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    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von Krafttraining auf das anschließende Sprintschwimmtraining vor und nach der COVID-19-Pandemie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085111</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085111</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Arsoniadis, G.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G.</author>
      <author>Terzis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraftausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kniebeuge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bankdrücken</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsoniadis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terzis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to examine the acute effect of dry land maximum strength (MS) or strength endurance (SE) training on the subsequent sprint swimming training, before and after a period of swimming training cessation due to COVID-19 pandemic.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trockenübungen zum Aufwärmen für den Schwimmstart von Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085112</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085112</guid>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The efficacy of warm-up methods in improving sporting performances has been extensively demonstrated (Bishop, 2003). Consequently, the effects of different warm-up techniques can vary based on factors such as the type, duration, and intensity of the exercise (Boullosa, 2021). Most studies have primarily focused on adult populations, however, the responses of young individuals in response to warm-up could be different due to varying muscle and physiological development. Children have lower muscle development and a lower percentage of fast fibers compared to adults (Dotan et al., 2012; Lexell et al., 1992). This percentage significantly increases from approximately 35% at the age of 5 years to approximately 50% at adulthod (Lexell et al., 1992). Furthermore, literature suggests that children have a reduced ability to voluntarily activate their type II motor units in comparison to adults since higher resistance may not significantly impact higher threshold motor units in children (Armatas et al., 2010; Dotan et al., 2013). Consequently, it is expected that children would be less responsive to intense or highload stimuli (Dotan et al., 2012; Lexell et al., 1992).
In the context of swimming, a typical event consisting of multiple races, can span several hours from warm-up to competition. Specifically, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) rules stipulate that swimmers must enter the call room at least 20 minutes before the race for inspection by technical officials (www.fina.org). Besides, other factors such as delays in the competitive schedule or the time required for changing swimsuits can result in even longer transition periods. However, after a passive rest period of 15-20 minutes, muscle temperature can decrease rapidly, leading to adverse effects on performance (Bishop, 2003). For that reason, there has been significant interest among coaches and practitioners regarding the post-activation performance enhancements (PAPE) observed after incorporating bursts of voluntary activities during the transition phase between warm-up and competition (Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2022; Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2017). This approach, combined along with passive warm-up techniques, could help supplement or maintain the temperature increases and adaptations achieved through the in-water warm-up, particularly if there is an unavoidable delay between the warm-up and the actual task. Nevertheless, whether this strategy is beneficial for children remains to be established.
Several studies, such as (Lätt et al., 2009) and (Arabatzi et al., 2014), have identified differences in physical development and performance during biological maturation, favouring better results for individuals with advanced maturity offset. Traditionally, PAPE responses have been attributed to a muscle-memory mechanism triggered in type II fibres due to recent high-intensity contractile activity (Rassier & Macintosh, 2000). Consequently, the lack of fast fibre development may compromise potential PAPE responses in children. However, current literature has questioned this theory, ascribing this acute phenomenon to increases in muscular temperature mediated by vascular, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic adaptations that occur after brief periods of voluntary exercise (Blazevich & Babault, 2019; Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2017). Hence, it is possible that PAPE responses may not solely be dependent on type II fibre stimulation, and could be induced in children through means of moderate-intensity activities.
At this point, despite the existing evidence supporting the benefits of warm-up, devising effective and practical warm-up protocols for children can pose challenges due to the low day-to-day stability in their performance. For example, optimizing start performance is particularly crucial to success (Arellano et al., 2022). However, executing a successful start requires excellent motor coordination and control, making it a skilful performance (Vantorre et al., 2014). Furthermore, considering the time and space constraints in the call room, it becomes essential to design warm-up protocols that are feasible for children, since the available literature has primarily focused on warm-up routines for adults, which often incorporate sophisticated elements to induce highintensity stimulus (Cuenca-Fernández et al., 2022). Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of different warm-up routines on children`s swimming start (SS) performance and to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms. Our hypothesis was that a transition phase including dynamic activities would not cause fatigue but preserve the warm-up effects in children because of the PAPE effect]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Reaktionen beim wiederholten Sprintflossenschwimmen unter Wasser und an der Oberfläche</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085113</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085113</guid>
      <author>Kostoulas, I.</author>
      <author>Kalaitzoglidis, G.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Karatrantou, K.</author>
      <author>Gerodimos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprintwiederholungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kostoulas, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kalaitzoglidis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karatrantou, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gerodimos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Finswimming training includes repeated sprints applied underwater or on the surface. Physiological, kinematic or perceptual responses may be modified during underwater finswimming requiring short duration dynamic apneas, compared to surface swimming sprints. The purpose of the present study was to compare physiological responses during underwater and surface repeated sprints in elite finswimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen bebundenem Schwimmen und Unterwasserschwimmleistung mit Wellenbewegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085114</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085114</guid>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[With the exception of the dive, the underwater phase of the start and turns represent the fastest part of the freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke events, making undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) one of the most influential technical components on race performance (Mason & Cossor, 2000). Therefore, coaches should consider that any improvements within the underwater phase would lead to an enhancement of the start and turn performances, having a crucial impact on the overall race success. The UUS is a legdominated technique that achieves propulsion by performing body undulations while keeping a streamlined body position with the arms extended and held together over the head (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022a). The enhancement of UUS velocity could be achieved by either increasing propulsive forces or decreasing the active drag experienced. Hence, to understand the impact of the training and the development of this movement, it is crucial to conduct evaluations that allow for further insights.
The analysis of propulsion in UUS has relied mainly on the analysis of vortex, visualizing and measuring the form, size, and velocity of the vortices generated by the body during the UUS through particle image velocimetry (PIV)(Arellano et al., 2002). Although PIV provides very useful information, requires deep knowledge and time to conduct the analysis. On the other hand, other methods have been applied in swimming literature to assess propulsive force in swimming strokes. For instance, the direct measurement of force in swimming stroke has been obtained through tethered means. Tethered swimming allows the measurement of exerted forces assessing individual forcetimes curves during the exercise. Consequently, its use improves the possibility of analysis and comparison of swimming technique profiles, showing positive correlation between tethered variables and swimming performance, especially in short distances (Morouço et al., 2011).
Despite the use of tethered swimming in the four swimming strokes (Morouço et al., 2011) and its association, especially with short distance swimming performance (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2020) its use has been never applied to UUS. Thus, to have a more practical way to assess UUS propulsive forces, this research aimed to study the relationship between tethered swimming and UUS performance. Our hypothesis was that UUS performance would be associated with tethered swimming variables in both sexes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung der Leistung und der gesundheitsbezogenen körperlichen Fitness von Altersklassenschwimmern im Freiwasser während eines Trainingsmakrozyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085115</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085115</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>Suksawang, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suksawang, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The performance of open-water swimmers (OWS) is influenced by a complex process encompassing multiple factorial phenomenon, with recent research stating that anthropometric, bioenergetics, biomechanics, and propelling efficiency all play an important role in OWS performance (Vanheest et al., 2004; Baldassarre et al., 2017). Beside, evidence result suggests that extreme environmental conditions might characterize and effect successful open-water swimmers (Baldassarre et al., 2017). Therefore, controlling and monitoring training programmes in order to balance physical well-being and foster performance that provide valuable information to coaches for directly applicable and appropriate training periodization must be harmonized, particularly in young open-water swimmers. Their research results suggested that young open-water swimming, proper training conditions of use, and avoiding health problem issues not only play a significant role in increasing swimming performance but also benefit long-term athlete development.
Healthy physical fitness and well-being is marker of health that has increased the interest of researchers in the context of young athletes. Previous studies have identified factors that influence open-water performance in these segments, such as training characteristics (Baldassarre et al., 2017; Pla et al., 2019), biomechanical characteristics (Baldassarre et al., 2017), physiological athletes' adaptive responses (anthropometric, aerobic and anaerobic capacity and power, muscular strength and endurance, heart rate variability: HRV) (Vanheest et al., 2004; Baldassarre et al. 2018). As a result, the successful of the OWS race or the swimmer with the fastest finishing time is not usually determined by physiological and biomechanical point of view, but rather by overall physical fitness and well-being.
Monitoring swimming performance requires integrated and longitudinal measures to better understand the phenomenon and gives a deeper and more reliable (Zacca et al., 2020). Training monitorization of different psychological and physiological (Clemente-Suarez et al., 2021), energetics, technique and anthropometrics (Zacca et al., 2020) parameters has been commonly used in swimming. From these perspectives, monitoring a complex process of the individual performance, physical fitness and stress response to training particularly in young OWS is necessary, to maintain the unique balance required for homeostasis. Since biophysics (biomechanical and metabolic), physical and anthropometrics are all directly associated to OWS performance (Baldassarre et al. 2017), it is important for coaches to understand how these variables change with training during a training macrocycle. Therefore, we quantified changes of the performance, anthropometrics, health related physical fitness, and bioenergetics and biomechanics variables over a 12 weeks training macrocycle in age-group open water swimmers. Based on the literature (Baldassarre et al. 2017; Zacca et al., 2020), we hypothesized that the performance, health-related physical fitness and bioenergetics and biomechanics variables components would significantly improve and also explain variation in young OWS fitness levels during the third marcocycle of the traditional three peak preparation program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmende Faktoren für die Leistung im Freiwasserschwimmen über 5 km in der Altersgruppe</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085116</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085116</guid>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <author>Matjiur, R.</author>
      <author>Suksawang, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Range of Motion</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matjiur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suksawang, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Open water swimming (OWS) is described as any competition that takes place in rivers, lakes, oceans, or water channels except for 10-km races, which are called marathon swimming (Baldassarre et al., 2017; Zacca et al 2020b, 2022). OWS is a multifactorial swimming branch that involves a complex interaction between many factors such as psychological status, growth, physical fitness, hydrodynamics, kinematics, water temperature, nutritional status, etc. (Baldassarre et al., 2017). In fact, a single indicator is unable to predict OWS performance. Thus, the OWS performance knowledge demands structured reliable and integrated assessments (Morais et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Chainok et al., 2021). An integrated approach applied to OWS performance would help to identify its main determinant variables, as well as in swimming (Ribeiro et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Carvalho et al., 2020;). However, the available evidence for OWS performance in age-group open water swimmers is scarce. Therefore, we examined the relationships between physical fitness and performance related components (anthropometrics, pulmonary function, muscle strength, range of motion, tethered swimming force and energetics) and 5-km OWS performance in age-group national level open water swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Schwimmleistung und -kraft zwischen nationalen und nicht-nationalen japanischen Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085117</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085117</guid>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, Y.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.</author>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Okawa, K.</author>
      <author>Suzuki, K.</author>
      <author>Akashi, K.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>national</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water polo, frequently called "martial arts in water," is an intense game. Recognized as one of the toughest sports (Takagi, 2008), water polo involves two teams, each comprising six field players and one goalkeeper, competing using a ball (Smith, 1998). Field player positions typically consist of a center forward, a center back, and four drivers (Snyder, 2008). While a good throwing ability is essential for the game (Smith, 1998), moving powerfully, overcoming water resistance, and transitioning instantly from stationary to top speed for ball possession also demands swimming strength and power (Wakayoshi, 2018). Power influences swimming speed (Costill et al. , 1983), making it an essential characteristic of the sport. Specifically, the simultaneous movements of eggbeater kick with arm sculling and breaststroke kick with crawl arm stroke are frequently used, combining traction force and speed (Wakayoshi et al. , 2022). Differences in performance levels significantly affect the energy requirements of water polo (Platanou et al. , 2003). Therefore, variations in swimming speed and traction force are crucial. Previous studies have revealed that tetherd force and power differ based on position (Wakayoshi, 2018) and that female players exhibit approximately 70% of the maximum traction force and power as male players (Wakayoshi et al. , 2022). However, no studies have focused on the differences in underwater traction power among water polo players at different competition levels. This study aimed to determine the differences in swimming speed, traction force, and traction power between Japanese elites water polo players and non-elites.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genauigkeit der Tritonwear-Einheit bei Hochleistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085118</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085118</guid>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <author>McKenna, M.</author>
      <author>Sheath, M.</author>
      <author>Scott, B.</author>
