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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Somatotyp und Schnelligkeit bei Wettkampfschwimmern in verschiedenen Trainingsphasen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036922</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036922</guid>
      <author>Araújo, C. G. S.</author>
      <author>Pavel, R. C.</author>
      <author>Gomes, P. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, C. G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavel, R. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to analyze the relationship between ratings of somatotype components and sprinting speed in the water of competitive swimmers at four different phases of their training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effektivität der Brustschwimmbeinbewegung im Verhältnis zu Zeit-Raum-, anthropometrischen, Beweglichkeits- und Kraftdaten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036923</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036923</guid>
      <author>Vervaecke, H. U. B.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U. J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H. U. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U. J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most practitioners believe that a good breaststroke kick ensures good propulsion in the total competitive stroke as well as in lifesaving. Velocity fluctuation curves of a breaststroke cycle of some top swimmers (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, De Maeyer, and Vervaecke, 1975) show that the most important acceleration occurs during the kick. The action of the arms that follows keeps the velocity constant or causes a slight acceleration. Within this kick, the greatest acceleration occurs during leg extension. Because the path described by the feet in relation to the water is directed partly backward, we deduced that a paddle wheel propulsion principle was being used. Also during the squeezing action of the legs, in which there is no backward displacement of the feet, acceleration continues. This can be explained only on the basis of a propeller propulsion principle. Among the best swimmers, the ability to perform these propulsion techniques apparently results from a particular flexibility of the ankles and from some anthropometric characteristics of the feet, e.g., shape and surface. Therefore, in this stroke, in which the velocity fluctuates strongly, the kick is important to acceleration of the body and thus to the performance of champion swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines modifizierten Balls auf die Biomechanik ausgewählter Fertigkeiten im Wasserball bei Kindern im Anfängerbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036924</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036924</guid>
      <author>Pittuck, D. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pittuck, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although more and more children are exposed to water polo each year, relatively few of them remain involved in the sport. Because of the unique demands on the player`s skill, this sport can be extremely frustrating to the novice. A major source of this frustration seems to be an inability to acquire ball-handling skills using the large, regulation-sized ball. A plausible solution could be to start with a smaller ball. This approach is supported by other researchers (Egstrom, Logan, and Wallis, 1960; Wright, 1969), who investigated learning skills with modified equipment. Egstrom, Logan, and Wallis showed (1960) that subjects who practiced a throwing skill with a light ball were better able to transfer the skill to a heavier ball than those who practiced with the heavier ball. Morris (1976) indicated that, by changing the mechanical efficiency of a movement pattern, such as throwing, a child`s total movement capability could be changed. These changes could be positive if improved mechanical efficiency were obtained by modifying the size, weight, texture, or speed of an implement in a throwing skill. Consequently, the hypothesis that children would learn the proper skill mechanics earlier in training using modified equipment was proposed. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an experimental ball on the mechanics of the drive-in overhand water polo shot in novice children. A subproblem was to determine whether or not the transfer of skill mechanics was facilitated by the modified equipment. To investigate the hypothesis that modified equipment would be beneficial, as suggested by Morris (1976), a biomechanical approach was undertaken.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserrettungen mit Mehrfachopferkörperkontakt</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036925</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036925</guid>
      <author>Miller, D. I.</author>
      <author>Dahl, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Erste Hilfe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unfall</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miller, D. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water accidents remain one of the leading causes of accidental death in Canada and the United States. Although reasonable volumes of literature have been accumulated on drowning statistics, physiological effects of drowning, and treatment of near-drowning (Modell, 1978), little is known of the details of successful water rescues (Miller and McQueen, 1978). Although lifesaving organizations, such as the American Red Cross, the Royal Life Saving Society, and the YMCA, teach methods of rescue, there is a lack of data to indicate whether or not the techniques taught are being used in actual emergency situations and whether or not they are effective.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körpermessungen und Herzmorphologie bei Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036926</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036926</guid>
      <author>Vertommen, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Welch, E. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vertommen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welch, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to describe the mean body build and heart morphology of a group of Belgian water polo players and to study any possible relationship between external morphology and heart size.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung des Vortriebs im Schwimmen durch Handdrehung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036927</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036927</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The coach who is attempting to assist less talented swimmers is forced to increase his knowledge of the biomechanics of swimming because the average swimmer needs explicit instructions to approximate the proficiency of a champion. Biomechanics may be able to determine if the functional properties of the locomotor apparatus might fit the mechanical or the hydrodynamic demands. The hydrodynamic principles of competitive swimming have been recognized and listed (Reischle, 1976). The application of these principles in coaching or teaching, however, is in its early stages. Normally, it is hoped that swimmers acquire a feeling for the details of highly skilled swimming through trfal~and error. In the early stages of learning, while obtaining the idea of the gross pattern this may be reasonable and sufficient. However, in the advanced stages this sort of learning will take a long time, perhaps too long for the swimmer to remain competitive. Knowledge of the functional properties of the locomotor system may help the swimmer to improve his performance]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein mathematisches Modell der Verbesserung von Schwimmleistungen für die Zielstellung und Auswertung von Trainingsprogrammen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036928</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036928</guid>
