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    <item>
      <title>Computergestützte Strömungssimulation für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080722</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080722</guid>
      <author>Sato, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, Y.</dc:creator>
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      <title>SWUM - Ein numerisches Simulationsprogramm speziell für das Schwimmen </title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080723</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080723</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Computergestützte Strömungsdynamik - Transfer in die Praxis</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080724</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080724</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Talentidentifizierung und -entwicklung in Deutschland</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079587</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079587</guid>
      <author>Hoffmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Standardisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Einblicke in die Förderung von Talenten im finnischen Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079588</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079588</guid>
      <author>Kalaja, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Finnland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kalaja, S.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Talentsichtung im Schwimmen ist mehr als "nur" Schwimmen. LVT - Ein Vielseitigkeitstest im Deutschen Schwimmverband</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079589</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079589</guid>
      <author>Altmann, K</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>konditionelle Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vielseitigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Altmann, K</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Präsentation about the LandesVielseitigkeitsTest - A versatility test in the german swimming federation. 
Take home messages of the presentation:
1. Foster individual development instead of cross-sectional comparison.
2. Take into account several performance requirements instead of only complex swimming performance.
3. For further analyses standardize the implementation and organize a central data organization.
4. Always keep in mind: What is tested is trained!T]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Es geht um das Schwimmen! Entwicklung einer deutschen Technikphilosophie für junge Sportler</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079591</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079591</guid>
      <author>Eberhardt, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technikleitbild</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eberhardt, A.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Integration des Sportunterrichts in den Lehrplan einer Eliteschule des Sports im Bundesland Brandenburg</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079592</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4079592</guid>
      <author>Drewicke, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>duale Karriere</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drewicke, E.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterstützung von Nationalmannschaften durch Zusammenarbeit - eine australische Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078280</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078280</guid>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2022</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Biomechanik-Analyst im Schwimmsport: Ein innovationsgetriebenes Aufgabengebiet </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078281</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078281</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsverbesserung aus paralympischer Sicht - Wie das UK Sport World Class Programm die britischen Paraschwimmer unterstützt</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078282</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078282</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Trainingsbelastung bei aufeinanderfolgenden Wettkämpfen zur Verbesserung der Leistung </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078283</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078283</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>unmittelbare Wettkampfvorbereitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aspekte der Unterstützung von Schwimmteams in Deutschland - Überlegungen vor der Einführung der Sonifikation im Schwimmsport</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078284</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4078284</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sonifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Muskelkräftigung zur Vorbeugung der Schwimmerschulter - vor oder nach dem Wassertraining?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077367</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077367</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Erforschung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Schulterkraft und technischen Fähigkeiten im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077368</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Können wir Schulterschmerzen bei Schwimmern vorhersagen, z. B. auf der Grundlage des Schwimmtrainingsumfangs in Kombination mit Risikofaktoren?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077369</guid>
      <author>Feijen, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feijen, S.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Subscapularis-Tendinopathie ist in der Schulter von Leistungsschwimmern weit verbreitet: Eine MRT-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077370</guid>
      <author>Holt, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holt, K.</dc:creator>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Wirksamkeit von Widerstandstraining an Land und im Wasser auf die Kraft und das Gleichgewicht der Schulterrotatorenmanschette bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077371</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rotatorenmanschette</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Die Schwimmerschulter: Überlegungen zur Pathophysiologie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077372</guid>
      <author>Sharpe, K. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sharpe, K. P.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Verhinderung der Schwimmerschulter durch angemessenen Beginn der wirbelorientierten Handbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077373</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Forschung zur Schwimmerschulter: Schwimmtechnik </title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077374</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4077374</guid>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was können wir über das Schwimmen lernen, wenn wir Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen untersuchen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076669</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076669</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virusinfektionen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4076678</guid>
      <author>Wüstenfeld, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Infektion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Virus</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Coronavirus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wüstenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines spezifischen Krafttrainings im Schwimmen auf den Strömungswiderstand, die Vortriebsleistung und die Vortriebseffizienz</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065774</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065774</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Yamanaka, D.</author>
