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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der funktionellen Leistungsfähigkeit im Zeitverlauf bei Teilnehmern eines Wassertrainingsprogramms: eine Längsschnittstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099509</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099509</guid>
      <author>Souza, C. V. S.</author>
      <author>Araujo, V. L.</author>
      <author>Furtado, Y. K. S.</author>
      <author>Alves, P. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, C. W. R. T.</author>
      <author>Sobral, I. G. S.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, N. B. R.</author>
      <author>Souza, J. E. S. A.</author>
      <author>Santos, B. A.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, A. V. A.</author>
      <author>Araujo, F. S.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, R. G. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Souza, C. V. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, V. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Furtado, Y. K. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, C. W. R. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sobral, I. G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, N. B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Souza, J. E. S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, A. V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, F. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, R. G. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with progressive declines in functional capacity, affecting mobility, balance and lower-limb strength, which may compromise independence and increase the risk of falls. Aquatic exercise programs have been proposed as an effective strategy to mitigate these changes. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze changes in functional capacity over time in participants of an aquatic exercise program. METHODS: This longitudinal observational study included adults aged 55 years and older participating in a university-based aquatic exercise program. Functional capacity was assessed across seven semesters using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), including balance, gait speed and chair stand tests. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test was used (* = 0.05). RESULTS: Improvements were observed in functional performance across semesters. Gait speed increased from 0.92 m/s to 1.04 m/s, while chair stand performance and SPPB total score also showed progressive improvements. Significant differences were found between semesters for gait speed and SPPB total score (p < 0.05), particularly between initial and later periods. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in an aquatic exercise program was associated with improvements in functional capacity over time, particularly in mobility and lower-limb strength. These findings support the role of aquatic exercise as an effective strategy to promote functional health and independence in adults.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute kardiorespiratorische Reaktionen auf eine HIIT-Einheit im Tiefwasserlauf: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099510</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099510</guid>
      <author>Faganello, M. P.</author>
      <author>Cappellari, L.</author>
      <author>Alves, L. L.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S.</author>
      <author>Delevatti, R. S.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Martinez, F. G.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Faganello, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappellari, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, L. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delevatti, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, F. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze cardiorespiratory responses and energy expenditure during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session of deep-water running. METHODS: Three physically active young adults (2 women; 26.33 ± 11.02 years) participated in a session consisting of 5 minutes of warm-up followed by 15 minutes of interval exercise, alternating 30-second bouts at Borg scale 19 with passive recovery periods. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO*)-derived variables were continuously monitored using an optical heart rate monitor and a portable metabolic analyzer. Predicted maximal theoretical heart rate (HRmax = 208 * 0.7 × age) was also analyzed according to percentage (%). Metabolic equivalent (MET) values and energy expenditure (EE) were summarized for the session. RESULTS: Data were analyzed descriptively and presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: Average HR was 136.53 ± 13.27 bpm (71.16 ± 8.98% of predicted HRmax), with a peak of 168 ± 3 bpm. Mean metabolic demand was 6.43 ± 0.97 METs, indicating predominantly moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Average EE was 8.08 ± 2.70 kcal/min, totaling 206.78 ± 46.06 kcal per session. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the three participants showed individual cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses consistent with moderate-to-vigorous intensity, suggesting that deep-water running HIlT may represent a feasible exercise strategy. These findings are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and descriptive design.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Erholungsintervalle auf die Wiederholungsleistung beim HIIT im Wasser bei körperlich aktiven Männern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099511</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099511</guid>
      <author>Souza, C. V. S.</author>
      <author>Santos, B. A.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, A. V. A.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, N. B. R.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, R. G. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Souza, C. V. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, A. V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, N. B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, R. G. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Recovery interval duration is a HIIT programming variable that may influence performance maintenance across repeated efforts. Evidence on this effect during aquatic HIIT remains limited. Aim: To analyze the effects of 15s, 30s, and 60s recovery intervals on repetition performance during aquatic HIIT in physically active men. Methods: Thirteen physically active men (18-40 years) completed three randomized aquatic sessions, one for each recovery condition. The protocol was performed in a swimming pool with water depth at the xiphoid process, without added external resistance, and consisted of five rounds of four exercises: jumping jack, ski, step up on a submerged 30-cm step, and squat jump. Each bout lasted 30s, with passive standing recovery between consecutive exercises and instruction to perform at high intensity. In each session, 20 repetition counts were recorded, one for each 30s bout; performance corresponded to the mean of these counts. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE-CR10; target 9-10) and heart rate were recorded after each bout. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: A significant condition effect was observed for mean repetitions (F(2,24)=4.796; p=0.018; *p²=0.286). Post hoc analysis indicated higher performance with 60s than with 15s (mean difference=-1.746 repetitions; 95%CI=-3.112 to -0.380; p=0.012), with no differences between 15s and 30s or between 30s and 60s. Conclusion: The 60s recovery interval resulted in higher repetition performance than 15s, whereas 30s did not differ from the other conditions. Recovery duration between exercises should be considered to sustain repetition volume during aquatic HIIT.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beeinflusst die wöchentliche Trainingshäufigkeit die innere und äußere Belastung während eines progressiven Wassertrainings? Ein Vergleich zwischen zwei- und dreimal wöchentlichen Trainingseinheiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099512</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099512</guid>
      <author>Zanella, J. C.</author>
      <author>Damiani, J. A.</author>
      <author>Danielevicz, A.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <author>Delevatti, R. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungshäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zanella, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Damiani, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Danielevicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delevatti, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Monitoring training load is essential to optimize adaptations and minimize adverse events; however, evidence across different weekly frequencies is limited. Aim: To analyze internal and external training loads during a progressive aquatic program at different weekly frequencies. Methods: This quasi-experimental study included two parallel groups from the Aquatic Activities Program at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC, Brazil). Both groups completed a 3-month combined aquatic training program, with one group performing 24 sessions (twice weekly) and the other completing 36 sessions (three times weekly). The aerobic component consisted of 21 minutes of combined upper- and lower-limb exercises performed with pyramid intensity progression (Borg 11, 13, and 15). The resistance component included three lower-limb and four upper-limb exercises performed at maximal movement velocity. Training volume progressed from 2×30s in the first month to 3×20s in the second month and 4×15s in the final month. Internal training load was quantified using the Borg CR10 scale. The intensity score reported by the participant was multiplied by the duration of the main part of the session (Month-1 = 36min; Month-2 = 39min; Month-3 = 42min). External load was determined by the number of repetitions performed in the last exercise (butt kicks) of the final session of each aerobic training component. Results: The sample included 27 participants (3×/week: n = 13; 2×/week: n = 14), with no significant between-group differences in age (61.54±7.80 vs. 57.21±8.30 years, p = 0.176). Internal load showed a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05), with lower values in the thrice-weekly group and a reduction during the final month. External load showed no between-group differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A higher weekly frequency appears to promote faster adaptation; however, it was not sufficient to produce differences in performance after 3 months of training in middle-aged and older adults.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Training im Wasser auf die kognitiven Fähigkeiten und die Gangleistung bei Doppelaufgaben bei älteren Erwachsenen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099513</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099513</guid>
      <author>Herberts, B. M.</author>
      <author>Lara, R. Z.</author>
      <author>Muller, V. T.</author>
      <author>Martins, V. F.</author>
      <author>Martinez, F. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Herberts, B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lara, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muller, V. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martins, V. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, F. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Aging is associated with declines in both cognitive function and gait performance, particularly under dual-task conditions. Aquatic exercise has been proposed as a strategy to preserve functional capacity in older adults, although its effects on cognition and cognitively demanding gait tasks remain unclear. Aim: To analyze the effects of postural hydrogymnastics and deep-water locomotion on cognition and gait performance under different conditions in older adults. Methods: A quasi-experimental longitudinal study was conducted with 24 older adults (17 women and 7 men; mean age 68.1 ± 6.6 years) who participated in an 8-month aquatic exercise program. Training sessions lasted 50 minutes and were performed twice weekly on alternating days, totaling 64 sessions during the intervention period. Participants were divided into postural hydrogymnastics (n=12) and deep-water locomotion (n=12). Gait speed was assessed through the 10-meter walk test under self-selected speed, maximum speed, and dual-task conditions (serial subtraction by threes) before and after the intervention. Global cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before and after the intervention. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons were performed using paired t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: In the hydrogymnastics group, self-selected speed and maximum speed showed slight, non-significant increases (1.32±0.2 to 1.38±0.1 m/s; p=0.929 and 1.67±0.3 to 1.76±0.2 m/s; p=0.681, respectively), while gait speed under dual-task condition significantly decreased (1.31±0.2 to 1.28±0.3 m/s; p=0.026). MoCA scores increased from 23.1±3.3 to 25.8±4.1 (p=0.137). In the deep-water locomotion group, self-selected speed decreased from 1.41±0.2 to 1.27±0.1 m/s (p=0.064), while maximum speed significantly decreased from 1.77±0.2 to 1.63±0.2 m/s (p=0.024). Gait speed under dual-task condition also showed a significant decline (1.35±0.2 to 1.15±0.1 m/s; p<0.001). MoCA scores slightly increased from 24.4±2.5 to 24.8±4.4 (p=0.063). Conclusions: Both aquatic interventions appeared to contribute to the maintenance of cognitive performance over time. However, neither modality improved gait under dual-task conditions, and both were associated with reduced performance in this context. These unexpected negative findings suggest limited transfer of aquatic training adaptations to cognitively demanding gait tasks on land and warrant further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines strukturierten Wassertrainingsprogramms auf die körperliche Fitness und die funktionelle Leistungsfähigkeit bei älteren Erwachsenen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099514</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099514</guid>
      <author>Muller, V. T.</author>
      <author>Lara, R. Z.</author>
      <author>Herberts, B. M.</author>
      <author>Martins, V. F.</author>