      <author>McClements, J. D.</author>
      <author>Laverty, W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McClements, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laverty, W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to develop a mathematical model to be used to measure objectively performance improvement in swimming. The basis of this analysis was developmental change over a 12-year period. Performance improvement is the basic goal of all coaches, athletes, and sport administrators. Setting goals and evaluating performance improvement have been based on relative comparisons with peer athletes or "personal bests." The basic question is, "how much improvement is meaningful?" Research on goal setting and self-directed behavior change by Kolb and Boyatzis (1970) concluded that the goal-setting process is crucial for success. A mathematical model of improvement should make this process more objective.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasseraufzeichnung von EMG-Aktivitäten unter Verwendung von Feindrahtelektroden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036929</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036929</guid>
      <author>Okamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Wolf, S. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Okamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolf, S. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The ftrst electromyographic (EMG) studies designed to analyze swimming motions in adults were performed by Ikai, Ishii, Miyashita (1964) using surface electrodes. Subsequently the technique was developed to analyze movement patterns in children and infants (Okamoto, 1976; Okamoto et al., 1976), still using surface electrodes. Most studies of aquatic movements in man have used amplification systems that are suspended out of the water some distance from the subject. As a result, investigators have had to contend with various technical problems, including movement artifact incurred by unstable leads between surface electrodes and recording equipment. It would seem that the provision for waterproof amp1illers, located close to the sight of pickup, could minimize such recording problems. Additionally, the use of indwelling electrodes could help to isolate activity from specillc muscles. In preparing to monitor underwater muscle performance for both swimming behavior in children and ambulation in rehabilitation patients we have developed an inexpensive, effective, and rapid method for recording EMG underwater using ftne-wire electrodes. Although ftne-wire electrodes have been used to record underwater activities in amphibians (Osse, 1969), to the best of our knowledge this clinical technique has not been reported previously. This paper describes our methodology and demonstrates its potential application.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Startblockwinkels auf den Greifstart im Sportschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036930</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036930</guid>
      <author>Stevenson, J. R.</author>
      <author>Morehouse, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stevenson, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morehouse, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine, through the use of cinematography and a strain-gauged starting block, the effects of starting-block angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30° above the horizontal on a 22.86-m (25-yard} swimming performance using the grab start. The differences in the grab-start performances from the four block angles were analyzed with respect to 15 selected biomechanical factors, which included the angles of projection at takeoff and incidence at water entry, takeoff and entry velocities, horizontal distance of projection, vertical hand forces on the front edge of the starting block, and time data for various phases of the start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanismus für den Körpervortrieb im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036931</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036931</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper offers a qualitative model of the swimming mechanism that is the result of an attempt to piece together, into a meaningful whole, the isolated bits of information currently at our disposaL Within this modest proposal is an attempt to provide a logical rationale for the desirability of generating maximum forward lift force and minimum forward drag force on the body segments as the most efficient combination to be used for propelling the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraftstöße bei der Ausführung verschiedener Arten von Wenden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036932</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036932</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Krueger, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to provide biomechanical descriptions and analyses of the flip turn and the open turn (orthodox freestyle turn) used in freestyle swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine hydrodynamische Analyse des Schwimmvortriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036933</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036933</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The laws that govern propulsion in water are well defined by the established theories of hydrodynamics. However, the application of these theories to specific questions of hand propulsion in swimming is difficult because of a lack of background research data. Inspection of fluid mechanics texts reveals that although highly detailed studies of wings, plates, and other miscellaneous shapes in a fluid flow abound, there is virtually nothing specifically on the hand. To answer the practical questions on hand propulsion in swimming, we must turn to our original background research in biomechanics. Of course, we can fall back on the general theories of hydrodynamics to guide our investigations, and we can use research procedures and conventions consistent with established hydrodynamic theory. However, in the final analysis, this research must be designed to meet the unique requirements of swimming biomechanics. The initial steps in the investigation of hand propulsion in swimming have already been made. Counsilman (1971) revolutionized current thinking on propulsive techniques. His research originated the idea of looking at hand and airfoil motions in analogous terms. Since then, Barthels and Adrian (1975), Rackham (1975), and Schleihauf(1974, 1976, 1977) have generally confirmed the idea that lift as well as drag forces contribute to propulsion. The research that remains to be done is