      <author>Yotani, K.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamanaka, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yotani, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study aimed to examine the effects of specific resistance training using a fixed push-off point (POP) system on the drag-swimming speed relationship, maximal propulsive power (MPP) and propelling efficiency (ep). Six-teen well-trained male college swimmers (age 20 ± 1 years) were randomized into two groups, a control group (CON, n=8) and a resistance swimming group (RT, n=8). Training and all measurements in this study were performed in arm stroke of front crawl swimming. The training consisted of 10 arm stroke sprints of 25 m with (RT) or without (CON) the POP system, and it was conducted 3 days/week for 5 weeks. The active drag force and MPP were directly measured using measuring active drag (MAD) system. Propelling efficiency was determined according to the method described by Toussaint (1988). After the 5 weeks of training, no significant changes were observed in all variables in CON. In RT, the drag-swimming speed relationship and ep did not change significantly, either. However, MPP increased significantly from 182 W to 207 W (P<0.01) in this group. Furthermore, both the maximal propulsive force (P<0.01) and maximal swimming speed (P<0.01) at which MPP was obtained on MAD system increased significantly in RT. These results revealed that specific resistance swimming using a POP system can improve maximal propulsive power, which suggests that it is a beneficial training method to improve sprint swimming performance. In contrast, this kind of training does not appear to reduce active drag or improving swimming efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitverläufe von Herzfrequenzveränderungen während des apnoischen Eintauchens des Gesichts im Wasser und denen an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065776</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065776</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Hamada, H.</author>
      <author>Murata, M.</author>
      <author>Tamari, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, N.</author>
      <author>Aratani, Y.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamari, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aratani, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study we aimed i) to clarify the time courses of HR changes during apneic facial immersion in water, and ii) to compare them to those observed on land. Six healthy Japanese adult males participated in this study. HR were measured under 4 different conditions on land and in water (Figure1): (1) standing (S-condition), (2) standing with breath-holding (SB-condition), (3) forward bending with breath-holding (FB-condition), and (4) apneic facial immersion (AFI-condition). Each participant immersed his face for 1 minute while standing at leaning forward position on land or in water. In the water condition, the water surface was set at the xiphisternal level. The water temperature for both facial and body immersion were kept at 36 degrees Celsius. HR was calculated from R-R interval of the ECG. In the SB-condition in water, HR decreased within a few seconds right after the onset of breath holding and was stable till to the end of the trial. The patterns of HR changes between on land and in water were different in the FB-condition. The patterns of HR changes in the AFI-condition, were very similar between on land and in water, i.e. decrease -> increase -> decrease -> staying. Our results indicated that time courses of HR changes during apneic facial immersion "in water" is similar to those observed "on land".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainingsorganisation und physiologisches Profil eines 25-km-Freiwasser-Weltmeisters</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065778</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065778</guid>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Aubry, A.</author>
      <author>Merino, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aubry, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Merino, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This case study describes the training of a world champion in open water swimming and some physiological variables over the 20 weeks before his title. Methods: Training volume and intensity were collected by a sport scientist using the coach`s daily reports and tests were performed to measure physiological adaptations. Results: The swimmer presents: VO2peak: 58.5 ml/ min/kg, maximal heart rate: 178 beats per minute, and maximal ventilation: 170 L/min. Weekly training volume was 85 ± 21 km with 12 ± 1 sessions, corresponding to 28 ± 4 hours per week. Training performed at intensities < 2 mmol/L (Z1) was 38.8 ± 7.5% of total training volume, 52.7 ± 7.9% between 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L (Z2) and 8.5 ± 4.2% > 4 mmol/L-1 (Z3). Conclusion: Training volume was higher than volume described in previous reports in elite swimmers. Training intensity showed a model marked by a large part conducted between 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L. Kinematics show a high swim index at this intensity and could explain why the swimmer dedicated a large part of training in Z2. Another finding highlights the speed corresponding to 4 mmol/L as a good endurance indicator.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Sauerstoffaufnahme- und Herzfrequenzverlauf bei Leistungsschwimmern - On- und Off-Kinetik-Reaktion bei Laktatschwellenintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065786</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065786</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Sano, M.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate oxygen up-take (VO2) and heart rate (HR) kinetics during swimming exercise at lactate threshold intensity, and to clarify the association of these parameters with endurance capacity and performance. After previous determination of VO2max, swimming velocity at VO2max (v VO2max) and swimming velocity at lactate threshold (vLT), nine highly trained male swimmers were divided into two groups according to their specialized swimming event: sprint event (SP group) and middle distance (MD group). Participants performed a 12 min swimming exercise in a swimming flume that consisted of 4 min at 70% vLT, 4 min at 100% vLT intensity swimming, and 4 min at 70% vLT. On-kinetics of VO2 and HR were investigated at the commencement of the 100% vLT period, and Off-kinetics were investigated at the second 4 min 70% vLT period. All tests were conducted using the front-crawl swimming style with breath-by-breath and beat-by-beat analysis using specific snorkel (Metaswim, Cortex) and HR monitors (RCX5, Polar), respectively. Mono-exponential functions were utilized to obtain each kinetics variable. The MD group presented significantly shorter time constants of HR On-kinetics than the SP group (SP group at 66.3 ± 21.2 sec vs. MD group at 37.1 ± 5.8 sec, p < .05). HR On-kinetics correlated significantly with endurance performance (v VO2max, r = -0.840, p < 0.01; vLT, r = -0.672, p < 0.05). Statistical differences and correlations were not observed with VO2 kinetics variables. Our results suggest that HR kinetics, but not VO2 kinetics variables are related to endurance capacity at lactate threshold swimming intensity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit im 100-m-Freistilschwimmen der Männer bestätigt die Fairness des Paralympischen Klassifizierungssystems: eine Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065792</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065792</guid>
      <author>Feitosa, W. G.</author>