      <author>Lobb, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKenna, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sheath, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lobb, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Wearable devices to record swimming metrics are widely available but there is limited and contrasting evidence of the accuracy and validity of these devices (Morais et al. 2022). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the 2022 version of the TritonWear (TW) sensor to assess swimming performance metrics (e.g., time, stroke rate (SR), distance per stroke (DPS)) in high performance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genialität der Analyse mit KI für das Turmspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085119</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085119</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Kida, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Automatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kida, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aerial movements in diving competitions significantly affect performance. Aerial motions are captured by video, but it is not realistic for divers to wear markers in competitions. In addition, markerless visual tracking of the human body and digitizing joint positions is extremely timeconsuming (Nomura & Goya, 2018). Recent years have seen progress in automatic objecttracking technology (Fujitake et al., 2021). Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has enabled general-purpose pose estimation, which are OpenPose (Cao, 2017), Google PoseNet (Papandreou et al., 2018), and Vision Pose (Next-System, 2019). From the standpoint of  scientific support for sports, the use of automatic tracking of divers and their pose estimation by AI is considered beneficial. However, the fact that the human body is not a rigid body and changes its shape makes automatic tracking difficult. Furthermore, since the pose estimation application was developed mainly assuming a posture in a standing position, it is not suitable for pose estimation in diving performances involving rotation of the sagittal plane. Furthermore, in competitions, officials and spectators may be reflected in the background, creating problems in tracking athletes and estimating poses. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the detection power of a diver's movement tracking and attitude estimation by devising image preprocessing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer Unterstützungstechnologie für sehbehinderte Schwimmer für die Paralympischen Spiele 2020 in Tokio</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085120</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085120</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sehbehinderte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[After the decision to host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo in 2020, the Japanese Government consolidated para-sport under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) into the Sports Agency under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the Sports Agency now has jurisdiction over both the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Japan. As part of this, the High Performance Support Project Paralympic Research and Development for the Para swimmers was conducted under the Sports Agency with an eye on the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympic Games. This research and development project started with a surveillance study in 2014 and continued as the development project until 2016. The authors were responsible for the development of training equipment and systems for use by visually impaired swimmers and coaches in training. Development continued after the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics until the postponed Tokyo Paralympics in 2021. This paper describes the development of technology to support visually impaired swimmers that the authors were responsible for.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Merkmale von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085121</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085121</guid>
      <author>Robin, P.</author>
      <author>Yannis, R.</author>
      <author>Xavier, B.</author>
      <author>Anaël, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Robin, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yannis, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xavier, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anaël, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, different protocols allow to determine the "anaerobic threshold" where the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is obtained after a continuous swimming exercise, lactate threshold is estimated after an incremental test and critical velocity which is assessed from swimming performance of various distances. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between different lactate threshold measurements, combinations of critical velocity and performance in elite distance swimmers in order to identify which method is the more appropriate to predict distance swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALFAC-Projekt (aquatic literacy for all children): Wie können 6- bis 12-jährige Kinder in Europa für die Wasserwelt vorbereitet werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085122</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085122</guid>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic activities (AA) are promoted for their health benefits1. However, these benefits can be tragically overshadowed if children are not empowered with protective skills against drowning. The age group most at risk of this tragic event, which affects 37,000 lives per year in Europe, is the 5-14-year-old age group2. To tackle the dual aquatic issue of protection and involvement in AA, a partnership has been built between researchers, educators, and stakeholders from Europe around the ALFAC project, co-funded by the European Commission. The project goal is to improve the quality of aquatic education while increasing the Aquatic Literacy (AL) levels of children aged 6-12. The aim of this presentation is to present the construction of a holistic European test battery around an innovative theoretical framework: AL.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung einer Testreihe zur Bewertung der Wasserkompetenz von Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren in Europa</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085123</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085123</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>De Martelaer, K.</author>
      <author>D'Hondt, E.</author>
      <author>van Droogenbroeck, L.</author>
      <author>Consortium, A.</author>
      <author>Mekkaoui, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Martelaer, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Hondt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Droogenbroeck, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Consortium, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mekkaoui, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Assessing the level of protective aquatic skills is one challenge of the ALFAC (Aquatic Literacy For All Children) project. Stallman et al.'s (2017)1 model describes the fundamental aquatic skills (FAS) to be mastered in isolation to protect children from drowning. However, the use of combined tests is extremely relevant in assessing their ability to cope with different scenarios that can lead to drowning accidents. The presentation objective is to expose the aquatic ALFAC "parcours" to assess the capacity of children to combine aquatic tasks while making decisions in-action.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Korrelation zwischen FINA-Punkten und isokinetischem Drehmoment-Symmetrie-Index des Schultergelenks bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085124</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085124</guid>
      <author>Carneiro, N. B.</author>
      <author>dos Santos, Y. S.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. d. S.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rotation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carneiro, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos, Y. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. d. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The front crawl technique is considered the fastest and most frequently used technique in swimming training (Tourny-Chollet, Seifert, & Chollet, 2009) being characterized by upper limb cycles with propulsive and non-propulsive phases (Chollet, Chalies, & Chatard, 2000). However, despite the cyclical nature of this swimming technique, the symmetry of propulsive forces cannot be affirmed (Formosa, Sayers, & Burkett, 2013). One of the causes of asymmetry that affects propulsion are the differences in bilateral forces that cause three effects: 1) on the rotational balance of the body, causing misalignment; 2) the smaller contribution of the weaker side in the production of propulsive forces; and 3) fatigue due to the attempt to maintain swimming speed causing the stronger side to apply greater force to compensate for the weaker side (Sanders, 2013).
It has been reported that the application of symmetrical force between the right and left sides of the body is a factor that influences swimming performance by improving body alignment, reducing active drag, and decreasing intra-cycle velocity variations (Sanders, Thow, & Fairweather, 2011). However, swimmers can develop bilateral force asymmetries as a result of various factors (e.g., injuries, technique development, preferred breathing side, among others), reducing their ability to produce propulsive forces (Sanders et al., 2011). Investigating performance factors, such as the symmetr index, is critical to understanding bilateral strength in swimmers. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the relationship between FINA points classification and the symmetry index (SI) of isokinetic torque in internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), flexion (FL), and extension (EX) movements of the shoulders in swimmers, hypothesizing that FINA points influences isokinetic torque symmetry. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehungen zwischen Herzfrequenzvariabilität, metabolischen Reaktionen und Wohlbefinden während eines sechswöchigen Intensivtrainings</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085125</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085125</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Estelle, P.</author>
      <author>Durand, S.</author>
      <author>Brandolini-Bunlon, M.</author>
      <author>Centeno, D.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Estelle, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brandolini-Bunlon, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Centeno, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to individualise training loads according to individual responses methods of assessing biobehavioural markers (e.g. hormonal and endocrine responses, heart rate variability, indices of well-being) are of particular interest to investigate the effects of swimming training and their relationship with performance outcomes (Koenig et al., 2014). Given the systemic relationships between prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain regions, the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems, it is likely that an increase in training load will have an impact on global psycho-biological responses (well-being indices, heart rate variability and metabolomic responses).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Symmetrie des Vortriebs beim Fesselschwimmen und Freischwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085126</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085126</guid>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Russo, G.</author>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Russo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is characterized by body propulsion, where the upper limbs are the main contributor (Zamparo et al., 2020). To investigate the improvement of propulsion, numerical and experimental methods were applied (Santos et al., 2021). While the numerical approaches can help in visualizing and understanding the complex hydrodynamic mechanism, the experimental one (e.g., tethered swimming and wearable pressure sensors) can allow the "inpool" assessment with strong ecological validity thanks to the recent technology developments in pressure sensors (i.e., eliminating cables and reducing the encumbrance to the swimmer in terms of fixing the device to the body).
Propelling measurement during tethered swimming was proposed as an alternative tool of free swimming due to difficulties in quantifying it during free swimming and considered analogous in terms of swimming technique. However, due to the stationary nature and the propulsion more overlapping between arms in the tethered test, differences between the two conditions were highlighted (Morouço et al., 2011; Samson et al., 2019). Furthermore, in the last two decades, the balance between dominant and non-dominant arms was considered a key factor in investigating the propulsion mechanism of the swimmer, as it may significantly impact swimming performance (Psycharakis et al., 2021; Sanders et al., 2015).
Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the propelling forces of the two hands during free (Free) and tethered (Tet) swimming conditions using wearable pressure sensors. A comparison between dominant and non-dominant arms was also investigated. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistung bei einem 200-Meter-Kombinationstest: Schwimmanzug im Vergleich zur Vollbekleidung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085127</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085127</guid>
      <author>Laakso, B.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <author>Grimstad, R.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Nysted, H. P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grimstad, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nysted, H. P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most drowning occurs in open water as a result of an unexpected submersion (WHO, 2014). This usually means that the victim is clothed for the activity in which they were engaged before submersion. The added resistance of outer clothing makes it more difficult to swim wearing clothing than when only wearing a swim suit (Laakso, et al, 2018; Stallman et al, 2010). Activity during a cold season would include cold weather clothing, increasing the burden even more. While it is generally accepted that swimming with clothing presents challenges not encountered in swim suit only (Stallman, et al, 2010), too little documentation exists on the real differences.
Unfortunately, swimming with clothing, disrobing and dressing again are often neglected in the learning/teaching situation, especially in school swimming programs. Many assume that if one can swim in a swim suit, one can swim in clothing. This is not always the case and novice swimmers are especially at risk. We could argue that for those close to the demarcation between ``Can`` and Cannot`` swim, there are those who ``Can`` in a swim suit, but ``Cannot`` when fully clothed. Generally, at some point in time when higher skill levels are achieved, the differences in swimming without and with clothing are diminished. This is one of many arguments for continuing to seek higher levels of achievement. One can always be ``more safe``.
In the past two to three decades, research on the effects of cold water and with it, swimming with clothing has increased considerably (Tipton, 1990, Barwood, 2011). Though this should lead to more attention to this neglected activity, it appears not to have done so. In the past, much attention was directed towards disrobing, thinking that this makes swimming easier if one is forced to swim a considerable distance. More recently the positive effects of retaining clothing, thus reducing body heat loss has been the focus. Both positions are an over simplification of the reality. We argue they are of equal importance and deserve equal attention. We can easily imagine situations where both disrobing and retaining clothing are possible solutions to some given risk situation.
When experiencing swimming with clothes for the first time, one may face both psychological and physical challenges. This is an argument for starting early and gently. The experience of swimming with clothes is essential during the learning process. Within the school system explored here, swimming is compulsory, especially in Grade 4 though details are not specified. It is however, now compulsory that part of any swimming teaching program in the schools must be conducted in ``open water``. This logically also leads to the inclusion of swimming with clothing.
The increased difficulty of swimming with clothing is often the weakness in one`s skill profile which triggers a drowning episode. Once the emergency has become a fact, outer clothing may be the added burden which leads to drowning. While the added energy cost of swimming with clothing has been evaluated (Stallman, et al, 2010, Tipton, 1990, Barwood, 2011), it remains to apply a pedagogically appropriate measuring tool to the practical experience of swimming with clothing. We have chosen a ``combined test`` consisting of ``a)
entry into deep water, b) resurfacing and leveling off, c) swim 100m on the front, d) stop and rest with minimal movement for three (3) minutes - half on the front, half on the back; e) surface dive and retrieve an object, f) roll over, g) turn 1800, h) return to the start swimming on the back, i) exit. This combined test is also the ``Competence Goal`` for all Grade 4 children in the Norwegian school system.
Note that the pupils were required to progress on this test continuously and were not allowed to have contact with either the bottom of the pool or the sides.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wahrnehmung von Unwohlsein vor und nach dem Eintauchen in kaltes Wasser bei Schulkindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085128</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085128</guid>
      <author>Laakso, B.</author>
      <author>Hagerup, A. J. T.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Nysted, H. P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kaltwasseranwendung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hagerup, A. J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nysted, H. P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Norway is subjected to harsh winters. Drowning after falling through the ice is an ever present risk. Water safety therefore, must include safety on the ice, exposure to cold water and how to exit the water under such circumstances. Activity on the ice of the lake and cold water exposure has been incorporated into the curriculum of Vingrom Elementary School. The school itself is located just 800 meters from the lake, increasing the exposure of pupils, necessitating the inclusion of knowledge of cold water exposure in their curriculum.