the application of general hydrodynamic theories to specific hand force measurements in swimming. In this paper we approach the problem in two stages. First, we investigate forces on hand models in the fluid lab, using procedures pioneered by aerodynamic researchers. These lab studies generate coefficients of lift and drag values for the hand that will enable us to estimate the size of hand forces produced under a wide range of flow conditions. The second stage of research is to apply pure data from the laboratory to realistic swimming motions. Through motion picture studies key propulsive hand motions are isolated, and the coefficients of lift and drag values are used to predict practical hand force measurements. The techniques for evaluating hand propulsion are similar to those of the aerodynamics engineer, who relies on background aero/hydrodynamic research to calculate wing and propeller forces. A survey of hand force measurements across a sampling of highly skilled competitors allows us to outline the mechanical foundations of propulsion in each of the four competitive strokes. The results of this research offer a detailed and objective technique for evaluating swimming proficiency. We hope that this type of research will help coaches to gain a clearer understanding of effective stroke technique and thereby to direct swimmers with more certainty toward stroke perfection.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung eines Herzfrequenzzählers im Schwimmen und bei sportlicher Leistungsmessung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036934</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036934</guid>
      <author>Treffene, R. J.</author>
      <author>Alloway, J.</author>
      <author>Jull, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Treffene, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alloway, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jull, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming efficiency has been investigated by many researchers, including Holmer (1974) and di Prampero et al. (1974). di Prampero and his associates deduced a relationship between swimming efficiency (E), bodydrag (Db), swimming speed (V), and net oxygen uptake (Vo2). Using two submaximal speeds (0.55 and 0.90 m/sec) di Prampero et al. (1974) showed that E/Db remained relatively constant in this range. Treffene (1975) investigated the relationship between the velocity of swimming and heart rate (HR) for swimmers and suggested that a linear relationship existed and yielded a constant value for E/Db. The use of heart rates to evaluate swimming performance requires a technique to measure heart rate. The technique described here requires a test in a swimming pool that is similar to a bicycle ergometer test. If a subject swims for more than 2 min at a constant pace, his heart rate will become steady after about 40 sec. This steady rate is characteristic of the use of oxygen at that speed. Therefore, if the heart rate is measured either during the swim or "immediately" after the swim, that rate is an indirect measure of the oxygen consumption at that speed. It is important to determine the heart rate immediately after the swim or within 5 sec of cessation of the exercise because the heart rates of elite swimmers decrease very rapidly. This study was directed at using a heart rate meter constructed for pool heart rate measurement to determine the velocity-heart rate curves for swimmers .]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Beschleunigung als Maß für die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036935</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036935</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocity fluctuations within a single stroke cycle in swimming are the result of accelerating and decelerating actions on the body exerted by propulsive movements and water resistance. Analysis of the relationship of the swimmer's acceleration and velocity versus time presents information about the way in which the different movements contribute to changes in swimming speed. Further, the magnitude of variation should indicate motion efficiency because less energy is wasted with a more uniform velocity. The precise nature of this relationship in swimming, however, has not been determined. Kornecki and Bober (1978) suggested that the deviation between extreme velocities and the mean velocity within a stroke cycle of a swimmer would be a useful measure of efficiency. The crucial problem has been to obtain data on single-stroke cycle kinematics in a way that makes more sophisticated analysis possible. Although time consuming and expensive, high speed cinematography is a classical method. Cavanagh (1976), however, has recently questioned the accuracy of acceleration data derived from such an analysis. Other instruments for recording velocity fluctuations have been presented (Karpovich and Karpovich, 1970; Kent and Atha, 1974). In the present study a linear accelerometer was used to determine the forward motion of the swimmer's body. The purpose was to develop a technique for reliable acceleration measurements and to analyze the data obtained for different swimmers and strokes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Menschliche Morphologie und Hydrodynamik</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036936</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036936</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsion of a body in a liquid requires energy, which must either be provided by an outside towing force or be developed by an inside propulsive force. In the simplest case, i.e., a uniform movement in the horizontal plane, neither the potential energy nor the kinetic energy of the body changes, so all energy being developed must be absorbed by the liquid. Therefore, the kinetic energy of the liquid particles should increase. The force (per unit of time) corresponding to this change in quantity of movement (change in impulse) of liquid mass is the drag that the body encounters in the liquid and that must be overcome by the towing ship or propulsive force. However, the human body, like the shape of a ship, presents an additional difficulty, in the sense that it moves in the boundary plane between two media: water and air, whereby changes in flow also cause changes in the level of the boundary plane (waves). In other words, the problems are much more complex than those of a body moving in a single medium. If one adds to these problems the uneven and poorly streamlined shape of the human body plus its possibility for "self-propulsion," the problems seem endless. One purpose of this study was to clarify some of these points through systematic and fundamental investigations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der Schlagfrequenz, Länge pro Schlag und Schnelligkeitsverhältnisse beim Training des Leistungsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036937</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036937</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <author>Boomer, W. L.</author>