      <author>Correia, R. D. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feitosa, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, R. D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite an increase in popularity of Paralympic sports, there is a lack of studies on these sports, and controversies regarding the classification system for Paralympian swimmers. The Paralympic classification system features 10 classes to provide fair competition for swimmers with a physical disability. The summary of the clean swimming speed (SS) can provide useful information for the classification system in competitive swimming. The aim of this study was to summarize evidence of the fairness of Paralympic categories of male swimmers with a physically disability, focusing on SS in the 100-m front crawl. Multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ISIWeb of Knowledge, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL) were examined for observational studies published until October 2017, on official swimming races. Five studies were found and analyzed (n = 369; national and international level). The random effects model was used for this meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity among the studies was assessed by the inconsistency test (I2) and alfa = 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed with addition of the "class" covariant according to the characteristics of the studies. Bias was analyzed with a forest plot on the OpenMeta[Analyst] software. Increases in SS were related to higher Paralympic classes. Pooling data from all studies and classes, the estimated mean of SS was 1.25 m/s, SD = 0.05 m/s, p < 0.01, I2 = 99%, p < 0.01. The analysis of sub-groups found high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the Paralympic Classification System seems to be fair for the men`s 100-m freestyle events. Assessment of studies by close classes and by groups with many classes together, e.g. S1 - S10, increased the heterogeneity of the analysis. However, further studies are necessary to explain possible inconsistencies in the Paralympic Classification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körper- und Auftriebsschwerpunkt bei körperlich beeinträchtigten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065794</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065794</guid>
      <author>Hohrai, T.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <author>Ohnuma, H.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohrai, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohnuma, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal and transverse axes position of center-of-mass (LCM, TCM) and center-of-buoyancy (LCB, TCB) in physically impaired swimmers. Ten physically impaired elite swimmers participated in this study. The participants lay prone and took a streamlined posture on a customized platform which was held with three tension sensors. During center-of-mass measurement, the participants and the platform were held above the water. Subsequently, center-of-buoyancy was measured, while the participant`s body and the platform were totally submerged under the water. The participants maintained the same posture during center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy measurements. During the measurement of center-of-buoyancy, the participants used a snorkel and continued breathing. The measurement was carried out for one minute. Center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy were calculated using the values from the tension sensors. Because center-of-mass and center-of-buoyancy changes with breathing, the data for a period of three ventilation cycles was averaged and analyzed. In nine out of ten participants, LCB was located superior to LCM. This result was similar to that reported for non-disabled swimmers in other studies. However, the distance between LCB and LCM was closer in the lower limb amputee participants than in the upper limb amputee participants. In paralyzed participants, the distance between LCB and LCM did not seem to correlate with the part of paralysis. The body part of amputation or paralysis did not show a consistent effect on TCM and TCB.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Simulation des Armzugs im Freistilschwimmen bei Sportlern mit beidseitiger Oberschenkelamputation</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065795</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065795</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, R.</author>
      <author>Nemoto, C.</author>
      <author>Kishimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemoto, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kishimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For competitive swimmers with a physical disability, the ideal stroke for crawl swimming has not yet been clarified, and it may be different from that of able-bodied swimmers because of differences in body structure. The objective of this study was to solve computationally the fastest arm stroke of crawl swimming for swimmers with bilateral transfemoral amputation, and to investigate the features of the optimal stroke. The optimal stroke was obtained by the optimization method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the swimming human simulation model (SWUM). In this method, the design variables were the joint angles of the upper limbs, and the objective function was to maximize swimming speed. The optimal stroke was obtained for each stroke cycle of 0.8 s to 1.5 s with increments of 0.1 s. In addition, it was also obtained for several palmar flexion angles of the wrist at the catch phase. The fastest stroke was obtained when the stroke cycle was 1.0 s and the palmar flexion angle was 35 degrees. For short stroke cycles, the optimal stroke was the motion pulling and pushing the water near the mid-line of the trunk. For long stroke cycles, the optimal stroke was the motion pushing the water toward the outside of the trunk. In both strokes, the water was pulled and pushed shallowly. Possible reason for these features was that the optimal strokes were the solutions to reduce the torque which sinks the lower body and to stabilize the posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der Entfernung und der Zeit des Gleitens bis zur Berührung der Wand bei einem einseitig armamputierten Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065797</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065797</guid>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Kumamato, K.</author>
      <author>Kataoka, H.</author>
      <author>Awatani, T.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumamato, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kataoka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Awatani, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This case study aimed to clarify the relationship between the distance and time of the glide to touch the wall at the finish in a unilateral arm amputee swimmer. The participant was a female unilateral arm-amputee Japanese national team swimmer (Impairment Classification S9) who had participated in the Rio 2016 Paralympics. In the trial, the participant swam front-crawl with maximum effort without taking a breath for 10 m, until she reached the wall. The swimmer was instructed to extend her non-impaired arm and reach for the wall after she recognized the marker set on the floor of the pool (depth, 1.2 m). The position of the marker was randomly set at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 m from the wall in the trials. The participant swam 20 times (four times for each marker position) with sufficient rest between the trials. Each trial was recorded with surface and underwater cameras. The video images were captured into a personal computer and analyzed using a motion analysis software. We measured the time from the last hand entry of the non-impaired side to when the swimmer touched the wall and defined it as finishing-time. Also, the estimated finishing-time was calculated as the distance between the swimmer`s head at the last hand entry and the wall (finishing-distance) divided by the free-swimming velocity. Then the difference between measured and estimated finishing-time was calculated as time-loss, which meant the loss of time during the glide to reach for the wall. In the trials, the finishing-distance and the time-loss were 0.77 to 3.30 m and -0.23 to 0.49 seconds, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the time-loss and the finishing-distance (y = 0.2801x - 0.4494, r = 0.867, p = 0.000). These results indicated that the swimmer must approach the wall in a way that shortens the distance of glide to perform the touch at finishing phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsvergleich zwischen nationalen und regionalen Schwimmerinnen über 50 m Freistil auf der Kurzbahn</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065799</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065799</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Teba, A.