METHODS
The Grade 7 pupils participating (N=18) were involved for the first time and had no previous experience with this exercise. The exercise was performed while fully clothed in winter clothing. A questionnaire was developed which explored the students anticipation of discomfort before entering cold water and their perception of discomfort after experiencing cold water. On six questions, the subjects were asked to rate their response from 0 to 10, giving a maximum score of 60, exploring their subjective reaction. With the assistance of the Fire Department of Lillehammer, a hole was chopped through the ice, measuring ca. 3 X 8 meters. The water temperature was 0° C. The Fire Fighters provided all necessary safety measures in cooperation with the project coordinator (the lead author). The pupil in action was provided with traditional ice picks which were worn around the neck for easy access. A rope was fastened around the waist after which they entered the water, swam 6-8 meters, turned 180°, returned to the starting point and exited the water with the assistance of the ice picks. A lavvo (large tent) was provided where the students could change into dry clothing and regain their warmth. The before questionnaire was administered shortly before the exercise and the after questionnaire immediately after the exercise while the pupils changed to warm clothing. The scoring system allows a comparison of before and after.

RESULTS
Using the scoring system described above, the mean before score was 37.6/60, and the mean after score was 53.8/60. The results clearly showed anxious anticipation prior to entering and the expression of satisfaction after the exercise. A typical reaction was that it was easier than anticipated.

DISCUSSION
The subjective assessment of the students reactions to cold water suggests that the task employed produced a positive and appropriate change in their relationship to ice safety and cold water. ]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Die internationale Schwimmliga - eine Analyse aus trainingswissenschaftlicher Sicht</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085129</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085129</guid>
      <author>Feser, S.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Behr, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2020</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feser, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Behr, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
This study investigated whether participation in the ISL in 2020 had an impact on swimmers' Olympic preparation and whether participation in the ISL influenced swimmers' performance at the Olympic Games (OS) in Tokyo 2021.

METHODS
This study is a retrospective analysis of publicly available data. The team line-ups from the ISL homepage were used for the analysis. In the second season of ISL, a total of 309 athletes from 45 countries competed in ten teams. The selection of athletes for the study was based on various criteria. One minimum criterion was that the athletes had participated in at least one individual event at the Olympic Games and that this event had been completed at least twice within the entire 2020 ISL season. The training science question was answered by means of two statistical key figures, the coefficient of variation (VarK) and the odds ratios (OR). In addition, with the help of the OR, it was possible to investigate at which point in time an Olympic qualification competition should be held.

RESULTS
The extracted data was processed using Excel, which was transferred to SPSS for further statistical analyses. The calculated VarK illustrate the high performance stability shown by athletes during the ISL period (VarKISL = 1.62 % ± 0.96 %). The calculated ORs indicate a slight positive influence on performance at the OS when participating in the final competitions in calendar weeks 45 (OR = 1.18, x² = 0.154, p = 0.695) and 46 (OR = 1.35, x² = 0.349, p = 0.555) of the ISL. However, the previous competitions show a slight, non-significant, negative influence. Furthermore, it can be deduced from the ORs that both an early Olympic qualification (OR = 2.10; x² = 0.326; p = 0.515) (approx. 14 weeks before the Olympic Games) and a late Olympic qualification (OR = 4.80, x² = 29.25; p = 0.087) (approx. four weeks) have a positive influence.

DISCUSSION
Participation in ISL 2020 had a small positive impact on the athletes' performance at the 2021 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The ISL has shown potential influence on youth development, e.g. through the introduction of an ISL Junior League. The ISL as a professional league system in swimming leads to immense difficulties in the optimal planning and control of training and competitions due to a progressive compression of the competition calendar. It remains to be seen what influence a regular season lasting several months will have on the athletes' performance at seasonal highlights.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Zusammenspiel von aktivem Widerstand, Armschlageffizienz und Vortriebskraft als Determinanten der Sprintleistung beim Kraulen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085130</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085130</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Identifying key predictors of performance obtained from field tests is of particular interest for coaches, performance analysts and athletes. The aim of this study was to verify in-field the association between active drag factor (k), propulsive power (W_prop), propelling efficiency (eta_p), and maximal sprint performance (v_max) in front crawl.
METHODS
Swimmers of different levels (n=51) performed four all-out semi-tethered front crawl sprints with increasing loads (0.1, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kg) using an electromechanical device (1080 Sprint, Sweden). A linear regression of the semi-tethered force vs swimming speed relationship was used to obtain input parameters for the calculation of Drag, k and W_prop adapting the Velocity Perturbation Method1. The eta_p was obtained from the ratio of the average forward speed and the average tangential hand speed2. A stepwise regression was used to identify the association between the selected parameters and maximal sprint performance in front crawl (alpha =5%).

RESULTS
Two models predicting v_max were obtained from the stepwise regression: (i) including W_prop (R2=0.797; p<0.001), (ii) including W_prop and k (R2=0.965; p<0.001). The eta_p was excluded by the stepwise regression and, individually, presented a negligible correlation with  v_max (r=-0.274; p=0.026).