      <author>Martinez, F. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Muller, V. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lara, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herberts, B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martins, V. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, F. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Aging is associated with progressive declines in physical fitness, including muscle strength, cardiorespiratory capacity, and functional mobility, directly impacting independence and quality of life. Aquatic exercise has been widely used as a safe and effective strategy to promote health in older adults due to reduced joint impact and better control of exercise intensity. In this context, it is relevant to investigate how aquatic exercise programs influence physical fitness components, considering principles of eligibility and responsibility in exercise prescription. Aim: Analyze the effects of an aquatic exercise program on physical fitness variables in older adults. Methods: This is an experimental study involving 24 older adults who chose to take part in aquatic exercise programmes in the CREM university extension, Deep Water Exercise (DWE, n=12, 64 ± 6.6 years, 88.45 ± 16.6 weight, 169 ± 10.3 height, 29.4 ± 5.2 body mass index, 6 men) or Postural Aquatic Exercise (PAE, n=12, 70 ± 6.5 years, 63.65 ± 16.4 weight, 157.5 ± 8 height, 26.5 ± 6.8 body mass index, 1 man). Eligibility criteria included age *60 years and medical clearance for physical activity. Under the supervision of Physical Education teachers and student assistants both in and out of the water, the intensity of the activities was monitored and adjusted individually based on the participants subjective perception of exertion, using the Borg scale. The programme followed a standardised lesson structure comprising 50-minute sessions, held twice a week on alternate days, with a training schedule featuring a progression in volume and intensity over the eight-month period. The structure of both disciplines of a 10-minute warm-up, the main session lasting an average of 35 minutes, and a 5-minute cool-down. Assessments were conducted before and after the intervention, including tests of muscle strength (30-second elbow flexion test, 30-second sit-to-stand test), flexibility (back-to-back reach test, sit-and-reach test), balance (Stand-up, Walk 2.44 m and Sit Down test), and functional capacity (6-minute walk test and of the 10-metre walk test). The data were analysed using JASP software (version 18.3). Mean and standard deviation were calculated for descriptive statistical analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data, and a paired t-test was performed to compare pre- and post-assessment data, with a significance level of p * = 0.05. Results: Both groups achieved gains in arm strength (DWE 18.1 ± 4.6 vs. 23.7 ± 2.9, p=0.05, d=0.36, PAE 18.6 ± 6.2, vs. 20.9 ± 6.1, p<0.02, d= 0.93), however, there was a reduction in walking speed (SSWSDT for DWE 1.35 ± 0.2 vs. 1.15±0.1, p<0.001, d=1.18 and PAE, 1.31 ± 0.2, vs. 1.28 ± 0.3, p=0.02, d=0.85), and VMAX for DWE (1.77 ± 0.2 vs. 1.63 ± 0.2, p= 0.02, d= 0.64). There was a significant decline in dual-task walking, with a large effect size. Conclusions: Aquatic exercise is a safe and effective strategy to improve physical fitness, maintain functionality, and promote health in older adults when properly supervised and aligned with eligibility criteria.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines 12-wöchigen Wassertrainings auf den Blutdruck bei älteren Frauen: eine klinische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099515</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099515</guid>
      <author>Loose-Oliveira, L.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Moreira, A. T. G.</author>
      <author>Zanella, J. C.</author>
      <author>Koening, A. C. S.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Jaques, A. J. T.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, L. C.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blutdruck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Loose-Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, A. T. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zanella, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koening, A. C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jaques, A. J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with physiological changes, such as increased blood pressure (BP), which is the main risk fac tor for cardiovascular diseases. Aquatic exercises, such as water aerobics and deep-water running, are low-impact alternatives; however, consistent evidence regarding their specific effects on BP in older women is lacking. AIM: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of 12-weeks of aquatic training on BP in untrained older women. METHODS: Seventy-four women (*60 years) were allocated into the following groups: water aerobics (WA, n=25), deep-water running (DWR, n=25), and control group (CG, n=24). The intervention was conducted twice a week for 45 minutes, with progressive intensity based on the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean BP (MBP), resting heart rate (RHR), and rate-pressure product (RPP) were analyzed. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, there was a significant reduction in RPP (p=0.014) and a group effect on DBP (p=0.035). Although no statistical differences were observed compared to the control group, the exercise groups (water aerobics and deep water running) showed clinically relevant improvements in BP and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic training (water aerobics and deep water running) maintained cardiovascular variables, with a reduction observed only in the RPP, and no differences compared to the control group. Nevertheless, the delta values indicated clinically relevant changes in SBP, DBP, and HR in the exercise groups, suggesting possible cardiovascular benefits even without statistical significance]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Training im Wasser und Lebensqualität bei älteren Erwachsenen: eine vierjährige pragmatische Längsschnittstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099516</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099516</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, L. C.</author>
      <author>Zanella, J. C.</author>
      <author>Moreira, A. T. G.</author>
      <author>Bitencourt, K. P.</author>
      <author>Borba, W. T.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, L. L.</author>
      <author>Strehl, M. S.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zanella, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, A. T. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bitencourt, K. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borba, W. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, L. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strehl, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Age-related declines across physical, social, environmental, and psychological domains are associated with a deterioration in quality of life. In this context, physical exercise has been proposed as a strategy to attenuate such declines. AIM: This study aimed to longitudinally assess the trajectory of quality of life among community-dwelling older adults engaged in aquatic-based exercise. METHODS: A longitudinal, pragmatic, quasi-experimental study was conducted with older adults enrolled at the Center for Reference in Aging and Movement (CREM). Participants engaged in water aerobics and deep-water running. The intervention consisted of two weekly 45-minute supervised sessions of aerobic and/or combined training. Exercise intensity was monitored using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (6-20). Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF at the beginning and end of each of four annual program cycles. RESULTS: Mean participant age was approximately 71 years. The findings demonstrated a progressive improvement in overall quality of life over the four-year period (p<0.001), with mean scores increasing from 71±11 at baseline to 74±11 (*4%, p<0.001) by the third year. Domain-specific analyses indicated that this improvement was primarily driven by gains in the psychological domain (p<0.001), which increased by 11% (p<0.001) from baseline (67±12) to the second year (75±11), remaining stable thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in long-term aquatic exercise was associated with sustained improvements in perceived quality of life. These benefits were primarily related to improvements in the psychological domain, while the remaining domains remained stable throughout follow-up.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Training im Wasser mit und ohne kognitive Aufgaben bei älteren Frauen: Vorläufige Ergebnisse zu Kurzzeitgedächtnis und funktioneller Mobilität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099517</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099517</guid>
      <author>Madruga, V. C.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, H. S.</author>
      <author>Gomes, M. B.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, V. H. G.</author>
      <author>Andrade, L. S.</author>
      <author>Alberton, C. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gedächtnis</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madruga, V. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, H. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, V. H. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrade, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberton, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Aquatic exercise programs may improve functionality and cognition in older adults. In addition, aquatic exercise has shown greater increases in acute cerebral blood flow than similar land-based activities. However, it remains unclear whether incorporating cognitive tasks during exercise enhances these benefits without compromising functional gains. Aim: To investigate the effects of aquatic exercise with and without cognitive tasks on short-term memory and functional mobility in older women. Methods: This randomized clinical trial (WaterCog Study, NCT07156708) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Older women were randomized into three groups: aquatic exercise with cognitive tasks (AEC), conventional aquatic exercise (AE), or a control group (CG). The AEC and AE groups completed a 12-week program (twice weekly, 45 min/session), with aerobic exercises of similar intensity and volume. The AEC group additionally performed cognitive tasks in a dual-task format. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included the Digit Span Test Forward (DST) and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), performed with and without a dual task (DT). Data are presented as mean±SD and effect sizes (Hedges` g). Results: Preliminary data included 24 participants (65.0±3.8 years; AEC: n=8; AE: n=8; CG: n=8). After the intervention, DST scores were maintained across groups, with trivial-to-small effect sizes for the AEC (g=0.177) and AE (g=0.099) groups versus CG. TUG-DT and TUG performance were also maintained, with trivial-to-small effect sizes for the AEC (g=0.005 and g=0.047, respectively) and AE (g=0.098 and g=0.286, respectively) groups versus CG. Mean adherence was 74.0±16.1% and 87.0±12.4% in the AEC and AE groups, respectively. Conclusions: Preliminary findings indicate minimal effects of aquatic exercise programs, with or without cognitive tasks, on short-term memory and functional mobility in older women after 12 weeks. These findings should be interpreted in light of the study`s preliminary nature, small sample size, and relatively short intervention period.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Positionierung des stärkeren Beins vorne bzw. hinten auf die Kickstart-Leistung bei Junioren-Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099518</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099518</guid>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Teramoto, K.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teramoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Kick-start is a crucial determinant of performance in short-distance swimming, and the placement of the front and rear legs on the starting block may affect force application and take-off mechanics. However, there is no clear evidence as to whether the stronger leg should be positioned at the front or rear, particularly in junior competitive swimmers who are still developing stable technique. This study assessed the influence of stronger-leg placement on kick-start performance in junior competitive swimmers. METHODS: Thirty-six junior competitive swimmers (12 males and 24 females) performed four kick starts in random order, alternating between their preferred and reversed (non-preferred) front-to-rear foot configurations. Single-leg vertical jump height was used to determine stronger-leg. Marker-based two-dimensional motion analysis was used to quantify start parameters, including block time, horizontal take-off velocity, and 10-m time. For each stance condition, the trial with the fastest take-off velocity was selected for analysis. Paired t-tests were used to compare conditions. RESULTS: Preferred foot placement resulted in significantly shorter block times, faster 10-m times, and greater horizontal take-off velocity than the non-preferred stance (p < 0.05). Among the 12 swimmers who habitually placed their stronger leg at the rear, four (33%) performed better when adopting the reversed stance (stronger-leg-front), indicating individual variability. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger-leg placement at the front may improve kick-start performance among junior competitive swimmers. However, the presence of individuals who performed better with the reversed stance highlights the need for individualized assessment rather than uniform coaching recommendations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Darstellung des Zusammenspiels zwischen Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen und der Geschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen: ein datengestützter Ansatz zur Erstellung personalisierter Leistungsprofile</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099519</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099519</guid>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Grenouillat, A.