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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Verhaltensentscheidungen in einem leicht kalten Fluss auf die Körperkerntemperatur bei Männern: Ein Einblick in die Selbstrettung bei Wasserunfällen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099559</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099559</guid>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S. I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Umwelt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Drowning remains a global health crisis, particularly in inland waters. Current safety guidelines are primarily based on research conducted in extreme cold-water conditions (5-15 °C), and there is a lack of empirical data from natural environments in temperate regions where water temperatures are relatively mild. This study aimed to assess the physiological effects of two self-rescue behaviors, staying still versus active movement, on gastrointestinal temperature (TG) in a natural river environment to refine survival strategies. METHODS: Thirteen healthy male university students were randomly assigned to either a Stay group (n = 7, stationary in a long-sitting posture) or a Move group (n = 6, continuous crawling motion) while immersed to the level of the clavicle in the Nagara River (water temperature: 19.9 ± 0.9 °C; air temperature: 32.9 ± 2.8 °C). TG was recorded every minute for 60 minutes using ingestible sensors. Data were analyzed using one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping and independent t-tests. RESULTS: The Move group demonstrated a significantly longer total duration of TG increase and a significantly shorter duration of TG decrease compared to the Stay group (p = 0.045, d = 1.14). While 1D-SPM analysis showed no significant differences in time-series relative TG between groups (p > 0.05), the rate of TG increase in the Move group yielded a medium-to-large effect size (d = 0.75), suggesting a potential thermogenic benefit. CONCLUSIONS: In mildly cold-water environments around 20 °C, active movement does not induce the rapid heat loss typically observed in extreme cold. Instead, it may help maintain or increase core temperature. These findings suggest that active self-rescue by moving toward the shore is a viable and potentially superior survival strategy compared to remaining stationary.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen kardialen autonomen Reaktionen auf Virtual-Reality-Exposition beim Schwimmen und dem Aussteigen beim Langstreckenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099560</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099560</guid>
      <author>Hamada, H.</author>
      <author>Yamagata, T.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, C.</author>
      <author>Nakao, Y.</author>
      <author>Torigoe, T.</author>
      <author>Kawashima, M.</author>
      <author>Oyanagi, E.</author>
      <author>Wakimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Tajima, M.</author>
      <author>Yoda, T.</author>
      <author>Kremenik, M. J.</author>
      <author>Miyazaki, H.</author>
      <author>Yano, H</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamagata, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Torigoe, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oyanagi, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tajima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremenik, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyazaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yano, H</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) technology enables safe simulation of hazardous water environments and may provide a novel approach for risk assessment. Autonomic nervous system responses, particularly heart rate variability (HRV), reflect stress responsiveness and physiological adaptability and may serve as potential indicators of dropout risk during long-distance swimming. This study examined the relationship between cardiac autonomic responses during swimming VR exposure and dropout occurrence during an actual long-distance swim. METHODS: Thirty-one healthy adults (16 men, 15 women) participated in a target 3-hour long-distance sea swim and were classified as Finishers (n = 22) or Did Not Finish (DNFs; n = 9). Before the event, participants completed a 400-m breaststroke time trial, an exercise stress test to assess aerobic capacity, and a swimming VR viewing session using a head-mounted display. HRV was assessed during 2 min of baseline rest and 2 min of VR viewing. The change from baseline to VR viewing was calculated for heart rate, lnLF/lnHF and lnHF. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups in physical characteristics, aerobic capacity, or 400-m swimming performance. However, DNFs showed a lower level in *lnLF/lnHF from baseline to VR viewing compared with Finishers (p < 0.05). Additionally, no abrupt changes in heart rate were observed at the time of dropout. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with lower HRV responses during swimming VR may be more likely not to complete a long-distance swim. However, HRV alone is not enough to predict this risk and should be combined with other measures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Wassersicherheitskompetenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zur Verhinderung von Ertrinkungsunfällen: eine Übersicht über angewandte Bewertungsmethoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099561</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099561</guid>
      <author>Yamane. V. M.</author>
      <author>Santos, Y. S.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamane. V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, Y. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Drowning remains a public health issue worldwide, particularly among children and adolescents. The concept of water competence has emerged as a multidimensional approach to drowning prevention, encompassing motor, cognitive and affective components. However, there is limited clarity regarding how water competence has been assessed in literature, especially concerning the dimensions evaluated and the aquatic environments considered. This study aimed to analyze and synthesize the assessment instruments used to evaluate water competence in children and adolescents within the context of drowning prevention; METHODS: A literature review was conducted in SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed databases were queried using terms related to water competence, water safety skills, drowning prevention and assessment instruments. Studies included those that assessed water competence including at least one component: motor skills, aquatic security knowledge, and risk/safety attitudes. Data was extracted and organized to allow descriptive and thematic analysis of the identified instruments; RESULTS: The studies revealed heterogeneity in water competence assessment methods. Most instruments primarily evaluated motor skills and aquatic performance, predominantly in swimming pools. Cognitive and affective dimensions were less frequently assessed, and few instruments addressed water competence in open water contexts; CONCLUSIONS: Current assessments of water competence remain largely restricted to motor performance in controlled aquatic environments, overlooking multidimensional and contextual aspects relevant to drowning prevention. These findings emphasize the need for assessment practices that reflect the environmental conditions in which aquatic risks occur, and tools that integrate multiple dimensions of water competence and reflect the ecological realities in which children engage with water]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Internationaler Vergleich des motorischen Bereichs der aquatischen Literacy: Einfluss von Geschlecht, Alter und Land</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099562</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099562</guid>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <author>Ljodal, I.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljodal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aquatic Literacy (AL) encompasses both drowning prevention and sustainable engagement in aquatic activities by fostering motor, psychosocial, and cognitive competencies in individuals. Recently, the Aquatic Literacy For All Children (ALFAC) test battery was developed to assess children`s AL levels across Europe. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of sex, age, and country on aquatic skills within the motor domain of AL; METHODS: About 2,500 pupils (49% girls), aged 6-12 years, from seven European countries participated in the ALFAC test battery, focusing on nine isolated aquatic tasks (i.e., entry, exit, rotations, breathing, treading water, belly and back propulsion, submersion, and flotation). Generalised linear models were used to analyse the effects of sex, age, and country (p < 0.05), and effect sizes were calculated using *McFadden`s R² and partial eta-squared; RESULTS: The results show significant effects of age and country on all nine isolated tasks, as well as significant age × country interactions for all tasks except water entry. Performance improved with age (6-7 < 8-9 < 10-11-year-olds). Moreover, children in some countries scored lower than their European counterparts, particularly in France (across all tasks), Germany (breathing), Poland (submersion, treading water, flotation, and breathing), and Portugal (all tasks except breathing). No differences were found between girls and boys; CONCLUSIONS: These results provide insights into the skills that need to be developed in certain countries in order to better protect and engage children, in, on and around the water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische und physiologische Parameter im Zusammenhang mit der Leistung bei Wasserrettungen: ein Scoping Review</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099563</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099563</guid>
      <author>Guimarães, L. M.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, M. M.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Medeiros, A. I. A</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guimarães, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Medeiros, A. I. A</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Drowning is classified as the process of respiratory impairment resulting from submersion or immersion in a liquid medium and represents a serious public health problem worldwide. The importance of lifeguards in minimizing these incidents is clear, since safe rescue and resuscitation performed by trained professionals are essential to the victim`s chances of survival. Biomechanical and physiological variables are directly associated with swimming speed and, consequently, the time taken to rescue the victim, as well as reducing energy expenditure during this process. This scoping review aimed to identify the biomechanical and physiological aspects most studied in the literature on aquatic rescue, and to synthesize their associations with lifeguard performance. METHODS: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodological guidelines and adopted the recommendations of the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Searches were conducted across three international databases and three sources of grey literature. The eligibility criteria were defined based on the Participants, Concept, and Context (PCC) mnemonic. Studies that evaluated lifeguards in controlled or real-life settings were included, and data extraction focused on biomechanical and physiological aspects of lifeguard performance. RESULTS: The present scoping review included 13 studies, of which 76.9% evaluated physiological aspects and 53.8% evaluated biomechanical aspects. The most evaluated variables were swimming speed, VO2, blood lactate concentration, and heart rate. High levels of swimming speed, stroke index, and stroke length were related to better aquatic rescue test performance. No physiological variables were directly correlated with rescue performance. CONCLUSIONS: Biomechanical and physiological aspects seem to be very important for aquatic rescue performance. The results may guide future investigations, highlighting gaps in the literature that demonstrate the lack of evidence on kinetic parameters related to performance in aquatic rescues and the limited number of studies that evaluated lifeguards in real-life situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explorative Validierung zeitlicher und ereignisbasierter Messgrößen des Triton-2-Geräts bei Schwimmern mit und ohne Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099564</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099564</guid>