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>López Contreras, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Teba, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Race analysis is a tool broadly applied to evaluate the swimmer performance and develop specific training plans. We aimed to analyse the race components differences between national and regional female swimmers taking part in 50m freestyle short course event and the relevance of individual emersion distances after the start and turn. Fifty-five national level performances (Spanish Short Course Nationals, December 2016) and 85 regionals (local competitions developed at our University swimming pool, season 2016/17) were compared, no swimmers repeated in both competitions. Each group had a mean age of 18.3 ± 2.5 years and 15.8 ± 2.6 years respectively. Each swimmer`s mean stroke rate (SR, cyc/min), stroke length (SL, m) and stroke index (SI, m2/s) were collected from 50Hz HD video, event time was obtained from official results (T50, s). The starting phase was obtained from the starting signal until swimmer`s head crossed the 10m (T10, s) and 15m (T15, s) mark. The turning phase commenced when the swimmer`s head passed through a distance of 5m out from the wall until swimmer`s head crossed the 35m reference (Turn15m, s). The emersion distance and time after the start ([D_Emers1, m], [T_Emers1, s]) or after the turn ([D_Emers2, m], [T_Emers2, s]) were measured. T-test for independent samples and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied. National female swimmers obtained significantly shorter times than regional: T10 (4.49 ± 0.20 vs 5.14 ± 0.44), T15 (7.17 ± 0.20 vs 8.41 ± 0.60), T15turn (8.15 ± 0.28 vs 9.56 ± 0.63), T50 (26.94 ± 0.62 vs 31.31 ± 2.05), longer SL (1.89 ± 0.12 vs 1.67 ± 0.15) and higher SI (3.31 ± 3.22 vs 2.51 ± 0.30). Whilst, SR was not different between groups (55.86 ± 3.67 vs 54.34 ± 5.03). National swimmers attained similar emersion times than regional [T_Emers1 (3.83 ± 0.70 vs 3.91 ± 0.68), T_Emers2 (2.30 ± 0.56 vs 2.22 ± 0.58)] and significantly longer emersion distances [D_Emers1 (8.99 ± 1.42 vs 8.08 ± 1.25), D_Emers2 (5.20 ± 1.01 vs 4.54 ± 0.90)]. High and significant correlation co-efficients were obtained, analysing each group separately, between 50m time and T10 (0.77 vs 0.87), T15 (0.85 vs 0.94), T15turn (0.90 vs 0.98). Low correlations were found between 50m race time and D_Emers1 (-0.14 vs -0.44), D_Emers2 (-0.02 vs -0.50), T_Emers1 (0.02 vs -0.10) and T_Emers2 (0.09 vs -0.22). Differences in performances between national and regional groups were explained by the absolute split times, SL, SI and emersion distances, while the SR and emersion times did no differentiate both groups. Additionally, individual emersion distances and times did not correlate with 50m time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede zwischen dem Einfluss der Squat-Jump-Leistung und der isometrischen Muskelkraft des Unterkörpers für die Effizienz der Schwimmstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065802</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065802</guid>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Madic, D.</author>
      <author>Bojic, I.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bojic, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim of this research was to determine the differences between the influence of squat jump (SJ) performance and standing knee extensors isometric muscle force (KE) in the function of the swimming start performance efficiency. Forty-six trained swimmers preformed 3x10m kick-start. The best 10m trial (t10m) was selected for each swimmer. K-Means Cluster Analysis was used to divide swimmers into three groups based on the effectively performed start trial, i.e. by using values of t10m. First group (AAG) included swimmers whose mean values of t10m are above average (t10m=3.69 ± 0.13s; n=9), second group (AG) with average mean values of t10m (t10m=4.00 ± 0.09s; n=23) and third group (BAG) with mean values of t10m below average (t10m=4.34 ± 0.14s; n=14). Regression model (OMR) was used to predict the t10m including SJ and KE performance. Results showed that the OMR for AAG was defined using following variables: SJ maximum height and maximal relative power (SJ_h and SJ_Pmax), along with the isometric muscle force of the knee extensors in absolute and relative values (KE_Fmax and KE_FmaxRel), and relative specific explosive isometric muscle force of the knee extensors (KE_RFD50%Rel). The OMR for AG was defined only by SJ_h, for BAG there was no OMR model used to predict the t10m. Differences in the influence of SJ and KE performance in the function of the swimming start performance efficiency are represented by: SJ_Pmax, KE_Fmax, KE_FmaxRel and KE_RFD50%Rel. It can be concluded that the swimmers who possess better developed aforementioned contractile abilities have higher physical potential for performing a faster start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertung des Spielanteils männlicher Elite-Wasserballspieler bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2017</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065808</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065808</guid>
      <author>Enomot, I.</author>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2017</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Notationsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Enomot, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate the playing contribution degree of water polo field player and team who participated in 2017 world championships (16 teams, 176 players) by using of official match statistics and originally developed playing contribution coefficient. The results of all the ball possessions were analysed from the official play-by-play statistics. The contribution coefficient of each event results were used same as the previous study (Enomoto et al., 2001) as follows; goals (1.0), missed shots (-0.3), personal fouls (-0.38), loss of ball possession (turnovers, -0.1), and acquisition of ball possession (steals, 0.1), respectively. The total number of occurrences for each event and their contribution coefficient were incorporated to calculation the total of each multiplied event point of each player. This point was divided by total playing time, followed with Z-score transformation for all players to define Playing Contribution Index (PCI). The average PCI of driver (52.7 ± 6.3) was statistically higher than the average PCI of centre forward (46.4 ± 11.4) in this tournament. The average of PCI for each team had a moderate correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship (I = -0.49). With regards to the driver (n = 102), the average of PCI for each team had a significant correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship (I = -0.63). With regards to the centre forward (n = 74), the average of PCI for each team had a no significant correlation with the ranking of each team of this championship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittänderungen der Renntempogestaltung über 200 m Freistil bei Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065809</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065809</guid>
      <author>Goss, C. S.</author>
