (UD), and butterfly swimming (Fly) at 80% maximal effort in a water flume. Three-dimensional coordinates of the swimmers during the trials were obtained using a motion capture system, and these coordinates were used to calculate the horizontal velocity of the hip (Vhip), the hip and knee joint angle, and the angular velocity. Butterfly kicking motion was divided into first kick (Fly-1st) and second kick (Fly-2nd) according to the stroke phase, and the kinematic parameters during the 4 different kicks were used for analysis. As the main results, it was indicated that the peak hip flexion angle during Fly-2nd was significantly smaller than that during BD and UD (BD, -27.8 ± 9.7 deg; UD, -27.7 ± 10.5 deg; Fly-1st, -25.6 ± 13.9 deg; Fly-2nd, -16.2 ± 7.0 deg, p < .05) and the peak knee extension angle during Fly-2nd was significantly smaller than that during BD, UD, and Fly-1st (BD, -7.6 ± 5.8 deg; UD, -4.4 ± 5.7 deg; Fly-1st, -7.4 ± 4.9 deg; Fly-2nd, 2.0 ± 6.6 deg, p < .05). The mean Vhip during BD was significantly correlated with the peak hip external rotation angle (r = -0.77), the peak knee extensionangle (r = -0.77), the peak hip external rotation angular velocity (r = -0.88) and the peak knee flexion angular velocity (r = 0.81). The mean Vhip during UD was significantly correlated with the peak knee extension angle (r = -0.87), the peak hip external rotation angular velocity (r = -0.73) and the peak knee flexion angular velocity (r = 0.95). The mean Vhip during Fly was not correlated with any of the kinematic parameters during Fly-1st and Fly-2nd. Our results demonstrate that flexion/extension movements of the hip and knee joint are different between dolphin kick and butterfly swimming. Furthermore, larger knee extension, greater hip external rotation velocity, and greater knee flexion velocity may be important to increase dolphin kick performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der Körpergröße von Sportlerinnen als Erwachsene: Talentidentifikation für Weltklasse-Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065306</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065306</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Sasahara, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sasahara, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to examine a program to predict the heights of Japanese women that will be useful when finding tall athletes. The height record data from birth until the mature height was collected for 45 synchronized swimmers and 34 female university students who were 163 cm tall or more. The groups` mature heights and the height values and growth velocity curve parameters predicted were analyzed using the BTT model. The growth velocity curve parameters for both groups had the same level of values, and there was no statistically significant difference observed. There were no large differences observed in the growth velocity curve parameters of prior research that targeted non-athletes healthy women and the parameters of the target group. Accordingly, synchronized swimmers can be considered to have the same growth patterns as non-athletes healthy women. A correlation was found between the predicted height values and people`s mature heights. However, in cases a person`s mature height was 160 cm or more, the predicted height tended to be underestimated, and in cases a person`s mature height was 160 cm or less, the predicted height tended to be overestimated. The accuracy seems to increase by simultaneously using assessments based on other data, such as the characteristics of the growth velocity curve parameters and the height of parents. In addition, it was suggested that an early age of puberty-related growth spurt and a fast growth rate at the onset of puberty are important factors to Identify predicted tall female athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Leistung zwischen dem ursprünglichen Rückenstart, der Position mit hohem Trochanter, und dem konventionellen Rückenstart: Fallstudie eines Eliteschwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065308</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065308</guid>
      <author>Kusanagi, K.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Yamada, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kusanagi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamada, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high center of gravity horizontal velocity, the hole-entry technique, and an arched-back posture after takeoff are reported as important factors that contribute to improving backstroke swimming start. A recent study reported that starting performance can be improved with the modified archedback posture and high hip joints. We hypothesized that a starting technique involving the greater trochanter at a higher position could improve performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the original starting technique by comparing it with the conventional starting technique using a backstroke ledge. The participant of the study was an international-level female college swimmer (height: 1.59 m, weight: 51 kg, FINA points: 893 points). Two 15-m backstroke-swimming tests were performed: a SEIKO backstroke starting system placed 4 cm above the water level (High) and our original starting technique (Original). The tests were filmed using above-water and underwater video cameras (120 Hz), and the coordinates of the body feature points using the 4-point conversion method were identified to calculate the kinematics. The results showed that 1) the time at which the head passed the 5-m point tended to be faster, 2) the center of gravity horizontal velocity at takeoff tended to be higher, and 3) the height of the greater trochanter when the fingertips entered the water tended to be higher for Original. These findings suggest that Original may improve starting performance compared with High.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergessen Sie die Technik, denken Sie an die Koordination! Ein Beispiel dafür, wie neuere theoretische Erkenntnisse die Trainingspraxis verändern können</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065318</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065318</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Expert performance is characterised by the ongoing co-adaptation of an individual`s behaviours with dynamically changing, interacting constraints. Efficient coaching intervention requires a good understanding of what these constraints are because, even at sub-elite and elite levels, some adaptations are less efficient than others and can be qualified as 'technical mistakes`. The purpose of this study is therefore to propose a typology of some of the most frequent technical mistakes encountered in front crawl and suggest coaching interventions to address them. The typology is based on the three parts of a typical swim race (start, swimming, turn) and each issue is addressed as follows: first, a five-level analysis of the technical mistake is offered and, second, a seven-level remediation procedure is suggested. This presentation will be illustrated by technical problem no. 24, in which swimmers display over gliding due to inappropriate coordination in catch-up mode. Becoming an expert swimmer requires the knowledge of a coaching team. Over the years, the accumulated knowledge about spatial-temporal parameters and progress in understanding human physiology have led to significant improvements in performance. More recent research investigations have suggested that a deeper understanding of the role of motor coordination in coping with constraints is essential to further improve such key performance parameters as propelling efficiency and race management. From this perspective, our presentation tries to bridge the gap between theory and practice by proposing concrete 'down to the pool` proposals.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Alter, Geschlecht, Unterrichtshäufigkeit und Anfangskompetenzniveau auf den Erwerb von Wasserkompetenzen in Bezug zur Ertrinkungsprävention bei Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065319</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065319</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungshäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tod</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A variety of factors affect the learning of beginning water competencies. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of age, gender, starting level and teaching frequency on learning beginning water competencies. One hundred sixteen, five and six-year-olds participated. Eighteen hours of instruction were conducted, once or twice per week, about half in each group and equal numbers by gender. The teaching progression of 25 skills served as the assessment tool. Starting level was assessed on the first day of instruction. Final achievement was defined as the total number of items mastered (0-25). Progress was defined as the number of items mastered minus the number indicated by the starting level, i.e. "new" items mastered. Goodman-Kruskal`s gamma coefficient was used to correlate starting level, age and teaching frequency with both final achievement and progress. The influence of gender was calculated by Cramer`s coefficient. Almost no relationship was found between gender and either final achievement or progress. The Cramer correlation coefficients were 0.09 and 0.04, respectively. Teaching frequency related poorly (gamma = 0.20 and 0.11, respectively). Age related moderately to achievement and progress with gamma coefficients of 0.38 and 0.29, respectively. Starting skill level related well to both achievement and progress with gamma coefficients of 0.87 and 0.75, respectively. This supports the conventional wisdom that every effort should be made to increase the level of readiness before formal teaching commences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen der Körperzusammensetzung und ausgewählter funktioneller und anthropometrischer Maße auf den Erwerb von Wasserkompetenzen im Anfängerbereich bei erwachsenen Männern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065320</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065320</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Conventional wisdom suggests that persons with greater buoyancy succeed more easily in learning to swim. Little evidence is available about the acquisition of beginning water competencies as related to body composition, functional buoyancy and floating angle. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of body composition and selected functional and anthropometric measures on the acquisition of these beginning swimming competencies. One hundred and twenty men ages 18 to 26 participated. The instructional program consisted of 10 one-hour sessions. The candidates were categorized as floating at a) less than 300, b) between 300 and 600, c) more than 600, d) vertically or not at all. Body composition was determined by classic underwater weighing. Functional buoyancy was defined as density with full inspiration, uncorrected. Floating angle was determined against a backdrop marked at 300 and 600. Thirty two measures of skin fold fat, girths, and breadths were recorded. Functional variables were, underwater weight, body density, % fat, lean body mass, vital capacity, floating angle, ankle drag, functional buoyancy with maximum inspiration and functional buoyancy with maximum expiration. Statistical analysis consisted of product moment, bi-serial and phi coefficient correlation. The instructional program included 16 test items. Anthropometric variables correlated poorly with buoyancy, floating angle and final success. Floating angle correlated poorly, with final success. Functional buoyancy correlated moderately with final success. Neither floating angle nor functional buoyancy correlated sufficiently with final success to warrant major adaptations to teaching. Success among the poorest floaters was lower than others. Persons of deep floating angle or low buoyancy may require a longer period of instruction.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaktive Sonifikation von Strömungsdruckmustern durch die Hand-Wasser-Interaktion von Elite-Kraulschwimmern - die Wahrnehmung ist substanzieller, wenn Strömungshören und Strömungsfühlen kombiniert werden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065322</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065322</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Hamann, M.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefühl</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming crawl stroke is more effective when the swimmer perceives well the local flow change due to alternating hand-water-interaction (HWI), representing local change of volumetric energy density (VED). In most cases it is unknown whether the flow is bilaterally symmetric and in case if not, how a swimmer can change HWI. It is assumed that interactive sonification (ISon) system of the local change VED together with perceived water flow can be a tool with which the swimmer can improve propulsive efficiency by matching the flow effects bilaterally. The local VED change was registered via flow probes and sonified data acted in real time via headphones as augmented feedback. The question was if swimmers could bring the effects of HWI to the same level through ISon use, without any prescriptions how to act. Ten elite crawl stroke swimmers, after split into control and interactive group, following the same test protocol in one week (C-group had not ISon intervention). Both groups participated in the same pre- and posttests, fully equipped but without audible feedback. In the posttest all swimmers swam faster and 60 % (I-group) showed remarkable peak flow pressure effects versus 16 % (C-group). However, similarity of hands effects was never reached. 80 % (I- group) switched the laterality versus 0 % (C-group). Swimmers named ISon system use an "eye-opener", which supports to perform HWI during each cycle mentally more controlled.