      <author>Febles-Castro, A.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez-Fernández, A.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>Gil, J. M.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Febles-Castro, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-Fernández, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gil, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND:Wearable inertial sensors are increasingly used to monitor swimming performance; however, evidence regarding their validity remains limited and inconsistent, particularly in Para swimmers, whose alterations in coordination, symmetry and propulsion may challenge head-mounted inertial event detection. This study aimed to provide a preliminary evaluation of the validity and agreement of the Triton 2 Unit system (triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer) against video-based analysis in swimmers with and without disabilities. METHODS:Four male and two female competitive swimmers (three without disabilities and three Paralympic swimmers) performed a structured training protocol under controlled conditions. Performance metrics derived from the head-worn inertial sensor were compared with a video-based reference. Variables analysed included lap time, mean stroke rate, number of strokes, underwater time, and turn time. Agreement and accuracy were assessed using median bias, interquartile range (IQR), median absolute percentage error (MdAPE), Lin`s concordance correlation coefficient (*c), and non-parametric 95% limits of agreement. RESULTS:In swimmers without disabilities, Triton showed high agreement for lap time (*c = 0.968), stroke rate (*c = 0.962), and number of strokes (*c = 0.955), with low relative errors. Moderate agreement was observed for underwater time (*c = 0.829), while turn time showed poor agreement (*c = 0.228). In Para swimmers, agreement was generally lower and more variable, with wider limits of agreement across all variables. Lap time (*c = 0.869) and stroke rate (*c = 0.822) showed the highest consistency, whereas underwater time, number of strokes, and turn time showed reduced agreement. In one swimmer with severe impairment (S5), the device failed to correctly identify lap structure, leading to invalid outputs. CONCLUSIONS: Triton 2 Unit provides acceptable accuracy for selected metrics in swimmers without disabilities under ecological conditions. In Para swimmers, increased variability and occasional detection failures limit its applicability, particularly for event-based variables and severe impairments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anaerobe Geschwindigkeitsreserve bei Leistungsschwimmern mit und ohne Behinderung: Zusammenhänge mit aeroben und anaeroben Energiebeiträgen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099565</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099565</guid>
      <author>Santos, G. M. R.</author>
      <author>Miranda, D. R. M.</author>
      <author>Firmino, M. S.</author>
      <author>Foresti, Y. F.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, G. M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Firmino, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Foresti, Y. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) has emerged as a relevant index of high-intensity performance; however, its physiological and energetic determinants in swimmers with and without disabilities remains little-explored. This study aimed to examine the associations between ASR and aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions derived from swimming efforts at maximal sprint speed (MSS) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and to compare physiological and metabolic responses between swimmers with (GWD) and without disabilities (GWTD); METHODS: Twenty-one competitive swimmers (GWD  = 9; GWTD 12) performed maximal efforts to determine MSS (50 m), MAS (200 or 400 m, depending on functional classification) and ASR (MSS - MAS). Physiological (VO2PEAK and [La*]PEAK) and energetic variables (anaerobic alactic, anaerobic lactic, total anaerobic, aerobic and total energy expenditure) were estimated. Group differences were analyzed using generalized linear models and anova-one way. Associations between ASR and energetic variables were assessed using Pearson`s correlation; RESULTS: In GWD, ASR was associated with relative anaerobic contributions (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) and negatively with aerobic contribution. GWTD exhibited higher ASR, MSS, and MAS (d`[CI95%] = 2.37-3.30), along with greater absolute energetic contributions, particularly total anaerobic and total energy expenditure (d = 1.16-1.46). A significant group × effort interaction was observed for swimming speed, with larger between-group differences during MSS. ASR was strongly associated with anaerobic variables during MSS, especially in GWTD (r = 0.74, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ASR shows association with for anaerobic energy contribution in both groups, supporting its use as a practical indicator of anaerobic performance in swimming]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines detaillierten Videodatensatzes für die KI-basierte Erkennung von Bewegungsabläufen im Kunstschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099566</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099566</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akrobatik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Automatic recognition of skill movements in artistic swimming has become increasingly important after the 2023 rule revision, in which difficulty scores are multiplied by execution only when movements are correctly identified as valid. However, the number of qualified difficulty technical controllers is limited, and their workload is substantial. This study aimed to design and construct a fine-grained video dataset, defined as a dataset containing frame-level temporal annotations of individual skill movements and rule-defined action codes, to support future AI-based recognition of skill movements in artistic swimming. METHODS: Competition videos were recorded at Full HD resolution and 60 fps from a viewpoint equivalent to that of a technical controller. Videos from international and national competitions were collected, resulting in 481 routines across solo, duet, team, and acrobatic events. Certified technical controllers annotated the start and end times of each skill movement and assigned rule-defined codes using a dedicated web-based annotation system with frame-level adjustment functions. RESULTS: The dataset achieved high scene counts and high code coverage for Hybrid elements. In contrast, acrobatic categories—particularly pair acrobatics—showed lower scene counts and limited code coverage, indicating class imbalance.  CONCLUSIONS: The constructed dataset provides a structured and rule-consistent foundation for future AI-based recognition of skill movements in artistic swimming. However, additional data collection and validation through AI model development and testing will be necessary before practical implementation in judging environments]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sprintleistung und Kraft beim Schwimmen am Zugseil bei jugendlichen Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099567</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099567</guid>
      <author>Conceição, J. H. C. C.</author>
      <author>Schiochet, R. P.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, I. C.</author>
      <author>Raimundo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Corvino, R. B.</author>
      <author>Souza, L. S.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Conceição, J. H. C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schiochet, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, I. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corvino, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Souza, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Sprinting is a crucial action in water polo, yet the relative contribution of propulsive force and morphological traits to specific swimming velocity in youth athletes remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the relationship of maximal tethered swimming force and morphological variables with sprint performance in youth water polo athletes. METHODS: Twenty-four youth water polo players (16 males, 8 females; 12.83 ± 1.24 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric variables (body mass, sitting height, and lower limb length) were measured. Athletes performed a 30-second maximal tethered swimming test to determine absolute and relative peak force, alongside 15-meter water polo front crawl sprints with and without ball conduction. Data were analyzed using exploratory simple linear regressions and ANOVAs. RESULTS: Absolute maximal force was strongly associated with sprint velocity without a ball (R²=0.643), outperforming relative force (R²=0.329). Furthermore, sprint velocity without a ball was strongly associated with sprint velocity with a ball (R²=0.769). Morphological variables such as lower limb length (R²=0.379) and sitting height (R²=0.220) were significantly associated with absolute force but not sprint velocity directly. Notably, no significant morphological or performance differences were found between boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Absolute propulsive force and sprint performance without ball conduction appear to be key correlates of sprint performance in youth water polo players. These findings suggest that biological maturation and technical proficiency may play a central role in early youth performance overall.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der Gleichung zur Vorhersage der Vortriebskraft bei Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099568</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099568</guid>
      <author>Beija, R. S.</author>
      <author>Telles, S.</author>
      <author>Bara Filho, M.</author>
      <author>Miranda, R.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F. C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Beija, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Telles, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bara Filho, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Propulsive force is considered an important determinant of performance in aquatic sports. This strength assessment is important in all aquatic sports, especially in water polo, due to the limited research in this modality and the high-intensity actions required, such as speed and agility in movement. The aim of the study is to verify the applicability of the average strength prediction equation (Beija et al., 2024) in water polo athletes of both sexes. METHODS: The study included 42 youth water polo athletes of both sexes, 26 males with a mean age of 13.2 ± 2.3 years and a mean body mass of 56.9 ± 17.6 kg; and 16 females with a mean age of 11.7 ± 1.1 years and a body mass of 46.6 ± 9.3 kg. For data analysis, the JASP statistical program was used, with a significance level of 5% in all analyses. RESULTS: When analyzing the values **of actual average strength, peak force, and estimated average strength of the swimmers studied, it is observed that male athletes presented the highest values. Although the estimated average strength values **were higher than the actual average strength values, no statistically significant differences were found between the actual and estimated average strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results attest to the applicability of the prediction equation for different groups, especially for water polo athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines Wassertrainingsprogramms auf die körperliche Fitness älterer Erwachsener: eine 4-jährige Längsschnittanalyse des CREM-Programms</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099569</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099569</guid>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S.</author>