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grenouillat, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: How swimming performance develops from load-velocity (L-V) profiles remain unclear. Linking individual biomechanical profiles to race outcome may, however, guide training priorities to optimize performance. This study identified sex- and distance-specific hydrodynamic determinants of performance by mapping interplays between L-V outputs and 50-200m race speed; METHODS: 208 profiles (63 females), from local to world-class swimmers, were collected during semi-tethered front-crawl trials against four external loads. Theoretical maximal velocity (V0), maximal load normalized to body mass (BM) (rL0), and Slope were derived and paired with official long-course race speeds recorded within ±1month. Normative benchmarks were obtained via V0-rL0 quantile regression. Race speed predictions across V0-rL0 combinations were modelled at population and individual levels using 2D Multi-tAsk Gaussian processes with common MeAn (MAGMA); RESULTS: Logarithmic V0-rL0 relationships emerged across sex and distance with inflection points around 30%BM in males and 20%BM in females, reflecting higher V0 variance for a given rL0 increase. Beyond these thresholds, higher rL0 increased Slope faster than V0, indicating a shift in performance drivers. No optimal V0-rL0 interplays emerged; instead, multiple high-performance combinations highlighted swimmer-specific optimal hydrodynamic strategies. Swimmer positions within the V0-rL0 plane, relative to quantile curves and MAGMA mean processes, together with swimmer-specific race speed predictions support individual benchmarking; CONCLUSIONS: Above the identified rL0 thresholds, training should preferentially prioritize refining effective force application through the water while minimizing drag, rather than further strength development. Data-driven modelling provides population benchmarks and personalized performance drivers, offering coaches actionable insights into interactions between velocity, force-generation and drag-minimizing capabilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittanalyse der Zugmechanik eines Weltmeisters im Freiwasserschwimmen während des Rennens: Weltklasse-Leistungsbenchmarks über zwei Saisons hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099520</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099520</guid>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Open-water swimming (OWS) performance relies on reshaping stroke mechanics as race demands escalate toward a decisive end-spurt. How world-class swimmers implement this high-grading strategy in competition remains unknown, whereas establishing such benchmarks is essential to explain the `road to gold` in OWS. This study provides the first normative biomechanical framework for world-class OWS by integrating inter-swimmer benchmarking with longitudinal intra-swimmer profiling of the 2024 5km World Championship (WCH) winner (FONLO); METHODS: Between May 2022 and May 2024, FONLO and 7 other elite swimmers were monitored during 6 and 9 international races, respectively, using an inertial sensor. Cycle-to-cycle stroke rate (SR) and jerk cost (JC) were computed throughout each race and fitted using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing for both top-4 races (n=13), to derive a performance model, and FONLO`s races, with a focus on the final 10-1minutes; RESULTS: During his WCH victory, FONLO accentuated the modelled top-4 J-shaped dynamics by delaying and reducing time spent above mean SR and JC, while displaying larger modulation ranges across all race phases. His poorer performances showed constrained JC variability, whereas his WCH win exhibited maximized stroke mechanics variability, particularly during the end-spurt, with a sharp break in stroke smoothness between the 17th and 16th final cycles (+340%JC) triggering a 27s sprint; CONCLUSIONS: World-class OWS performance requires high technical flexibility as race success is driven by precise phase-specific regulations of stroke mechanics, preserving stroke smoothness until an explosive final sprint. These findings provide actionable insights to inform performance analysis, race strategy and training design]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der Regulierung der Zug-Gleichmäßigkeit und den Reaktionen der Muskel-Sauerstoffsättigung während eines 3000-m-Schwimmens mit gleichmäßigem Tempo bei 90 % der 400-m-Geschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099521</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099521</guid>
      <author>Soulie, M.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soulie, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Long-distance swimming performance relies on the regulation of stroke mechanics and physiological load to sustain effective pacing. Movement smoothness, quantified by jerk cost (JC), reflects technical proficiency and has been theoretically linked to energetic cost, yet empirical evidence of this interaction in swimming remains scarce. Technological advances enable concomitant assessment of stroke smoothness and muscle oxygenation saturation (SmO*) responses during swimming. This study investigated the continuous relationship between JC and SmO* during an even-paced 3000m front-crawl swim at 90% of 400m speed (V400); METHODS: 9 local-to-regional triathletes were instrumented with a sacrum-worn inertial measurement unit and a near-infrared spectroscopy sensor on the vastus lateralis to compute lap-by-lap JC and SmO*, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models quantified population-level trends and inter-individual variability in the SmO*-JC, SmO*-lap, and JC-lap relationships, with random intercepts and slopes for swimmers; RESULTS: At the population level, higher JC (impared smoothness) was associated with lower SmO* (p<0.05), indicating a disrupted muscle oxygen balance for jerkier stroke patterns. Across the 3000m, SmO* progressively decreased while JC increased (p<0.05), reflecting concurrent physiological and technical deterioration under sustained pacing. Marked inter-individual variability was observed in baseline values and in the magnitude of both JC-SmO* coupling and temporal evolutions, revealing swimmer-specific regulation and resilience profiles; CONCLUSIONS: Stroke smoothness is linked to vastus lateralis SmO* during prolonged even-paced swimming at 90% V400. Combining wearable-derived biomechanical and physiological measures provides a first in-situ attempt to integrate individual stroke smoothness regulation patterns and associated local metabolic dynamics within a unified perspective of swimming pacing]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittliche Veränderungen des passiven Widerstands, des Widerstandskoeffizienten und der Körperoberfläche bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099522</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099522</guid>
      <author>Ljodal, I.</author>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ljodal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Passive drag is a key contributor to resistive forces in swimming. Through adolescence, changes in body size, proportions, and streamlining ability may alter hydrodynamic resistance. This study examined the longitudinal development of passive drag (Dp), drag coefficient (Cd), and body surface area (BSA) in female and male adolescent swimmers. METHODS: Thirty-five competitive swimmers (23 girls, 12 boys; age at baseline: 11.2 ±0.4) participated in annual testing for five years. Passive drag was assessed by towing swimmers in a streamlined position using a 1080 Sprint device, and anthropometric measures were collected. Dp was calculated from the mean force over the central 10 m of each tow. Linear mixed models evaluated year-to-year development and sex differences. RESULTS: BSA increased significantly across Years 1-5, with the greatest growth occurring between Years 1-3. Passive drag also increased over time, though year-to-year changes were modest after the first year. Conversely, Cd decreased overall across adolescence, particularly for girls, indicating improvements in hydrodynamic efficiency. Significant sex differences were observed for all variables, with girls consistently presenting lower Dp, Cd, and BSA. No sex x year interactions emerged, indicating similar developmental trajectories across sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Growth-related increases in body size elevate passive drag, but swimmers concurrently improve streamline control, reducing Cd across adolescence. These findings highlight the interplay between maturation and technical development in shaping hydrodynamic performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Schwimmtrainingseinheit im hohen Intensitätsbereich auf die Kraftentfaltung im Wasser bei jungen Schwimmern: Analyse anhand von skalaren und Zeitreihen-Metriken</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099523</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099523</guid>
      <author>Ferreira, F. A.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Moreira, M. M.</author>
      <author>Carrijo, V. H. V.</author>
      <author>Cabral, A. L.</author>
      <author>Alves, M.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, J. J.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrijo, V. H. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabral, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Understanding the response to a single swimming session could be essential for optimizing recovery processes during the developmental stages of swimmers. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a severe-intensity swimming training session on the in-water force changes of young swimmers. Twenty-seven age-group swimmers (14 boys, 13 girls) performed a full-tethered swimming protocol pre- and post-training session that was focused on aerobic power development. Force-time curve profiles were analyzed using scalar variables, including maximum and mean forces (Fmax and Fmean, respectively) and impulse (Imp), as well as parametrized and re-parametrized (statistical parametric mapping; SPM) and arc-length (L) metrics. Paired samples t-test was used to compare pre- and post-training measurements and Cohen`s d (d) was used as an effect size measure. Fmax (242.0 ± 53.0 vs 225.0 ± 41.7 N, p = 0.01, d = 0.53), Fmean (112.0 ± 20.7 vs 101.4 ± 19.2 N, p < 0.01, d = 1.48) and mean Imp (107.1 ± 19.7 vs 96.6 ± 18.9 N·s-1, p < 0.01, d = 1.64) were reduced after the training session. Also, a single training session significantly impaired force-time curve profiles on SPM (0.0-12.0, 25.0-27.0, 45.0-53.0 and 62.0-100.0% of the temporal cycle percentage). Moreover, parametrization reflected reductions in force values and a diminished capacity to generate and sustain force over time. Altogether, these metrics provide valuable insights for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue and optimizing recovery processes in competitive young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie passen Spitzenschwimmer ihre Unterwasser-Schwimmtechnik an das Tempo an?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099524</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099524</guid>
      <author>Audot, D. A. G.</author>
      <author>Thompson, I. M.</author>
      <author>Banks, J.</author>
      <author>Hudson, D. A.</author>
      <author>Warner, M.</author>
      <author>Logan, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Audot, D. A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, I. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Banks, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hudson, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Logan, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) performance is usually associated with kicking symmetry when performed at maximal effort. However, in longer events where pacing is critical, is this still the case? Two male high-level swimmers completed prone UUS trials at maximum effort,  pace and  pace. Kinematic variables were gathered from three-dimensional underwater motion capture. Average hip velocity, kick frequency, kick amplitude, maximum knee flexion, downbeat duration, peak toe velocity and toe delay were calculated. Body position at peak vertical toe position and wave propagation along the body were also examined. Both swimmers achieved a similar reduction in speed between the prescribed paces, but through different kinematic approaches. One preserved a similar coordination pattern across pace and mainly reduced kicking frequency. In contrast, the second athlete showed a reduction in toe delay and relative downbeat duration at  pace, together with greater hip extension and faster body wave propagation relative to the kicking period. Despite this change in coordination, peak toe velocity during the down-kick remained similar to maximum effort at  pace. These changes highlight a switch from a symmetrical to a down-kick dominant technique between maximum effort and  pace. Further work is required to investigate the potential benefits of an asymmetrical technique with regard to race pacing]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Trainingsintensität beeinflusst die vertikale Handbahn beim Kraulschwimmen: Vorläufige Ergebnisse eines funktionalen Datenanalyseansatzes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099525</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099525</guid>
      <author>Machado, A. A.</author>
      <author>Bernardina, G. R. D.</author>
      <author>Lacerda, L. F.</author>
      <author>Miyasato, L. F.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T. M.</author>
      <author>Cerveri, P. C.</author>
      <author>Andrade, A. G.</author>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Machado, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bernardina, G. R. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacerda, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyasato, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cerveri, P. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrade, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Arm stroke trajectory plays a central role in propulsion and efficiency in front crawl swimming. The vertical displacement of the hand is associated with propulsive phases and technical adjustments across swimming intensities. However, most biomechanical studies rely on discrete variables, which may overlook changes occurring throughout the stroke cycle. Functional data analysis enables the investigation of continuous movement patterns and may improve detection of intensity-dependent changes in stroke mechanics. This study investigated whether different intensities affect the vertical displacement profile of the arm stroke in front crawl. METHODS: Hand trajectories were obtained using a system of 12 cameras positioned above and below the water around a calibrated acquisition volume. Competitive swimmers performed front crawl trials at three intensities: 70%, 85%, and 100% of the average speed from a maximal 200-m test. Three-dimensional hand trajectories from two stroke cycles were reconstructed, and vertical displacement along the Z-axis was analyzed over the normalized stroke cycle. FANOVA compared displacement curves and identified time intervals with significant differences. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between intensities. The Z-axis trajectory at 100% differed from 70% and 85%, while no difference occurred between 70% and 85%. Differences appeared mainly during propulsive phases, between 23-38% and 45-62% of the stroke cycle, corresponding to pull and push phases. CONCLUSIONS: Swimming intensity alters vertical displacement during propulsive phases. Functional analysis was more effective than discrete approaches for identifying when these changes occur, providing objective information for technique adjustments and supporting the applicability of FANOVA in swimming biomechanics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Markerlose Bewegungserfassung unter realen Trainingsbedingungen: Praktische Erkenntnisse zur Leistung beim ventralen Start</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099526</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099526</guid>