DISCUSSION
W_prop and k obtained using a coach-friendly semi-tethered swimming protocol are strongly related to v_max. Despite its importance in converting the total mechanical power into W_prop, and its known correlation with swimming economy (an important determinant of performance in longer distances) the eta_p was not a strong predictor of sprint performance in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schätzungen des aktiven Widerstands auf der Grundlage von vollständigen und halb angebundenen Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085131</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085131</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Antrieb</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During full tethered swimming no hydrodynamic resistance is generated (FD = 0 since v = 0) and all the swimmer`s propulsive force is utilized to exert force on the tether (FT). During semitethered swimming, propulsive force can be made useful to one of two ends: exerting force on the tether (FST) or (actively) overcoming drag in the water (FD = Da). The quantity FT -FST (the "residual thrust") should, thus, correspond to Da. In this study we explored the possibility to estimate Da based on full tethered and semi-tethered swimming tests (residual thrust method: DaST = FT - FST). We then compared these values with passive drag values (Dp) and values of active drag calculated by means of the "planimetric method" (as DaPL = Dp .1.5). Speedspecific drag (k = D/v2) in passive conditions (kp) was about 26 N m2 s2 and in active conditions (ka) was about 37-38 N m2 s2 (with either method); thus, DaST > Dp and DaST = DaPL. We can thus conclude: i) that since these two approaches (planimetric method and residual thrust method) lead to similar results, they probably measure the same quantity and ii) that active drag is larger (about 1.5 times larger: 38/26=1.46) than passive drag.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantifizierung der externen Belastungen durch handelsübliche Bremsfallschirme im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085132</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085132</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Swimming parachutes are widely used as a practical and low-cost tool for resisted swimming and its shape, cross-sectional area, as well as its speed, might influence the magnitude of the added load (Cortesi et al., 2019). Although its effects on stroke kinematics and coordination have been discussed in the literature, information on the training loads imposed by swimming parachutes are limited (Schnitzler et al., 2011) and usually not provided by the manufacturer. The aim of this study was to quantify the external loads imposed by a commercially available set of swimming parachutes, by establishing the hydrodynamic characteristics of parachutes of three different sizes.

METHODS
Three sizes of swimming parachutes were tested (NABAIJI 900): small (20 cm2), medium (23 cm2) and large (28 cm2). The protocol consisted of 30 passive Drag trials (10 for each parachute size) towing the parachutes for 25 m at constant speeds (0.6-2.4 mEs-1), using an electromechanical device (1080 Sprint, Sweden; 333 Hz). The average values from 10~20 m were considered. A power regression between Drag and speed was established for each parachute, as follows: D = k x v^(n+1); in which D is the Drag force, k is the constant of proportionality of the equation (i.e., the Drag factor), and v is the towing speed. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to indicate the goodness of fit of the Drag vs. speed regressions, for each parachute size.

RESULTS
The small size parachute presented a Drag factor of 10.0 kg m-1 (R2=0.99), while the values for medium and large sizes were 12.9 kg m-1 (R2=1) and 23.3 kg m-1 (R2=1), respectively.

DISCUSSION
The external loads imposed by a parachute depend on the swimming speed and/or the parachute size. The medium parachute increased the Drag factor by 28%, compared to the small size, while the large parachute increased it 81%, compared to the medium size. Swimming industry should consider producing mre intermediary sizes of parachutes, to allow a more precise manipulation of training load in resisted swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wie bewerten Lehrkräfte ein diagnostisches Verfahren zur Analyse der Schwimmfertigkeiten?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085133</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085133</guid>
      <author>Fokken, I.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lehrer</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fokken, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Physical education teachers face the daily challenge of accurately diagnosing their students` motor skills (Knudson, 2013). However, research has shown that PE teachers often lack a skill analysis competence (Ward et al., 2021). In a previous study (n=551) on PE teachers` approach to analyse their students` skills in the specific field of swimming, we found that in most cases the quality of information gathering is not sufficient to design swimming lessons linked to the students` individual swimming skills. The study showed that 63.8% of the participants prefer a diagnostic tool to support their information gathering. As a solution for school use, our research group has developed an easy-to-apply "Diagnostic Procedure for Swimming Skill Analysis (DPSSA)", based on the Assessment of Basic Aquatic Skills (ABAS; Vogt & Staub, 2020). By using this tool, teachers can easily conduct an initial classification during the first swimming lesson to get a direct insight into their learning group. In our current study, teachers were asked to use DPSSA at the beginning of their swimming lessons for diagnostic purposes. Afterwards they were asked to evaluate the manageability and the subjective value of the DPSSA.

METHODS
Qualitative, structured interviews in groups of two to four were conducted with German PE teachers from different backgrounds (n=14, 35.7% male, 71.4% primary school teachers, 42.9% did not study sport, 21.4% do not have a teaching diploma). The interviews were transcribed for double-coding and categorical analyses.

RESULTS
Preliminary findings show that using DPSSA helped almost all teachers to better structure their students` swimming skill analysis. Many teachers reported that DPSSA helped them to arrive at a more reliable judgement of students` swimming skills. Teachers agree that the students are motivated to perform the tasks. It was also mentioned that DPSSA is a good support for teachers with little experience. A more detailed analysis is currently processed. Additional findings will be added for presentation at the symposium.

DISCUSSION
The interviewed PE teachers seem to benefit from the support of a diagnostic tool like DPSSA. This hypothesis should be verified in a larger-scale quantitative online study. Further research can also be used to show whether the improved information gathering can also increase the adaptivity of swimming lessons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Trainerverhaltens auf die Motivation im Schwimmsport - eine systematische Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085134</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085134</guid>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Bieder, A.</author>
      <author>Ufermann, L.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bieder, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ufermann, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
High-performance swimming requires extensive training loads (Maglischo, 2015), often characterized by monotony and isolation. It requires persistence and commitment to develop performance and eventually be successful in elite swimming. Therefore, motivation plays an essential role. The coach is the athlete's most important reference and influences athletes` motivation (Mageau & Vallerand, 2003). This systematic review investigates the influence of coaching behaviors in the motivational context of competitive swimming.

METHODS
PubMed, PsycArticles®, and SURF databases were systematically searched for studies published in English. The results were checked for duplicates and evaluated regarding the chosen in- and exclusion criteria. A total of eleven swimming-specific studies were found.

RESULTS
The studies had a sample size of between 119 and 799 subjects (between 10-22 years, male and female competitive swimmers). The findings show that autonomy-supportive behavior and a task-involving climate were positively associated with self-determined motivation. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between autonomy-supportive behavior, taskinvolving climate, and basic need satisfaction, which can be considered a predictor for selfdetermined motivation. In addition, autonomy-supportive behavior and self-determined
motivation were connected with persistence in swimming.

DISCUSSION
Coaches should focus on goal-oriented and satisfying basic psychological needs and provide choices and opportunities for self-determined swimming practice. Autonomy-supportive coaching behavior instead of controlling coaching behavior and a task-involving training climate instead of an ego-involving environment significantly affect athletes` self-determined motivation. Further researchers should investigate the impact of situational, leader, and member characteristics on coaching behavior and determine coaches' views. The findings can be used to develop recommendations for (the education of) swimming coaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Validität und Reliabilität des drahtlosen Drucksensors für Aktivitäten im Wasser und dessen ökologische Nützlichkeit für die Analyse des Schwimmantriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085135</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085135</guid>
      <author>Coloretti, V.</author>
      <author>Russo, G.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Antrieb</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Coloretti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Russo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The thrust force (Ft) is only a fraction of the overall force exerted by the swimmer to move his body, and its enhancement is fundamental to improve velocity. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the unsteady flow in swimming, how to measure the amount of this force is still under debate. Several approaches have been developed distinguished in indirect or direct methods. The latter methods extrapolate Ft directly, such as tethered-swimming or pressure sensors, while the former includes computational fluid dynamics, inverse dynamic estimation and Ft estimation from the swimmer`s active drag (Da)(Santos et al., 2021; Takagi et al., 2021).
Because the direct assessment during free swimming remains difficult to quantify due to the swimmer`s progress, tethered swimming has become largely used to solve these issues. However, some differences were highlighted in fully-tethered swimming compared to freeswimming, such as the influence of the back acceleration during stroke pause (Takagi et al., 2021), or changes in swimming biomechanics (Samson et al., 2019). On the other hand, the challenge to assess Ft with less constraint and in natural swimming encouraged the group of Takagi and collaborators to propose an alternative technique based on the differential pressure of sensors placed on the palm and back of the swimmer`s hand (Takagi & Wilson, 1999). Subsequently, many devices based on the differential pressure approach are proposed in the literature (Koga et al., 2020; Tsunokawa et al., 2018), but the ecology of these devices remains questionable for the use of wires, taping, and gloves that impact the comfort and the sensibility of the swimmer.
In recent years, advances in wireless technology can help the knowledge about swimming propulsion using an ecological approach and lower interferences with the swimming action (Fantozzi et al., 2022). Thus, this study aims to validate a wireless and wearable pressure sensor through i) a hydrostatic test to check the within-sensor, between-sensor, and day-by-day reliability of the device and the accuracy using the theoretical hydrostatic pressure (PRsT) as gold standard, ii) a hydrodynamic test to check the between-sensor reliability and the accuracy of the device using the theoretical hydrodynamic pressure (PRsT) as gold standard (PRdT). Furthermore iii), to check the ecological usefulness of these sensors for swimming propulsion, we conducted a comparison between the differential pressure force placed on the hands and the force exerted against a load cell during fully tethered swimming only-arms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Testen einer traditionellen Progression für Schwimmanfänger im Vergleich zu einer Progression, die von 5- und 6-jährigen Lernenden gewählt wurde</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085136</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085136</guid>
      <author>Horneman, E.</author>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to examine the official progression used by a national swimming organization for the teaching of beginning swimmers. This ``official`` progression was virtually identical with those of other screened oranizations. Instructors are encouraged to follow this standard progression as if it suits the needs of all learners. In the spirit of ``individualizing``, we ask, ``to what extent does such an organizational progression meet the needs of all beginners?`` It is rareley considered that the learner might require a different progression - their own! Another progression was created by the learners themselves as teaching progressed. Here we have tested a traditional progression against a progression created by the learners while they were engaged in learning.