      <author>Cassol, L. Gonçalves, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L. Gonçalves, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Much of the evidence based on aquatic exercise training is limited to intervention periods of three to six months, and little is known about the behavior of physical fitness in long-term programs. The aim is to analyze the effects of an aquatic exercise program on the physical fitness of community-dwelling older adults; METHODS: This study employed a single-center, longitudinal (4-year), quasi-experimental design involving community-dwelling older adults recruited from the Reference Center for Aging and Movement (CREM) program (Porto Alegre, Brazil). The sample was drawn from participants engaged in deep-water running and water-based exercise modalities. The training protocol consisted of two weekly 45-minute sessions of aerobic and/or combined training. Physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test battery at the beginning and end of each annual edition of the program; RESULTS: Lower-body strength increased significantly for two consecutive years, reaching a plateau in years three and four (*=28%; d=0.60; 95%CI:0.38-0.82). Upper-body strength remained constant during the first year, improved consecutively in years two and three, and reached a plateau in year four (*=27%; d=0.76; 95%CI:0.52-1.00). Despite showing significant differences, lower-body flexibility (*=3cm; d=0.22; 95%CI:0.01-0.43) and aerobic endurance (*=0%; d=-0.01; 95%CI:-0.22-0.19) did not demonstrate consistent changes in year-to-year comparisons. Upper-body flexibility and dynamic balance showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: An aquatic exercise program significantly improved upper and lower limb strength while effectively maintaining baseline levels of flexibility, dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance in community-dwelling older adults over a four-year period.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine dreimonatige Trainingspause nach einem Wassertrainingsprogramm beeinträchtigt die körperliche Fitness von zu Hause lebenden älteren Erwachsenen nicht: eine Längsschnittstudie zum CREM-Programm</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099570</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099570</guid>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S.</author>
      <author>Cassol, L.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Community-based exercise programs for older adults often face seasonality due to academic recesses, yet the impact of these inactivity periods remains understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a 3-month training cessation period on the physical fitness of older adults; METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study monitored participants of the Reference Center for Aging and Movement (CREM) during the 3-month recess (December-February). Specifically, only individuals enrolled in deep-water running and water-based exercise programs were included in the final sample. Physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test battery. Data were analyzed via Generalized Estimating Equations, including time (within-subject) and interaction terms for age (60-69 or 70-79 years) and leisure-time physical activity (engaged or not engaged). Cohen`s d effect sizes and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated for temporal comparisons; RESULTS: 174 older adults (82% female; 70.36±4.67 years) were included. A significant main effect of time was found for upper limb strength, which increased from 20.10±0.39 to 21.90±0.44 repetitions (d=0.39; 95%CI=0.14 to 0.64; p < 0.001), and dynamic balance, which improved from 5.97±0.13 to 5.67±0.12s (d = 0.21; 95%CI=0.11 to 0.31; p < 0.001). No significant time effects were observed for lower limb strength, flexibility, or aerobic endurance (p > 0.05). No interactions were found for age or leisure-time physical activity (p > 0.05); CONCLUSIONS: A three-month training cessation period was not sufficient to negatively affect the physical fitness of community-dwelling older adults, suggesting that well-structured aquatic programs foster physical resilience against temporary interruptions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines 12-wöchigen Tiefwasserlaufprogramms auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit älterer Frauen: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099571</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099571</guid>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T</author>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Koening, A. C. S.</author>
      <author>Jacques, A. J. T.</author>
      <author>Cassol, L.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koening, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jacques, A. J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Cognitive decline represents a biological consequence of the aging process, frequently compromising the independence and quality of life women aged 60 or older. Deep water running (DWR) provides low-impact aerobics alternative capable of mitigating these effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week DWR program on the global cognitive performance of untrained older women. In this randomized controlled trial, forty-nine women aged 60 or older were allocated to either an intervention group (n = 25), which performed a 12-week interval DWR protocol twice weekly, or a control group (n = 24) involved in social and recreational activities, once a week. Global cognitive and its domains was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) based on the intention-to-treat principle, and the effect size was measured by Hedges' g. A significant group x time interaction was observed for the total MoCA score (p = 0.022). The intervention group demonstrated clinical improvement, progressing from a baseline of 23.12 to 25.76 points after twelve weeks, whereas the control group remained stable (pre: 22.17; post: 22.07). The magnitude of change in the intervention group was confirmed by a medium effect size (g = 0.99) Additionally, significant time-related improvements were observed, independent of group, for the attention (p=0.001), naming (p=0.037), and delayed recall (p=0.014) domains. A 12-week DWR effectively enhances global cognitive performance in untrained older women]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Wassergymnastik und Tiefwasserlaufen auf die körperliche Fitness älterer Erwachsener: eine pragmatische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099572</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099572</guid>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Cassol, L. Gonçalves, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L. Gonçalves, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical capacities, making exercise essential for the maintenance of functional ability. Aquatic exercise is highly recommended for older adults; however, evidence in pragmatic, real-world settings remains limited.This study aimed to analyze the effects of water aerobics (HIDRO) and deep water running (DWR) on physical outcomes in older adults. METHODS: This quasi-experimental, pragmatic study included 92 older adults (*60 years), allocated to the HIDRO group (n = 42) and the DWR group (n = 50). Both groups participated in a 36-week periodized training program combining aerobic and resistance exercises. Physical fitness variables were assessed before and after the intervention, including muscular strength, flexibility, agility, dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance. Analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment, adopting * = 0.05. RESULTS: A significant time effect was observed for most variables, with improvements in upper and lower limb strength (p = 0.001), lower limb flexibility (p = 0.001), agility (p = 0.006), and dynamic balance (p = 0.001). No significant changes were observed in upper limb flexibility, aerobic endurance, or handgrip strength (p > 0.05). No significant group-by-time interaction was found, indicating similar responses between the HIDRO and DWR groups. CONCLUSIONS: HIDRO and DWR are equally effective in improving physical fitness in older adults in real-world settings, with meaningful benefits for strength, flexibility, mobility and balance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Wassergymnastik und Tiefwasserlaufen auf die körperliche Fitness älterer Erwachsener</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099573</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099573</guid>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Koening, A. C. S.</author>
      <author>Cassol, L.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Jacques, A. J. T.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S</author>
      <author>Gonlçalves, A. K</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koening, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jacques, A. J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonlçalves, A. K</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with physiological changes that compromise muscle strength and functional autonomy in older adults. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water aerobics (WA) and deep-water running (DWR) on the physical fitness of older women. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial composed of 74 untrained older women (*60 years), distributed into WA (n = 25), DWR (n = 25), and control (CG, n = 24) groups. The intervention lasted 12 weeks, with a frequency of two 45-minute sessions per week. Lower limb strength (LLS), upper limb strength (ULS), agility/balance (E244), lower limb flexibility (LLF), upper limb flexibility (ULF), cardiorespiratory capacity (TC6), and handgrip strength (HS) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). RESULTS: A significant interaction was observed in ULF (p = 0.01), indicating distinct responses among groups over time. In addition, significant time effects were observed for LLS, ULS, LLF, and E244. TC6 and handgrip strength (HS) remained stable across all groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that water aerobics and deep-water running presented similar effects on the physical fitness of older women after 12 weeks of intervention, with no superiority of one modality over the other. The results suggest improvements in dynamic strength, dynamic balance, and flexibility.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittveränderungen depressiver Symptome bei älteren Erwachsenen, die vier Jahre lang an Wasseraktivitäten teilnahmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099574</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099574</guid>
      <author>Cassol, L.</author>
      <author>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</author>