      <author>Gibbons, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boomer, W. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gibbons, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The locomotion of all animals can be characterized by the intermittant application of force that moves the body. Applying this principle to swimming, velocity (V) is the product of stroke rate ( S) and the distance moved through water with each complete stroke cycle (d/S). These relationships of S, d/S, and V were described for competitive swimmers with varying skills, and the results were compared with those observed during the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials (Craig and Pendergast, 1978). In general, increased V was achieved by increasing Sand decreasing d/S (Figure 1). The front crawl swimmers who had the greatest maximal V also had the longest d/S at S of 20-25 S/min. For the males there was a direct relationship between the maximal V and the proportional decrease in dl S. The relationships of S and V during the freestyle events at the Olympic Trials are shown in Figure 2. The faster V of the 100-m versus the 200-m race for men was accounted for by an increase in S from 46 to 54 S/min and a decrease in d/S from 2.27 to 2.03 m/S. Similar changes for both the men and women were noted in the 100- and 200-m backstroke and breaststroke events. In effect, these points represent a short section of a stroke rate-velocity curve (S- V) for very skilled swimmers. The S used by the men in both the 400- and 1,500-m freestyle distances was 44 S/min, and the slower V of the 1,500-m race was accounted for by a shorter d!S. Theoretically, each race could have been swum at a slower S and a longer d/S. However, to achieve the same V at a slower S, a greater force for each stroke would be needed, and greater local muscle fatigue would result. Such considerations might also account for the observation that the 100-m butterfly races for both men and women were swum with a longer d/S and a faster S than was used in the 200-m events. Freestyle races for women were quite different from those for men. In the 400-, 200-, and 100-m events the increase in V was accounted for entirely by the increase in S, from 52 to SS to 58 S/ min, respectively, and the d/S values were not different (1.76 m/S). The S used in the 800-m race was the same as in the 400-m race, but d/S decreased to 1. 73 m/S. These differences between men and women who swam the front crawl may be related in some way to the energetics of swimming (di Prampero et al., 1974; Holmer, 1975). These observations have implications for swimming coaches. We wish to indicate how relationships of S, d/S, and V can be useful in practice. As much as possible, programs for competitive swimmers should be based on experimental evidence related to the sport rather than speculation and extrapolation from generalities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort des Vorsitzenden des Symposiums</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036864</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036864</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1974</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is indeed a pleasure to see all of you here at this Opening Session of the 2nd International Symposium on Biomechanics in Swimming. As Symposium President and Chairman of the Organizing Committee, I wish to extend to you a most sinc;ere welcome. Four years ago many of us met here for the first symposium. Our purpose then was to bring together persons interested in the biomechanical aspects of swimming so that better communication and exchange of ideas among scientists and practitioners would be possible. In so doing, we would complement the work undertaken through the International Seminars on Biomechanics. Your presence today indicates that interest generated during the first symposium continues to grow and develop.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein sphärosomatometrisches Verfahren zur Analyse von anteroposterioren Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036865</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036865</guid>
      <author>Iwanowski, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iwanowski, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A spherosomatometric study was made of the anteroposterior curvatures of the spine among competitive swimmers who had trained a minimum of 3 years. They were grouped according to the stroke in which they specialized. The study was carried out in the years 1969, 1970, and 1974. The number of individuals under study totaled 102 male and 85 female swimmers. The age of the boys ranged from 13 to 16 years, with a mean of 15.1 years. The girls' ages ranged from 11.5 to 14.5 years, with a mean of 13.8 years. Table 1 presents a summary of the number of male and female swimmers who swam each stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort der UNESCO</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036866</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036866</guid>
      <author>Jokl, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jokl, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Once again it is my privilege to convey to this meeting the good wishes of the UNESCO International Council of Sport and Physical Education. The Council, which sponsored the first symposium on "Biomechanics of Swimming," was glad to do so again. It is very appreciative of the fine work done by the organizers of today's event, especially by Dr. Lewillie, Dr. Clarys, Dr. Nelson, Dr. Morehouse, and Dr. Hebbelinck. It is with pleasure that the Council complies with the wish for a Working Group on "Biomechanics of Swimming" henceforth to be directly associated with its Research Committee. The Group can rest assured that every support it may need from the Committee will be forthcoming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung hydrodynamischer Faktoren von Schwimmbewegungen unter Wettkampfbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036867</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036867</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>de Maeyer, J.</author>
      <author>Vervaecke, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Maeyer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The underlying objective of this study was to help bridge the gap between practice and research. For that reason behavior patterns of the strokes from concrete modalities of movement were investigated. These patterns can be experienced personally by swimmers ar1d observed by others. The complete document (1974), parts of which are summarized here, does not provide for immediate application in practice. It will, however, form a sound basis for continued scientific research on the technical aspects of swimming. The study also focused on the problem of synchronization, which is perhaps the most complex area of research on hydrodynamic and technical determinants of human motion in water. Other components, ranging from simple to more complex, are buoyancy, resistance, propulsion, balance, and continuity of movemeni. It would have been simpler to start with less complex characteristics, but the possibility of integrating the results was a more important consideration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Asymmetrie der unteren Extremitäten beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036868</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036868</guid>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study involving the investigations of the causes of asymmetrical kicks during breaststroke swimming should be of initial value to teachers and coaches. The results will also contribute to the lmowledge in the general area of laterality as it relates to human movement. Although the study is concerned with asymmetry of limb motion in the breaststroke kick, the findings may provide insight into the general problem of asymmetrical motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dual Media Kinematografie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036870</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036870</guid>