METHODS
One hundred sixteen (116) five and six year olds were enrolled in an 18 lesson program. Throughout the program, 3-4 teaching elements from the traditional progression were always presented at roughly the same time. Each learner was encouraged to choose their own `next step` rather than to follow the prescribed sequence. In this way, each learner created their own progression. The various progressions created by the learners were amalgamated into a single ``learner`s progression`. This progression was then tested for it`s similarity to the standard organizational progression using the Spearman`s Rank Correlation, Rho.

RESULTS
The Rho correlation was 0.97, high in spite of the fact that some major differences occured from a pedagogical standpoint. Examples of these differences were: a) rhythmic breathing ranked before head under the water, b) a jump entry submerging the whole head ranked before simply submerging the head, c) gliding on the front ranked before floating on the back. These differed from the traditional progression of major organizations. For example, all of the major organizations polled ranked simply submerging the head before rhythmic breathing.

DISCUSSION
A standard progression is obviously a necessity when teaching beginners. At the same time, modern pedagogy is based on individualization when teaching. We therefore recommend that such standard progressions be used as a starting point. Individual learners should be allowed to deviate from this when the need is shown. While this may make our job more difficult, it makes the learners task easier. We cater much better to each learner`s needs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Können der funktionale Auftrieb und der Schwimmwinkel den Erfolg beim Erlernen der ersten Schwimmfähigkeiten bei jungen Männern vorhersagen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085137</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085137</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Horneman, E. L.</author>
      <author>Laakso, B. W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horneman, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, B. W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
A common belief is that those who float better or float closer to the horizontal, learn to swim more easily. It is supposed that they have some kind of `head start`. While this sounds quite logical, little if any data is available to confirm it. If such an advantage does exist, it should be possible to quantify it. A head start of any kind is of course, always welcome.

METHODS
Young military men (N = 120) were enrolled in a compulsory swimming program for those who could not swim. To determine floating angle the subject inhaled maximally, gripped a rod in their hands at surface level, stretched out fully and allowed the body to adopt its own angle. This was done against a backdrop on which was painted a 90° angle with both 30° and 60° allowing the observer to visually determine the floating angle. Functional buoyancy was determined by classic under water weighing, with a full inhalation. The subjects were grouped as a) those who floated at less than 30°, b) those between 30° and 60°,  and c) those greater than 60°. Re functional buoyancy the data were grouped as a) the one third (40) of subjects who were most buoyant, b) the 40 who were moderately buoyant, and c) the 40 who were least buoyant. The number of items (0 to 15, i.e. Total Score) successfully performed, success on the final three item test and distance on an all-out swim were the measures of success. Point bi-serial and phi coefficient correlation techniques were used.

RESULTS Those who were most buoyant scored best on all measures of success. Those who were least buoyant scored most poorly. Those who floated at less than 30° scored better than those who floated at more than 60°. Functional buoyancy correlated with Total Score with r = 0.49, with the Final Test with r = 0.50 and with Distance Swim with r = 0.39. Floating angle correlated with Total Score with r = 0.40, with success on the final test with r = 0.36 and with Final Distance Swum with r = 0.33.

DISCUSSION
It appears that functional buoyancy contributed more to success in learning beginning swimming skills than floating angle. The correlations were modest to low however, and while lower buoyancy and a deep floating angle seemed to give a modest disadvantage, it can be overcome simply by using more time for those who require it, regardless of any anatomical characteristics. Other factors probably influence success as much or more than these.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wassergymnastik als Medizin zur Behandlung schwangerschaftsbedingter Probleme von Frauen: Bestandsaufnahme der Lücken und wichtigsten Ergebnisse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085138</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085138</guid>
      <author>Azam, M.</author>
      <author>Ali, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Syrien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Azam, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is commonly known that pregnant women undergo physiological, psychological, pharmacological, metabolic, and morphological changes. Research shows pregnant women could benefit from exercise-based interventions (e.g., Chan, Au Yeung, & Law, 2019). Also, it is well established that expectant women participating in water aerobics improve their mental and physical health (Ali, Azam, & Askry, 2020). This study highlighted the gaps and conclusions of two systematic investigations on aquatic activities and psychophysical issues in pregnant women. Both of those investigations focused on aquatic activities and pregnant women.

METHODS: We first conducted a qualitative analysis to highlight the gaps and then synthesised the data from the two systematic studies.

RESULTS: Both studies highlighted the lack of research comparing aquatic and land-based physical exercise or other activities on pregnant women. Both found positive effects of water exercise on pregnant women. Water activities may improve physical pain, mental health, quality of life, sleep, and weight gain in pregnant women (Ali et al., 2020). Aquatic fitness programs help pregnant women regulate their heart rates, balance, and glucose levels, according to Cancela-Carral and co-researchers (2022).

DISCUSSION: Throughout pregnancy, women frequently have emotional and physical difficulties. Aquatic exercise can help manage these psychological and physiological changes. Anxiety, depression, stress, body image dissatisfaction, and general well-being have witnessed considerable reductions. Prenatal aquatic exercise programs may help pregnant women reduce physical pain, improve positive psychological outcomes, and reduce negative psychological symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic exercise may help with physical pain, psychological issues, and maternal weight gain. Water exercise or paired land activity (e.g., walking) throughout pregnancy improves the mother's physical and mental health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die allgemeinen Merkmale von Schwimmausbildungsprogrammen in Europa - LEN Bericht der Unterkommission zum Schwimmenlernen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085139</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085139</guid>
      <author>Štrumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Costa, A.</author>
      <author>McMorrow, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lehrer</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Štrumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McMorrow, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most recent scientific evidence supports the importance of aquatic competence in reducing the risk of drowning, particularly in children (Campaniço, 2019).
Proficiency in swimming is a prerequisite for safely engaging in sports such as water polo, synchronized swimming, diving, swimming itself, and other forms of water-based exercise, whether in competitive or recreational form.
The learning of swimming has a long-standing tradition, as the first manual on swimming was published as far back as in the 1538 by Wynman (Pelayo,2003). Swimming has become an important cultural phenomenon where teaching is complex (Pelayo, 2003) According to Pelayo (2003) from 1538 to 1970 numerous writen works (more than 500 before 1900) have been published in relation to technical and teaching concepts.
Since then, the methodology and didactics of swimming have evolved, making the process of learning to swim increasingly effective. Numerous studies have contributed to this development by investigating when and how it's most effective to start learning swimming (Stallman et al.,2017). However, these studies haven't provided unequivocal answers, leading different countries to approach swimming education in various ways. Some have left swimming instruction to parents, sports clubs, and other non-governmental organizations, while others have incorporated it into the school curriculum.
Despite various efforts to encourage swimming education among the widest population, water-related fatalities still remain a significant issue across Europe and worldwide. Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths (WHO, 2014). According to the WHO Global report on drowning (2014) age is one of the major risk factors for drowning. This relationship is often associated with a lapse in supervision. Globally, the highest drowning rates are among children 1-4 years, followed by children 5-9 years.
Based on the available 2017 data, around 5 100 deaths of European Union (EU) residents were caused by accidental drowning and submersion (Eurostat, 2020).
LEN (European Swimming Federation) serves as the governing body for aquatic sports in Europe and has established the Learn to Swim sub-commission. This sub-commission's task is to create a safe environment for engaging in swimming sports through the technical and scientific advice on the development of good practices for the massification of aquatic competences across all European member federations.
The aim of this study was to understand the general characteristics of governmental and/or federative swimming education programs, national definitions of what constitutes being able to swim in single country as well as the current qualification and professional license
requirements for swimming teachers in Europe.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen metabolischen, mechanischen Faktoren und Leistung bei jungen Kaderschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085140</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085140</guid>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Maximal swimming speed is determined by the interplay of metabolic (aerobic and anaerobic) and mechanical (drag and propulsion) parameters, but their importance varies by discipline (i.e., short-, middle-, and long-distance). Such differences in the relationship between performance determinants and race speeds have already been demonstrated for single distances (e.g., 100 [Latt et al., 2010] or 400 m [Jurimae et al., 2007]). However, to investigate systematic differences, it is necessary to minimize the influence of divergent diagnostic methods, training phases, and heterogeneous samples. In addition, most available research focused only on male swimmers. Thus, we related anthropometric, neuromuscular, and metabolic and parameters to short- and middle-distance race speeds in female national-level squad swimmers to assess their relevance to swimming performance.

METHODS: 16 female short- and middle-distance front crawl swimmers (15.1 ± 1.3 yrs, FINA points: 728 ± 43) were tested during the competition period. Besides dryland anthropometric (body height, mass, and arm span) and neuromuscular assessment (squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RMSQ, 1RMBP]), metabolic parameters (energy cost of swimming [C], maximal oxygen uptake [V. O2peak], lactate threshold 1 [LT1], and maximal lactate accumulation rate [c.Lamax]) were determined in water using a 500 m submaximal, 200 m all-out, incremental step (+0.03 m.s-1 every 3 min), and 20 s sprint test, respectively. Performance was recorded as average speed over 50 (v50), 100 (v100), 200 (v200), and 400 m (v400) in official races ~3 wk around the diagnostic assessment. Bivariate Pearson correlations r were used to examine associations between diagnostic parameters and performance over different distances.