Interaktive Sonifikation von Strömungsdruckmustern durch die Hand-Wasser-Interaktion von Elite-Kraulschwimmern - die Wahrnehmung ist substanzieller, wenn Strömungshören und Strömungsfühlen kombiniert werden]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kann eine biomechanische Rückmeldung genutzt werden, um die Unterwasserbewegung beim Schwimmstarts zu verändern?</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065258</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065258</guid>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <author>Maloney, M. A.</author>
      <author>Ball, K. A.</author>
      <author>Farrow, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maloney, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farrow, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Adopting an individually optimised underwater trajectory in swimming can reduce resistance and lead to better start performance. This study aimed to determine if quantitative biomechanical feedback could be used to change the underwater trajectory of the swimming start. Three elite freestyle swimmers participated in a six-week test-retest-retention test study. Following the pre-test, a target parameter was assigned to each swimmer to focus upon during the intervention period. Two participants focused on their breakout distance while the third participant focused on the distance of their first kick. Precise biomechanical feedback detailing the distance adjustment required and video from a specialised kinematic analysis system was provided. During the intervention, feedback was faded to facilitate exploration of functional movement solutions. Comparative individual-based analysis using performance curves revealed that participants were able to make rapid changes to their underwater trajectory during the early stages of the intervention. Two participants were able to retain the changes to their technique, although this only transferred to improvements in performance for one swimmer. Precise quantitative augmented feedback can be used to change a swimmer`s underwater trajectory; however, given the complex nature of the swimming start the effects on overall performance require further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der auf eine Hand einwirkenden Antriebskräfte durch Druckmessung und Erfassung der Unterwasserbewegung während des Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065260</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065260</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to estimate hand propulsive force during the front crawl and to clarify its relationship with swimming velocity. Eight male swimmers performed 16-m front crawl ten times at various velocities. During trials, pressure measurement and underwater motion capture were used jointly to analyse hand kinematics and fluid forces. Six pressure sensors were attached to the right hand, and reflective markers were attached to landmark points on the right hand and hip. A motion capture system composed of 15 underwater cameras was used. Fluid forces were estimated by multiplying the projected areas and the pressure differences between the palm side and dorsal side of the right hand. Acting directions of fluid forces were analysed using a normal vector perpendicular to the right hand. Fluid forces acting in the propulsive direction were defined as propulsive forces, and the proportion of propulsive forces among the resultant forces was defined as the Froude efficiency. At maximal recorded velocity (1.58 ± 0.06 m/s-1), resultant force was 56.4 ± 10.5 N, propulsive force was 44.6 ± 9.0 N, and Froude efficiency was 79.1 ± 8.5. As reported in previous studies, propulsive forces increased with swimming velocity. In some swimmers, the propulsive forces increased in proportion to the cube of swimming velocity. Froude efficiency also increased as swimming velocity increased because propulsive forces increased with swimming velocity, whereas forces acting in directions other than the propulsive direction did not.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065379</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065379</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Macura, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Mandaric, S.</author>
      <author>Milenkovic, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mandaric, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milenkovic, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of injuries sustained by elite water polo players per their anatomic location, the way of occurring plus the player`s position in a team. Between January and June 2016, 92 players with an average age of 25.45 completed a questionnaire. 44.57% reported injuries occurring during the course of training, 26.04% claimed that injuries had a gradual onset and 7.6% of injuries occurred in the third quarter of the match. The lowest percentage of injuries (1.09%) occurred during the warm-up phase and 2.17% of injuries occurred in the first quarter of the match. Physical contact, as a cause of injuries, appeared in 41.30% of the cases and primarily to those playing in the centre-forward position where 66.67% were injured due to physical contact. Out of 32.61% of non-contact injuries, the most endangered position was the goalkeeper`s position with 66.67% of goalkeepers injured without physical contact from other players. The most frequent injuries occur in the shoulders (31.62%), and in the majority of cases was suffered by the whole set (40% of the whole set had this injury), followed by back injuries - 20.65%, also in the whole set (40% of them suffered from this injury) and finger injuries: (16.30%), most frequently sustained by goalkeepers (20% of goalkeepers have had finger injuries). This kind of analysis can be very significant for revealing risk factors of suffering an injury and introducing various preventive actions in the training process in order to reduce both the number of injuries in training and non-contact injuries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spondylolyse bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065381</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065381</guid>
      <author>Tatsumara, M.</author>
      <author>Uchida, T.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumara, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uchida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Low back pain has become one of the most common complaints among swimmers. Two primary causes of low back pain in adolescent athletes are disc degeneration and lumbar spondylolysis. Although there are some reports on disc degeneration in swimmers, there are few case reports on spondylolysis. Here, we report on five adolescent swimmers with low back pain that was diagnosed as spondylolysis. These included one freestyle, one backstroke, two butterfly stroke, and one breaststroke swimmers. At the first visit, two swimmers had pseudarthrosis that was incurable; therefore, conservative therapy for low back pain was started. The other three swimmers, in whom bone healing was expected, were asked to discontinue swimming and wear semi-hard braces. After several months` treatment, one swimmer had successful healing. The remaining two had failed healing and developed pseudarthrosis; hence, they were treated for low back pain. Lumbar spondylolysis refers to fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis on the lumbar vertebrae arc that occurs frequently in athletes. It is caused by the repetition of extension and rotation of the lumbar spine. Although it can be easily diagnosed by identifying bone marrow edema via magnetic resonance imaging, athletes rarely visit a doctor because of mild pain. Although healing rate for early-stage spondylolysis is §80%, achieving fusion becomes difficult when the condition has progressed, and surgery becomes necessary after reaching the stage of pseudarthrosis. If fusion fails in the early stage, spondylolysis with pseudarthrosis may progress to spondylolisthesis, which leads to sciatica in adulthood.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale des Blutlaktatabbaus während eines Wettkampfs bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065382</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065382</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Tongnillpant, N.</author>
      <author>Sripakdee, S.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tongnillpant, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sripakdee, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of self-selected active strategies and rate of lactate removal corresponding to difference training phases upon repeated measures. The [La-] values 3 min after swimming events and at the end of active recovery were obtained from 30 swimmers (14 males and 16 females; 13-18 years old) for two years (319 swimming races). The volumes of active recovery in each swimming event ranged between 800-1400 m. Distance of each active recovery segment, time and swimming speed achieved following recovery period were recorded. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements was applied comparing [La-], distance, speed and [La-] removal related to training period in each swimming distance. Mean active recovery swimming speed were 0.90 ± 0.12, 0.87 ± 0.10, 0.92 ± 0.11, 0.91 ± 0.07, 0.82 ± 0.06 and 0.82 ± 0.05 m/s for 50-, 100-, 200-, 400-, 800- and 1500-m (60.45 ± 9.97% of average swimming speed in each event). [La-] after recovery periods for 50-, 100-, 200-, 400-, 800- and 1500-m were 2.37 ± 1.22, 2.52 ± 0.68, 2.63 ± 0.70, 2.47 ± 0.87, 2.07 ± 0.61 and 2.40 ± 0.71 mmol/L. Distance and time of active recovery showed inverted U-shaped profile with the highest value in 400-m. The [La-] and [La-] removal were lowest in the preparation period (6.53 ± 2.11 and 2.39 ± 0.64 mmol/L) and highest in the competition period (9.44 ± 3.19 and 2.98 ± 1.10 mmol/L. These results suggest that there is an optimal active recovery (volume vs speed) in which young swimmers and coaches should be aware.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen der Wassertemperatur auf die Schwimmleistung: eine biophysikalische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065384</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065384</guid>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>López-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to explore the acute biophysical effects of different water temperatures in swimming. Ten male swimmers (28.20 ± 13.15 years old) completed two front crawl time-trials in a flume (24h rest in-between) at 18 and 26° C water temperature, both without wetsuit. The speed was common at both conditions and established according to a 400 m pre-test in a 25 m swimming pool (1.28 ± 0.13 m/s). The peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak) maximal heart rate (HRmax), blood lactate concentrations ([La-]), energy cost (C), metabolic power (E. ) and total energy expenditure Etot were assessed. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI), propelling efficiency (Eta p) and the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) were calculated. Pair Student`s t-test was computed to compare both conditions. Time endured and (V.O2peak) were similar for 18 and 26° C conditions (313.44 ± 40.10 vs 282.27 ± 58.61s; mean difference: 31.16s; 95% CI: -32.12 to 94.45s; p=0.294; 47.54 ± 7.93 vs 51.91 ± 12.49 mL/kg/min mean difference: -4.37 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: -10.10 to 1.37s; p=0.119). However, lower [La-]peak (7.46 ± 3.33 vs 11.40 ± 1.58 mmol/L; p=0.002; Cohen's d: -1.42), RPE (5.10 ± 1.91 vs 7.10 ± 1.29; p=0.001; Cohen's d: -1.60) and .E values (1.23 ± 0.17 vs 1.41 ± 0.24; p=0.016; Cohen's d: -0.94) were observed at 18° C. The aerobic contribution (Aer) was higher (86.20 vs 81.90%; p=0.037; Cohen's d: 0.77) and anaerobic lactic (AnL) influence lower (5.80 vs 9.82%; p=0.001; Cohen's d: -1.46) when swimming at 18° C, but Etot (383 ± 60 vs 397 ± 98Kj) and C (0.96 ± 0.15 vs 0.99 ± 0.25kJ/m) remained similar within conditions. Furthermore, swimming at 18 and 26° C was not different from a general kinematical point of view (SR: 0.54 ± 0.04 vs 0.55 ± 0.06Hz; p=0.115; Cohen's d: -0.55; SL: 2.39 ± 0.20 vs 2.32 ± 0.20m; p=0.176; Cohen's d: 0.46; SI: 3.06 ± 0.53 vs 2.96 ± 0.44m2 s-1; p=0.145; Cohen's d: 0.50 and Eta p: 47 ± 4.7 vs 48 ± 6.4%; p=0.325; Cohen's d: -0.33). The tendency for lower values at 18° C are not in agreement with the literature and could be affected by the reduction of the blood flow volume in cold water and also due to methodological issues, particularly the learning effect regarding the use of the flume and breathing apparatus.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Einzel-Wiederholungstests zur Messung der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065385</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065385</guid>