      <author>Mclntyre, D. R.</author>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinematografie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mclntyre, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is an activity in which the performer spends some time with his body completely immersed in the air and some time with it completely immersed in water. However, the vast majority of the time is spent with his body moving simultaneously in both the air and water near the interface between these two media. It follows that anyone concerned with completely observing and evaluating a swimming performance must of necessity obtain an impression of the total performance. There is an obvious need, therefore, for some means of simultaneously recording the actions which take place above and below the water. It is conceivable that two high speed motion picture cameras could be used for this purpose-with one camera above and one below the water level. However, because of the problems associated with accurately synchronizing the two ftlm records, there would appear to be some advantage in using a technique which simultaneously records the above-andbelow-water level action on the same film frame. It is the purpose of this paper to describe such a technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Vorrichtung zur Kraftmessung an den Händen beim Greifstart</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036871</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036871</guid>
      <author>Cavanagh, P. R.</author>
      <author>Palmgren, J. V.</author>
      <author>Kerr, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cavanagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palmgren, J. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kerr, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this study to design, construct, and make a preliminary evaluation of a device to measure the forces exerted by the hands during the performance of the grab start in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Vorrichtung zur Online-Messung der momentanen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036872</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036872</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the study of the biomechanical characteristics of swimmers the measurement of intracyclic velocity fluctuations is of vital importance. To achieve full value, these measurements must meet certain requirements which may be summarized as follows: a) they should provide an accurate and continuous record of swimming velocity, b) the procedures involved should not impede the swimmer, and c) all records obtained should be synchronized to permit sensible interpretation. Over the past half-century only a limited number of procedures have been reported for measuring swimming velocity. They have involved  both mechanical and optical methods of transduction and a variety of methods of recording.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Biomechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036873</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036873</guid>
      <author>Wartenweiler, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wartenweiler, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[I bring you the greetings of the International Society of Biomechanics, and I sincerely wish you a successful meeting. You have assembled here to present your papers, report on your research findings, and discuss practical problems in biomechanics of swimming. It will be possible for those who participated in the first symposium 4 years ago to compare it with this meeting. Formerly the main topic was the analysis of various movements in swimming; measurements of the resistance of the water with different positions of the body; and measurements of force when swimming, taking off, and diving. Furthermore, experiments were shown, theories discussed, and models demonstrated as an explanation of the pushing power by arms and legs. Many of these studies were somewhat unsophisticated. The developments that have occurred in the interim will be readily apparent. The fact that so many of you are present today is proof that more scientific information is needed on swimming, diving, and water polo. The necessity of sharing information justifies the efforts the president of this symposium, Leon Lewillie, and his general secretary, Jan P. Clarys, have put forth in organizing this second symposium.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren für den Erfolg im wettkampfmäßigen Schwimmen: Eine kurze Literaturübersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036874</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036874</guid>
      <author>Cureton, T. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information Dokumentation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cureton, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the time of Duke Kahanamoku's swimming (1905-1928) the training procedures for competitive swimming were rather indefinite and hardly deserved the connotation of "scientific training." There was little specialization up to 880 yards, as most good swimmers competed over the entire range, and usually in several events. Johnny Weismuller held almost all of the freestyle records, with Jamison Handy and Perry McGillivray holding the middle distance titles, and Bob Skelton holding the breaststroke titles. Girls were not yet accepted in hard training camps, and physiological analysis of swimming and training methods for competition were vague, in fact almost nonexistent.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Handverlaufsmuster qualifizierter Delphinschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036875</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036875</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <author>Adrian, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the investigation was to identify the three-dimensional underwater motion of the hand with respect to still water during the performance of the butterfly stroke, with and without the kick, and to relate this hand motion to the horizontal motion of the swimmer's body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Modell für die Kräfte der oberen Extremitäten in des Unterwasserphase des Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036876</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036876</guid>