RESULTS: V50 (1.84 ± 0.08 m.s-1) correlated moderately with c.Lamax (0.38 ± 0.11 mmol.L-1.s-1; r = .46, p = .08) and highly with mass (62.2 ± 7.8 kg; r = .59, p = .03) and 1RMSQ (67.8 ± 14.1 kg; r = .56, p = .06), while v100 (1.69 ± 0.07 m.s-1) was highly and moderately associated with mass (r = .59, p = .02) and 1RMSQ (r = .46, p = .11), respectively. V200 (1.52 ± 0.05 m.s-1) correlated highly with LT1 (1.22 ± 0.03 m.s-1; r = .56, p = .05) and moderately with mass (r = .44, p = .11) and 1RMBP (51.1 ± 7.1 kg; r = .40, p = .18), while v400 (1.41 ± 0.06 m.s-1) was highly associated with LT1 (r = .62, p = .04) and 1RMBP (r = .53, p = .12).

DISCUSSION: Moderate to high correlations of body mass and 1RMSQ with v50/v100 and of LT1 and 1RMBP with v200/v400 suggest greater importance of anthropometrics and lower body strength for short-distance performance and aerobic capacity and upper body strength for middle-distance performance in young female squad swimmers. Therefore, depending on the discipline, training in this collective may focus on either improving dryland (lower body) strength in short-distance swimmers or improving aerobic capacity through high-volume and/or high-intensity water training and dryland upper body strength in middle-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Halbangebundene Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profile - Korrelationen mit Stoffwechsel- und Kraftparametern an Land bei männlichen und weiblichen Kaderschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085141</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085141</guid>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Semi-tethered load-velocity profiling is a reliable method to estimate swimspecific neuromuscular capacities, i.e., theoretical maximal load (L0), speed (v0), and slope of the regression line (Slv), and can therefore be used for individual athlete characterization and training derivations (Olstad et al., 2020). For example, higher L0 and v0 values were observed in male compared to female front crawl swimmers (Olstad et al., 2020), higher L0 and lower v0 values were found in butterfly swimmers compared to front crawl swimmers (Gonjo et al., 2020). Despite high correlations between load-velocity profiles and 50 m performance (Gonjo et al., 2020), it is still unclear which metabolic or mechanical properties are associated with different semi-tethered load-velocity profiles. Therefore, we correlated anthropometric, dryland strength, and metabolic parameters with L0, v0, and Slv to elucidate underlying mechanisms between different profiles separately by sex.

METHODS: 12 male and 9 female (inter-)national-level squad swimmers (FINA points: 729 ± 68) completed 4 separate testing sessions in a randomized order. Besides anthropometric (height, mass, and arm span) and dryland neuromuscular assessment (squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RMSQ, 1RMBP]), metabolic parameters (energy cost of swimming and maximal lactate accumulation rate [c.Lamax]) were determined in water using a 500 m submaximal and 20 s sprint test, respectively. In addition, semi-tethered load-velocity profiles were determined from five ~20-m front crawl sprints, with loads increasing from 1 kg by 2 kg for male and 1 kg for female athletes, and speed recorded at 333 Hz by a robotic resistance device. From the linear regression of load (x) and speed (y), L0 (x-intercept), v0 (y-intercept), and Slv (-v0/L0) were calculated. Associations between metabolic and mechanical parameters and L0, v0, and Slv were examined separately by sex using Pearson correlation r.

RESULTS: L0, v0, and Slv were 21.3 ± 4.8 and 16.5 ± 2.9 kg, 1.88 ± 0.06 and 1.66 ± 0.06 m.s-1, and -0.09 ± 0.02 and -0.10 ± 0.02 -m.s-1.kg-1 in male and female swimmers, respectively. Regarding anthropometry, mass (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) correlated moderately with L0 in male (r = .55, p = .06) and with Slv in male (r = .52, p = .08) and female (r = .51, p = .16) athletes. c.Lamax (0.50 ± 0.12 mmol.L-1.s-1) was the only metabolic parameter highly related to v0 in male athletes (r = .68, p = .02). Regarding dryland strength, 1RMSQ (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) was moderately (r >= .51, p =< .13) and 1RMBP (75.9 ± 8.0 and 70.1 ± 8.2 kg) highly correlated with both L0 and Slv (r >= .76, p =< .03) in male and female athletes, while 1RMSQ and 1RMBP were only moderately associated with v0 in female athletes (r >= .54, p =< .16).

DISCUSSION: While moderate to high correlations were observed between mechanical parameters (especially 1RMBP) and L0 as well as Slv in both sexes, v0 was only moderately correlated with dryland strength in female athletes and highly correlated with anaerobic power (c.Lamax) in male athletes. Thus, female swimmers might benefit from dryland strength training to increase v0, whereas males might benefit from anaerobic swim training. In both sexes, L0 might be improved by dryland strength training, especially for the upper body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Durchführbarkeit der Burst-and-Coast-Strategie beim Schwimmen auf der Grundlage einer einfachen Monte-Carlo-Simulation</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085142</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085142</guid>
      <author>Mezêncio, B.</author>
      <author>Huebner, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Serrão, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mezêncio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huebner, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serrão, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A common goal in swimming technique analysis is to improve swimming efficiency. Minimizing the total drag could increase the swimming velocity or improve efficiency for the same velocity, but it is also possible to improve efficiency without changing the drag. In the same drag condition, the velocity profile at the same mean velocity affects efficiency; the most obvious way to improve efficiency in this context is by reducing the intracycle velocity variation, which increases the mechanical efficiency due to the reduction of the velocity`s dynamical component (Fernandes et. al, 2023). Despite that, biological examples show that this is not the only possible strategy. Fishes are able to use intermittent locomotion to improve their efficiency, this strategy is known as burst-and-cost swimming and consists of a twophase periodical behavior, first an active propulsive phase followed by a passive gliding phase, the relative duration of each one of those phases, as well as the difference in the drag coefficient between than are determinants for the successful adoption of this strategy (Li et.
al, 2023).
In front crawl swimming the catch-up coordination mode presents some similarity with a burst-and-coast strategy, since there is a pseudo-gliding passive phase when the entry and catch phase of one arm occurs simultaneously with the recovery phase of the other one. However, even in the slow paces associated with a catch-up coordination mode, keeping a lower velocity variability is generally accepted as more efficient. To the best of our knowledge, it was never analyzed the possibility of deliberately adopting a burst-and-coast strategy to increase efficiency. To shed light on this issue, a Monte Carlo simulation in a very simple model was used to analyze the swimming mechanical economy during a burst-andcoast strategy, produced by the addition of a phase shift in one of the arms, generating a super-position propulsive active phase, followed by a more hydrodynamic pseudo-gliding passive phase. We hypothesized that human swimmers are not able to use the burst-and-coast strategy to increase their swimming economy due to the relatively short passive phase and the high drag factor associated with human swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asymmetrien der Hüftrotation beim Kraulen und Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085143</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085143</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Borgonovo-Santos, M.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, D. D.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Mezêncio, B.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rotation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borgonovo-Santos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mezêncio, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Body rotation is typical of the alternated techniques due to the upper limbs actions, usually expressed as the shoulders/hip rotation amplitude. Rotation involves rolling to the right and left sides. Asymmetries were not explored in the backstroke, neither compared between alternated techniques. The current study compared front crawl and backstroke hip rotation to the right and left sides at distinct pace conditions. Six national swimmers (four males, 17±0.8 vs 14 years, 176.8±7.1 vs 164.5±4.9 cm, 73.1±12.9 vs 60.2±2.9 kg) performed four front crawl and backstroke trials at 90% and maximum velocity. A bi-axial Fluid Flow Sensor with a 9 degrees of freedom inertial unit was attached to the swimmers waist, allowing to obtain Euler angles. All upper limbs cycles were analysed, removing the first and the last ones. Paired t-test was used to compare rolling sides and swimming techniques (p.0.05). Hip roll amplitude decreased from 90% to maximum velocity in front crawl (95.6±21.3 vs 79.3±22.2°, p<0.05) but remained in backstroke (104.1±16.6 vs 99.6±27.4°). Hip rotation amplitude was similar between techniques at 90% (95.6±21.3 vs 104.1±16.6°) but not at maximal velocity (79.4±22.2 vs 99.6±27.4°), presenting differences in rolling to the right side (40.6±10.3 vs 54.1±9.9°, p<0.05, respectively). None of the alternated techniques showed asymmetries at any swimming condition, although a tendency to the right side can be observed. Hip roll asymmetries were higher than those already presented in front crawl, evidencing a right side dominance in both swimming techniques (despite no differences proved). Swimmers did not reduce rolling in backstroke when velocity increased, maybe due to the more complex underwater upper limbs motion. Alternated techniques roll with the different magnitude, but asymmetrical characteristics were not exhibited.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wellenförmiges Schwimmen unter Wasser: Verknüpfung von Kinematik, Wellenanalyse und Strömungsvisualisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085144</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085144</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Jesús J. Ruíz</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesús J. Ruíz</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) has aroused the interest of researchers since some swimmers, starting from the Moscow Olympic Games (1980), achieved very good results by swimming longer and longer distances underwater, until its limitation to 15m after the start and the turn or the recent possibility of using it in the backstroke finish. These limits, however, are sufficient for some swimmers to show great differences over the rest in these underwater phases (Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022). It is our objective to explore in a "holistic" way, all the biomechanical components that could explain a good performance in UUS.