      <author>Bermudez, S. G.</author>
      <author>Acosta, M.</author>
      <author>Moraes, J. P.</author>
      <author>Pereyra, A.</author>
      <author>Rego,</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bermudez, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Acosta, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moraes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereyra, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rego,</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: The swimming start is a key determinant of sprint performance, emerging from complex interactions between kinetic and kinematic variables. However, three-dimensional biomechanical assessment remains largely restricted to laboratory environments. This study aimed to examine the association between markerless motion capture-derived kinematic variables and time to 5 m (T5) during the ventral swim start in national-level competitive swimmers. METHODS: Sixteen swimmers performed five maximal starts under ecological training conditions. Kinematic data were obtained using a smartphone-based markerless system, and T5 was determined from the synchronized start signal to the 5 m reference line using high-speed video analysis. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to account for repeated trials nested within swimmers, and complementary Bayesian analyses were conducted at the individual level. RESULTS: At the trial level, moderate negative associations were observed between T5 and front ankle peak angular velocity (r = *0.39, p = .031), and between T5 and rear hip peak angular velocity (r = *0.33, p = .049). However, mixed-effects modelling indicated that inclusion of these variables did not improve model fit beyond the null model. A high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.81) revealed that most T5 variability was explained by between-swimmer differences. At the individual level, Bayesian analysis provided credible evidence for a negative association between the sign-inverted front ankle angle at peak angular velocity and T5 (posterior mean r = *0.42; 95% CrI: *0.79 to *0.02). Because this recoded variable represented plantarflexion magnitude, greater front-ankle plantarflexion at the instant of peak angular velocity was associated with faster 5-m start performance. CONCLUSIONS: Ventral swim start performance over 5 m appears primarily athlete-specific and coordination-driven rather than explained by isolated joint kinematics. Markerless motion capture provides biomechanically coherent data in ecological settings, supporting its use for individualized performance analysis and coaching-oriented feedback]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik des Kraulschwimmens mit passiven Trainingsgeräten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099527</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099527</guid>
      <author>Bosetto, P.</author>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Lubrano, M.</author>
      <author>Ruspi, M. L.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bosetto, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lubrano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruspi, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming has a lower efficiency compared to other sport. Swimming technique is essential to minimize drag and maximize speed. Hence, kinematic analysis is fundamental for optimizing technique and performance. In training routines, passive training equipment is frequently used. However, their kinematics alterations remain poorly explorated. This creates a gap between the training stimulus prescribed by the coach and the actual effect achieved by the swimmer. METHODS: 10 participants performed three 25 m trials at 80%, 90%, and 100% of their maximal swimming velocity with and without passive equipment. Main kinematic variables were compared across equipment conditions and intensities though 3D MoCap. RESULTS: swimming with passive equipment primarily affects technique at maximal intensities. Specifically, technical stability was observed at 80% and 90% of vmax, with the exception of the knee joint angle in arm-only conditions; however, at higher intensities, paddles modified the underwater hand trajectory. Additionally, in the arm-only condition, the timing of pelvic motion was altered. CONCLUSIONS: Kinematics remain largely stable when using passive training equipment at low intensities, with the exception of knee joint angle in leg-constrained conditions. At maximal intensities, the use of paddles modifies hand trajectory, whereas leg-constrained tools affect both knee joint angle and pelvic roll in the arm-only condition. When comparing the same equipment across different intensities, adaptations appear to be intensity-specific. These findings suggest that the use of passive swimming equipment in training programs should be carefully tailored to the intended objectives, taking into account the specific technical adaptations they induce.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vom Land ins Wasser: Validierung eines handelsüblichen Computer-Vision-Tools für die Unterwasser-Kinematikanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099528</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099528</guid>
      <author>Monteiro, S. M.</author>
      <author>Fonseca, P.</author>
      <author>Sousa, M.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Markerless motion analysis based on computer vision has expanded in sport sciences, but its validity in aquatic environments remains unclear due to optical distortions and fluid-related constraints. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, precision and validity of an off-the-shelf pose estimation tool for underwater kinematic analysis using a controlled cyclic movement.; METHODS: Eight physically active participants performed aquatic cycling at 40, 60 and 80 rpm. Hip, knee and ankle anatomical landmarks were identified using a manual tracking approach (Kinovea) and a markerless algorithm (Sports2D). Spatial accuracy was assessed through root mean square error (RMSE) of landmark detection, while knee joint angle agreement was evaluated using correlation analysis and Bland-Altman methods; RESULTS: RMSE values remained stable across cadences (p > 0.05), with lower errors observed at the knee compared to hip and ankle (p < 0.01). A strong linear relationship between methods was found for knee joint angles (r² = 0.67-0.88), although systematic differences were present. Sports2D underestimated minimum angles and overestimated maximum angles, indicating an amplification of movement amplitude and limits of agreement remained consistent across cadences; CONCLUSIONS: The markerless approach demonstrated consistent anatomical landmark detection in an aquatic environment, but showed systematic bias in joint angle estimation. These findings support its use for applications requiring reliable landmark tracking, while highlighting the need for caution and context-specific validation when interpreting joint kinematics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mehrdimensionale Determinanten der 100-m-Schwimmleistung im Wasser und an Land in allen vier Lagen bei Nachwuchsschwimmern (Age-Group)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099529</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099529</guid>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Sukvilaihirun, T.</author>
      <author>Thongchai, P.</author>
      <author>Udomvitayanugul, P.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sukvilaihirun, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thongchai, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Udomvitayanugul, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming performance is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interplay of physiological, neuromuscular, and biomechanical factors. Nonetheless, the majority of prior research has employed simplified methodologies, constraining the comprehension of integrated performance determinants. This study aimed to find the multifaceted factors of 100 m swimming performance in both in-water and dry-land, as well as to establish a comprehensible machine learning framework for performance analysis in age-group swimmers.; METHODS: Thirty highly trainedage-group swimmers (16 males, 14 females; age 14.0 ± 1.0 years) underwent an extensive test battery comprising 11 dry-land and 2 in-water domains (99 variables). The performance outcomes consisted of official 100 m short-course times for butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle strokes. The normality of the data was validated (Shapiro-Wilk p > 0.05). Relationships were evaluated by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. Predictive modeling was conducted utilizingLeast Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Elastic Net, and Random Forest with cross-validation.; RESULTS: Critical velocity showed as the most significant predictor across all strokes (r = *0.87 to *0.93, p < 0.001), followed by grip endurance peak force (r = *0.83, p < 0.001) and squat jump height (r = *0.75, p < 0.001). Elastic Net models accounted for 88.9-99.9% of performance variance (R² = 0.889-0.999; RMSE = 1.27-2.65 s), while LASSO exhibited a R² between 0.838 and 0.950. Random Forest analysis identified in-water variables (critical velocity, tethering force) and grip endurance as significant contributors. Notably, freestyle and backstroke performance was more influenced by dry-land neuromuscular factors, whereas breaststroke relied more heavily on in-water propulsion variables. Feature importance derived via SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) confirmed these stroke-specific contributions, providing interpretable insights into model predictions. Domain-specific models demonstrated significant explanatory power for both dry-land (R² = 0.876-0.965) and in-water (R² = 0.660-0.892) predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Swimming performance is influenced by both multidimensional and stroke-specific parameters, with critical velocity serving as a universal predictor and neuromuscular elements playing a role across different strokes. Interpretable machine learning offers a comprehensive framework for identifying critical performance factors and facilitates personalized, data-informed training approaches for young swimmers]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Smartwatches als Instrumente zur Messung kinematischer Parameter beim Freiwasserschwimmen: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099530</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099530</guid>
      <author>Miyasato, L. F.</author>
      <author>Medeiros, F. B.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, D. J. S.</author>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyasato, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Medeiros, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, D. J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Smartwatches emerge as a tool capable of measuring kinematic parameters while also being intuitive and widely accessible for swimmers. Furthermore, smartwatches offer promising potential for swimming biomechanics research due to their ease of use, ability to collect data in real time and relatively low-cost compared to traditional assessment instruments. This study aims to analyze GPS signal data, time taken to complete the ± 840m trial, total distance, average swim pace and average stroke rate of two commercial smartwatches in open water swim. METHODS: 8 swimmers were included (4 men and 4 women) (CAAE: 63038022.3.0000.8267/5.659.939). All swimmers have experience with open water swimming. For data collection, swimmers were instructed to complete a ± 840 m trial in a river under downstream conditions, in a self-selected pace. Garmin® Fenix 6 Pro (1) and Coros® Pace Pro (2) were used for collecting total distance, time taken to complete the ±  840 m trial, swim pace and stroke rate. RESULTS: Overall, similar mean values were observed between the smartwatches. GPS signal for Coros smartwatch shows to be more inconsistent than Garmin. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that smartwatch data in open-water swimming should be interpreted with caution, as GPS signal loss possible may affect measurement accuracy]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Profilierung des Kraulschwimmens nur mit den Armen auf der Grundlage isokinetischer Messungen und einfacher kinematischer Parameter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099531</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099531</guid>
      <author>Peterson-Silveira, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peterson-Silveira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to describe a new protocol for hydrodynamic profiling in front crawl swimming. A combination of isokinetic dynamometry and 2-D kinematic analysis is proposed (the IsoMAD method). The relationships between the arm stroke mechanical power (Wext), arm stroke efficiency (hp), and active drag factor (ka) with maximal swimming speed (v), and simple kinematic parameters in front crawl using the arms only were explored. Regional level swimmers (n=22) performed 25 m at maximal speed to assess simple kinematic parameters and , and an isokinetic protocol on dryland, simulating the arm stroke propulsion, to assess Wext. Propulsive power (Wprop), active drag (Da) and ka were estimated by combining dryland and in-water protocols. A stepwise regression indicated three performance prediction models: (i) including hp (R²=0.435); (ii) including hp and Wext (R²=0.705); and (iii) including hp, Wext, and]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des isokinetischen Kraftprofils eines simulierten Armzugs bei Junioren- und Erwachsenen-Wettkampfschwimmern sowie bei erwachsenen Freizeitschwimmern mittels Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) und funktionaler Hauptkomponentenanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099532</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099532</guid>