      <author>Jensen, R. K.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jensen, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The research of Ringer and Adrian (1969) showed that elbow flexion and extension occur during the underwater phase of front crawl swimming. The thrust from the upper extremity action was estimated by Seireg and Baz (1971}, but their model did not allow for the relative motion of the segments of the upper extremity. Gallenstein and Huston (1973) used Hanavan's human body model (1964) to analyze a number of swimming actions, but did not investigate the upper extremity movements for the front crawl stroke. The purpose of the present study was to develop equations of motion for a model of the upper extremity during the underwater phase of front crawl swimming and to use these equations to demonstrate the effect of elbow flexion and extension on the forces acting on the upper extremity segments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Unterteilung der Schwimmbewegungen in Phasen, basierend auf kinematischen Parametern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036877</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036877</guid>
      <author>Wiegand, K.</author>
      <author>Wuensch, D.</author>
      <author>Jaehnig, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wiegand, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wuensch, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jaehnig, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Physical educators, coaches, and athletes should have objective criteria for the determination of the development of swimming strokes, i.e.,  hose factors and basic parameters that establish the structural fundamentals of top class performances. One of the main prerequisites for accomplishing this is, among others, the quantitative assessment of swimming strokes to make them comparable with each other. It will be possible to determine the essentials of swimming strokes only by analyzing them quantitatively. Such an approach will lead to an understanding of the laws of swimming techniques including their hydromechanical aspects. The authors believe that the distribution of swimming strokes into phases based upon objective criteria is of major importance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effizienz beim Brust- und Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036878</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036878</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In most studies of efficiency of man during swimming (Karpovich and Pestrecov, 1939; Adrian et al., 1966; Klissouras, 1968; Holmer, 1972) the calculation of the propulsive forces is based on drag measurements of the body in an outstretched, passive, prone or supine position. Drag during swirnrrJng is presumably higher than drag during passive towing of the body mainly because of the movement of head, trunk, and limbs within the stroke cycle. Kent and Atha (1971) reported significantly higher drag values in selected transient body positions in the breaststroke than in the prone glide positions, and di Prampero et al. (1974) applied a new method to determine the actual drag experienced by man during swimming and found it was about twice as high as that of the passively towed swimmer. The data of di Prampero and his associates {1974) will probably produce a reasonably accurate measure of propulsion efficiency, while others should be considered underestimations. In the present study, the method described by di Prampero et al. (1974) was applied and data were collected on drag during breaststroke and freestyle swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Sauerstoffaufnahmerate beim Schwimmen und Radfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036879</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036879</guid>
      <author>Secher, N. H.</author>
      <author>Oddershede, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Secher, N. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oddershede, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The biomechanics of humans while swimming is unique in one aspect. Most locomotory performances, e.g., walking, running or bicycling, are established by means ofleg movements; however, the arms are the most important factor in front crawl swimming. This fact was reported by Magel (1970) and is also demonstrated in this study. The dominance of arm performance in front crawl swimming has profound consequences for the physiology of swimming and the evaluation of physiological parameters of swimmers (Secher et al., 1974). The present investigation was carried out in order to determine the influence of arm fitness on maximal oxygen uptake during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Brustschwimmtechnik unter verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitsbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036880</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036880</guid>
      <author>Bober, T.</author>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bober, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Training in different sport events has the realization of a definite set of aims. Generally, these purposes can be divided into tasks for developing skill, technique, or tactics. However, these elements are interdependent and each task, although it has a specific purpose, will indirectly influence the other aspects of the competitor's preparation. This is caused by the motoric nature of man, who realizes the aims of his activity by using a definite movement form which is consistent with his physical skill. Similarly, in swimming, training programs contain various degrees of emphasis upon skill, speed, strength, and endurance. It is known that swimming under different speed conditions causes changes in movement frequency (East, 1970). However, it can be expected that changes also occur in the technique of movement, especially in rhythm of the swimming cycle. In this study an attempt was made to characterize the interdependence of the breaststroke technique and the speed of swimming. It is hoped that the awareness of the side effects of the exercises utilized by coaches may improve the effectiveness of the teaching and coaching process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Beinschlags und des Armzugs auf die Gesamtgeschwindigkeit beim Kraul-Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036881</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036881</guid>
      <author>Bucher, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Not all instructors in swimming have the same opinion about the importance of the leg kick in the crawl stroke. Some believe that the leg kick is very important for propulsive power; others think that it is only needed for stabilization of the body. Furthermore, opinions vary about the number of leg kicks required per arm stroke. This problem has been the subject of many investigations in which a variety of methods have been used. Counsilman (1968) used a towing apparatus to measure the actual influence of the leg kick. Swimmers performed the leg kick while being towed through the water at various speeds. Thus the forward push or the braking effect could be measured. The results showed that in general the leg kick supports the forward push at speeds of less than 1.5 m per sec. At speeds above 1.5 m per sec the leg kick did not increase the towing speed, but on the contrary produced a retarding effect. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the leg kick and arm stroke on the speed of crawl stroke swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Verwendung der Lichtspurfotografie in der Schwimmlehre</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036882</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036882</guid>
      <author>Hoecke, G.</author>