METHODS
A sample of male and female swimmers from international and regional level were included in the study and performed at least 2x15 m UUS with adequate rest. Swimmers were marked on the right side of the body and bilateral symmetry was assumed. The UUS was analysed according to Papic et al. (2020) using a pre-trained neural network with a mean test error of 5 mm. A set of custom Python scripts were developed to analyse the kinematic trials. In addition, the Kwon XP software allowed a deeper analysis thanks to its graphical capabilities in the analysis and especially in the vector analysis. Some trials were carried out using a linear encoder to record the instantaneous intra-cycle speed (200Hz), which allowed a more simplified analysis. All coordinates were obtained using 2K video at 100Hz. The kinematic analysis of relevant points such as the tip of the foot, ankle, knee, etc. shows coordination patterns in vertical velocity and acceleration (wave analysis). As a flow visualisation tool, we use injected bubbles and the bubble wall. Wake characteristics such as size, vorticity and inertia are related to kinematics and wave analysis to relate them to the propulsive wake generated.

RESULTS
Sample of graph results that we are producing to analyse the vertical displacement and velocity
vs time, and velocity and acceleration vs time in all the body points.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Theoretische Wellenbeschreibung beim wellenförmigen Schwimmen - ein neuer mehrdimensionaler Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085145</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085145</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Buschhorn, M.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buschhorn, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) is of great importance to sport swimming due to its application after the start and turn. Thereby, muscular power generates waves that propagate along the body in a pedal direction. As this 3-dimensional body wave propagates through swimmerfs body (with time), the individul body segments accelerate the surrounding water against the direction of swimming. To substantiate the results and to compare different swimmers, various visualization methods were used, however only using 2-dimensional views (either kick amplitude over time at a fixed location or the kick amplitude over swimming direction at a fixed time). However, no representation exists that simultaneously illustrates information about a variety of significant variables of motion while visualizing the shape of the motion over the time.

METHODS
To describe the vertical kick amplitude (elongation) the approach of general harmonic onedimensional wve was adapted to: …where x stands for the position/distance along swimmer's body, lambda represents the body wavelength, t the time, T the kick cycle duration and phi the phase. a(x) is the length specific amplitude (depending to the segment location) and B(x) the bias due to the asymmetric amplitude distribution (Hochstein & Blickhan, 2014).

RESULTS
This quasi-3-dimensional representation of measured data using the surface function z(x,t) vividly visualizes the trajectories of the individual body points, the amplitude trajectories over the distance of the body, the displacement of the amplitudes, the frequency of the motion, the body length, the body shape at a fixed time, and the wavelength of the body wave (Buschhorn,
2022).

DISCUSSION
The presented method allows to evaluate the human UUS in a graphical way and helps to identify the relationships between the different individual variables or parameters in a compact way. When comparing the representations of different swimmers (or fin swimmers), differences in the execution of the movement and the variables that influence efficiency and speed quickly become apparent. Thus, this method of representation is able to evaluate, visualize, and compare the motion of undulatory swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Torwurfgeschwindigkeiten im Elitewasserball unter Wettkampfbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085146</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085146</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Hohenstein, D.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohenstein, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Throwing performance represents one of the most important performance requirements in elite water polo. The subject of this game analysis was the throwing behavior of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final "World Cup Water Polo" tournament 2018 in Berlin - as well as any differnces to the competition-specific throwing behavior (throwing situation, position, target, speed, as well as precision) of the top European nations Croatia, Serbia, and Hungary.

METHODS
For biomechanical analysis of the goal shot velocities on the individual level in each match player and ball positions were recorded by two high-speed cameras (PHOTRON Fastcam mini AX50 and Fastcam SA-3) positioned under the ceiling (top-view above the goals) with a high temporal (250 fps) as well as spatial resolution (1024x1024 pixels). Both sides of the field were calibrated on the water surface (2D direct linear transformation). Only the successful goals were analyzed with an endless loop mode and an end-trigger. The ball positions were tracked framewise using WinAnalyze 2.8. All further analysis were calculated in MATLAB 2018a.

RESULTS
Both penalty throw (from the 6 m line) and throw from the field showed very high release speeds (partly higher than 25 ms-1). Thereby, the top performers were Dusan Mandic from the 2016 and 2020 Olympic champion Serbia with faster than 27 ms-1 and Gergö Zalanki from Hungary with faster than 26 ms-1. At these shot speeds, the reaction time of the goalkeeper (time between leaving the ball from the hand and passing goalkeeper`s position) was less than 0.2 s in individual cases. Hungary`s national team occupied a special position among the world`s top water polo teams in terms of shot velocity, because, on the one hand, its average superiority over four of seven World Cup finalists was significant, and, on the other hand, no less than five players achieved shot velocities higher than 23 ms-1.

DISCUSSION
Throwing speed is probably one of the most important performance prerequisites in water polo at all performance levels. This increase of the throwing speed in the course of the last 15 years by about 9% may be regarded as an obvious concomitant of the professionalization of the water polo sport especially in the nations of the Mediterranean area. This considerable increase in speed is also underlined by the fact that the throwing speeds measured by Elliott et al. (1988) in the 1980s are now already achieved by 15-18-year-old Croatian junior national players with 19.91 ms-1 (±0.91 ms-1; Uljevic, Esco & Sekulic, 2014). In general, it should also be noted that goal throws under competitive match conditions have a ball velocity up to 3 ms-1 (p < 0.05) higher than drive shots throws performed on the empty goal under laboratory conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verwendung von parametrischem Mapping zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen der Schlagfrequenz auf die Kinematik der oberen Gliedmaßen beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085147</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085147</guid>
      <author>Simbana, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simbana, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Coordination between propulsive actions of the left and right arms is highly correlated to Stroke Rate SR, Speed V, v fluctuations, and power output (Seifert et al. 2015). Simbana et al. 2020 found that females swimmers had difficulty to follow the imposed SR. The purpose of this case study is to use parametric mapping (SPM) to explore the impact of imposed stroke rate on upper limbs swim cycle kinematics


METHODS
One female swimmer (24 years, 66 kg, 172 cm, mid distance specialist) participated in this study. She swam nine 25-m trials in a 25-m pool at maximal speed, SR were controlled by a pacing device (Aquapacer). She was equipped with one IMU on each forearm (x-, y-, and z-; to the mediolateral, anteroposterior, and vertical axes). All the data was processed at MATLAB, SPM analyses were implemented with a level of significance set at p . 0.05

RESULTS
The minimal SR was 42.51 and maximal 52.8 C.Min-1.The figure 1 show us the mainly differences are observed on the anteroposterior axis and from 40 to 70% at vertical axis, (end of the push and the beginning of return of the arm)

DISCUSSION
An earlier and faster return of the arms forward is due to the increase in swimming frequency because it is the easiest solution from a motor point of view to reduce cycle time and follow the imposed stroke rate. This SPM may be a new method to analyze the stability and symmetry of the swimming cycle of upper limbs.
Figure 1: (SPM) analysis, i.e., t-statistics (SPM{t}), for the acceleration for forearms x,y,z (right vs. left) for all the stroke rates for the swimming cycle (0% entry of the hand and 100% to the entry of the same hand at the next cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Stoffwechselprofils eines Schwimmers auf die energetischen Beiträge und den möglichen Trainingsreiz beim Intervalltraining - eine in silico Analyse.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085148</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085148</guid>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <author>Tran, C.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tran, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Work to rest ratio in interval training (IT) has been a focus of scientific research in order to understand how different interval training patterns effect energy metabolism and therefore the possible training stimulus2. For example the time spent at >90% of VO2max has shown correlate with improvements of VO2max (X). To our knowledge, little to no information exists how the physiological make up of an athlete effects energetic contribution and possible training stimulus during IT.

METHODS
Two metabolic profiles were compared, both with different VO2max, glycolytic power (VLamax) and Energy demand for 200m freestyle at a speed of 1.82 m/s: Athlete 1 (A1): 85 ml/min/kg, 0.8 mmol/l/s, 4.7 kcal/kg/km; Athlete 2 (A2): 80 ml/min/kg, 0.4 mmol/l/s, 4.3 kcal/kg/km. We compared the kinetics of the muscular energy metabolism for both athletes completing an interval set of: 10x 100m @57s with 13s passive rest, using a computer model (INSCYD.com, Switzerland). The computed possible best time for 200 freestyle for both athletes would be 108s (1.85 m/s).

RESULTS
Both athletes showed similar ratios of aerobic vs. glycolytic energy contribution at the end of the first interval: A1 = 77% vs. 21%, A2 = 76% vs. 22%, but different results for the last interval: A1= 81% vs. 17%; A2=78% vs 14%. Utilization of VO2max increased for both athletes from 1st to 10th interval: A1= 90% to 96%; A2 = 93% to 100%. Utilization of glycolytic power differed significantly between 1st and 10th interval as well as in between athletes: A1= 26% vs. 21%; A2 = 61% vs. 40%.