      <author>Greenshields, J. T.</author>
      <author>Skutnik, B. C.</author>
      <author>Stickels, C. M.</author>
      <author>Yildirim, A.</author>
      <author>Shen, Y.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greenshields, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skutnik, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stickels, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yildirim, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate a newly proposed single repetition test (SRT) for calculating maximal excess external power (Pmax) against an existent, incremental, discontinuous power testing protocol (IPT) developed by Hopper, Hadley, Piva, and Bambauer (1983). Pmax from the IPT is calculated by having swimmers complete multiple maximal efforts while attached to varying external loads. This method is highly practical in a field setting; however, it is time-consuming due to the multiple maximal bouts needed to derive Pmax. We propose a single repetition, continuous, incremental test (SRT) to measure Pmax lasting approximately 15 seconds during which the external load is linearly increased through the 22.86 m length. On two occasions separated by 14 d, elite swimmers (N = 14) performed IPT or SRT. Power delivered to an external load (Pload) during the IPT was calculated using a known force applied via a modified Power Rack® and hand-timed speed (N = 2) over a distance of 10 m. During the IPT swimmers completed multiple repetitions (6 to 10) until a maximal Pload was observed. During the SRT all data were automatically collected at 500 Hz by computer through a commercial A/D. The external load was applied using an electronically braked motor. The load was linearly increased beginning at 10 m and continuing to task failure. To test the repeatability of the calculated Pload during the SRT swimmers (n = 13) performed repeat trials. During the IPT swimmers completed 7 ± 2 trials. Maximal Pload was IPT 98.8 ± 34.3 W and SRT 110.0 ± 32.3 W. The between method correlation was 0.98 (90% CI 0.95 to 0.99), typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation 6.6% (90% Cl 5.0 to 10.2%). The SRT also showed repeatable Pload values between trials; 111.6 ± 36.9 W, 111.2 ± 36.5 W. These results were correlated 0.99 (90% Cl 0.98 ± 1.0), with within-subject variation 3.2% (90% CI 2.4 to 4.9%). The high validity and repeatability of the SRT makes the methodology useful for research, athlete assessments, or field studies involving competitive swimmers. The single bout protocol requires little time commitment from coaches, swimmers and researchers alike and may avoid invoking any significant subject fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Analyse der Atemwegsveränderung beim Ausatmen beim simulierten Schwimmen mit Eintauchen des Gesichts </title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065387</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065387</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Homma, T.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Tamari, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, N.</author>
      <author>Hamada, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamari, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For the safety and continuance of swimming, breathing is the most important factor. The purpose of this study is to support instruction of breath control while swimming for beginners. The exhalation airway may change from one`s nose to mouth. This airway change might be an involuntary action, so the most important instruction is how to change airway. We used the nasal and oral pressures to recognize the airway route. Twelve recreational swimmers participated, who were in the prone position at pool side. They immersed their faces into the water. In the first trial, after face immersion, subjects held their breath for five seconds, then continued exhalation for five seconds from the nose and then changed the airway to the mouth. In the second trial, the exhalation order changed from the mouth to the nose. Subjects repeated face immersion for more than four times in each trial. We measured the changing time of exhalation from nose to mouth (CTNM) and mouth to nose (CTMN) on pressure curves. The average of four repetitions of CTNM was 258.1 msec and the CTMN was 307.3 msec. The average nasal pressure decreased 0.25 cm H2O and oral pressure increased 1.07 cm H2O in the first trial. In the second trial, the average nasal pressure increased 0.52 cm H2O and oral pressure decreased 0.86 cm H2O. The changing time and the pressure difference revealed no significant difference in the paired T tests. The results seem to show that airway change from nose to mouth is easier than mouth to nose. From measuring pressure, exhalation from nose is easier than from mouth.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulierte physiologische Reaktionen beim Intervalltraining auf der Grundlage eines mathematischen Modells bei einem Olympiasieger</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065394</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065394</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For a male Olympic champion (91 kg, VO2max 79 ml/kg/min, VLamax 0.55 mmol/l/min) metabolic responses were simulated for maximal interval sets (20x25, 12x50, 12x100, 6x200 m) with short or long rest. For the 20x25-m set (11.9-12.2 s, 15-s rest), VO2and glycolytic flux rate (GP) increased from 70 to 75 ml/kg/min and 9 to 11 mmol/l/min, respectively, whereas pH decreased from 7.2 to 7.0. For the 12x50-m set (26.2-26.4 s, 30-s rest), VO2increased from 72 to 76 ml/kg/min whereas pH (7.2 to 7.0) and GP (13 to 8 mmol/l/min) both decreased. Changes in metabolic parameters for the 12x100-m set (57.3-59.2 s, 1-min rest) were observed in VO2 (72 to 80 ml/kg/min), pH (7.2 to 6.9) and GP (7.6 to 4.8 mmol/l/min). Finally, during the 6x200-m set (1:59-2:02 min:s, 90-s rest), VO2 and pH stabilised (68 ml/kg/min, 7.1) and GP decreased from 2.5 to 2 mmol/l/min. Shorter intervals (50-100 m vs. 200 m) and longer rest intervals (30 vs. 15 s) promote faster speeds, a more significant VO2 drift, higher aerobic and anaerobic power, higher blood lactate concentrations, larger phosphocreatine depletion, lower Pi repletion and lower pH. Short 25-m intervals allowed faster speeds associated with almost maximal VO2 but moderate muscular pH and lactate concentration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilität und Empfindlichkeit der Schätzung metabolischer Parameter unter Verwendung eines mathematischen Modells des Muskelstoffwechsels</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065395</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065395</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Dupont, C.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Arsac, V.</author>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dupont, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsac, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For a male Olympic champion (91 kg, VO2max 79 ml/kg/min, maximal anaerobic capacity, VLamax 0.55 mmol/l/min), VO2max and VLamax were estimated from the lactate-speed-distance data by randomly varying the lactate values first within the 0 - 5% range of error of the lactate meter (Lactate Pro2, Arkray) and then within the range of real physiological variation (5 - 10%). Reverse validation consisted of computing the lactate-speed-distance curves from the VO2max values within the 0 - 5% range of error of a K4b2 Cosmed portable analyzer, as established during a validation test-retest for 3-min trials, and then within the range of the real physiological variation (5 - 10%). For a random variation in measured lactate, VO2max and VLamax estimations were very similar. For a random variation in measured VO2, the parameters of the VO2tot speed equation were similar. For a random variation in measured VO2 max, the variations in estimated VO2 were 0.6 - 2%, with 5 - 11% for estimated VLamax and 5 - 20% for the lactate-speed curve. The potential measurement error for lactatemia had little effect on the calculated values but the potential measurement error for VO2 induced wide variability in VLamax and the estimated values of the lactate-speed curves. These results suggest the need for procedures to improve the accuracy of VO2 measures in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pacing- und Teamstrategie bei Staffelrennen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065396</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065396</guid>
      <author>McGibbon, K.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Thompson, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McGibbon, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interest in medal winning opportunities in swimming relays has grown with the addition of mixed events at the FINAWorld Championships and the 2020 Olympics. Although pacing is considered crucial for success in individual events, there is a lack of research examining pacing in relays. Performance in relays may be affected by the order swimmers are placed within a team. The purpose of this study was to compare pacing strategies in relay events with corresponding individual events, and examine the relationship between team selections and performance. Race data from FINAWorld Championships between 2011-2017 including 50-m splits and overall race time were analysed retrospectively. A total of 256 (128 male, 128 female) 4 x-200-m freestyle relay final swims involving 192 swimmers were analysed. Individual 200-m freestyle season`s best time for the same year was located using FINA world rankings. There was no substantial impact of pacing strategy on 200-m freestyle performance, except positive pacing led to slower times in individual events for females. Relay swimmers are typically faster in the first half of their 200-m leg, but slower in the second half, when compared with their individual events. Approximately half of the swimmers changed pacing strategy when competing in relay events. The majority of relay teams placed their first or second ranked swimmer on the lead-off leg, and their third or fourth ranked swimmer on the third leg. Successful team strategies were different for males and females, although the quality of the swimmers in a team also plays a role.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen modifizierten Drei-Minuten-Testwerten und Wettkampfleistung bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065398</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065398</guid>
      <author>Mitchell, L. J. G.</author>