      <author>Gruendler, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hoecke, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gruendler, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the past few years considerable effort has gone into the study of the learning process, including physical activities found in physical education. The aim of these efforts has been to reduce the time oflearning and enhance the development of skilled movements. As a result new knowledge has been obtained concerning the phases of the learning process and the most effective organization of physical education lessons. Providing information to the student is an important aspect of learning. Consequently, it is important to know what is the most effective type, time, and intensity of information to be given to students in various stages of the learning process. Only some preliminary information concerning this process can be provided at the present time. In the initial phases of learning, visual information is of particular importance (Meinel, 1960) in developing and refining motor concepts. This knowledge, confirmed by research in different types of sports (Leirich, 1973), is also of great importance for training in swimming. Besides the traditional application of visual information such as the demonstration by the teacher or other pupils of exercises to be learned and the use of films or pictures, the investigators sought to find other methods for recording significant parameters of the motor process and for using them as an aid in the teaching and coaching of swimming. This study was based on the following assumptions: a) In the initial phases of motor learning, information on the special aspects of movement is particularly important. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to obtain a demonstration of the motor process in which the curves of selected body points are indicated. b) It is appropriate for explanations and corrections to have, in addition to pictures of the motor process to be learned, records of the skill level reached on which concrete and clear suggestions for correction can be based.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Armbewegung beim Kraul-Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036883</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036883</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is generally agreed that the arms provide 70 to 85% of the total thrust in the crawl stroke (Faulkner, 1966; Armbruster, Alien, and Billingsley, 1973). Water resistance is proportional to the square of the velocity according to fluid mechanics. Therefore, the movement velocity of the hand in the water is an important factor in swimming fast. Since the hands are moved alternately in the crawl stroke, the stroke time is related to the movement velocity of the hand. This study consisted of three experiments. The first concerned the stroke time in the crawl in relation to age and performance (experiment 1). Stroke time is maintained by contraction of the arm and shoulder muscles. little data have been published on the strength of swimmers, and a definitive study on the strength requirements of swimming has not been made (Faulkner, 1966). The second experiment involved the relation between ann-pull strength and speed of swimming with arms alone (experiment 2). Thirdly, the oxygen requirement for swimming 25 m with arms alone was determined for four swimmers with different levels of muscular strength and swimming technique (experiment 3).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse des Armvortriebs beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036884</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036884</guid>
      <author>Rackham, G. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rackham, G. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Observation of the current methods of arm propulsion in the front crawl, back crawl, and butterfly strokes shows quite clearly a factor common to all strokes; ie., during the pulling phase, the hand deviates from a straight line track (when viewed from above).
The purpose of this investigation was to observe this arm pull deviation from a straight line and to decide a) why it occurs, b) whether or not any advantage is obtained from its use, c) if it is advantageous, what mechanical principles are involved, and d) what influences if any could it have on training methods?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz von EMG zur Untersuchung von Schwimmern mit Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036885</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036885</guid>
      <author>Maes, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Brouwer, P. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maes, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brouwer, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the literature many authors recommend the use of a specific swimming technique for supporting and/or strengthening certain muscles or muscle groups. Very few of these recommendations are based on scientific experiences. Lorenzen (1970) mentioned the strengthening of the extensors of the back during the backcrawl. Vis (1971) indicated the breaststroke was the most effective way to develop the back musculature. According to Duffield (1969) the extensors are generally used in back and front crawl. The flexors are utilized in breaststroke and butterfly. Experimental investigations on the function of muscles during swimming are limited. Ikai et al (1964) compared the electromyogram (EMG) of an Olympic champion with a University champion in breaststroke, front, and back crawl. Lewillie (1968, 1971, 1973) studied the triceps brachii, the biceps brachii, and the quadriceps femoris at different speeds using the four competitive strokes. Clarys et al. (1973) investigated the biceps brachii, the brachia radialis, the flexor carpi ulnaris, and the triceps brachii in subjects executing the front crawl stroke in competition and in water polo. In this study the electrical potentials (EMG) of five preselected muscles were studied during three swimming techniques: a) breaststroke, b) back crawl, and c) front crawl. The results were related to the "normal" and the disabled swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechanisches Modell der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036886</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036886</guid>
      <author>Francis, P. R.</author>
      <author>Dean, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Francis, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dean, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study is an attempt to develop a mathematical model involving those factors that govern maximal performance levels in freestyle swimming. Levels of athletic performance are determined by the interaction of three factors that govern all functions of the human organism. These factors may be classified as the mechanical, the physiological, and the psychological. It is logical to assume that any complete investigation of athletic performance must account for the effects of all three of these factors. At the present time relatively sophisticated tools are available for the measurement of mechanical and physiological variables in the swimmer, but instruments designed to evaluate appropriate psychological variables are of questionable validity. Therefore, the present first approximation model incorporates both mechanical and physiological variables, while no attempt has been made to examine the influence of psychological factors. In an attempt to control the psychological variables, however, the present model was validated using world recora performances for men and women swimmers. It was assumed that world record performances would be indicative of near maximal levels of motivation for the performers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezieller Schwimmunterricht für Mehrfachbehinderte</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036887</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036887</guid>