      <author>Peterson-Silveira, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peterson-Silveira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare the isokinetic strength profile of a simulated arm stroke between junior, senior, and adult recreational swimmers using time-series statistical approaches. Thirty-five swimmers (junior n=8, senior n=12, recreational n=15) performed five maximal voluntary shoulder extension contractions at six angular velocities (60-300°·s*¹) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Torque signals were time-normalized to 0-100% of the movement cycle. Group differences were assessed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), and functional principal component analysis (fPCA) was used to evaluate global waveform characteristics. SPM revealed significant between-group differences across angular velocities, predominantly between junior and senior swimmers, with differences primarily located in the early phase of the movement cycle. fPCA indicated that the first principal component (PC1) explained most of the variance and differed significantly between groups, whereas no significant group differences were observed in PC2. Multivariate analysis confirmed significant overall between-group differences across most angular velocities. Additional analyses using body-mass-normalized torque demonstrated that these differences persisted after accounting for body size and revealed significant differences between senior and recreational swimmers. These findings suggest that both maturation and long-term training exposure contribute to superior torque production, particularly during the early phase of the movement cycle, which may be associated with differences in neuromuscular capacity and rapid torque generation. The combined use of SPM and fPCA provided complementary insights into strength profiling, highlighting the value of time-series analyses for identifying phase-specific differences that are not captured by traditional discrete variables.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung individueller Entwicklungsverläufe mit Monte-Carlo-Unsicherheitsquantifizierung: ein intraindividueller Ansatz zur Vorhersage der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099533</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099533</guid>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ozon, R.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, M. D. M.</author>
      <author>Coelho, L. S.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, M. D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coelho, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Predicting individual athletic performance presents unique challenges due to limited longitudinal observations per subject and the need for personalized rather than population-level inference. This study introduces a within-subject analytical framework combining log-linear growth curve models with Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty quantification in swimming performance prediction. Unlike traditional time series approaches requiring extensive historical data, our method operates effectively with sparse longitudinal measurements (4-8 observations per athlete) by treating each individual as their own control; METHODS: We analyzed 417 kinematic observations (horizontal hip velocity) from 25 athletes (11 swimmers and 14 triathletes) across three swimming distances (200, 300 and 400 m), generating personalized forecasts with calibrated prediction intervals. The framework incorporates domain knowledge through the log-linear specification, which captures exponential skill acquisition dynamics established in motor-learning theory. RESULTS: Ninety five percent of athlete-distance combinations exhibited improving steps when assessed against individual baselines, with median growth rated of 4.93% per testing session. Monte Carlo simulation (10.000 iterations) produced well-calibrated 95% prediction intervals, with 92% of athletes showing greater than 50% probability of achieving personal bests in subsequent steps. The method successfully detected performance plateaus in 5% of cases and identified anomalous test results deviating from individual patterns. Breakpoint analysis revealed training response changes in 40% of steps. CONCLUSIONS: The individualized approach provides coaches with actionable, athlete-specific predictions and uncertainty estimated, avoiding the ecological fallacy inherent in between-group comparisons for individual sports performance optimization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Platzierung von IMU-Sensoren am Kopf und im unteren Rückenbereich zur Klassifizierung von Schwimmaktivitäten unter Verwendung von probandenabhängigen und probandenunabhängigen Strategien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099534</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099534</guid>
      <author>Aram, S.</author>
      <author>Thompson, I.</author>
      <author>Hudson, D. A.</author>
      <author>Logan, O.</author>
      <author>Banks, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aram, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hudson, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Logan, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Banks, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Automated swimming activity classification using inertial measurement units (IMU) enables real-time session monitoring. However, classification may depend on sensor placement and model training/testing strategy. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of IMU sensor placement (head and lower-back) and two training/testing strategies: a subject-independent approach using Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) cross-validation, where each swimmer is evaluated using a model trained on the remaining swimmers, and a subject-dependent strategy, where each swimmer`s Individual Medley data served as the test set; METHODS: A Support Vector Machine classifier was trained using mean and standard deviation features extracted from 0.3-second windows at 100 Hz and applied to nine activity classes across 12 swimmers. Per-swimmer accuracy and per-class precision, recall, and F1-scores are reported across four experimental conditions; RESULTS: A consistent performance hierarchy was observed: lower-back sensor with Individual Medley testing produced the highest performance, followed by head sensor with Individual Medley testing, lower-back sensor with LOSO, and head sensor with LOSO. The head sensor with LOSO showed the greatest inter-swimmer accuracy variability (0.43-0.9). Among all classes rest and stroke styles were classified most accurately with Individual Medley testing; CONCLUSIONS: The Individual Medley testing outperformed LOSO by 4% on lower-back and 10% on head sensor. Lower-back sensor with Individual Medley testing achieved high performance for frontcrawl, backstroke and butterfly while the head sensor with Individual Medley testing strategy reached comparable performance. Wall push-off and turn remained challenging to classify with all methods that indicate a limitation in capturing short activities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Verhältnis von Leistung zu Geschwindigkeitsschwankung als Indikator für die mechanische Effizienz in den vier Lagen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099535</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099535</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Mezêncio, B.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mezêncio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming performance depends on the interaction between propulsive and resistive forces, which produces unavoidable velocity fluctuations. Traditional descriptors quantify these variations but do not reflect their mechanical cost. This study analyzed the relative power to velocity variation (rPVV), a novel metric that accounts for hydrodynamic conditions, across the four swimming techniques. METHODS: Fifteen competitive swimmers performed maximal 25 m trials in front crawl, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly, yielding 34 observations. Velocity was measured with a moving-camera system and active drag was assessed using the velocity perturbation method. Mechanical and kinematic-related variables were computed. Linear mixed-effects models examined the effects of technique and sex, and regression analyses explored relationships between variables. RESULTS: rPVV and PVV presented lower values in the alternated techniques compared to the simultaneous ones (p<0.001), showing a negative non-linear relationship with mean velocity (R²=0.531). PVV increased with intracycle velocity variation (R²=0.950), as well as with mean velocity, and decreased in relative terms (R²=0.531). CONCLUSIONS: Velocity fluctuations impose a substantial and technique-dependent mechanical cost. The rPVV appears to be a meaningful indicator of swimming efficiency, with potential value for technique optimization and performance enhancement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Babyschwimmen in Florianópolis, Brasilien: Die Wahrnehmung der Praxis durch die Familien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099536</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099536</guid>
      <author>Pacheco, A. L.</author>
      <author>Correia, C. K.</author>
      <author>Gomes, L. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Familie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pacheco, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, C. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Florianópolis, located in southern Brazil, is characterized by a diversity of natural aquatic environments. Consequently, swimming is of significant importance, rendering early familiarization with aquatic environments a valuable experience. The purpose of this study was to assess how families of infants who attend baby swimming classes in Florianópolis perceive this activity; METHODS: The study adopted a descriptive-exploratory methodological approach. An online questionnaire was used, containing questions regarding the characteristics of the participants and the infants, the reasons that led families to enroll infants in swimming programs, the description of class structure, and the perceived benefits. A total of 23 family members of infants participated in the study; CONCLUSIONS: Safety was the primary reason reported for enrolling in the practice, followed by health and developmental factors. In general, classes last 30 min and are conducted by one swimming instructor. The use of diverse activities, materials, and songs was reported. Infants are encouraged to learn through imitation. The most frequently reported contents included bubble blowing in the water, water immersion, balance-challenging tasks, back floating, edge-supported locomotion, jumping from the pool edge into the water, and varied locomotor movements. The most commonly perceived benefits by families were motor development in the water, increased self-confidence during swimming lessons, water safety, motor development outside the aquatic environment, and reduction of fear of water. These findings may assist professionals in promoting baby swimming programs in accordance with family perceptions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Von der empirischen Intuition zur nichtlinearen Pädagogik: ein 30-jähriges Forschungsprogramm zum Vortrieb im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099537</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099537</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: For decades, swimming technique was taught through a prescriptive approach aimed at reproducing an 'ideal' champion's stroke. In the 1990s, an alternative empirical framework identified 12 spatial and temporal factors governing upper-body propulsive efficiency. While these factors can still be demonstrated today through simple field tests (e.g., swimming with clenched fists vs. paddles), their true value lies in how they catalyzed a 30-year research program. AIM AND METHODS: This paper reviews how macroscopic coordination (Index of Coordination), mechanical efficiency (MAD-system), velocity smoothing (Intra-cyclic Velocity Variation), and fine kinetic adaptation (force spectral analysis) substantiated the initial intuition. RESULTS: Ultimately, this journey led to a paradigm shift: coordination variability is a functional adaptation to constraints. Consequently, the 12 factors are no longer taught as prescriptive rules, but manipulated as task constraints within a nonlinear pedagogical framework. CONCLUSIONS: Remaining research gaps concerning longitudinal learning dynamics and environmental transferability are discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen bei Angst, Selbstvertrauen und Schwimmkompetenz nach einem Schwimmlernprogramm bei Kindern, die noch nicht schwimmen können</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099538</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099538</guid>
      <author>Zoretic, D.</author>
      <author>Rastovski, D.</author>
      <author>Lendic, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoretic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rastovski, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lendic, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming is a fundamental life skill and an important form of physical activity that contributes to children`s physical and psychological development. However, for non-swimmer children, the aquatic environment may induce fear and anxiety, potentially hindering the learning process. The aim of this study was to examine changes in cognitive and somatic anxiety, self-confidence, and swimming competence following participation in a structured learn-to-swim program. METHODS: The sample consisted of 101 children aged 10 to 12 years (56 boys and 45 girls). Anxiety was assessed using a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory for Children (CSAI-2C), adapted to the context of swimming instruction, while swimming competence was evaluated using a standardized Croatian swimming competence scale. Measurements were conducted before and after a structured learn-to-swim program consisting of 20 instructional lessons conducted over 10 days. The program was conducted in swimming-pool settings under standardized instructional conditions. RESULTS: The results showed a statistically significant improvement in swimming competence between the initial and final testing (3.91 ± 2.89 vs. 8.51 ± 1.61; p < 0.01). A significant decrease in cognitive anxiety (26.00 ± 7.92 vs. 18.02 ± 5.43; p < 0.01) and somatic anxiety (17.89 ± 6.01 vs. 13.22 ± 3.97; p < 0.01) was observed, along with a significant increase in self-confidence (13.64 ± 5.17 vs. 18.28 ± 3.98; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that improvements in swimming competence, reduced anxiety, and increased self-confidence were observed following the structured learn-to-swim program. These results may support the use of progressive and psychologically sensitive swimming instruction in school-based or community learn-to-swim programs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportpädagogik: Im Schwimmunterricht für Kinder vermittelte Wasserfertigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099539</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099539</guid>