      <author>Rattray, B.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P. U.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L. J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rattray, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P. U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Thirty-four elite swimmers (22 female, 12 male, world record ratio (WRR) = 107.0 ± 3.1%) completed a modified 3 minute test (12x25m) as a part of their routine sport science support. This test involved a series of unpaced maximal 12x25m intervals interspersed with 5 s rest periods. The model speed = a.eb.time + c was fitted to the data and integrated to calculate supra-critical speed distance capacity (D`). The slowest two of the last four efforts were averaged to calculate critical speed (CS). Peak speed was recorded as the fastest average velocity for a single 25 m effort and drop off % was the percentage difference between peak speed and CS. Season`s best times in 50 m, 100 m and 200 m events were compared to world record to calculate a world record ratio (WRR) where WRR = Swimmers time/World Record x 100. Variables were all compared to performance using a multiple linear regression model with sex and stroke as covariates. This analysis showed that peak speed had a strong relationship with 100 m WRR; R2 = 0.62. Faster peak speeds related to lower WRRs. This was also true for CS which related to 200 m performance with an R2 = 0.61. Drop off % comparisons showed trivial relationships to performance, and D` related best with 50 m WRR (R2 = 0.37). For D` a second order polynomial model achieved a higher R2 value, indicating that for 50 m and 100 m events there may be an optimal value for this metric, 24.2 and 25.2 m respectively. The 12x25m test is a simple, practical and viable alternative for CS testing and also offers two useful metrics, peak speed and D`, for the assessment of the anaerobic system as well.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der relative Einfluss von Beinschlag- und Armzugfrequenz auf die Geschwindigkeit und die metabolische Belastung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065400</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065400</guid>
      <author>Morris, K.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M.</author>
      <author>Jenkins, D. G.</author>
      <author>Skinner, T. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morris, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jenkins, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner, T. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The extent to which kick rate influences front crawl velocity and metabolic cost while considering the impact of other biomechanical and individual characteristics on swimming performance is currently unknown. To inform methodology for future physiological and/or talent identification testing sessions, this study aimed to determine the relative importance of biomechanical parameters (stroke and kick rate) and individual characteristics (200-m freestyle personal best, sex and anthropometry) on submaximal front crawl velocity and metabolic cost. Thirty-six national-level swimmers performed two submaximal 200-m front crawl efforts; velocities were equivalent to 64 ± 6% and 77 ± 5% of participants` 200-m personal best velocity. Skinfolds, body mass, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, velocity, stroke rate, kick rate and metabolic cost were measured. Two multiple linear regression analyses were conducted; one with velocity and the other with metabolic cost as the dependent variable. The input variables explained 73.2% of the variance in velocity (p<0.001) and 23.3% of the variance in the metabolic cost (p=0.001). Stroke rate, sum of seven skinfold sites, kick rate, and body mass all contributed to the velocity model, while body mass was the only contributor to the metabolic cost model. Biomechanical and anthropometry parameters explain the vast majority of variance in velocity while the metabolic cost of submaximal swiming appears to be influenced by other factors not considered in the present study. Considering their contributions to velocity, both the stroke and kick rates should be measured and controlled when collecting and interpreting data from physiological testing sessions. Additional parameters (e.g. intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations, index of coordination and kick depth) should be explored in conjunction with stroke and kick rate in future studies to further explain the variance in metabolic cost.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Beinschlagfrequenzvariation auf die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und -kinematik beim menschlichen Unterwasserschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065220</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065220</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Meyer, A.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human underwater undulatory motion is one of the fastest aquatic locomotion modes. Swimmers use it during the starting dive and after the turn. However, the impact of the different parameters during human swimming (such as kick frequency, kick amplitude, and body wave-length) on the resulting swimming speed is insufficiently analyzed, especially when prescribing the kick frequency. In this study, swimmer`s motion was analysed by video data for different prescribed kick frequencies (between 0.5 - 3 Hz) to analyse the effect of kick frequencies, kick amplitude as well as body wave-length on swimming speed in underwater undulatory swimming, within the human capabilities. The results suggest, that - with respect to their effect on swimming speed - kick amplitude, wave-length, and kick frequency are highly inter-dependent and cannot be viewed as isolated, but must always be considered collectively and in their interactions. For swimmers different strategies or possibilities of combinations exist. For slow swimming speeds, swimmers always kick with low frequencies and have the choice using (a) small kick amplitudes and larger body wave-length or (b) larger kick amplitudes and shorter body wave-length. However, to reach higher swimming speed, a combination of high kick frequencies, small kick amplitudes and shorter body wave-length is necessary. Therefore, swimmers must be able to vary its kick frequency and kick amplitude as well as body wave-length and to coordinate these parameters in a sophisticated way.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Schultergelenks und dem Handvortrieb beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065221</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065221</guid>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Matsuda, Y.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, Y.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Winkelgeschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship between the angular velocity of the shoulder joint and hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke. Eleven skilled swimmers participated in this study. A motion capture system was used to measure the upper trunk, shoulder and hand kinematics of the swimmers during the front crawl stroke at their maximal sprinting pace. Twelve pressure sensors were attached on the right hand and used to measure pressures on the twelve points to estimate hand propulsion (HP) during the front crawl stroke. A shoulder joint coordinate system relative to an upper trunk coordinate system was used to calculate the angular velocities of the shoulder joint. HP due to drag (HPD) and lift (HPL) was computed using the hand kinematics and the pressures on the hand. The average angular velocities of horizontal adduction/abduction (Omega hor-add/abd), internal/ external rotation (Omega int/ext), and elevation/depression (Omega ele/dep) of the shoulder joint, HP, HPD, and HPL were computed in the pull and push phases. There were negative, moderate and significant relationship between Omega hor-add/abd and HP (r = -0.786, p = 0.004), and negative, strong and significant relationship between Omega int/ext and HP (r = -0.835, p = 0.001) in the pull phase. Based on the relationships, the magnitude of HP and selected kinematic values, different stroke technique in the pull phase was discussed in term of increasing HP and decreasing active drag on the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen dem aktiven Widerstand und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065225</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065225</guid>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between active drag and swimming velocity during front-crawl swimming using the MRT-method (a methodology using the measured values of residual thrust) and the MAD-system with the same group of swimmers. Six male swimmers swam front-crawl with (Whole stroke: WS) and without leg motion (arms-only stroke: AS) in the MRT-method, and they swam only AS trials in the MAD-system. In the AS trials, swimmers were instructed to put a buoy between their thighs and their ankles were tighten with a band. To establish an individual equation for calculating drag, it was assumed that drag can be expressed as D = kVb (D: drag, V: velocity). For both MAD and MRT testing, trials were conducted using a wide range of swimming velocities (between 0.9 and 1.5 m/s). The drag/velocity data were fitted to the equation to obtain coefficient k and degree b for each swimmer, and the active drag for 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 m/s were calculated using the function with individual k and b. In the AS condition, active drag in the MRT-method was larger than that in the MAD-system at all velocities. In the MRT-method, we found no difference between WS and AS, meaning that the kicking motion did not increase or decrease the drag. The difference in drag between the MRT-method and the MAD-system might be due to differences in the propelling condition (pushing fixed pads and the water) that potentially affect the flow around the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Biomechanik und Individualisierung der Wendetechnik im Schwimmen bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065226</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065226</guid>
      <author>Nicol, E.</author>
      <author>Ball, K.</author>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The swimming turn significantly contributes to overall race performance. Whilst the importance of the turn is well established within the literature, the biomechanical parameters that are most important to turn performance remain unclear. Furthermore, the extent to which individual differences influence these performance parameters is unknown. There were two aims of this study. The first was to identify the key biomechanical parameters that influence freestyle and butterfly turn performance within an elite population. The second was to identify how performance parameters differ between individuals. The first aim of the study was met through analysis of retrospective data collected from the Wetplate Analysis System. This system was a proprietary system developed by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and measured 27 parameters associated with swimming turn performance. The final dataset used for analysis consisted of 39 male freestyle turns, 41 female freestyle turns, 21 male butterfly turns and 23 female butterfly turns from an elite population. Regression analysis was used to identify the biomechanical parameters that contribute most to turn performance. Analysis of the male freestyle turn found mass to be the best predictor of turn performance. Average power per kg and mass were found to be significant predictors of turn performance for the female freestyle turn. Analysis of the male butterfly turn identified distance at point of surfacing as the sole predictor of turn performance. Distance at point of surfacing and average acceleration were identified to be important to female butterfly turn performance. The investigation of individual differences involved the analysis of turn data from eight individual swimmers. Statistical procedures utilised during group-based assessment were replicated during individual analysis. Analysis revealed that the parameters of importance differed between all eight athletes and to the parameters identified during group-based analysis. Results of the present study highlight the need to adapt current elite-level training practices to accommodate for individual differences in turn technique. This will increase the efficiency of prescribed interventions and assist in maximising improvement made to turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropometrisches Profil von erfahrenen Schwimmern und die Biomechanik des Schwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065227</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065227</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Bornikowska, A.</author>