DISCUSSION
Our analysis show that the percentual energy contribution was similar beside different metabolic profiles of the athletes. However the utilization of the individual maximum aerobic and glycolytic capacity of each athlete changes during the training set and was significant different between both athletes. In between intervals the continuous decrease in muscular pH inhibited the glycolytic pathway, hence shifting energy contribution to aerobic energy supply and increased breakdown of PCr. More important is the more than twofold different in glycolytic stimulus in A1 vs A2. Following the widel appreciated logic that training stimulus can partly be quantified as fractional use of the maximum capacity, the anticipated adaptation of the glycolytic energy system would be significant different between A1 and A2. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines langfristigen Wassergymnastik-Trainings auf die Skelettmuskelmasse älterer Erwachsener: einschließlich der Auswirkungen einer Covid-19-Selbstbeschränkung nach der Trainingsperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085149</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085149</guid>
      <author>Matsui, T.</author>
      <author>Tatsumi, J.</author>
      <author>Fujisawa, T.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>COVID-19</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumi, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujisawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although the effects of long-term aerobic aquatic exercise training on skeletal muscle mass in the older adults are unknown, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aquatic exercise training, which lasted approximately 3 years, compared to land-based exercise. The study also aimed to determine the effects of one year of detraining with COVID-19 disasters. Twenty-two older adults (mean age 70 yrs) in the water exercise training group (WTG) and 18 older adults (mean age 72 yrs) in the land-based group (LTG), who trained in the group for aerobic exercise twice a week fo 45 min each time for about 3 years, were included in this study. Body composition and some physical fitness parameters were measured six times during the training period and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was compared. These measurements were taken again one year after training was terminated due to the COVID-19 infection. Data from those with at least 60% training participation were used in the analysis (WTG: n=20, LTG: n=17). Comparison of the means of each of the six measurements, three in the first half and three in the second half, showed a significant decrease in SMI in the second half of both WTG and LTG compared to the first half (WTG: 6.77±0.89kg/m2 in the first half, 6.69±0.89 kg/m2 in the second half, p<0.05, LTG: first half 6.33±0.73 kg/m2, second half 6.26±0.74 kg/m2, p<0.05). However, due to the COVID-19 disasters after training, only LTG was significantly lower than the second half in the data measured one year later (WTG: 6.68±0.87 kg/m2, LTG: 6.14±0.74 kg/m2, p<0.05). In training of the older adults, when they performed mainly aerobic exercise for approximately 3 years, both water and land exercises showed similar decreases in skeletal muscle mass, but WTG tended to maintain skeletal muscle mass during the period when group training was suspended in the COVID-19 disaster. And in grip strength, which reflects muscle function, WTG also maintained between detraining. Further verification of the factors related to the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass during detraining is needed, but the results suggest that long-term water exercise has advantages over land exercise in the maintenance of muscle mass.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Isolierte Testbatterie für den Erwerb von Fertigkeiten im Wasser bei Kindern (6-12 Jahre) im Rahmen des europäischen Alfac-Projekts ("aquatic literacy for all children")</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085150</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085150</guid>
      <author>Martelaer, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorische Lernfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Martelaer, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Aquatic Literacy for All Children (ALFAC) research project investigates aquatic skills, knowledge and psychosocial domains to improve drowning prevention, motor development and a long live involvement in children (6-12y). As a part of the evaluation of aquatic skills acquisition a large-scale test battery was developed. Stallman et al.'s (2017) model describes the fundamental aquatic skills (FAS) to be mastered. Inspired by the work of Stallman et al. (2017), the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (Morgado et al., 2020) and the Assessment of Basic Aquatic Skills (Vogt & Staub, 2020), the ALFAC team selected 10 isolated skills: (1) entry in the water, (2) exiting the water, (3) breathing, (4) treading water, (5) floating on the back, (6) propulsion on the back, (7) propulsion on the belly, (8) submersion, (9) rotation in horizontal body position, (10) rotation in vertical body position.
Researchers also intended to facilitate a competent and confident movement experience in the exciting and diverse water environment. Therefore, the face and content validity and the feasibility in the selection and development of isolated tests was crucial. Tests not adapted to real life situations might lead to frustration and/or a false feeling of security. Therefore, stimulating pleasure and confidence to children discovering the aquatic environment in a safe and fun manner is the path to follow. Special attention was also given to the reality of different technical conditions in swimming pools by choosing the same material to create equal environments in all test sites in different EU partner countries. For example, to tackle the variability in the height of the edge, a standardized floating platform is used. The test battery of the isolated skills has also to be integrated into the complete holistic tool of ALFAC. E.g., the same test items were used for children`s self-perception about the aquatic skills, which is part of the questionnaire. The third and final part will be a `parcours` where the same skills are tested in a playful combination, where children must make individual decisions to stop or continue the challenge while swimming.
Development of the test battery and some first data of the pilot study on the 10 isolated skills in
this EU project will be presented at the conference.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Welchen Einfluss hat ein interdisziplinäres Team auf die Schwimmleistung?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085151</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085151</guid>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Successful performances on the world stage are rarely achieved through a small team of a swimming coach and athlete but tend to be supported by experts. These specialists are traditionally in the field of biomechanics, physiology, strength and conditioning, physiotherapy, and nutrition as a minimum. Other disciplines include psychology, medicine, engineering, data science, skill acquisition, performance lifestyle, performance analysis, soft tissue therapy, and management. Generally, these people will specialise in high performance sport and are likely to have completed postgraduate degrees. It is imperative that support staff working within an interdisciplinary team are aware of the current research from both academic and applied settings to ensure that these are considered as part of the performance planning process with the coach and athlete. This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of an interdisciplinary team compared with multidisciplinary teams to provide a holistic approach to improved performances at international competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zur Bedeutung der Dissipation für die Analyse der Effizienz der Hand-Wasser-Interaktion - Auf zu neuen Ufern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085152</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085152</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Ram, V. I. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ram, V. I. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to determine the relevance of the convection during the hand-waterinteraction by quantifying the power during one cycle of an immerged hand in action. It is a first attempt to determine that power, as a wattage, in connection with a convective scale system. Also for the first time a uncommon approach is being pursued namely to determine power usinf merely variables like i) mass mw, i i) l ength of the working path of the hand during breaststroke d_im and iii) duration of the hand-water interaction T_im. To determine the displaced water mass mw the displaced water mass, which has hitherto been known for the Archimedean buoyancy directed towards the waterline, is used. Last but not least, the calculation methods are outlined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Validität und Reliabilität der Messung der Sauerstoffaufnahme mit der Post-Exercise-Atmungsmethode beim Schwimmen - eine systematische Überprüfung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085153</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085153</guid>
      <author>Degenhardt, K.</author>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Graumnitz, J.</author>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Degenhardt, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graumnitz, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Building on the review of Sousa et al. (2014) there are different methods to measure V.O2 in swimming. Here, the post-exercise gas analysis of the V.O2 is an established method to determine the V.O2 during swimming (V. O2swim). To get valid and reliable values of V.O2swim, the used analysis method is of great importance. Therefore, the objective of this work is to systematically review the validity and reliability of the methods used for post-swim gas analysis.

METHODS
PubMed, SPONET, SPOLIT, Sportdiscuss with full text databases were used for the systematic literature search. Articles were included that addressed the reliability and validity of different methods of post-exercise gas analysis of V. O2 in swimming between 01.01.2012 and 31.03.2023.

RESULTS
From 1206 articles, seven were identified as relevant. Several methods to determine V.O2swim were found: average of the first 20 s (AV20s), linear, exponential, or semi-logarithmic backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 10-30 s, model by Fickfs equation. Depending on the method, the V.O2swim assessed by online measurement can be estimated without significant mean differences by breath-by-breath gas analysis from post-exercise oxygen uptake. Using the model according to the Fick's equation, overestimations are the lowest at 0.1 % - 4.3 % with no significant differences. For BE methods there were some significant differences. Overestimations of V.O2swim were obtained by linear (up to 13.9 %) and semi-logarithmic (up to 20.6 %) BE. The AV20s method underestimates the V.O2swim by up to 8.7 %.

DISCUSSION
Post-exercise breathing can be used to estimate actual oxygen uptake during normal pool swimming. Using the Fickfs equation leads to the best validity and reliability. Due to there are no restrictions for the test protocol or for the swimmer, it is particularly well suited for use in the field. However, difficulties in data collection may arise if even the first breath of the afterload is not recorded. Thus, a well-practiced test procedure is significant for valid and reliable test results. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung von Kennzahlen beim Freistilschwimmen bei unterschiedlichen Belastungen und Atmungsseiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085154</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085154</guid>
      <author>Stamm, A.</author>
      <author>Shlyonsky, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Automatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stamm, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shlyonsky, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
MEMS sensors (IMU`s) are widely available nowadays and tend to be used more often in swimming in the past years (Guignard, Rouard, Chollet, & Seifert, 2017). These sensors have very good measurement capabilities today, but the automatic analysis of the gathered data has not yet been implemented. Our objective is to develop and validate an automatic analysis which can provide the swimmers/coaches with nearly immediate feedback on a smartphone/tablet.

METHODS
A group of x swimmers (18-25 years of age) with different levels of experience were asked to swim two 50m laps at lower (1,500m pace) as well as higher (400m pace) effort levels in an temperature controlled 50m indoor pool. All trials were recorded with a 3-axis accelerometer. In each lap the participants were asked to breathe the first 25m to the right and the second 25m to the left side. The data were process in an automatic way as described by (A. Stamm, 2021).

RESULTS
For each lap, the following metrics were measured for the first and second 25m respectively: left and right arm distance per stroke; left and right average distance per stroke; left and right average velocity; minimum and maximum velocity for each arm; velocity pattern for left and right arm, left and right arm timings. Based on the recorded metrics the analysis was performed considering the breathing side and effectiveness of the strokes. Results have been presented as figures to visualise the findings to coaches and athletes.

DISCUSSION
The initial hypothesis shared among many coaches was that the strokes on the breathing side are longer and more powerful. However, the outcome of this research showed that this is only valid for around 60% of the participants. Other participants showed either shorter strokes, less powerful strokes, or even no influence on their stroke timing nor distance per stroke on their breathing side.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine alternative Beleuchtungsquelle auf Basis von LEDs für PIV-Messungen an Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081737</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081737</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kamera</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz des Qualisys Über- und Unterwassersystems</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081738</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081738</guid>
      <author>Fonseca, P.</author>
      <author>Betzler, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Betzler, N.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Belastungs-Geschwindigkeits-Profiling beim halbangebundenen Schwimmen - mögliche Anwendungen zur Individualisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081739</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081739</guid>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metabolisches Profiling im Schwimmsport - poolbasierte Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Stärken und Schwächen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081740</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081740</guid>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Datenanalysen mit Smart Paddles</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081741</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4081741</guid>
      <author>Vitazka, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vitazka, M.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fortgeschrittene Forschungsmethoden der Strömungsdynamik zur Verbesserung der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:51:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080720</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4080720</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Power Point Präsentation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Video</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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