      <author>Chaves, A. D.</author>
      <author>Santos, S. P.</author>
      <author>Caetano, A. C.</author>
      <author>Amaral, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chaves, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caetano, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Amaral, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: The appropriate organization of pedagogical content progression is crucial for effective swimming instruction across childhood. This study aimed to analyze the aquatic skills taught by swimming instructors, considering children aged 4-6 and 7-11 years. METHODS: Twenty-one swimming instructors participated (mean age: 35.14 ± 7.86 years; training: 10.10 ± 10.90 years; experience: 10.02 ± 10.98 years). Data were collected through an online questionnaire including sociodemographic information and four questions on pedagogical practices. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data through content analysis. RESULTS: For children aged 4-6, the most frequently taught skills were underwater vision (20), facial relaxation (20), breath control (19), leg propulsion (19), arm propulsion (19), and jumps (19). For those aged 7-11, emphasis shifted to technical skills, including tumble turns (21), breaststroke and butterfly leg kicks (20), arm strokes for backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly (20), and coordination in breaststroke and butterfly (20). CONCLUSIONS: Instructors demonstrate a consistent understanding of pedagogical priorities across age groups. The distinction between younger and older children reflects the need for developmentally appropriate teaching strategies to optimize learning in the aquatic environment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf dem Weg zu einem Konsens über die Nutzung und Nichtnutzung von Schwimmbrillen im frühen Schwimmunterricht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099540</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099540</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: This study examined how to stop using goggles at the initial stage of learning to swim, in order to reduce negative emotions and to use learners` natural need for aquatic activity, thus building a lasting and effective potential for safe use of the aquatic environment; METHODS: A targeted narrative review of the literature was conducted to identify arguments supporting the discontinuation of goggles. These arguments were then mapped onto the domains of Aquatic Literacy (AL), organized as a concept map, and used to create a SWOT matrix.; RESULTS: The pedagogical implications of not using goggles at the initial stage of learning to swim were identified; CONCLUSIONS: Goggles are not necessary to start instruction, provided individual capabilities are taken into account and psychosocial support is ensured, as this plays a key role in the development of AL. Pedagogical consensus indicates when goggles support, and when they limit, the development of AL.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Erholungsdauer auf die Beiträge der Energiesysteme und die Leistung während 4 × 50 m Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099541</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099541</guid>
      <author>Santos, G. M. R.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, A. C.</author>
      <author>Protzen, G. V.</author>
      <author>Boullosa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, G. M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Protzen, G. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boullosa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Recovery duration during sprint interval training may influence metabolic stress, fatigue, and performance. However, its effects on energy system contributions during swimming remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of 2- vs. 4-min recovery intervals during a 4 x 50 m (S4×50) sprint interval training on energy system contributions and performance parameters in competitive swimmers. METHODS: Thirteen swimmers completed two conditions in randomized order: S4×50 with 2-min (S2min) and 4-min (S4min) recovery intervals. Oxygen uptake was assessed using backward extrapolation, and blood lactate was measured to estimate aerobic and anaerobic contributions. Mean speed (vMEAN) and performance decrement (PD) were also calculated. RESULTS: vMEAN was higher (~0.91%, p = 0.008) and PD was lower (~49%, p =0.005) in S4min compared to S2min. No significant differences were observed in absolute or relative energy system contributions between conditions. However, vMEAN in both conditions was significantly associated with both anaerobic pathways, with the glycolytic contribution being the main predictor (R² = 0.67-0.89). Notably, only the S4min condition showed a significant association of performance with phosphagen pathway contribution (r = 0.64, p = 0.020). In S2min, PD was correlated with blood lactate (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Longer recovery intervals (S4min) allowed a lower PD without altering overall energy system contributions, whereas shorter intervals (S2min) increased metabolic fatigue and PD. These findings highlight recovery duration as a key variable for modulating fatigue and prescribing sprint interval training in swimming. However, although recovery appears to be a determining factor in performance decrement, increasing the interval did not affect the metabolic contribution of the efforts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von Wettkämpfen auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei hochtrainierten Schwimmern: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099542</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099542</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, P. S.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, S. M.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Lopes, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used to monitor autonomic regulation, training load, and recovery in swimmers. However, the acute impact of competition remains unclear. AIM: To investigate the acute effect of competition on HRV in highly trained swimmers and examine individual responses. METHODS: Four male and eight female highly-trained swimmers (age: 18±3years; WA points: 670±59) were monitored across multiple competitions (24 paired observations) during the first macrocycle of the season. Swimmers completed 8-9 weekly swim (~5000m) and 2 dryland sessions (~1h). HRV was assessed using a morning orthostatic test (5min each in each position), including mean HR, RMSSD, lnRMSSD, time to peak HR, peak HR, and frequency-domain indices (VLF, LF, HF) Pre-Post competition comparisons were performed using paired t-tests, alongside individual analysis. RESULTS: No differences were observed between Pre-Post for any variable (p>0.05), with key markers remaining stable: resting HR (56.6±7.9 vs 55.9±7.4bpm), RMSSD (94.9±40.6 vs 98.0±51.5ms), lnRMSSD (1.94±0.17 vs 1.94±0.21), time to peak HR (21.2±3.5 vs 21.6±3.4s), and peak HR (105.6±9.5 vs 107.1±8.9bpm). Individual responses were heterogeneous, with balanced proportions of increases and decreases in most HRV indices. Nevertheless, 15/24 observations showed increased supine HF and 16/24 increased standing LF. CONCLUSIONS: Competition does not appear to induce a systematic negative impact on HRV, suggesting that immediate training load reductions may not be universally required. Increased supine HF and standing LF may reflect preserved autonomic balance. However, the absence of a clear and consistent patterns, highlights the influence of contextual factors and reinforces the need for individualized interpretation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der Kerntemperatur bei Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099543</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099543</guid>
      <author>Silva, E. R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <author>Diefenthaeler, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klima</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diefenthaeler, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Open water swimming (OWS) competitions in hot climates elevate core temperature (Tc), impairing performance and increasing risks of exertional heat illness (EHI) and exertional heat stroke (EHS). High water temperatures (e.g., ~29°C in Tokyo 2020 Olympics; ~33°C in Fran Crippen's fatal 2010 event) limit heat dissipation via reduced gradients and suppressed sweating. Behavioral countermeasures (e.g., hydration, reduced intensity) are impractical during races. AccurateTcmonitoring is essential for early hyperthermia detection and safety, yet ecologically valid field measurements remain challenging. This integrative review aimed to survey literature on feasible instruments and techniques forTcmeasurement and management in OWS swimmers. METHODS: This integrative review searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (Dec 2023-Mar 2024) using Boolean: ("open water swimming*" OR endurance* OR triathlon* OR "marathon swimming*") AND heat* AND sport* AND athlete* AND "core temperature measurement*". Inclusion: English full texts on healthy swimmers/athletes,Tcapplicability in OWS training/competition. Exclusion: thermogenic substances, non-athletes. Quality assessed via CASP; three reviewers screened via Rayyan. RESULTS: From 610 references (274 duplicates removed), 21 full texts screened; 4 included. Studies provided insights on swimming thermometry (not exclusively OWS/hot): ingestible sensors (e-Celsius), rectal probes, skin sensors (TX-4/TX-2), infrared tympanic (inadequate post-cold water). Invasive sites (e.g., esophageal, rectal; gold standard: pulmonary artery) vs. non-invasive (tympanic, forehead). Emerging wearables (CoreTemp, Equivital EQ02+, Kenzen Patch, Cosinuss° One) enable continuousTcwith HR, SpO* via RF/Bluetooth, per World Aquatics Rule 15.3. CONCLUSIONS: Tcmeasurement in OWS is feasible via wearables integrating physiological/biomechanical data for real-time thermal profiles, personalized precooling/hydration, earlyEHI/EHSdetection, and dynamic pacing. Despite limitations (validation, comfort), these technologies promise enhanced safety/performance amid climate-driven heat stress, warranting OWS-specific research]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittliche Leistungsverläufe im 50-m-Freistilschwimmen der Männer: Eine Analyse der A-Finalisten bei den japanischen Schwimmmeisterschaften von 2004 bis 2025</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099544</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099544</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, A.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Longitudinal analyses of elite sprint freestyle performance can inform talent identification, long*term athlete development, and competition planning; however, systematic descriptions of career*long trajectory types among Japanese national top-level competition swimmers are scarce. We aimed to characterize long*term performance trajectories among A*finalists at the Japan Swimming Championships (JAPAN SWIM), classify trajectory types, and derive age*related growth curves. METHODS: Annual best times recorded in the men's 50-m freestyle A-final at JAPAN SWIM from 2004 to 2025 were collected from the official record. Longitudinal performance trajectories were analysed for 18 athletes who qualified for the A-final on three or more occasions. Performance trajectory types were classified into five to seven categories based on annual best times, and age-related growth curves were constructed for nine athletes with available junior-period data. RESULTS: The Long-term Dominant type accounted for five of the nine athletes, with rapid performance improvement observed from the junior period through ages 22-24 years, followed by convergence to the low-22-second range during the elite competitive period (*24 years; Japanese record: 21.64 s). The Long-term Challenger-to-Retirement type (n = 1) competed in 12 A-finals over 13 years, demonstrating performance decline in the final career phase. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first systematic characterisation of diverse career trajectories among male 50-m freestyle A-final swimmers at the Japan Swimming Championships, offering practical implications for long-term athlete development and competitive planning.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen akuter Ermüdung an Land und im Wasser bei jungen Schwimmern: ein geschlechtsspezifischer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099545</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099545</guid>
      <author>Ferreira, F. A.</author>
      <author>Cabral, A. L.</author>
      <author>Moreira, M. M.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Alves. M.</author>
      <author>Carrijo, V. H. V.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabral, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrijo, V. H. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[While the relation between dryland strength and in-water force has already been documented, the relationship between induced fatigue by dryland and in-water tests remains poorly understood, particularly regarding sex differences. This study investigated the relationship between acute fatigue induced by dryland and in-water testing among young competitive swimmers of both sexes. Thirteen boys (12.8 ± 0.6 years) and 14 girls (13.3 ± 0.5 years) volunteered to participate. Work fatigue (%) for dominant and non-dominant upper limbs was retrieved from a dryland isokinetic shoulder external and internal rotation test. Force decay (Fdecay), force coefficient of variation (FCv, %) and fatigue index (FI, %) were obtained by 30s tethered swimming test. No differences were observed between sexes for any fatigue-related variable in either environment (p>0.05). While no relations between conditions were found for girls, boys demonstrated relationship between FCv-dominant external rotation (r = 0.59, p <0.05) and Fdecay-dominant internal rotation (r = 0.57, p <0.05). These findings suggest that fatigue responses are environment-specific, particularly in girls. For comprehensive swimmers monitoring, practitioners should prioritize in-water testing for ecological fatigue profiling, while utilizing dryland isokinetic assessments as a controlled method for identifying muscular imbalances and informing injury prevention strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von außerhalb der Top 20 in die Nationalmannschaft: Ranglistenverläufe brasilianischer Elite-Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099546</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099546</guid>