      <author>Tyc, L.</author>
      <author>Kociuba, M.</author>
      <author>Rudnik, D.</author>
      <author>Koziel, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bornikowska, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tyc, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kociuba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudnik, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koziel, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of research was to compare the anthropometric indicators and parameters of skilled adult swimmers and students who have never undertaken swimming training. Two groups of men, homogeneous in age (18-25 years) and sociotechnical criteria, took part in the research. Swimmers (n=28) specializing in various strokes at 100 and 200 m represent the high level of proficiency. The control group (n=28) consisted of physical education students. In both groups direct anthropometric measurements (body height, length, width and depth, and circumference of its segments) were made. Additionally, non-standard parameters, such chest depth, hand length, palm width, hand width, distal forearm epiphysis width, elbow epiphysis width, knee epiphysis width, ankle and foot width were collected. Moreover, 14 anthropometric indices were proposed. The anthropometric profile was constructed on the basis of normalized mean values and defined a set of 27 parameters and indices significantly differentiating the professional swimmers from the control group (test t-student). Accordingly, some previously unidentified somatic traits of swimmers were identified: a relatively longer shank (difference in knee length-to-lower limb ratio (+6.6 cm)); a slim, elongated shape of the hand (difference in palm breadth-to-hand length ratio (-2.1 cm)); and a slim foot difference in foot breadth-to-foot length ratio (-1.2 cm)). The identified intergroup differences in the somatic body composition of swimmers and their reference to the laws of biomechanics and hydrodynamics give the results a contributing dimension, to reinforce the thesis, that anthropological characteristics may be helpful in identifying factors favouring progression in swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Teilkörperkoordinierung zur Sicherstellung der Wirksamkeit von Körperhebeln in Wechselschlagschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065228</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065228</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <author>Lopez, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is a combination of multiple small and local levers acting for the general purpose of propelling the swimmer`s body as fast as possible. The ability to link and connect each lever at the proper time will be a key to maximize its efficacy. Improving swimming coordination of arm pulls and kicks will ensure the body levers` fulcrums and allow the force induced by the swimmer to override the resistance offered by the water. Involving as many body parts as possible while swimming will enlarge the length of lever`s arm and imply a better mechanical advantage explained by Archimedes lever law. The main goal of the study is to describe how World Championship and Olympic Games elite swimmers coordinate arm pulls and kicks in alternative strokes and to justify its reason for being when seeking for efficacy of body levers while swimming. The following parameters have been used for the evaluation of swimmers coordination: number of kicks per arm pull, order and duration of kicks, start time of kicks in relation to pulling arms and overlapping between arms. Swimming distance of the race and breathing actions seem to modify arm-to-arm coordination and timing of kicks in relation to arms` underwater phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Lage des Körperschwerpunkts auf die Gelenkdrehmomente der vier Extremitäten am Startblock</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065229</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065229</guid>
      <author>Sakai, S.</author>
      <author>Koike, S.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sakai, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koike, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming-race events, athletes can obtain their highest horizontal velocity at the instant of take-off from a starting block. Therefore, a faster take-off velocity is an important technical factor, especially for sprint-event swimmers. This study aims to clarify the influences of initial whole-body configuration (i.e. setting position on the starting block) on the four-limb joint torques during a starting motion. Seven male swimmers were instructed to practise dive starts with three types of starting positions (i.e. anterior-inclination, neutral and posterior-inclination positions) with maximum effort. The three-dimensional coordinates of the markers on the body during starting motion were collected using a motion-capture system with 25 high-speed cameras. Reaction forces exerted by each foot and each hand on the block were measured using two force sensors and two force plates. The joint torques of the extremities were calculated by inverse dynamics using the coordinate data and the block-reaction forces. The rear-side lower limbs` joint torques affect the forward movement of the body in the case of setting a posterior inclination, whereas the front-side lower limbs` joint torques affect the forward movement when setting an anterior inclination. These results indicate that body posture affects certain joint torques.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unbeständige numerische Strömungsdynamik der axialen Strömung, die durch die Drehung eines Arms beim Schwimmen erzeugt wird</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065230</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065230</guid>
      <author>Samson, M.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T.</author>
      <author>Lacouture, P.</author>
      <author>David, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Computational Fluid Dynamics</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacouture, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>David, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, it has been shown experimentally that the arm rotation induce significant axial flow along the arm toward the hand, which acts favorably on propulsion (Toussaint et al., 2002). The purpose of this paper is then to numerical study the role of the axial flow on the propulsion of the hand and the forearm from a simple rotational movement. This study is based on unsteady RANS methodology (Samson et al., 2017). A comparison was made between two simulations in translation and rotation conditions. Velocities and depths of the hand were chosen so as to approach the actual conditions of swimming: the hand velocity is equal to 2.5 m/s, and rotational velocity is equal to 5 rad/s. Pressure, force and the spatio-temporal evolution of the vortices were used to the analysis. The results of the velocity fields of the flow show the presence of the axial flow along the hand and forearm in rotational configuration, but not in translation. The dynamic pressure gradients between the dorsal side of the hand and the elbow are higher in the rotational configuration (close to 2500 Pa) than in translation (close to 0 Pa). The hydrodynamic forces applied to the hand are greater in rotation than in translation (43 N vs 37 N respectively). At the beginning of the movement, two vortices are present all along the suction surface of the forearm and hand (a leading edge vortex on the little finger side and a trailing edge vortex on the thumb side). Next, these structures detach and are shedded into the wake. In both configurations, due to an accumulation of vorticity, a complex entanglement of vortex structures appears on the dorsal side of the hand. In the rotating configuration, there is more vortices on the dorsal side of the hand relative to the translation configuration. This can be explained by both the effect of the axial flow which translates the vorticity towards the fingertip, and at the same time the effect of the tip vortex at the fingertip which prevents the release of this vorticity (Von Ellenrieder et al., 2003).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivitätsmerkmale des vorderen und hinteren Beins eines Schwimmers während eines Kickstarts - Einwand für die Fallstudie eines Eliteschwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065232</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065232</guid>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Mizukami, T.</author>
      <author>Kusanagi, K.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mizukami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kusanagi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Numerous studies have reported on the kinematics and kinetics during a swimmer`s kickstart. However, no studies measuring the muscle activity of the lower limbs during the kickstart have been presented. This study investigated the muscle activity of both the front lower limb and the rear lower limb during a swimmer`s kickstart and identified its characteristics. The participant was a national-level competitive male swimmer - 24 years old, 200-m breaststroke Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) points: 888 - who performed the breaststroke at the starting block for 15-m maximum effort at two kickstart conditions: right lower limb is front (LF) and right lower limb is rear (LR). Trials were recorded using a video camera (120 frame/s) from the sagittal movement, and surface electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded from eight right lower limb muscles: rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial head of gastrocnemius (MHG), lateral head of gastrocnemius (LHG), soleus (SO), and gluteus maximus (GM).The EMG data were filtered using a Butterworth bandpass filter (10 - 500 Hz), and the root mean square (RMS) was calculated on a 50-ms window of data. The result showed that the muscle activity in lower limbs during the kickstart was in the sequence RF, VL, GM, TA, MHG, and LHG, working in accordance with the movement of each joint.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie visuelle Informationen die Annäherung an die Wand für die Rollwende einschränken</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065233</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065233</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this case study was to investigate the role of the visual source of information to approach the wall in order to perform the tumble turn in swimming. The approach of the wall is represented by a T-line located at 2m from the edge of the swimming pool. To understand how this visual information is picked up by the swimmers to approach the wall, the T-line position was manipulated: normal T-line position (T), T-line 30cm backward (T30), and T-line 60cm backward (T60). One national swimmer had to swim 12 x 25m, corresponding to two trials at 70% and 90% of their maximal 25m swimming speed in three T-line positions. The swim speed was collected by aerial side camera. The speed at 3m to the wall, the distance between the head and the wall at the initiation of the rotation were computed from an underwater camera located at 3m from the wall. The stroke rate and the index of coordinationwere computed from three inertial measurement units located on the left wrist, right wrist and hip. The results highlighted that stroke rate further varied when the swimmers approached to the wall, accompanied by fluctuations of the index of coordination. These findings were more pronounced for the 90% pace and more marked for T60. In the meantime, head-wall distance and the speed at 3m to the wall further decreased for the 90% pace at T60 than for the other conditions of speed and T position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Starttechniken im Eliteschwimmen: Der stationäre Start im Vergleich zum Staffelwechsel</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065235</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065235</guid>