      <author>Greenshields, J. T.</author>
      <author>Chapman, R. F.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goss, C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greenshields, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chapman, R. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to understand the evolving strategies of elite competitors and to characterize longitudinal changes in pacing parameters in the 200 m freestyle at recent international competitions. The top 16 finishers in the 200m freestyle for men and women at 11 Olympic Games or World Championships from 2000-2017 (n=352) were analyzed. Linear regression was used to characterize pacing with 5 different parameters: linear and quadratic parameters for the effect of lap number, differences between predicted and observed time for the first and last laps, and the residual standard error of the estimate summarizing random and systematic deviations from the model. The mean and the 18-year linear trend of final race time and pacing parameters were evaluated using a linear mixed model and non-clinical magnitude-based inferences with standardized thresholds of small, moderate, large, very large, and extremely large effects (0.2, 0.6, 1.2, 2.0 and 4.0, respectively). Optimization plots of final time versus each parameter were created. Data are presented as mean linear trend change (%) ± 90% confidence interval, unless otherwise specified. Men exhibited a very large decrease in final time (-2.27; ± 0.55), with a moderate increase in linear parameter (1.06; ± 1.25) and small decrease in quadratic parameter (-0.1; ± 0.25). Women exhibited an extremely large decrease in final time (-3.10; ± 0.49), with a small increase in linear parameter (0.61; ± 1.05). The first (0.02 ± 0.06) and last lap (-0.07; ± 0.23) parameters both displayed small changes. Optimization plots displayed no clear optimum for each parameter for either sex. The decreases in final time coupled with the apparent changes in pacing parameters suggest that swimmers have not only swum faster times from 2000 to 2017 but seem to have also adopted a "starting fast" strategy, evidenced by the increase in linear parameter over this period. The lack of optima in finishing time versus parameter plots suggests that elite swimmers accomplish elite times with a variety of strategies and that pacing can be optimized for individuals but not populations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung des Armeintritts im Freistilschwimmen auf die Belastungszeit der Schulter, den Koordinationsindex und die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065810</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065810</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous research examined the difference between sexes in freestyle technique and found that at the completion of the arm entry most females had the hand above the shoulder (AS) and most males had the hand level with the shoulder (LS), resulting in a longer exposure time to shoulder stress (ET) for females. Other research has shown that a higher index of coordination (IdC) in freestyle is related to a faster swimming velocity (SV). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different arm entries (AS and LS) on ET, IdC, and SV. It was hypothesized that an LS arm entry would have a shorter ET and a positive impact on performance by increasing IdC and SV. University swimmers (70 male and 38 female) were tested with the standard Aquanex protocol. There was a significant difference between sexes with an LS used by 29% of the females and 54% of the males (p < .05). There were significant differences (p < .05) between sexes in ET, IdC, and SV. Males had a shorter ET, a higher IdC, and a faster SV. The LS group had a significantly shorter ET and higher IdC for both males and females (p < .05). The LS group had a faster SV for both males (p < .05) and females (ns). The results show that swimmers benefit from an LS arm entry with a shorter ET (to minimize the risk of shoulder injury) and a higher IdC that can increase SV.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prognostische Validität schwimmspezifischer Leistungsvoraussetzungen im Kraulsprint der Elite</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065811</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065811</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Neumann, T.</author>
      <author>Frankel, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neumann, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frankel, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was shown that fully-tethered swimming is an objective, reliable and valid tool for measuring swimming force and swimming technique, represented by quantifying the mean force and the intra- and intercyclic variation of the propulsive force exerted by the swimmers in a fully tethered 6-sec-maximum crawl sprint test. The influence of fatigue over the 6 s was partialized out of the force-time curve by regression analysis. From the stationary force-time curve of each individual (i) the mean force, and (ii) the standard deviation of the force variation was calculated, and then expressed as %age of the mean force. A small intra- and intercyclic variation of the swimming force was then interpreted as a high technical proficiency of the swimmer. In the follow-up study with all male (n = 33) and female (n = 27) participants of the European Junior Championships 2007 and 2008 a significant correlation between the width of the arm span, swimming force, and swimming technique at junior age, and the M = 6.85 years (SD = 3.26) later 50-m-crawl sprint performance at adult age was found. Furthermore, a discriminant analysis corroborated the prognostic validity of the swim-specific testing on elite performance Level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Armzugbewegung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065812</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065812</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to examine the kinematic parameters effective for the evaluation of the stroke motion during crawl stroke. The motion of the upper arm under water was analyzed using video analysis via the three-dimensional panning direct linear transformation (DLT) method with three high-speed video cameras (300 fps) from under the water. Based on the video analysis, the hand fluid force was estimated using the Schleihauf model (1979), and various kinematic parameters were calculated. The participants included 15 competitive swimmers belonging to the university swimming club. From the results, seven parameters with high correlation to the mean swimming velocity during one stroke were extracted as the factors, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed with the mean swimming velocity as the response variable and the motion parameters as the explanatory variable. The estimated mean swimming velocity, according to the obtained multiple linear regression equation, had a high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.784), which was considered to be effective as the evaluation standard for swimmers at the same level as the participants in this study. From the standardized regression coefficients, Idc2 (Index of coordination 2) that is the overlap time during both arm in water, the mean lift force of the up-sweep phase and the mean Arm-area in one stroke under water (area of projected triangle to the vertical plane, connecting wrist-elbow-shoulder points), were important parameters in relation to the mean swimming velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Unterwasserphase nach der Wende und ihre Beziehung zur Wettkampfleistung: Daten von japanischen männlichen 200-m-Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065813</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065813</guid>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, H.