      <author>Alvarenga, F.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alvarenga, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Early competitive success is often assumed to be a prerequisite for elite performance in swimming, influencing talent identification and development strategies. However, it remains unclear whether swimmers who reach the national team were consistently among the top-ranked athletes during early developmental stages. METHODS: This retrospective observational study analyzed publicly available data from the Brazilian Aquatic Sports Confederation (CBDA). The sample included swimmers selected for the Brazilian national team between 2011 and 2024 (n = 110; 51 women and 59 men). For each athlete, age-group national ranking positions (top 20) were examined between 13 and 19 years of age in the event for which they were later selected. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and longitudinal changes were assessed using the Friedman test. RESULTS: At 13 years of age, a substantial proportion of swimmers who later reached the national team were not ranked among the top 20 (42% of females and 51% of males). The percentage of athletes within the top 20 increased progressively with age, exceeding 90% by 19 years. Among athletes consistently ranked in the top 20 (n = 48), significant longitudinal differences were observed (p < 0.001), indicating progressive performance consolidation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the widespread assumption that early top-ranking is a prerequisite for elite swimming success. Competitive performance appears to consolidate progressively across developmental stages, supporting long-term athlete development perspectives and cautioning against overreliance on early competitive ranking as a singular indicator of future elite attainment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neuromuskuläre Determinanten der Leistung beim frühen Start im Schwimmen bei Schwimmern auf nationalem Niveau (Tier 4): eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099547</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099547</guid>
      <author>Bermúdez, S. G.</author>
      <author>Acosta, M.</author>
      <author>Fleitas, G.</author>
      <author>Moraes, J. P.</author>
      <author>Pereyra, A.</author>
      <author>Rego, F.</author>
      <author>González, J.</author>
      <author>Campodónico, M.</author>
      <author>Silva, C.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bermúdez, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Acosta, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fleitas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moraes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereyra, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rego, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campodónico, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: The swim start is a key determinant of sprint swimming performance, yet the practical value of dry-land force-platform testing for identifying start-related neuromuscular qualities remains unclear in competitive swimmers. This study examined which variables derived from the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were most strongly associated with early swim-start performance, expressed as mean time to 5 m. METHODS: Sixteen national-level Tier-4 swimmers from Uruguay (10 males, 6 females) performed three maximal starts in a 25-m pool using the start condition corresponding to the event in which they usually compete, together with a dry-land force-platform battery including IMTP, SJ, and CMJ. Time to 5 m was obtained from GoPro Hero7 video recordings using Kinovea software. Kinetic variables were obtained from dual Ivolution® force platforms sampling at 500 Hz. Variables derived from IMTP, SJ, and CMJ were analyzed, including modified reactive strength index (RSI_mod), defined as jump height divided by time to take-off. Paired comparisons were used to examine front-leg and rear-leg differences. An initial exploratory Bayesian correlation screening and a parsimonious within-block selection strategy were applied, followed by sex-adjusted Bayesian regression models. RESULTS: IMTP peak force was the only variable that differed significantly between front and rear legs, with higher values in the rear leg (1059 ± 263.7 N vs. 995 ± 279 N; p = 0.014; Hedges` g = 0.734). Within-block selection retained IMTP rear-leg peak force, SJ jump height, and CMJ-derived RSI_mod as representative predictors. All three variables showed negative associations with time to 5 m in the sex-adjusted univariate models, but RSI_mod showed the strongest evidence and best parsimonious fit (Bayes factor = 66.813; R² = 0.732; adjusted R² = 0.683; * = -0.089; 95% CrI: -0.161 to -0.017). Among the combined models, the model including SJ jump height and RSI_mod explained the greatest proportion of variance (R² = 0.806; adjusted R² = 0.741), but only RSI_mod retained a 95% credible interval excluding zero. CONCLUSIONS: Force-platform testing appears to provide practically useful information about early swim-start performance in national-level Tier-4 swimmers. RSI_mod emerged as the most robust single indicator of start-related explosive performance in this population]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie beeinflussen Lage und Geschlecht das Kräftegleichgewicht im Wettkampfschwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099548</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099548</guid>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Bosetto, P.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bosetto, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming is a sport in which, at constant mean velocity, a balance must exist between propulsive forces (Fp) and resistive forces (Fd). However, measuring total propulsive force (Ft=Fp) and drag force (Fd) in swimming is rather complex. For this reason, this force balance has been previously assessed only in front crawl. The measurement of these forces is of fundamental importance for explaining variations in performance. Therefore, the aim is to quantify the force balance across the four competitive strokes and to examine the influence of sex and stroke technique on these forces.; METHODS: Swimmers performed: 4 full-tethered trials (one per each swimming stroke), 20 semi-tethered trials (five incremental loads per each swimming stroke) and 10 passive towing trials. Then Fd and Fp were calculated based on residual thrust method.; RESULTS: The main findings demonstrate experimentally that the balance of forces exists across swimming strokes and sexes, but this relation is affected by stroke frequency; CONCLUSIONS: The balance of forces was experimentally confirmed across swimming strokes. Since Fp are comparable, differences in swimming velocity can primarily be explained by the distinct hydrodynamic conditions experienced in each stroke]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugängliche Überwachung des Kraft-Technik-Transfers bei einer Elite-Langstreckenschwimmerin: Gegenbewegungssprung, Wandabstoßindex und Trainingsmonotonie als sensitive Leistungsmarker</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099549</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099549</guid>
      <author>Guedes, J. G.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guedes, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Current monitoring strategies rely on expensive or laboratory-based tools, limiting their daily applicability. The aim of this study was to describe an accessible, low-cost monitoring system integrating neuromuscular, technical, and load-quality markers in an Argentine elite female distance swimmer (age: 19 y; Tier 5; FINA Points [2019]: 1500 m freestyle: 908 Points]. METHODS: A longitudinal case study was conducted over a 12-month competitive season. Neuromuscular status was monitored using the countermovement jump (CMJ) assessed with the My Jump 2 application before and after the Monday strength sessions, whose main exercise was the squat. Technical transfer was evaluated through a wall-exit index, defined as the time from wall push-off to 7 m, recording both mean values and intra-session dispersion. Training-load quality was assessed using intra-session monotony of barbell velocity measured with an accelerometer (Beast) during squat exercises. Strength-training frequency was periodized across the season (4, 3, and 2 sessions per week). RESULTS: Peak competitive performance coincided with low dispersion (<3%) across indicators rather than with maximal absolute values. The best wall-exit index (3.1 s; dispersion <3%) occurred prior to Olympic qualification (World Aquatics A standards in 400, 800, and 1500 m freestyle). Later phases showed stable technique with reduced transfer. CMJ responses clearly reflected the neuromuscular demands of the 4-, 3-, and 2-session strength phases and guided load dosing decisions throughout the season. Intra-session monotony stabilized below 3% during peak competitive periods. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated use of CMJ, wall-exit index, and intra-session monotony represents an accessible, sensitive, and low-cost monitoring system for elite distance swimmers. Indicator consistency emerged as the clearest correlate of peak competitive performance]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Wettkampfschwimmtrainings auf das motorische Verhalten jugendlicher Sportler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099550</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099550</guid>
      <author>Guimarães, L. M.</author>
      <author>Ferracioli, M. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guimarães, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferracioli, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Swimming can enable the development of specific motor skills in children, helping to overcome challenges related to balance, propulsion, and breathing. However, most studies that correlate sports activity with motor behavior neglect performance-oriented sports training, as they do not include youth sports participants (YSP) in their samples. This study aimed evaluating the motor proficiency of children swimming competitively and comparing these data with those presented by children who swim with no competitive goals. METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Eighteen children (±9.5 years old) living in Fortaleza (CE) participated in the study and were divided into two groups: YSP (children who have participated in competitive swimming teams for at least 6 months) and Non-competitive (children who have participated in non-competitive swimming schools for at least 6 months). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2) was used to analyze the children's motor performance. After data processing, Mann-Whitney`s U test was used to compare mean age between groups, and the student's t-test to compare the performance between the groups in relation to scores in the categories of the battery. RESULTS: The results showed that participants in the YSP Group presented superior performance, compared to Non-competitive Group, in the TC and BA categories and in the Total Score on the MABC-2. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that children who participate in a swimming training routine aiming to compete show better motor performance in relation to children who participate in swimming lessons without a competitive goal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Freude und emotionale Zustände während Wettkämpfen bei Masters-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099551</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099551</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, C. V.</author>
      <author>Santos, M. P.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Even though competitive master swimming has grown substantially in recent years, the affective experiences associated with participation remain insufficiently described. Although physical, psychological and social benefits are often highlighted, less is known about the extent to which master swimmers experience enjoyment and positive or negative affect during competition. A clearer understanding of these dimensions may help explain continued participation across adulthood and older age. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 234 Portuguese master swimmers, 96 women and 138 men, assessed during the Summer Portuguese National Masters Championships. Participants completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule in relation to their competitive experience. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the total sample and by sex and age group. Group differences were examined using univariate general linear models with sex and age group as fixed factors. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach`s alpha. Results: The enjoyment scale showed excellent internal consistency, while both affect subscales also demonstrated high internal consistency. No significant sex vs age group interactions were observed and enjoyment scores were high in both women and men. Overall, swimmers reported moderate positive affect and low negative affect during competition, with no differences between sexes or age groups. Conclusions: Portuguese master swimmers showed a favorable affective profile during competition, characterized by high enjoyment, moderate positive affect and low negative affect. These findings suggest that competitive swimming in masters is associated with a consistently positive emotional experience that may support long-term engagement in the sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfmotivation im Masters-Schwimmen: Determinanten der Aufnahme, Aufrechterhaltung und Zielorientierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099552</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099552</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Santos, L.</author>
      <author>Gomes, P.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, C. V.</author>
      <author>Santos, M. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Masters swimming is a popular lifelong activity driven by a combination of fitness, social interaction, and competitive engagement. Participants typically present self-determined motivation, strong commitment, and enjoyment of participation. Considering the recognized importance of motivation for sustained engagement and performance, we aimed to analyze the motivational profile of master swimmers by identifying the factors underlying initiation, maintenance and primary goals. METHODS: A total of 234 master swimmers completed the Sport Motivation Scale ll in response to the question "Why do you practice master swimming?". Swimmers answered to three additional questions related to motivation to start and maintaining swimming, as well as their goals. Responses were coded, grouped into broader themes and absolute frequencies were calculated. General Linear Model univariate analyses were performed with sex and age-group as fixed factors and Cronbach`s alpha coefficients assessed internal consistency. RESULTS: Master swimmers exhibited predominantly self-determined forms of motivation, with higher scores in intrinsic, integrated, and identified regulation (*4.8-5.3), indicating strong internal engagement with swimming competition. In contrast, lower scores in external regulation and amotivation (*1.5-1.7) suggest minimal influence of external pressures. Love for swimming was the most frequently reported reason for both initiating and maintaining participation. Training- and health-related motives were also common, alongside challenge, social, competition, and well-being factors, contributing to both engagement and goal setting. CONCLUSIONS: Motives reflected a combination of intrinsic enjoyment, personal development, and social involvement, with competition and training emerging as the most prominent goals, highlighting the multidimensional nature of motivation in master swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen eines 10-km-Freiwasserschwimmwettkampfs auf die Quadrizepsverspannung: eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099553</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099553</guid>