      <author>Smith, N. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, N. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Traditionally, it has been assumed that the `flying start` used during relay changeovers is faster than the stationary start used during individual races, primarily due to utilisation of the stretch-shortening cycle. As a substantial proportion of the swimming start is spent underwater, differences in 15 m start time may mask any biomechanical differences exhibited on the starting block. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the differences between stationary dive start and relay changeover techniques by measuring block time, time to 5 m, and time to 15 m and evaluate these parameters across an 8 week period of instructed relay practice. Time to 5 m and 15 m results were controlled for block time, to remove the anticipatory component of the relay changeover. Twenty-nine elite swimmers (12 female, 17 male) completed a stationary start and three relay changeovers at both the initial time point (T1) and after 8 weeks (T2). Significant differences in block time were observed between stationary starts and relay changeovers at both time points (p < .01) and relay changeovers from T1 to T2 (p < .01). There were no significant interactions between either start type for time to 5 m or 15 m, when controlling for sex and stroke. These findings suggest that the participants in the study were unable to use the benefit of the 'flying start` to reduce start time for the relay changeover, even after a period of instructed practice. This could be attributed to a lack of technical proficiency or deliberate practice. Further research should look to examine the perceptual and biomechanical variables that contribute to successful relay changeover performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung verschiedener Kombinationen von Fußpositionen auf die Kickstartleistung bei Wettkampfschwimmern - Auswirkung der Fußposition auf die Kickstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065236</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065236</guid>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Ikegami, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikegami, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We investigated the effect of different foot positions on the kick-start performance of competitive male swimmers. Six college swimmers performed kick-starts using both their preferred and non-preferred foot combinations of front and rear feet positions. They were instructed to maintain their optimal streamline position up to the 12.5-m line at the bottom of the pool, without kicking. Two video cameras were used to obtain kinematic data, and the forces exerted by both legs were obtained using two force plates and the force exerted by both hands were obtained by sensors mounted on the front edges of starting block. The block time and time to reach the 10-m mark with the preferred foot combination were significantly shorter than those with the reverse-foot combination. Moreover, the horizontal velocity at takeoff and the total horizontal impulse were significantly higher in the preferred combination. The horizontal velocity at takeoff was decreased due to a reduction in the total horizontal. From these results, it can be concluded that the reverse-foot combination decreases kick-start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Änderungen in der Kinematik durch Ermüdung beim 200-m-Freistil-Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065237</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065237</guid>
      <author>Sumi, N.</author>
      <author>Matsuda, Y.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Tagawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nishiwaki, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sumi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tagawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishiwaki, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimmers strive to obtain good postures and motions in water for performance enhancement because they could be a determining factor for competitive races. It is clear that fatigue affects swimming kinematics fairly but the effect has not been quantitatively evaluated yet. The finding of biomechanical change would be helpful for elucidating the mechanism of swimming slower. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate changes in kinematics during 200M freestyle swimming. 14 female freestyle or individual medley swimmers joined the experiment where they swam 200M by the crawl with their best efforts. They wore their usual practice swimsuits with reflective markers. The swimming movements were measured with a 3 dimensional motion capture system at 50M intervals. Blood lactate was also measured before and after the task of 200M swimming to monitor their fatigue levels. It was shown that their swimming speed decreased clearly with the swimming distance and the blood lactate levels also increased after the task. Biomechanical analysis indicated that rotation of trunk and pelvis increased while the position of the pelvis went down and kept low, seemingly causing the drag force in water higher.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung internationaler Symposien zu Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen - ein multidisziplinärer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065192</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065192</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The authors, as contemporary witnesses of former BMS symposia recall some selected research approaches from the past decades of the Symposia. Papers by e.g. Miyashita (1999), Clarys (2006), Barbosa et al (2010) or Vilas-Boas (2014) drew attention to research work that might still be inspiring today, even in the context of our knowledge of current research contributions. In the period between BMS 01 (1970) and BMS 08 (1998), there were much fewer international scientific journals than today, and the accumulation of scientific knowledge related to art of swimming was slow and spread to literary sources of parent disciplines. At that time, the impetus for the training came mostly from land-based sports, which was considered unsatisfactory due to the lack of reference to locomotion in water. Among sport scientists attracted by swimming from e.g. biomechanics, movement analysis, exercise physiology, medical sciences and even psychology, a collective will was apparent that there is a need for a meeting point, a symposium, where exchanges of scientific knowledge is made possible. Proceedings of the symposium, after peer review, a la longue would contribute to the improvement of performance in competitions aswell. Simultaneously, it was Zeitgeist worldwide to "bridge the gap" and it is likely that this attitude is one of the secrets, why BMS is still vivid today after 12 symposia. Nearly 50 years after the start of the international symposia, currently known as Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS), the seniors of the event share their mutual view on the evolution of various research fields. It is the aim of this paper to lead the reader to explore what have been gained by the Series of BMS Symposia during the past nearly five decades. The original scientific articles have been printed in Proceedings and archived in an electronic database for openly accessible to anybody interested to read. Scientific discussions occur at the time of each Symposium but there is also space for science communication which we intend to stimulate by this article.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Energieverbrauch beim Schwimmen und seine Determinanten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065198</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065198</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The energy cost of swimming (C) is defined as the energy expended to cover a given distance: to reach fast speeds C should be reduced, as much as possible. C depends on hydrodynamic resistance (Wd: the lower the better), propelling (Eta p) and overall (Eta o) efficiency (the larger the better); unfortunately, these parameters are quite difficult to measure in water and the methods proposed so far in the literature to assess/calculate them yield very different results. It is thus necessary to understand, first of all, which values of Eta p, Eta o and Wd are "reasonable" and which are not. Recent evidence (in front crawl swimming) indicates that active drag (Wd) is 1.5 times larger than passive drag, Eta p is of about 0.4 and Eta o is of about 0.2. If these values are indeed "reasonable", it should be possible to estimate C "going up the efficiency cascade". Examples of these calculations, based on data collected on elite sprinters and long distance swimmers, are reported and discussed. These examples show that our knowledge of the determinants of the energy cost of swimming is, nowadays, indeed "quite reasonable".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede zwischen Staffel- und Einzelstarts bei Eliteschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065199</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065199</guid>
      <author>Atkison, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Atkison, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to determine the biomechanical differences between moving relay starts (RS) and individual flat starts (FS) and determine if RS could be improved following a specific training intervention. Following selection to the 2016 Olympic team, four female swimmers underwent a three-week evidence-based intervention which included detailed instruction and visual/performance feedback from both coach and biomechanist. One week prior to the start of the intervention, swimmers underwent a familiarization period and their preferred RS technique was identified. Swimmers took part in testing sessions, before and after intervention, consisting of 3 maximum effort trials to 20m from both a RS and FS. The primary outcome measure was time to 15m (TT15), determined from the feet leaving the block to head crossing 15m. Prior to the intervention, TT15 was moderately greater for RS compared with FS, and results showed entry and underwater segments were less effective with the RS, and therefore became the focus of the intervention. Following the intervention, RS showed large reductions in TT15, entry distance, entry width, and 5-15m time. For FS, there was a small reduction in TT15, with large reductions in entry distance and entry width. RS does not appear to provide any meaningful benefit to take-off, underwater, or swimming velocity in elite female swimmers. Coaches should focus their training on reducing reaction times and improving entry and underwater performance to improve both RS and FS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hüfttiefe und Leistung im 400-m-Freistiltest</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065201</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065201</guid>