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In Japan, the analysis of swimming race performance in major national competitions have been conducted for more than 30 years by Japan Swimming Federation scientific committee. The results of the race analysis showed that not only the performance of free-swimming component, but also the start, turn and finish components performances affected the outcome of the competition. Generally, swimmers move underwater after the turn, so the performance of turn-out could be affected by the underwater-distance covered by the swimmer after the push-off from the turning wall. However, underwater phase after the turn had never been analyzed in major Japanese competitions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the underwater phase after the turn and its relation to race performance in Japanese elite male 200 m swimmers. In total, the performances of 190 male 200 m swimmers were analyzed. We recorded all the races with two video cameras which were synchronized with the official timing system. For each turn in 200 m event, turn-out time was calculated from the time when the swimmer`s head reaches 65, 115 and 165m marks, and the official 50, 100 and 150 m split times, respectively. Also, the underwater-distance covered by the swimmer after pushing off the turning wall were analyzed using 2D-DLT technique. The average underwater-distance for the turns in 200 m event differed among each stroke: backstroke, 9.65 ± 1.96 m; breaststroke, 9.22 ± 0.85 m; butterfly, 8.28 ± 1.50 m; freestyle, 6.32 ± 1.25 m. Positive correlations were found between the official result and the turn-out time, and negative correlation were found between the underwater-distance and the turn-out time for all strokes, which indicated that faster swimmer had shorter turn-out time and covered longer underwater-distance after pushing off the turning wall.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Methodik der Kontrolle über die Bereitschaft von Eliteschwimmern basierend auf der Beziehung zwischen der Leistung des aktiven Stoffwechsels, der mechanischen Leistung und Effizienz und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065814</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065814</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S. V.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The model for description of swimming performance unifying metabolic and biomechanical criteria (power and efficiency) was practically verified during the preparation of the Russian National Team for the World Short Course Swimming Championships 2014. Our study investigated elite swimmers - members of the Russian National Swimming Team. The athletes performed in a 25-m pool 4 times (once within every training block) a swimming test with a step-like increase of swimming velocity (intensity): sprinters - 8 x 100 m, middle distance swimmers - 8 x 200 m. The parameters of gas exchange, including VO2, VE, RER were determined after each stage of the test using "MetaMax" mobile system. Blood samples were taken from earlobes and examined for peak lactate concentration after each stage using a "GL easy" analyzer. VO2 and Lactate data were used to determine the total metabolic power. The frontal components of  hydrodynamic resistance, mechanical power and efficiency were estimated using the small perturbation method (Kolmogorov-Duplisheva, 1992). The dynamics of individual metabolic and mechanical power and efficiency characteristics and their ratio were studied and compared against the outcome of training programs. We recommend the using the studied characteristics for planning and correction of individual training programs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Leistungsmerkmale beim Turmspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065815</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065815</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Goya, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Turmspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goya, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the platform diving performance. Twelve of the men`s 10m platform-diving finalists in the Japan Championship 2017 were analyzed. Digital movies taken from the diagonal side upper part of the stands were used. Two-dimensional DLT analysis software (Note-Player 2) which customized for the diving motion analysis, applied the two-point perspective method. The greater trochanter point was digitized from take-off to entering the pool in the 10m platform diving performance. The parabolic motion elements were determined by least-squares approximation of the actual value as the time function equation 1. Parabola_x (t) = a * t, Parabola_y(t) = b * t+0.5 * g * t2 (Equation 1) Here, x = the horizontal component, y = the vertical component, t = the elapsed time since take-off, a = the projecting horizontal velocity, b= the projecting vertical velocity, and g = the gravitational acceleration of -9.80655 m(s2. The rotational motion elements were determined by least-squares approximation of the parabolic residuals as the time function equation 2. Rotation_x(t) = c * cos(2*pi * d * t+e)+f, Rotation_y(t) = c * sin(2*pi * d * t+e)+h (Equation 2) Here, x = the horizontal component, y = the vertical component, t = the elapsed time since take-off, pi = the circumference ratio, c = the amplitude, d = the frequency, e = the wave phase, f = the horizontal shift of the center of the rotation, and h = the vertical shift of the center of the rotation. The correlation coefficient between parabolic motion elements and position coordinates were significant (0.85 to 0.99, p< 0.01). During the rotational period, the residual of the parabolic motion element had a high correlation with the rotational motion element. However, there was a tendency to diverge during the twisting and/or the final half rotation where the rotation posture changed. Horizontal distance (0.21 ± 0.21 m) from hand-entering point to foot entering point in water was strongly related to the diving score / the difficulty level (19.87 ± 3.28 point, r = - 0.83, p< 0.01). The vertical shift of the center of rotation (-0.02 ± 0.07 m) from the parabolic motion element increased with the number of rotations (3.12 ± 0.60 cycles, r = 0.76, p < 0.01).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine quantitative Analyse der Fertigkeiten beim Schwimmzug unter Verwendung eines am Handgelenk angebrachten Trägheitssensors</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065816</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065816</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trägheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to quantify and qualify the swimming performance using a wearable wrist mounted inertia sensor and data mining analysis. The authors measured swimming stroke motion with tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope during 50m interval training workout of sixteen collegiate competitive swimmers with four swimming styles. The authors examined four quantitative parameters such as swimming time, stroke rate, stroke counts, swimming distance (number of bouts). The obtained sensor signal data showed two states, such as resting and non-resting (swimming) during the work-out. Non-resting state includes leaning forward, water start, turning, gliding and stroking phases in it. Firstly, the authors identified those two states by using the acceleration. Then, stroking phase was identified by using an optimum threshold. Resting/non-resting state identification resulted in the estimation of the swimming time. As for the freestyle (FR) and butterfly (BU), the successful result ratios of the stroke time estimation compared with manually measured swimming time were r2 = 0.896 and r2=0.874 respectively. On the other hand, those of backstroke (BA) and breast stroke (BR) obtained lower ratios, because of the failure of the start and goal events identification. A multi-layered neural network (MNN) and C4.5 decision tree were adopted for the classification of the stroke styles. The successful classification of the four stroke styles by MNN was 100% (with acceleration and angular velocity) and 98.6% (with acceleration