      <author>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Loose, L.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Depression</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cassol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casagrande-Zanella, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes-Moreira, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loose, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious disorder among older adults, who constitute a particularly vulnerable population. Physical activity emerges as a viable strategy to help mitigate this scenario. The aim of this study was to track the trajectory of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults engaged in aquatic activities. METHODS: This study adopted a longitudinal, pragmatic, quasi-experimental design involving older adults enrolled at the Center for Reference in Aging and Movement (CREM). The sample was selected from aquatic modalities, including water aerobics and deep-water running. The program was conducted annually and followed a protocol consisting of two weekly sessions of aerobic and/or combined training, each lasting 45 minutes, with intensity controlled using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (6-20). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) questionnaire at the beginning and end of each year; four annual cycles were analyzed. RESULTS: The findings revealed a 60% reduction (from 4.4±2.2 to 1.8±1.5; p < 0.001) in depressive symptom scores in the overall sample by the end of the fourth year compared to baseline. Interaction analysis indicated that the improvement was more pronounced in the subgroup with moderate to severe symptoms, whose mean scores decreased by 80% (from 7±2 to 1.4±0.8 points; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Older adults engaged in the aquatic training program exhibited a reduction in depressive symptoms, particularly in more severe cases, with a significant improvement observed in the initial years and subsequent maintenance of these gains.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reicht das eigene Urteilsvermögen japanischer Schülerinnen aus? Teilnahme am Sportunterricht und an Schwimmkursen während der Menstruation sowie Wissen über die Menstruation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099575</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099575</guid>
      <author>Moriyama, S. I.</author>
      <author>Nose-Ogura, S.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Ferraz, R.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose-Ogura, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferraz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Menstruation may affect school life and participation in physical activity. Swimming classes in school physical education may pose particular difficulties because decisions about participation, observation, or absence are often closely linked to menstruation. This study examined experiences, concerns, and knowledge related to physical education and swimming classes during menstruation and identified instructional content that should be addressed before swimming classes. METHODS: Participants were 118 Japanese undergraduate students majoring in physical education- and sport-related fields (65 men and 53 women). Female participants answered questions on instruction regarding participation in physical education during menstruation, participation experiences, reasons for absence/observation, and menstruation-related concerns. All participants rated their knowledge of menstruation-related topics. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Cochran`s Q, McNemar`s, and chi-square tests were used. RESULTS: "Students` own judgment" was the most frequently reported type of instruction at elementary school (58.5%), junior high school (69.8%), and high school (62.3%), with no significant stage differences. In all school stages, absence/observation was significantly more frequent in swimming than in other physical activities. Leakage-related anxiety was the most frequent reason for absence/observation, especially in junior high school. Women reported significantly higher understanding than men of menstruation, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and the acceptability of exercise during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS: Difficulties during menstruation were more likely to become apparent in swimming classes than in physical education classes in general, with anxiety about menstrual leakage emerging as a key factor. These findings highlight the importance of pre-class educational support, including practical coping strategies, information and consultation pathways that support informed self-judgment, and shared understanding of menstruation among both female and male students.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung einer Übung zum Erleben des Auftriebs einer Schwimmweste in der Wassersicherheitserziehung am Fluss: eine Untersuchung auf der Grundlage der Schutzmotivationstheorie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099576</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099576</guid>
      <author>Inagai, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inagai, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Drowning prevention education has often relied on fear appeals. However, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) suggests that protective behavior is determined by two cognitive pathways: Threat Appraisal (fear, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility) and Coping Appraisal (perceived response efficacy and self-efficacy). From a PMT perspective, effective safety education should strengthen coping processes in addition to raising threat awareness. This study examined whether incorporating a life jacket buoyancy experience into inquiry-based river safety education differentially influences PMT constructs. METHODS:  Participants were first-year Japanese junior high school students (Grade 7) who attended a river-based safety lesson as part of their school curriculum. Students engaged in group-based inquiry activities in which they predicted and investigated river characteristics, including water depth, flow velocity, water temperature, and riverbed conditions, through direct observation and measurement. One cohort (2025) received inquiry-based learning combined with a structured life jacket floating experience (Experience group, n = 34), whereas the previous cohort (2024) received the same inquiry-based lesson without the floating activity (Inquiry-only group, n = 48). Self-report measures corresponding to PMT variables were collected at three time points: before the lesson (Pre), immediately after (Post 1), and 100 days later (Post 2). A 2 (instructional condition) × 3 (time) mixed-design ANOVA was conducted. RESULTS: Significant main effects of time were found for fear and perceived susceptibility, indicating short-term increases after the lesson. However, these effects diminished over time and did not differ by instructional condition. In contrast, perceived response efficacy showed a significant interaction between condition and time, suggesting that the buoyancy experience selectively strengthened coping-related cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide theoretical support for PMT-informed safety education that emphasizes coping appraisal rather than relying primarily on fear arousal. Threat-related cognitions increased immediately after the lesson but were less clearly maintained after 100 days, suggesting that coping-related cognition may play an important role in supporting longer-term safety awareness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen aus dem Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profil abgeleiteten Parametern, physiologischen Merkmalen und der 50-m-Schwimmleistung bei Schwimmern auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099577</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099577</guid>
      <author>Papoti, M</author>
      <author>Pereira, G. S.</author>
      <author>Miranda, D. R. M.</author>
      <author>Salgueiro, D.</author>
      <author>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salgueiro, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to perform an exploratory analysis of the relationships between physiological variables and load-velocity profile parameters with 50 m swimming performance in national- and international-level swimmers. METHODS: Swimmers at national and international level (WA = 742 ± 68 points) performed an incremental semi-tethered swimming test to determine load-velocity profile parameters and physiological responses. Mechanical variables included theoretical maximal velocity (V*), theoretical maximal load (L*), relative maximal load (rL*), slope, and semi-tethered power index (STPI). Physiological variables included peak oxygen uptake (VO*peak), alactic anaerobic contribution (CAnAl), lactic anaerobic contribution (CAnLa), and total anaerobic contribution (CAnT). Swimming performance was assessed through race velocities and World Aquatics (WA) points obtained in official competitions. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed, controlling for swimming stroke. RESULTS: Load-velocity profile-derived variables showed stronger associations with swimming performance than physiological parameters. After controlling for swimming stroke, L*, rL*, and slope remained significantly associated with race velocity variables, while rL* was the only parameter independently associated with WA points (* = 2.39, p = 0.043). In contrast, V* and STPI were no longer associated with performance after adjustment. Although some physiological variables showed moderate correlations with swimming velocities, most associations disappeared after controlling for swimming stroke, and none of the physiological variables were independently associated with WA points. CONCLUSIONS: Performance in the 50 m swimming event appears to be more strongly associated with mechanical characteristics derived from the load-velocity profile than with physiological variables.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XV. Internationales Symposium Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen. Abstractbuch</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099408</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099408</guid>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2026</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Buch umfasst die Inhalte des XV. Internationalen Symposiums Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, welches vom 7.-11. September 2026 an der Universität Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre, Brasilien stattfand und vom International Council Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (Vorsitzender Prof. Paolo Vilas Boas) organisiert wurde.
Alle Beiträge werden noch einzeln erfasst und, wo vorhanden, mit den Volltexten ergänzt und sind dann in den Datenbanken SPONET (https://sponet.de) und  Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (https://bms.sport-iat.de/) auffindbar.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tagungsband des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums für Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4091867</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4091867</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Buch ist eine Aktualisierung des Titels "XIVth International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Book of Abstracts" und umfasst zustätzlich zu den ursprünglichen Inhalten die Keynote Beiträge des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, welches vom 6.-9. September 2023 an der Sportwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig stattfand und vom International Council Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (Vorsitzender Prof. Paolo Vilas Boas) organisiert wurde.
Alle Beiträge sind einzeln erfasst und, wo vorhanden, mit den Volltexten ergänzt und sind in den Datenbanken SPONET (https://sponet.de) und  Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (https://bms.sport-iat.de/) auffindbar.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XIV. Internationales Symposium über Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen. Abstract-Band - Langversion - </title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4086437</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4086437</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Buch umfasst die Abstracts der Präsentationen und Poster des XIV. Internationalen Symposiums Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, welches vom 6.-9. September 2023 an der Sportwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig stattfand und vom International Council Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (Vorsitzender Prof. Paolo Vilas Boas) organisiert wurde.