      <author>Oikawa, K.</author>
      <author>Hara, R.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oikawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Open water swimming (OWS) is conducted in natural aquatic environments, where external factors such as waves, currents, water temperature, and limited visibility substantially influence the characteristics of the sport. These environmental conditions impose loading patterns that differ from those of pool-based competitive swimming and are thought to increase the accumulation of fatigue around the shoulder and hip joints during prolonged swimming. The purpose of this study was to investigate acute changes in quadriceps tightness following a 10-km OWS race and to explore potential biomechanical contributors to anterior hip loading in elite OWS swimmers. METHODS: The subject was a Japanese male elite open-water swimmer (19 years old; 2024 national champion) who competed in a 10-km race at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships. Quadriceps tightness was assessed using heel-to-buttock distance (HBD) measured bilaterally before and immediately after the race. RESULTS: HBD increased bilaterally following the race (right: 17 to 22 cm; left: 18 to 23 cm), indicating an acute reduction in quadriceps tightness. CONCLUSIONS: A 10-km OWS race was associated with an acute increase in HBD, reflecting reduced quadriceps tightness. The postural and technical demands unique to OWS, particularly frequent "head-up" swimming, may increase anterior hip muscle tension and mechanical loading]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Krafttraining an Land vor aerobem Ausdauertraining im Schwimmen: Akute Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch bei Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099554</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099554</guid>
      <author>Arsoniadis, G.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arsoniadis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Incorporating dryland resistance session before swimming training routines is a common practice, but its acute effects on subsequent swimming energetics remain poorly understood. We investigated the effect of prior dryland resistance training session on energy expenditure during swimming at a swimming speed corresponding to 4 mmol·L*¹ of blood lactate concentrations (V4). METHODS: Twelve national-level male swimmers completed two conditions in a randomized repeated-measures design, separated by one week: i) an experimental condition involving dryland resistance training (3×5 repetitions at 85% of one maximal repetition (1RM) plus core exercises) completed approximately 15 minutes before the swimming protocol, and a control condition without dryland resistance training before the swimming protocol. The swimming protocol consisted of 5x400-m in front crawl at V4. Peak oxygen uptake during recovery (O*peak; breath-rate data: 3 breaths) and delta (*) of blood lactate concentration ([La-]net) were measured following each 400-m repetition, and aerobic (Aer), anaerobic lactic (AnL), and total energy expenditure (Etot) were estimated. RESULTS: No differences were observed between conditions for Aer, AnL, or Etot (*²=0.01-0.03, p=0.34-0.87), nor O*peak (*²=0.01, p=0.88). Effect sizes between conditions were trivial to small (d = *0.05 to 0.13 for energy expenditure; d = *0.02 to 0.11 for O*peak). However, time effects were noted, with Aer, Etot, and O*peak increasing across repetitions (*²=0.28-0.32, p=0.01). The [La-]net was similar between conditions (p=0.27; d=0.27-0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Dryland resistance session, aiming to maximum strength, before a moderate intensity swimming protocol does not affect acute physiological responses during swimming. These findings support the feasibility of combining maximum strength dryland resistance training and aerobic swimming training within the same session without acute adverse effects]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen ausgewählten Variablen des Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profils und der Leistung beim Delfinbeinschlag unter Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099555</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099555</guid>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J.</author>
      <author>Febles-Castro, A.</author>
      <author>Gay, A. López-Belmonte, O.</author>
      <author>Moralles-Ortiz, E.</author>
      <author>López-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Febles-Castro, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A. López-Belmonte, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moralles-Ortiz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Load-velocity profiling (LVP) using semi-tethered devices is a validated methodology for quantifying force and velocity capabilities in surface swimming, yet its application to underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) remains unexplored. *This study aimed to characterize the LV profiled during UUS, investigate the relationship between the LV profile and UUS performance and anthropometrics, and examine sex-based differences. METHODS: Thirty-three competitive swimmers (21 males, 12 females) performed a LV profile test. Individual LV profiles were constructed via linear regression of each trial and *the theoretical maximum velocity (V0), the theoretical maximum load (L0), and the slope of the regression line (Slope) were calculated. Anthropometric measurements included height, arm span, body mass, sitting height, body length, biacromial and biiliocristal breadths, and derived indices. RESULTS: High linearity was confirmed for the LV profile (R² = 0.987 ± 0.015, males; 0.981 ± 0.023, females). Except for Slope in males, the LV profile-derived variables were largely to nearly perfectly correlated with UUS performance in both sexes (p<0.05). Body mass showed moderate association with L0 (r = 0.39) and Slope (r = 0.42) in males and no other significant association between anthropometrics and performance was observed (p>0.05). Males exhibited higher V* (1.58 ± 0.17 vs. 1.39 ± 0.14 m·s-1, p<0.01) and L* (7.99 ± 2.38 vs. 5.76 ± 1.02 kg, p<0.01). Females showed steeper load-velocity Slopes (-0.21 ± 0.05 vs. -0.25 ± 0.03, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LV profile methodology is applicable to UUS assessment, with limited direct influence of anthropometric factors and clear differences between sexes]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermittlung der entscheidenden Faktoren, die die Leistung beim 5-km-Freiwasserschwimmen von hochtrainierten Freiwasser-Nachwuchsschwimmern (Age-Group) beeinflussen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099556</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099556</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Tongchai, P.</author>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>De Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Bandeira, P. F. R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tongchai, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bandeira, P. F. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Performance in open-water swimming (OWS) is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon; however, the majority of research has depended on reductionist methodologies. Network analysis provides a systems-oriented theoretical framework to investigate the relationships among physiological, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors influencing performance. This study aimed to examine the multifaceted factors influencing 5-km OWS performance in highly trained age-group swimmers. METHODS: Eighteen (n = 18) male and female highly trained age-group open-water swimmers (Tier 3) were monitored longitudinally throughout the initial macrocycle of a three-peak yearly training program. Evaluations encompassed anthropometric measurements, maturation status, pulmonary function, neuromuscular performance, tethered force, speed endurance, and aerobic power. Performance was assessed with official 5-km OWS race times. Variations among phases were examined by one-way ANOVA. Network analysis was performed utilizing Gaussian graphical models with LASSO regularization and centrality measures. RESULTS: Notable enhancements were noted in 5-km performance (p < .001), maximal oxygen uptake (V*O2max; p <.01), and swimming velocity at V*O2max (vV*O2max; p <.02). The tethered force increased whereas the fatigue index decreased (p <.001). Network analysis demonstrated a consistent negative correlation between race time (performance) and V*O2max, indicating that higher aerobic power is associated with better performance, as well as phase-dependent influences from neuromuscular and fatigue-related factors. Lower-limb power and tethered force exhibited the greatest centrality throughout all phases. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the 5-km OWS event is regulated by a dynamic and interrelated system. Network analysis provides a thorough framework for identifying critical factors, facilitating integrated and personalized training strategies for highly trained age-group open-water swimmers]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profile unterscheiden Leistungsniveaus bei männlichen 50-m-Schmetterlingsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099557</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099557</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Ljodal, I.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <author>Vitazka, M.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ljodal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vitazka, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Sprint butterfly performance depends on the interaction between propulsive force production and hydrodynamic resistance. Load-velocity profiling has been used to characterize mechanical capabilities in swimmers, yet it remains unclear whether load-velocity parameters differ across objectively defined performance levels and whether they demonstrate graded associations with sprint performance. The aim of this study was to examine differences in load-velocity variables between three objectively defined performance levels in male 50 m butterfly swimmers and to determine their association with sprint performance expressed as World Aquatics (WA) points. METHODS: Thirty-nine male swimmers were classified into three performance levels (n = 13 per level) based on their highest WA points in the 50 m butterfly. Semi-tethered maximal butterfly sprints were performed under three external loads using a robotic resistance device. Theoretical maximal velocity, theoretical maximal load, load normalized to body mass, and slope of the load-velocity relationship were derived from individual linear regressions. One-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, and analysis of covariance controlling for body mass were conducted. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between performance levels for all load-velocity variables (p * 0.003). Theoretical maximal velocity showed the largest effect size (partial eta squared = 0.75) and was strongly correlated with WA points (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Differences remained significant after adjusting for body mass. CONCLUSIONS: Load-velocity profiles differ across performance levels in male 50 m butterfly swimmers and demonstrate strong graded associations with sprint performance. Theoretical maximal velocity may represent a key mechanical characteristic underlying competitive standard.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vollständig fixiertes Schwimmen am Zugseil als Instrument zur technischen Beurteilung: Ein kinematischer Vergleich mit freiem Schwimmen bei jugendlichen Kraulschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099558</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099558</guid>
      <author>Domingues, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Domingues, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Technical assessment in front crawl requires objective and repeatable indicators to support training prescription and monitoring. Full-tethered swimming has been proposed as an alternative approach for controlling effort and quantifying in-water force production, but its ability to reproduce the kinematic organization of maximal free-swimming, particularly in front crawl, remains unclear. Methods: Twenty-eight competitive swimmers aged 14-18 years performed, in random order and using the front crawl technique, a 30 s full-tethered maximal test and a 25 m free-swimming sprint with in-water starts. Video recordings obtained from above- and underwater cameras were used to determine cycle duration, index of coordination, the relative duration of the upper-limbs cycle phases and the within-cycle timing of three lower-limbs actions. Repeated measures comparisons were used. Results: Compared with free-swimming, full-tethered front crawl showed a longer cycle duration (* = 0.120 s, 95% CI 0.076-0.163, p = 0.001) and a more positive index of coordination (* = 7.306, 95% CI 5.487-9.126, p = 0.001). Significant experimental condition effects were observed for all upper-limbs phases (p < 0.001), indicating substantial temporal reorganization of the front crawl cycle. Significant experimental condition vs upper-limbs side interactions were found for downsweep, upsweep and recovery phases (all p * 0.029). Conclusions: Maximal full-tethered swimming does not fully reproduce the kinematic pattern of unimpeded front crawl sprint in adolescent swimmers. Although data obtained with full-tethered swimming may provide useful information for biomechanical assessment, it should be interpreted with caution when extrapolating to free-swimming coordination patterns, particularly in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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