only). C4.5 decision tree could classify four strokes with 96% (with acceleration and angular velocity) and 94.7% (acceleration only). The stroke count was estimated by the threshold method then converted into binary stroke signal pattern (0 or 1). A cluster of continuous binary stroke signal means one-way swimming of the each bout. Therefore, we could estimate accumulate swimming distance as well. Successful estimated distance on FR was 78.9% and 76.3% for BU. Those estimated parameters can explain both of intensity and total volume of the swimmer`s training. Although the further investigation must be necessary, those can be used for the basis of estimation of the energy expenditure during the training session in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale des Extra-Mann-Angriffs im Wasserball bei den Olympischen Spielen 2016</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065817</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065817</guid>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2016</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the characteristics of each team`s extra-man offence by analysing data of 605 instances of extra-man formation at the 2016 Olympics. Game videos were reviewed, and a principal component analysis was conducted on several variables (i.e., shot results, the direction of the final pass before a shot, shooting position, faking before the shot, and on whether a defence player had a hand up to attempt a shot block). Two principal components, scattering of the defensive formation and shooting motion, were extracted. The characteristics of the extra-man offence were classified into four clusters (i.e., CL1 - CL4) based on the final pass course, shooting position, and shooting motion, and the strategies of each team`s extra-man offence were analysed. CL1 comprised one-motion shots after a parallel pass (success rate not high). CL2 comprised shots played after the defensive formation was scattered (high success rate, strategy adopted by Australia, the United States, Croatia, Spain, Greece, and Serbia). CL3 comprised a specific shooting technique from the top position, that is, when a player had to shoot because an excluded player was ready to return (strategy used by Australia, Japan, France, and Hungary). CL4 comprised shots after a faking motion from the side position (a common technique used by Montenegro, France, and Serbia). The extra-man offence in the high-ranked team was frequent in CL 2 with many shots played by faking from side position. Thus, techniques to scatter defensive formations were clarified and characteristic strategies of each team`s extra-man offence were examined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der Schwimmkraft und -leistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen für japanische Wasserball-Nationalspieler mit einem elektromagnetischen gebremsten Ergometer</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065819</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065819</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Fukui, T.</author>
      <author>Stewart, A. M.</author>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fukui, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stewart, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We aimed to establish a simple evaluation method for measuring the tethered swimming force and power in the specific motions required during a water polo game. Fourteen male Japanese national players were asked to perform a maximal effort arm scull with eggbeater kick and frontcrawl stroke with breaststroke kick. An electromagnetic brake-type ergometer acted as a load device to investigate the relationship between tethered load and swimming velocity. The tests of maximum effort swim were performed in four 15 sec work bouts at the load of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kp (1kp=92.5 N). From the relationship between the load and the measured velocity, maximum tethered swimming force and power was obtained for each participant. In all participants, a significant correlation was found for the relationship between the load and the velocity. Maximum swimming force for the arm scull with eggbeater kick was higher than that for frontcrawl stroke with breaststroke kick. Furthermore, there were some characteristics in maximum tethered swimming force and power among the positions of the players. Therefore, it is suggested that the method used in this study was effective in evaluating the swimming performance of water polo players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittdaten des Internationalen Symposiums für Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen: 1970-2014</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065820</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065820</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längsschnittuntersuchung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Longitudinal studies in swimming are characterized by continuous or repeated data (quantitative, qualitative or both) collected over a period of at least two or more logically spaced time points, involving a combination of exposures and outcomes. Typically, longitudinal studies are stronger for examining cause-and-effect relationships than simple cross-sectional studies. However, they are logistically difficult, time-consuming to conduct and prone to swimmer drop-outs. Here we quantified the frequency of longitudinal studies, particularly in the biophysical domain, published in the proceedings books of the International Symposium in Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) over a 45-year period. A computer database search was conducted on all full articles published in the BMS conference proceedings (1970 - 2014) using a combination of relevant search terms. Longitudinal studies still are a small proportion of the total articles published in the BMS. Although interdisciplinary studies are more difficult to perform, they provide valuable information for the progress of knowledge in aquatic sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines offenen und geschlossenen schirmähnlichen, handlichen Geräts zum Unterwassergehen und seine Übungseffekte</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065821</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065821</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Kawahatsu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawahatsu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Underwater walking (UW) is becoming a popular exercise because of the characteristics of water to promote the health of the elderly. However, buoyancy and viscous resistance, disturb the translational motions of walking and people are forced to adopt unbalanced and a-periodic walking styles in water. We have developed the prototype of a hand grip tool that opens and closes like a parasol to resolve these problems pertaining to UW. The present study aimed to compare the new prototype with an existing product, the Aqua handle (AH, Nemcomed GmbH), during UW with regard to the exercise effects and the ease of use felt by participants. We compared perceived exertion (RPE), changes in heart rate (HR), and the feeling of use (FU) during UW between two sizes of the prototype, large (L) and small (S), and AH, a rigid, funnel-type of hand grip tool. Participants (n=10) performed 50 m of UW at a fixed pace (andante tempo). In the analysis, mean HR was found to be high in the order of AH > L > S (AH: 106 ± 11.5bpm, L: 103.4 ± 12.5bpm, S: 99.2 ± 12.1bpm). RPE scores also showed the same tendency at AH: 12.7 ± 2.1, L: 11.7 ± 1.4, S: 10.7 ± 2.0. Participants were asked to answer questions with respect to FU on a scale of 1 to 3 (1: good, 2: normal, 3: bad). Though, S showed the lowest HR and RPE, the results proved that L was the easiest to handle and was expected to be effective for use in UW.