Alle Beiträge werden noch einzeln erfasst und, wo vorhanden, mit den Volltexten ergänzt und sind dann in den Datenbanken SPONET (https://sponet.de) und  Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (https://bms.sport-iat.de/) auffindbar.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologisch basierte Trainingszonen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085013</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085013</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The establishment of accurate training zones for developing performance in individual, cyclic and continuous sports, like swimming, has been debated for many decades. Aiming for more objective data to complement coaches knowhow, experience and intuition, exercise monitoring is decisive for accurate training load prescription, involving decisions regarding intensity, duration, frequency and exercise mode. Monitoring swimmers performances increased even more its importance with the appearance of new technologies, such as the portable heart rate (HR) monitors, blood lactate concentrations ([La-]) analysers and oxygen uptake (VO2) apparatus, justifying a new paradigm concerning the traditionally used training zones.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsentwicklung und -variabilität im 200-m-Einzelmedley der Männer bei den letzten Weltmeisterschaften 2022</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085014</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085014</guid>
      <author>Santos, C.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2022</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of study was to compare performance progression and variability between entry times and all rounds in men's 200 m individual medley (200IM) at the 2022 FINA World Championships. Sixteen male swimmers who participated in the 200IM event at the 19th FINA World Championships were considered. Entry times (Et) and official race times for the heats (H), semi-finals (SF) and finals (F) were extracted from official websites and then converted from min to s. The Top16, semi-finalists (SFinalist), and finalists were considered. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed to analyse the round-to-round progression. Effect size (Partial Eta Squared, ES), the percentage of performance improvement (IMP, in %) and intra-swimmer's variation (%CV, in %) were also computed. A moderate and strong effect were found in Top16 and Finalist groups, respectively. A negative progression was found between Et-H for Top16 and Finalist, while a positive progression was observed between H-SF in the Finalist group. Thus, performance in the 200IM changed between rounds during the 2022 FINA World Championships. While the finalists race times got worse between Et-H, those improved between H-SF. SFinalist performance remained unchanged throughout all rounds. Thus, positive improvements between H-SF were crucial to achieve the final of the 200IM.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines Kerntrainings vor dem Wettkampf auf die Leistung beim 50-m-Kraulen - Fallstudie mit Schwerpunkt auf der individuellen Rumpfmuskelaktivität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085015</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085015</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Hasegawa, M.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Daiki, K.</author>
      <author>Namio, D.</author>
      <author>Miina</author>
      <author>Muranaka</author>
      <author>Yamakawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hasegawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daiki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Namio, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miina</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muranaka</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Activating the muscle is one of the main objectives for the warmup before competition (Bishop, 2003). In competitive swimming, swimmers need to complete their warmup inside the pool, approximately 45 min before the race for inevitable reasons (Zochowski et al., 2007). However, it is reported that the effect of the warmup lasts only for 30 min (De Bruyn- Prevest et al., 1980), there is a possibility that the effect of warmup may be diminished before the race at a competitive swimming situation. Therefore, additional pre-race strategies are needed to maintain or improve the warm-up effects. One of the procedures that can be used as a pre-race strategy is a phenomenon called postactivation potentiation (PAP). PAP is a short bout of high-intensity exercise which enables athletes to improve the muscle`s capability of generating high force over a short period of time after a proper recovery period (Sale, 2002). There are previous researchs reporting a positive effect of PAP on swimming performance (Hancock et al. 2015; Ng et al. 2020), however, there are also studies finding no change in performance after PAP exercise (Abbes et al. 2015; Sarramian et al. 2015). There is inconsistency in the effect of PAP in swimming, further research is warrented to identify the reason for different outcomes. Furthermore, most of the PAP exercise were selected to stimulate the upper or lower limbs muscle. Trunk muscle play an important role to maintain a horizontal position during swimming, and contribute to optimum production, transfer, and control of force. There are several studies reporting the effectiveness of core training on sprint performance (Weston et al, 2015; Gencer, 2018), and Matsuura et al. (2019) reported that higher intensity trunk stabilisation improves both alignment and swimming speed. However, it is not well studied whether PAP exercise targeting the trunk muscle can enhance sprint performance or not. This case study aimed to examine the effect of pre-race core exercise on 50 m front crawl performance by investigating the individual activation pattern of trunk muscles during front crawl sprint and dryland exercises in two well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verringert das Bedecken des Halses mit den Händen den Wärmeverlust des Körpers bei Personen, die in kaltes Wasser getaucht werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085016</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085016</guid>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine whether covering the neck with both hands reduces the loss of body heat. Fifteen healthy male university students (height: 1.71 ± 0.05 m, body mass: 66.1 ± 6.9 kg, body fat: 17.1 ± 4.0%) participated in this study. Each participant was instructed to sit on a stack of two bricks in an indoor swimming pool (water temperature: 20.6?, water depth: 0.6 m) to maintain their chin at the water surface level. Seven participants covered their necks (CN group) with both hands, and eight participants underwent the test without covering the neck (w/o CN group). An ingestible thermometer and battery-powered temperature logger were used to measure the gastrointestinal temperature (TGastrointestine) and the skin surface temperature around their armpit (TArmpit). Heart rate was measured using a waterproof optical heart rate sensor. In the comparison of the rate of increase and decrease in the TGastrointestine, only the rate of decrease was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group (p = 0.027). Similarly, in the comparison of the rate of increase and decrease in the TArmpit, only the rate of decrease was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group (p = 0.052). The total temperature drop was significantly greater in the CN group compared to the w/o CN group for the TArmpit (p = 0.049). No significant differences between the groups were found for any heart rate variables. Based on the rate of heat loss and other factors, it is likely that covering the neck area may have a negative impact on deep body temperature, possibly due to the heat loss from the armpits.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Positionierung des starken Beins auf die Startleistung im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085017</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085017</guid>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Position</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In short-distance swimming races, the time that elapses during the start phase (15-m) contributes significantly to the total race time (Cossor & Mason, 2001). Therefore, to enhance swimming performance in short races, it is necessary to improvement the start performance.
In the kick-start in competitive swimming, swimmers place either their right or left foot on the front edge of the starting block and their other foot on the back plate (Fig. 1). Regarding the above-water phase, Tor et al. (2015) reported that 81% of the variance in start performance could be accounted for by horizontal velocity at take-off. Therefore, a higher horizontal velocity at take-off will lead to improved start performance. Moreover, in the kick-start, the impulse from the front foot was dominant with respect to generating vertical velocity at take-off, whereas the impulse from the rear foot was dominant for horizontal velocity (Ikeda et al., 2016; Takeda et al., 2017). As noted above, we assert that the front and rear legs play different roles in the kick-start. With respect to leg characteristics, however, it remains unclear which foot should be placed on the starting block`s front edge or back plate.