      <author>Correia, A.</author>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Matos, C.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. de S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Correia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. de S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the factors that can limit speed and performance in swimming is the body position in water. Considering hydrodynamic drag, it is expected that hip depth (Dh) position will compromise swim speed and performance, especially in the front crawl stroke. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe Dh in swimmers of different performance levels throughout a maximal 400 m front crawl test (T400). Six competitive male swimmers (divided in two equal groups, G1: upper performance and G2: lower performance) performed a T400 in a 25 m swimming pool. Vertical position of the hip (landmarks were manually digitized) in relation to the surface of the water was analyzed by means of 3D cinemetry. The null hip roll angle was controlled (horizontal rolling position, hip parallel to the surface of the water) and Dh was identified in this body position. Average Dh values were calculated. The T400 performance and its average swimming speed were also obtained. Performance in the T400, speed and Dh in G1 and G2 performance groups were, respectively, 275.67 ± 3.79 s and 339.67 ± 28.28 s ; 1.44 ± 0.02 m/s and 1.18 ± 0.08 m/s; and 15.7 ± 1.2 cm and 19.0 ± 0 cm. G1 had 23 ± 12% better performance than G2 and were 22 ± 9% faster than G2 . Dh was 22 ± 9% deeper in G2. This is an objective result in regards to the best swimming technique, drag, and consequent performance in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische und neuromuskuläre Anpassungen nach einem Trainingsprogramm für den Unterwasser-Delfinkick</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065203</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065203</guid>
      <author>Elipot, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Morlier, J.</author>
      <author>Cazalets, J.-R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elipot, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morlier, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazalets, J.-R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main aim of this work was to apply to a group of young swimmers an 8 weeks training program focused on the underwater dolphin kick skills and identify the main kinematic and neuro-muscular adaptations resulting of it. The kinematic parameters were measured using a set of cameras placed under the water and in 3D: These parameters were the instantaneous velocity, the amplitude (trajectory corrected vertical distance covered by the end-effector during a single kick), the frequency, the distance per kick (horizontal distance covered by the centre of mass during a single kick), the flexion/extension angles for the main joints (decrease/increase of the joint angle on the sagittal plan), the angles of attack for the main limbs, and the motor coordination between the mainjoints. The muscles activities were measured using EMG units placed on the quadriceps, the hamstrings, the calf, the gluteal, the lumbar. The time of contraction, the quantity of contraction and the coordination between each muscle activations were then calculated. The main results of this study show an increase of the underwater kicking velocity for 7 of the 8 swimmers that took part to the program. It appeared that the ratio frequency/amplitude was adjusted with an increase of the frequency (reaching 2.5 kicks/second) and a decrease of the amplitude. The study also pointed out the upper body limbs angles of attack were all reduced for all of the swimmers. The results have also shown that each swimmer modified their joint angles using different strategies. Some joints` angles were sometimes increased or decreased depending on the swimmers and no global trend could be identified. However the coordination analysis tends to show that swimmers started developing a synergistic coordination between their joints. EMG data showed that the type of contraction of the muscles had changed. For the lower limbs muscles, the duration of contraction got shorter and the quantity of contraction more important. For the lumbar muscles, the time of contraction got longer and the quantity of contraction lower. The results consequently showed that for the gluteal, hamstring, quadriceps and calf muscles the profile of activation got closer to a phasic contraction, while for the lumbar muscle the profile of activation got closer to a tonic contraction. The sequence of contraction of the muscles was also modified.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie kann eine höhere Sprunghöhe erreicht werden? Biomechanische Analyse des Auftriebs von acht Schwimmern beim Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065209</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065209</guid>
      <author>Fukuda, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fukuda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a lift of synchronized swimming, it is important for the swimmers and coaches to clarify how to maximize height. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the lifts by two teams (world`s top-ranked and 5th-ranked) from a biomechanical viewpoint. The primary difference of these two lifts was the posture of the base swimmer, who was just under the flyer (the swimmer projected into the air). The lifts were analyzed by observing the posture of the swimmers and conducting a simulation. The timing between each group was shifted as a parameter. In this parameter study, the eight swimmers in each team were divided into three groups; upper, middle, and lower. As a result, the higher jumping height for the 1st team was explained. In the 1st team formation, they could perform an egg beater kick with full strength since sufficient space for the egg beater kick could be secured. Large effort was not necessary for the base swimmer since the base swimmer took the upside-down squat position. The flyer of the 1st team jumped at an angle closer to the vertically upward direction due to the higher stability of the flyer herself. The flyer could jump with full strength by flexing and extending the knee joints through a large range. The swimmers of the 1st team were performing the jump motions with the best timing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Biomechanik beim Paddeln, beim Surfen und im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065212</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065212</guid>
      <author>Godoy, D. F.</author>
      <author>Correia, R. de A.</author>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Godoy, D. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, R. de A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Surfers who live far from the ocean use to swim in pools as a training content. Considering the similarities between the front crawl stroke and surfing paddling movements, the objective of this study was to compare surfing paddling and front crawl kinematics parameters. In a 25-m swimming pool, fourteen recreational surfers (37.7 ± 4.7 years old; 21.2 ± 6.7 years of experience in surfing; 77.7 ± 7.7 kg total body mass) performed two tests in same duration and both in maximum intensity: (i) a 300-m front crawl test and (ii) a paddling test with soft board. Mean values of stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and speed (S) were obtained in 2D with video cameras (60 Hz, videos analyzed in Kinovea®). Hull-speed (HS) and hull-speed related to S (HS%) were calculated considering both, stature (for swimming condition) and surfboard length (for paddling condition). Data were compared with Student`s t test and effects sizes were calculated with Pearson`s r. In the same test duration (322.0 ± 33 s), surfers have paddled for 415.2 ± 36.6 m (300 m in front crawl swimming). Paddling showed higher SR, S, HS, and HS% values (p<0.05) when compared to swimming (respectively, paddling: 0.94 ± 0.09 Hz; 1.27 ± 0.1 m/s; 1.71 ± 0.05 m/s; 74.70 ± 6.55%; and swimming: 0.57 ± 0.07 Hz, 0.91 ± 0.14 m/s, 1.67 ± 0, 03 m/s; 55.01 ± 9.2%). One should consider the mean length of the surfboard (193 ± 14.1 cm) and the mean height of the surfers (177.8 ± 7.1 cm) to compare the HS and the HS% values between the conditions. Effects size were between 0.43 and 0.72. SL values were similar (p>0.05; paddling: 1.73 ± 0.23 m; swimming: 1.58 ± 0.21 m; effect size=0.32). It is concluded that efforts and tests (front crawl and paddling) are not interchangeable for kinematics parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koordinationsdynamik beim Kraulschwimmen: Auswirkungen des Umweltzwangs auf die Verhaltensflexibilität</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065218</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065218</guid>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Armenien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We seek to investigate the dynamics of the upper limb coordination in front-crawl swimming, manipulating the environment (i.e., classic pool vs. flume) as a function of speed increase (i.e., task constraint). Eight elite male swimmers were volunteered. They first performed 8 x 50 m bouts at 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100 and 104% of their highest mean speed obtained on front-crawl`s 200m, and then 8 x 40 cycles at the same speeds in the flume. The stroke rate and the inter-arm coordination dynamics were recorded and computed with the help of seven inertial measurement units (IMUs; Hikob Fox, Villeurbanne, France). The swimmers` behavioural flexibility was estimated by calculating the Range of the Motor Repertoire (RMR, corresponding to maximum-minimum range of each variable). With no environment effect on the variables` dynamics, this constraint however revealed that the flume RMR reached only 61.6 and 44.7% of the values observed in the pool for Stroke Rate (SR) (F(1,7)=85.262, p=0.000, Eta=0.924) and Index of Coordination (IdC) (F(1,7)=39,417, p=0.000, Eta p2=0,849), respectively. The swimmers` behavioural flexibility was systematically more restricted in the flume for SR and IdC. Swimmers (i) had more or at least (ii) were able to more easily exploit opportunities for action to perform the task in the pool. Therefore, motor pattern adjustments seem to emerge by modulating a smaller number of degrees of freedom in the flume.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XIII. Internationales Symposium Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005197.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065094</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065094</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2018</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This proceeding book contains peer reviewed seventy scientific articles which were presented in XIII th International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine held in 17th to 21st, Sep. 2018 at Tsukuba University, Japan. The contents are diverse, and the latest research results on various kinds of swimming and underwater exercise in different research areas are introduced. It is an essential book for researchers, coaches, medical staffs and swimmers involved in the swimming and water exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der sportlichen Leistung durch Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden des Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065095</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065095</guid>
      <author>Mountjoy, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Asthma</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mountjoy, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aquatic athlete can enjoy improved health from sport participation. Swimming is a sport that can be enjoyed recreationally long after retirement from competitive sport. Participation in elite sport however, is not without physical and psychological risks, and as members of the athlete entourage, we are obligated to ensure that our sport environment is as safe as feasible for our athletes. Involvement in high performance aquatic sport has unique health risks. These risks include overuse and traumatic injuries as well as sport-related illnesses. Research in aquatic sport medicine and sport science has been conducted to address these risks. Through the application of the outcomes of this research, these injuries and illnesses can be prevented and/or mitigated to improve both athlete health and performance. FINA, as the sport governing International Federation, is mandated by the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, and the FINA Rules to take measures to protect the health and well-being of the aquatic athlete.