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beginn des Gehens untergetaucht und nicht untergetaucht: eine elektromyographische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065822</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065822</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The initiation of walking is an important task for the transition from standing to cyclic walking in daily life. Currently, there are no reports on muscle activity during the initiation of walking in a submerged condition. This study recruited eight participants. They performed three experimental trials of walking a few steps in submerged and non-submerged conditions. During the trials, surface electrodes were attached to the participant`s right side lower extremity and trunk muscles. The mean muscle activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and erector spinae (ES) muscles was significantly higher in the submerged condition than in the non-submerged condition. In contrast, the mean muscle activity of the gastrocnemius (GAS) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles was significantly lower in the submerged condition. The integrated muscle activity of the TA, RF, and ES muscles was significantly higher in the submerged condition. This suggests that a large muscle load was placed on the TA and ES muscles, and a low level of stimulation but long muscle load was placed on the GAS and RA muscles during the initiation of walking in the submerged condition. The longer muscle stimulation of the RF would promote a larger muscle load during the initiation of walking in a submerged condition. Our results suggest that walking in submerged conditions shows promise as a training and rehabilitation tool to help frail patients to maintain the ability to take the first step in walking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung von Bekleidung im Wasser auf den Abstand zwischen dem Auftriebs- und dem Massenschwerpunkt sowie auf die Lungenventilation bei Personen, die an Unfällen im Wasser beteiligt sind</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065823</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065823</guid>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unfall</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to discover clothing`s effects on human pulmonary ventilation, buoyancy, and horizontal posture in water. Ten male university competitive swimmers were chosen as study participants. All assessments were conducted while participants were in the streamline posture, while centre of mass assessment was conducted on land, and buoyancy was assessed in both the Jammer swimsuit and fully clothed conditions. For the fully clothed condition, participants were asked to wear T-shirt and shorts. Judging from the assessment of distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of mass, clothing as defined by this study seemed to have no impact on participants` horizontal posture. Although no discrepancy was found in distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of mass, both of which indicate a horizontal posture, decreased pulmonary ventilation was observed in the fully clothed condition, resulting also in reduced buoyancy. Decreased pulmonary ventilation under the fully clothed condition suggested that clothing can affect human inspiration in water. This indicates to the possibility of clothing having some degree of impact on the human thorax`s movement as breathing becomes restricted, that is, more shallow.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strömungsdruckmuster aufgrund der Hand-Wasser-Interaktion während eines Zyklus im Brustschwimmen stellen eine Änderung der volumetrischen Energiedichte dar</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065302</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065302</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Ritter, Y.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ritter, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming as a locomotion is a reaction to cognitively controlled limbs-water interaction, which creates non-steady local flow due to displacement of water and local change momentum of water mass, simultaneously. The induced flow represents a local change of volumetric energy density (VED) that is measured as local flow pressure change, which can be sensed and measured technically. Flow sensing is known as a highly relevant item for elite swimmers in order to manipulate the displaced water mass more efficient. Communicating verbally and/or showing how to manipulate flow effectively in detail is still a problem. The interactive sonification (ISon) of effects of hand-water-interaction (HWI) in real-time may help the situation. Elite breaststroke swimmers tested the new ISon device, aimed to improve the effect-symmetry of HWI while listening to changes of local flow pressure. Analysis of recorded local VED revealed that the tendency to achieve effect symmetry is weak, either per cycle or over adjacent plenty cycles. HWI, which are judged as simultaneous (parallel in time and path) in accordance with the rules, often do not produce symmetrical flow effects. This tackles the questions if effect-symmetry is biological feasible and a relevant feature of effective breaststroke. Findings show the need for further investigations and clarifying communication between practitioners and researchers of different fields.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abschätzung der vertikalen Gravitationsschwerpunktlage durch Unterwasser-Bewegungserfassungssystem mit geringer Anzahl von Markern beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2018 08:51:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065303</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4065303</guid>
      <author>Washino, S.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshitake, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Washino, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshitake, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to test if 1) the vertical centre of gravity (COG) position of a swimmer during front crawl swimming is affected by their lung volume level and 2) the COG can be accurately estimated by the position of the trunk segment. Six well-trained male swimmers (21.3 ± 1.7 yrs, 100m-best time: 55.7 ± 3.5 s; mean ± SD) performed front crawl swimming with three different sustained lung volume levels, i.e., maximal inspiration (MAX), maximal expiration (MIN), and intermediate between these (MID). The participants were instructed to swim at the same submaximal-speed across trials for 15m. Twenty-five reflective markers were attached to the participant`s body according to standard procedures and 3-D positions of these were recorded at 100frames/s using the underwater motion-capture system. Vertical position for the xiphoid process (XP), the medio-lateral centre between left and right greater trochanters (GTc), the centre between XP and GTc (XP-GTc), and the vertical COG position were calculated and averaged for one-stroke cycle period. These validities of measures in estimating vertical COG position were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot across all trials. There was no difference in velocity between swimming with different lung volumes (p > 0.05). The COG position from the water surface was lower in MIN compared with that in MAX and MID (p < 0.05). The COG position in MID tended to be lower than that in MAX (p = 0.056). When collapsed across lung volume levels, ICC was 0.870 for XP, 0.977 for GTc, and 0.977 for XP-GTc (all p < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plot revealed that there was a proportional error only between COG and GTc (p < 0.001). These results indicate that 1) lung volume is an important determinant of vertical COG position of a swimmer during front crawl swimming and 2) vertical COG position can be accurately estimated using markers placed on the XP and GT. The latter further suggests that the vertical COG position can be estimated without a number of the reflective markers which should increase unwanted extra-water resistance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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