A previous study reported that the stronger leg should be positioned to the rear on the starting block (Burkhardt et al., 2023). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the stronger leg should be placed in the front or rear when setting up the kick-start posture. It was hypothesized that swimmers would be able to perform better by using their stronger leg in the rear, in the kick-start posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Aufwärmprotokolle auf die Startleistung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085018</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085018</guid>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Durovic, M.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, N.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <author>Stojiljkovic, N.</author>
      <author>Trajkovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojiljkovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trajkovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, especially in short events swim start performance has a positive influence on the final result (Arellano, Brown, Cappaert & Nelson, 1994). Warm-up strategies could be a significant contributor to performance in swimming (Ðuroviæ, Stojanoviæ, Stojiljkoviæ, Karaula and Okièiæ, 2022). Warm-up intensity, duration and the recovery time between the warm-up and event represent the most important elements on which the final outcome of the race depends (Zochowski, Johnson, Sleivert, 2007). Therefore, it is necessary to apply adequate warm-up protocols to prepare swimmers more efficiently. The recovery period after warm-up should be more than 5 min but less than 15-20 min (Bishop, 2003). The recovery period between 5 and 15-20 min allows an optimal performance after post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) stimuli (Kilduff, Cunningham, Owen, West, Bracken, & Cook, 2011). Study Zochowski et al. (2007) showed that international swimmers reduce time by 4 s at 200 m swim time after 10 min recovery period compared to the 45 min recovery period, and did not increase blood lactate or heart rate. In practice, it is not possible for swimmers to have a recovery period of 10 minutes before the race after the warm-up because they have to appear in the call room 20 min before the start of the race. Therefore, swimmers do an extra warm-up before the race. PAPE has been described as a very effective method that can significantly contribute to the performance of movements requiring maximal voluntary effort (Cuenca-Fernández, Smith, Jordan, MacIntosh, López-Contreras, Arellano, & Herzog, 2017) as the swim start. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of three different warm-up protocols on swim start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMU-basiertes Clustering der intra- und interzyklischen Variabilität zur Extraktion der technischen Fähigkeiten beim Kraul-Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085019</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085019</guid>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <author>Delhaye, E.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delhaye, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to cluster swimming intra- and inter-cyclic variability to identify effect of technical skills profiles on performance. 91 trained to world-class swimmers performed 25m front crawl sprints with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the sacrum. Data were clustered based on stroke pattern and dispersion around it. Technical and performance profiles of each cluster were respectively determined based on mean cluster curves with credibility regions and discrete parameter, and swimming speed. Results showed that combining high levels of both kinds of variability are associated with sprint performance. Coaches should target the development of a jerky and unsteady stroke pattern for sprinters along with huge longitudinal and anteroposterior acceleration variations while reducing body roll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Kopf- und Hüftstellung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085020</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085020</guid>
      <author>Mingyu, S.</author>
      <author>Yan, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mingyu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming stance is one of the important factors affecting swimming performance. In this study, the head and hip stance angles and angular velocities of four swimming stances were collected and analyzed by using our own inertial measurement unit, and the body stance change characteristics in swimming were quantified in the analysis of high sampling rate and large amount of time series data, and the key head/hip stances of athletes were evaluated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abweichung bei der Prüfung der Kraft-Geschwindigkeit im Kraulen mit festen oder individuellen Lasten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085021</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085021</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load-velocity profiling can be used to assess swimming specific strength and velocity capabilities and determine training objectives. When establishing load-velocity profiles it is important to apply loads to the swimmer which impose a large velocity decrease (vdec) between the lightest and heaviest trial. Also, it is important not to use a load that is too heavy as it could inhibit a consistent stroke pattern. A previous study established a reliable protocol with vdec of more than 50% for males and 40% for females in front crawl with fixed loads (Olstad et al., 2020). However, the study found large individual differences, and stroke frequency (SF) was not investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether assigning individual loads would impose a large vdec, but with less inter-individual variability and a consistent SF.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sind die Parameter des Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profils wichtig für die Leistung beim 200-m-Kraulen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085022</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085022</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Ophus, E.</author>
      <author>Buvarp, M. H.</author>
      <author>Ljødal, I.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ophus, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buvarp, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljødal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load-velocity profiles have shown the importance of swimming-specific strength and velocity capabilities for male front crawl sprint performance (Gonjo et al., 2021). Whether these relationships also exist for middle-distance swimming is unknown. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate whether load-velocity profile outcome parameters would be related to 200 m front crawl performance for national elite junior swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der Trockenlandekraft männlicher Schwimmer und der Auszugskinematik beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085023</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085023</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Catarina, S.</author>
      <author>Melo, M.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Catarina, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between dry-land strength and the breaststroke pull-out kinematics. Nine senior male swimmers completed 3 x 25 m maximal breaststroke using the glower limbs firsth pull-out technique. Three underwater sequential phases were defined: glide, propulsion and recovery. A mechanical speedometer retrieved the maximum and mean velocities (vmax and vmean, in mEs-1) during the underwater phases. Sagittal plane aerial and underwater images were recorded using two GoPro 6 video cameras (7 m far from the swimmer) and a Kinovea 0.9.5 video annotation tool was used to measure the breakout distance (in m). A handheld microFETR2 dynamometer retrieved the isometric peak force (in N) during knee extension and shoulder internal rotation (at 60 and 90‹, respectively) of dominant (KED and IRD) and non-dominant (KEND and IRND) limbs. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was computed for dry-land strength and kinematic variables (p . 0.05). The breakout distance showed high associations with glide and propulsion vmean values. The glide vmean was associated to a high KED and KEND. Likewise, the propulsion vmean was associated with higher KED, KEND and IRND. High mean velocities in glide and propulsion phases of the breaststroke pull-out technique are crucial for longer breakout distances, with the higher mean velocity achievement within each phase being dependent on the dry-land force, mainly from high isometric knee extension levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beitrag der oberen und unteren Gliedmaßen beim maximalen Kraulschwimmen: Ein Frequenzansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085024</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085024</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Goethel, M. F.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goethel, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We seek to separate and analyse each limb frequencies energy relative to the velocity signal total energy throughout wavelet transform. Eight elite swimmers (two males and six females) completed a 25 m front crawl maximal effort. A mechanical speedometer attached to a belt around the swimmers hip acquired the instantaneous velocity. The velocity vs. time curve (without the gliding and finishing sections) was analysed by continuous wavelet transform using the Analytic Morlet wavelet family. Frequency groups were formed for the upper and lower limbs (0.6 to 2.5 and 2.5 to 7.5 Hz) based on the stroke frequency associated to sprint swimming and the ratio of 1:3 for upper to lower limbs. The energy of each group of frequencies oscillates during the maximal front crawl bout ranging from 23.7 ± 2.8 to 47.2 ± 5.0 and from 36.2 ± 8.3 to 62.4 ± 4.8% of upper and lower limbs frequencies (respectively). The energy frequencies of the upper and lower limbs explained 72-93% of the total energy of the velocity variations signal, and in 50.0 ± 4.6% by the lower limbs corresponding frequencies. These surprisingly results suggest that the contribution of the lower limbs in maintaining or rising sprint swimming velocity may be much greater than previously thought.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen der auf einen Fuß wirkenden Flüssigkeitskraft und der Muskelaktivität der unteren Gliedmaßen beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085025</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085025</guid>
      <author>Yamakawa, K. K.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Breaststroke is one of the swimming styles used in competitive swimming, and this swimming technique is consisting of a symmetrical stroke movement of upper limb and a symmetrical kicking movement of lower limb. A large proportion of the propulsive force in breaststroke swimming is generated by the kicking of lower limbs1, and it was reported that the phase in which the swimmer accelerates the most is when the swimmer kicks out the water2-3. Therefore, the kicking performance is important for improving total swimming performance in breaststroke events.
Breaststroke kicking consists of following five movements1: 1) Recovery: bending the knees and bringing the feet close to the hips; 2) Catch: bending the knees and turning the toes outwards; 3) Out sweep: extending the knees and pushing the feet backwards outwards; 4) In sweep: moving the foot inwards while extending the whole lower limbs; 5) Lift and glide: extending both lower limbs while turning the soles of the feet upwards for making a streamline position. Among these, the out-sweep and in-sweep are the primary propulsive phases during breaststroke kicking4.