FINA has undertaken scientific research and implemented intervention programs to improve the health of the aquatic athlete. There are health issues that are common to all of the aquatic disciplines, and others that are sport-discipline specific. Members of the sport entourage can play an active role in the health promotion of the aquatic athlete by i) employing prevention measures, ii) being vigilant for early signs of health concerns, and iii) implementing appropriate treatment interventions and return to play principles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Winkel beim Wasserfassen, Endpunkt der Zugphase und Einsatzpunkt des Beinschlags im Freistilschwimmen der Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041509</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041509</guid>
      <author>Inada, N.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study focused on explaining the reasons for the increased timing in men`s 100 meter freestyle. Three representative freestyle sprint swimmers` angle of catch point, finish point, and kick point for last forty years were analyzed. Mark Spitz from 1970`s, Matt Biondi from 1980`s and Anthony Arvin from 2000`s were picked up for the present investigation. 1970`s, Mark Spitz used S-pattern stroke technique. 1980`s, Matt Biondi used technique of rolling the body from side to side. 2000`s, Anthony Ervin used technique of rolling only the upper body from side to side. It was concluded that future sprint freestyle champions may employ the straight arm while only rolling the upper body with a steep catch, finish and kick point angle to further enhance sprint freestyle performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Feldstudie zum Schweißverlust und zur Flüssigkeitsaufnahme während des Schwimmtrainings im Winter und Sommer in der Halle</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041511</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041511</guid>
      <author>Taimura, A.</author>
      <author>Matsunami, M.</author>
      <author>Sugawara, M.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, M.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Halle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sommer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schweiß</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taimura, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunami, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugawara, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to clarify weight loss and fluid intake during swimming training in winter and summer at an indoor swimming pool. The subjects were thirteen male college swimmers. The body weight before and after training, the volume and the frequency of fluid intake and urination during training were measured. Sweat loss and fluid intake during swimming training was related to pool condition. However, there was no difference in the fluid intake ratio and the frequency of fluid intake between summer and winter. Because there is considerable variability in sweat loss and fluid intake between individuals, individualized fluid replacement program are recommended during training. It is considered that swimmers should have more fluid intake before/during swimming training to prevent dehydration, especially in summer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Beckenlänge auf die Schwimmintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041512</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041512</guid>
      <author>Kurosaka, S.</author>
      <author>Ono, Y.</author>
      <author>Furuta, H.</author>
      <author>Kurokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kurosaka, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Furuta, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The influence of the pool length on physiological and perceptual effects was studied by comparing heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while swimming at the same speed. Ten trained university swimmers swam the crawl stroke with 2 kinds of breathing pattern in lanes of fifty meters, twenty five meters, and fifteen meters. The VO2-HR relation was obtained during submaximal and maximal work in tethered crawl swimming. The result was that in the case of both normal breathing and controlled breathing, physiological exercise intensity (HR, VO2) and perceptual exercise intensity (RPE) significantly decreased with the decrease in the length of the swimming lane.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Geschwindigkeitssteigerung auf die Armkoordination, aktiven Widerstand und intrazyklische Geschwindigkeitsvariation beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041513</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041513</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Lemaitre, F.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect of velocity increase on index of arm coordination (IdC), active drag (D) and intracyclic velocity variations (IVV) in front crawl swimming was analysed. 12 national level swimmers performed an intermittent graded pace test on the MAD-system and in the free condition, swimming arms only. Drag was determined using the MAD-system. V, the duration of the entry, pull, push, recovery and IdC were calculated from underwater and aerial side view video recordings. The hip IVV was analysed using a velocity-meter. The increase in V was associated with increases in pull, push and recovery phases, IdC and D, decreases in entry phase and a non significant change of IVV. The change in IdC with V followed those in D with V (D=27.02V2.25, IdC=44.70V²-81.42V+19.02) indicating that swimmers shifted from the catchup to the opposition coordination to overcome the active drag, when swimming at a higher velocity. The adaptation of the motor organisation appeared adequate because it did not lead to greater IVV.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsniveau und Veränderungen der Schwimmtechnik während ausbelastendem Kraulzeitschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041514</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041514</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to compare technical parameters changes in relation to technical skills during an all-out time trial. Eight national level swimmers (GE) and ten occasional swimmers (GNE) performed an all-out time trial of 2 minutes in front crawl stroke. Changes in Speed (dS, m/s), Stroke Length (dSL, m/cycle), Stroke Rate (dSR, hertz), Horizontality of the body (dH, degrees) and Breathing time (dB, s) were calculated between the first and last 30 seconds of the time trial and were compared between groups. Results showed significant greater value in dS, dSL, dH, and dB for GNE, dS and dH being the largest. It is worth noting that the change in SR was not significantly different between groups. dH is significantly correlated to dS and dSL. Such results suggest that keeping the horizontality of the body during an exhaustive exercise is an ability that has priority to be learned in less expert swimmers to improve performance. Consideration of such parameters in the technical analysis could guide skill training process for young swimmers learners.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Geschwindigkeit und zusätzlichen Widerstands auf die kinematischen und kinetischen Parameter im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041515</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041515</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Brazier, T.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zusatzlast</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brazier, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect of increasing velocity and adding resistance on kinematical and kinetical parameters during the stroke cycle was examined in front crawl for 7 national level swimmers. In a flume, 3 drag conditions provided by a resistance parachute (PA) were tested at 5 velocities. Video footage and force sensors were used to measure the spatio-temporal coordination and force parameters. The results showed that an increase in velocity (V) led to increases in stroke rate (SR), Index of coordination (IdC), and a non significant change in force impulse per cycle, whatever the condition. In PA conditions, significant increases in the IdC, force impulse, and a decrease in SR were recorded (p<0.05). These results show that in normal conditions swimmers adapt to a change in velocity by modifying kinematics rather than kinetical parameters, whereas in PA conditions there is an enhancement of both of the parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Überprüfung der Zugrate und Zuglänge im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 08:51:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041516</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041516</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is a typical cyclic activity powered by muscular energy supply. Per cycle the speed of the body is determined by the displacement of the body and the duration of each cycle. New research considering cognitive aspects of stroking reveals that highly skilled swimmers are concentrating on each stroke (even in competition). The displacement a body travels while stroking can be determined by two different approaches: a) direct measurement and b) indirectly by calculating the stroke distance. The purpose of this paper is to compare the displacement of the body-path of 22 age-group swimmers measured directly length during one arm cycle with calculated stroke distance. The comparison is based on the assumption that 3 quarter of a full cycle is "involved"; hense the ratio of body-path (p) to stroke distance (d) is : (p) = 75 % (d). The results reveal that the ratio body-path (p) to stroke distance per stroke (d) is (p) = 77 % of (d). The correlation of (p) over (d) is reasonable (r = .78). Hense, the calculated stroke distance is a representative figure of the effect of both arm actions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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