Recent swimming studies have used pressure distribution measurements to estimate the fluid forces exerted by the individual movements of upper limbs or lower limbs during swimming5,6, and Tsunokawa et al.4 applied this technique to assess the fluid forces acting the foot during the breaststroke kicking. This methodology enables the evaluation of temporal alterations in fluid forces exerted on specific segments during the swimming. A previous study of front-crawl swimming has reported that the fluid force acting on a hand increase with increasing swimming velocity7. However, it was unclear whether the fluid force acting on a foot during breaststroke swimming increase with increasing swimming velocity. On the other hand, Olstad et al.8 had reported that the muscle activity of upper and lower limbs during breaststroke swimming increased with increasing swimming velocity. Although the propulsive forces during breaststroke kicking are caused by the muscular activity of lower limb, no study had investigated the relationship between the fluid forces acting a foot and muscle activity of lower limb. Therefore, the purposes of this study were 1) to clarify the relationship between the swimming velocity and fluid force acting a foot during breaststroke swimming and 2) to investigate the relationships between the fluid force acting a foot and muscle activity of lower limb.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen von Kraft und Symmetrie bei jungen Schwimmern während einer vollen Wettkampfsaison und bei Trainingsausfall</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085026</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085026</guid>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study aimed to analyse the effects of a competitive season and detraining in force and symmetry of young competitive swimmers. Nine young swimmers, six boys and three girls (12.0±0.8 years, 48.1±8.5 kg of body mass, 156.6±7.9 cm of height), were evaluated over a competitive season followed by detraining (i.e., five testing moments; Mi). The swimmers were instructed to perform two maximum repetitions of 25 m at front crawl (full-body). The subsequent peak force (SFPEAK, in N) for the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) hand was measured using a differential pressure system (Aquanex 4.1, STR, USA). The symmetry index (SyI, %) was calculated from the force data. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was computed to analyse the variation between the Mi (p?0.05). The percentage of variation (?) between Mi was also considered. Results showed a moderate time effect in FPEAK D and SyI. The pairwise comparisons reveal differences between M1-M4 in FPEAK D (M1: 46.6±13.0; M4: 66.3±18.2; p = 0.01, d = 1.3), and between M4-M5 in SyI (M4: 66.3±18.2; M5: 10.7±5.6; p = 0.04, d = 1.7). So, younger swimmers' force seems to remain similar after 54 weeks, however, an increase in the force of the dominant side seems to occur before training cessation. Plus, a competitive annual training plan seems to impose an increase in the SyI (i.e., asymmetric motion), while a more symmetric motion is seen after training cessation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Unterschied im aktiven Widerstand zwischen Kraulen und Rückenschwimmen: ein kinematischer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085027</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085027</guid>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strömung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The existing active drag assessments assume a uniform flow velocity around the body, which is not the case in whole-body swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a new index of active drag in light of the ununiform flow velocity and determine the difference in active drag between front crawl (FC) and backstroke (BS) swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fallbericht über die Veränderung der Schwimmökonomie während einer Saison, bewertet im Bereich hoher Intensität, aerobe Kapazität und 200-m-Freistilleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085028</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085028</guid>
      <author>Kim, J.</author>
      <author>Muranaka, M.</author>
      <author>Tanji, F.</author>
      <author>Nabekura, Y.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muranaka, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanji, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nabekura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Middle-distance swimming performance is predicted by swimming economy (SE) and various energetic parameters (Ribeiro et al., 1990; Costa et al., 2020). In swimming, Middle-distance swimming performance is predicted by swimming economy (SE) and various energetic parameters (Ribeiro et al., 1990; Costa et al., 2020). In swimming, VO2max is usually used as one of the most important physiological parameters to predict middle-distance swimming performance. However, VO2max values are similar among well-trained swimmers, as reported by Ribeiro et al. (1990). In contrast, SE is suggested to be a better predictor of swimming performance in well-trained swimmers compared to VO2max (Ribeiro et al., 1990). SE is defined as the amount of energy cost per unit of distance for given swimming velocity (Di Prampero et al., 1986), and is used as a parameter to evaluate swimming efficiency in previous research (Chatard et al., 1990). Most study on SE have reported assessing the aerobic energy demand by measuring steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2) at an intensity below the lactate threshold (LT), where most of the energy source is cover by aerobic metabolism. For instance, Kjendlie et al. (2004) assessed SE in children and adult swimmers at 1.0 m/s. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, assessing SE at intensities above the LT requires measuring the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism by increasing the contribution of anaerobic metabolism. Secondly, VO2 above the LT intensity does not reach steady state and continue increasing until exhaustion, known as the slow component of VO2. Notably, middledistance swimmers generally perform above the LT intensity during their competitive events. Therefore, SE evaluated at high intensity domain may provide more informative results than SE evaluated at low intensity domain. However, despite various methods to assess SE at high intensity domain are reported (Termin & Pendergast, 2000), the relationship between swimming performance and SE evaluated at high intensity domain have not been investigated. Recent study reported that VO2 steady state is observed up to %40? (between LT and VO2max) during freestyle swimming in well-trained swimmers, and 200-m freestyle performance has a higher coefficient of determination with VO2max, LT and SE at an intensity above the LT compared to physiological parameters including SE at an intensity near the LT (R2 = 67% vs. 39%, respectively) (Kim et al., 2022). However, the relationship between change in physiological parameters and 200-m freestyle performance has not been investigated in welltrained swimmers. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between one season changes in SE at high intensity domain, aerobic capacity, and 200-m freestyle performance in well-trained swimmers.O2max is usually used as one of the most important physiological parameters to predict middle-distance swimming performance. However, VO2max values are similar among well-trained swimmers, as reported by Ribeiro et al. (1990). In contrast, SE is suggested to be a better predictor of swimming performance in well-trained swimmers compared to VO2max (Ribeiro et al., 1990). SE is defined as the amount of energy cost per unit of distance for given swimming velocity (Di Prampero et al., 1986), and is used as a parameter to evaluate swimming efficiency in previous research (Chatard et al., 1990). Most study on SE have reported assessing the aerobic energy demand by measuring steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2) at an intensity below the lactate threshold (LT), where most of the energy source is cover by aerobic metabolism. For instance, Kjendlie et al. (2004) assessed SE in children and adult swimmers at 1.0 m/s. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, assessing SE at intensities above the LT requires measuring the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism by increasing the contribution of anaerobic metabolism. Secondly, VO2 above the LT intensity does not reach steady state and continue increasing until exhaustion, known as the slow component of VO2. Notably, middledistance swimmers generally perform above the LT intensity during their competitive events. Therefore, SE evaluated at high intensity domain may provide more informative results than SE evaluated at low intensity domain. However, despite various methods to assess SE at high intensity domain are reported (Termin & Pendergast, 2000), the relationship between swimming performance and SE evaluated at high intensity domain have not been investigated. Recent study reported that VO2 steady state is observed up to %40? (between LT and VO2max) during freestyle swimming in well-trained swimmers, and 200-m freestyle performance has a higher coefficient of determination with VO2max, LT and SE at an intensity above the LT compared to physiological parameters including SE at an intensity near the LT (R2 = 67% vs. 39%, respectively) (Kim et al., 2022). However, the relationship between change in physiological parameters and 200-m freestyle performance has not been investigated in welltrained swimmers. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between one season changes in SE at high intensity domain, aerobic capacity, and 200-m freestyle performance in well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alters-Leistungs-Profilierung bei Elite-Brustschwimmern: quantitatives Karrieremodell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085029</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085029</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Šiljeg, K.</author>
      <author>Zoreti, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Šiljeg, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zoreti, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The modeling procedure represents the process of objectifying the most likely outcome of the observed phenomenon. One of the problems in the sports training system is the recognition of the chronological age-result potential for top performance achievements as a function of the career duration of elite athletes. The aim of this study is to profile the possible ultimate chronological limits of career performance in 50m pool at elite breaststroke swimmers, and to numerically define the characteristics of a given age trajectory model of career best performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crawl oder Trudgen? Eine faktorielle Struktur der beiden wichtigsten Schwimmstile bei Jugendwasserballern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085030</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085030</guid>
      <author>Perazzetti, A.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Tessitore, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perazzetti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tessitore, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A strong performance in water polo requires a balance of several skills, including the ability to change the swimming style, as fast as possible, according to the game situations. To cope with horizontal phases, crawl and trudgen are the most required styles, which could be performed with the head above water, while leading the ball and while handling the ball1. The purpose of this study was to define the most important modality of these two swimming styles for the assessment of two youth water polo age (U14 and U16).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freestyle swimming sprint velocity and body roll angle at young swimmers measured by imu sensors</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085031</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085031</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Anton, K.</author>
      <author>Stefan, M.</author>
      <author>Anton, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anton, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stefan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anton, U.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was macht einen Staffelstart besser als einen Einzelstart?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085032</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085032</guid>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Braun, C.</author>
      <author>Qiu, X.</author>
      <author>Stosic, J.</author>
      <author>Fuhrmann, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Braun, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stosic, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
For relay races, the most common start techniques include one or two footsteps on the block coupled with an arm swing. The goal is to increase the horizontal impulse on the block and, thus, to achieve higher horizontal velocities at take-off (Takeda, 2010). However, competitive swimmers do not always succeed performing faster relay than individual track starts (Qiu et al., 2021). The aim of the present study was to examine the kinetic and kinematic determinants of relay start performances (RSP) versus individual start performances (ISP). ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Postoperative Nachuntersuchung eines Schwimmers, der sich einer mikroendoskopischen Diskektomie bei lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfällen unterzog</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085033</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085033</guid>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bandscheibe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
Swimming is a sport that places a relatively small load on joints6) . However, competitive swimmers practice a great deal, which leads to a high frequency of sports injuries5) . Lumbar problems are frequently observed during swimming, and lumbar disc disease such as lumbar herniation is a common cause of lower back pain among swimmers2) . Microendoscopic discectomy (MED), which removes a herniated disc using an endoscope through a small skin incision, is currently gaining attention3) . In this report, we describe the case of a competitive swimmer who underwent MED and was able to return to competition. [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Messung der relativen Schlaglänge beim Tethered-Swimming-Test</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085034</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085034</guid>
      <author>Reis, G.</author>
      <author>Porto, D.</author>
      <author>Peres, M.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F. C. A.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Porto, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peres, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
The sports training process for water polo and for swimming aims to promote the accumulation of training loads to improve the athlete's performance. Movement can be assessed in different ways, although there are different ways of positioning in the water. Nevertheless, displacement capacity is an indicator of athletes' movement efficiency (Tucher et al., 2016). In this sense, protocols for assessing propulsive force, stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) are important for monitoring and training athletes (Morais et al., 2013). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zwei-Jahres-Follow-up-Studie: Laktaterholung nach dem Rennen als Maß für die spezifische Anpassung - Studie mit individuellem Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085035</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085035</guid>
      <author>Siljeg, K.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Erholung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Siljeg, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
In competitive swimming, and especially when elite athletes are regarded, lactate tests are usually used not only to describe the level of current adaptation of athletes` metabolic performance but also to define appropriate goals, intensity and volume of training (Olbrecht, 2011). Lactate is also the most studied metabolite in the human body, which is related to defining the basic training parameters, i.e. with the intensity of the athletes' load (Ferguson et al., 2019). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung und Verringerung des passiven Widerstandes von Schwimmern mit Hilfe eines kreisförmigen Schleppsystems, das die Wirkung der geführten künstlichen Gravitation nutzt (ein Pilotversuch).</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085036</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085036</guid>
      <author>Petrovich, K. A.</author>
      <author>Rostislavovich, V. A.</author>
      <author>Victorovich, S. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petrovich, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rostislavovich, V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Victorovich, S. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION 
Towing devices have a long use history as a tool for assisted strength and pace training, as well as a testing device for measuring the strength and hydrodynamic resistance which a swimmer develops or experiences during locomotion (Sacilotto G., Ball N., Mason B., 2014). In such towing systems, the velocity of assisted "swimming" is a function of towing velocity. We designed a new generation of circular towing devices based on the effect of artificial guided gravitation, which (via a special transmission mechanism) generates a precisely measurable assisting force (Kiselev A. P., 2020). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Unterwasserschwimmens auf physiologische und wahrnehmungsbezogene Parameter bei Leistungsschwimmern unter Normoxie- und Höhenhypoxiebedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085037</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085037</guid>
      <author>Guimard, A.</author>
      <author>de la Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Segovia, C.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Frutos, P.</author>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Normoxie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guimard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de la Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Segovia, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Frutos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the underwater swimming is commonly used by swimmers, to the point of becoming a central element in competition. In competition, swimmers spend a large part of the races swimming underwater (Pla et al., 2021). Obviously, when the swimmers are underwater, they are in apnea and is therefore confronted with a well-known reflex called the diving response. Apnea response is known to preserve oxygen store to avoid hypoxia-induced cardiac and brain damage (Alboni et al., 2011). In swimming, it has also been shown that apnea effort is logically perceived as harder when swimming on the surface at the pace of a 400 m race (compared to normal breathing) (Guimard et al., 2018) and when increasing the number of undulatory kicks in underwater (Veiga et al., 2022). [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Intensitäten von Wassergymnastik auf Anthropometrie und Muskelkraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085038</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085038</guid>
      <author>Fail, L. B.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Neves, P. P.</author>
      <author>Marques, M. C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, R.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neves, P. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The literature demonstrates there is not enough information to indicate the intensity at which some aquatic activities should be performed to obtain the intended results (Faíl et al., 2022). Therefore, it becomes essential to further understand the impact of different intensities that can be used in aquatic activities. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effects of 12 weeks of water aerobics carried out at two different intensities in anthropometrical and muscle strength variables. [...]]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik des Kraul- und Rückenschwimmens bei Schwimmerinnen im Sprinttempo</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085039</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085039</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Goethel, M. F.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, A. S.</author>
      <author>Alves, M.</author>
      <author>Mezencio, B.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goethel, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mezencio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl and backstroke are characterized by trunk rotations and upper/lower limbs propulsive actions allowing a continuous displacement. Despite of their similarity, swimmers accomplish faster velocities in front crawl with comparable upper limbs frequency and distance and intracycle velocity variation at aerobic velocities. At higher efforts, high hydrodynamic drag configures different conditions for maintaining technique, usually deteriorated due to muscle fatigue. Considering that backstroke is mainly performed in short races, we aimed to compare the kinematics of both techniques at sprint pace. Nine junior female elite swimmers were recorded performing 2 x 25 m maximal sprint each swimming technique. Aerial and underwater cameras placed in the sagittal plane followed the swimmers for kinematic calculations. Mean, maximum and minimum velocities, intracycle velocity variation, upper limbs frequency and distance, index of coordination, stability and complexity were calculated. An independent samples t-test compared kinematics between swimming techniques (p.0.05). Front crawl mean, maximum and minimum velocities were higher than in backstroke (1.69}0.03 vs. 1.50}0.07, 2.03}0.16 vs. 1.88}0.11, 1.30}0.13 vs. 1.15}0.10 m/s, p<0.05). Intracycle velocity variation (10.49}2.21 vs. 11.79}2.70%), relative minimum and maximum velocities (1.23}0.04 vs. 1.25}0.06 and 0.93}0.41 vs. 0.77}0.06%), upper limbs frequency (49.8}10.8 vs. 48.0}4.0 cycles/min) and distance (1.87}0.24 vs. 1.89}0.18 m, respectively), upper limbs index (3.19 } 0.38 vs. 2.84 } 0.33 m2/s), index of coordination (-9.5}4.6 vs. -7.8}4.2%), stability (0.26}0.18 vs. 0.18}0.05) and complexity (0.99}0.30 vs. 0.97}0.35) presented no differences between the swimming techniques. In short races, hydrodynamic drag increases contributing for a more demanding mechanical effort. The current study did not allow to determine what makes backstroke slower than front crawl in the same swimmers but propelling efficiency may be the main discriminator. Dynamic variables showed comparable adaptation in both swimming techniques, suggesting that the swimmer-environment-task complex interaction behaves similarly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Off-Kinetik der Sauerstoffaufnahme beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:34:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085040</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085040</guid>
      <author>Monteiro, A. S.</author>
      <author>Azevedo, R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Buzzachera, C. F.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Erholung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azevedo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buzzachera, C. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Analysing oxygen uptake (V.O2) kinetics during exercise is of great importance to better understand the physiological determinants of performance. A validated, free and open-source software (VO2FITTING) was recently developed to characterize V.O2 kinetics during continuous exercise (Zacca et al., 2019). The aim of the current study was to present an update of VO2FITTING, demonstrating its benefits for the analysis of post-exercise data and interpretation of V.O2 off-kinetics.
METHODS
The VO2FITTING was updated to allow editing, processing, filtering and modelling the post-exercise V.O2. Using mono- or bi-exponential models, it characterizes the V.O2 response at different exercise intensity domains, with installation instructions and supplementary documents available at https://shiny.cespu.pt/vo2_news/. In swimming, this software is useful for analysing sets like 200 m incremental intermittent protocol (see Monteiro et al., 2020), with V.O2 assessment being made breath-by-breath through a
respiratory snorkel and valve system connected to a portable gas analyser unit (AquaTrainerR and K4b2, Cosmed, Italy).
RESULTS
Figure 1. Mono-exponential V.O2 off-kinetics model after a moderate intensity front crawl.
DISCUSSION
VO2FITTING allows to dynamically improve raw signals and to easily understand the model that best fits the swimming data through the software outputs (Zacca et al., 2019). The analysis of V.O2 off-kinetics allows a better understanding of the recovery phase, particularly the symmetry/asymmetry with the V.O2 on-kinetics and the post-swim physiological mechanisms.]]></content:encoded>
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