      <author>Vis, W. P. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Usbekistan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vis, W. P. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The human being can be looked upon as a moving object in space who finds himself between and in relation to the other objects and the environment. This can be called a fundamental aspect of human existence. In this context the swimming instruction must be considered a part of movement education and must be looked at in relation to the pedagogical and agogical perspective. This implies that we regard our pupils as persons who are disturbed or retarded in their total development and who need our special help in order to grow up a.Tld achieve optimal human functioning. This assistance that is directed toward the individual pupil may be referred to as education. If this educational assistance has as its starting point the moving person, we refer to it as movement education. Through conscious influence of the movement behavior of the student, movement education provides an important contribution to total education. This form of education is fundamentally important, since human movement means contact with the environment and confrontations and actions with persons and objects. These moving, manipulating, exploring actions give the pupil an experience and a notion of the qualities a.nd properties of persons and objects: balls are round things with which you can roll, very near and far away, that's only  matter of distance one has to cover; high and low is a matter of climbing and falling; light and heavy is a matter of lifting up and carrying away; etc. Moreover, while moving, a pupil experiences and unfolds his ovm possibilities, and we hope he'll come to enjoy them; while doing he comes to a notion of himself as somebody who is able or unable to do particular things. This forms among others a base for the achievement of self-consciousness. All this means development, characterized by progress, unfolding, differentiation and integration, in which "moving" plays an essential part. Generally the mentally retarded can only develop himself through actual moving among objects and persons; he can't argue or discuss things. He gets to know his world by dealing with it actively, by moving; movement is-certainly for mental retardates a necessity for development. Herewith, we have given the motive for an essential aspect of the total education with regard to individuals who are characterized as developmentally disturbed pupils.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Widerstand des Körpers auf und unter der Wasseroberfläche</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036888</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036888</guid>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine ihe body resistance on the water surface and 60 cm under the water surface for a group of male subjects. It was assumed that under the water there is less resistance than on the surface (Schramm, 1958-1959) because the resistance of the waves is eliminated. The total resistance is the sum of the wave resistance, frictional resistance, and eddy resistance (Karpovich, 1933). The results of this study, therefore, might make it possible to distinguish the different resistance components (Clarys et al., 1973). One must realize that resistance data obtained by towing bodies through the water are not the same as results from measurements of swimming as Alley (1952) found and as we have found in previous studies. But the results from towed bodies were required in order to-provide complete data and to make comparisons with actual swimming. Comparisons were also made
with the earlier data reported by Schramm (1958-1959).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetik des Schwimmens beim Menschen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036889</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036889</guid>
      <author>Rennie, D. W.</author>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <author>Di Prampero, P. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rennie, D. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prampero, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[An analysis of swimming that quantitatively interrelates external mechanical power, over-all mechanical efficiency, total energy input, and the average velocity of progression has been hampered in the past by the absence of data on the over-all resistive forces (i.e., form drag plus skin friction plus wave resistance) the swimmer must overcome during actual swimming. We shall refer to these resistive forces collectively as "body drag," Db. With a knowledge of Db, a quantitative analysis of swimming can be made to evaluate individual differences in performance and predict the energy cost of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamtwiderstand von ausgewählten Körperhaltungen bei der Freistilkraulbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036890</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036890</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effects of selected body positions on water resistance have been studied in previous experiments, using a series of existing standardized relationships from ship building model research (Clarys et al., 1974). Form is an important factor influencing resistance, but body position changes must also be considered as factors that increase or decrease resistance. Karpovich (1933) and Schramm (I 958-1959) reported that the supine streamlined position offered more resistance than a prone position. Hairabedian (1964), Schramm (1958-1959), Clarys et al. (1973), and De Goede et al. (1971) showed that resistance increased considerably when lifting the head out of the water from a streamlined prone glide.  Total resistance also increases as the angle of inclination of the body to the water surface increases, especially at low velocities (Karpovich, 1933; Alley, 1952; Clarys et al., 1974). Ln their research, Kent and Atha (1971) showed that greater resistance is created in four transient breaststroke body positions than in the glide position. Finally, Counsilman (1955), who examined the total drag of prone and side positions, stated that "less resistance is created in the prone than in the side position because the flow of the water against his feet tended to lift them and to streamline the body to a greater extent. The waterflow when the subject was being towed on his side did not elevate his feet as much, and consequently, the body was not as streamlined." In all these studies a significant increase of total resistance was reported for all body positions (orientations) when compared with the glide or prone position. All experiments were carried out using a towing device consisting of an electromotor, a pulley system, a tow line, dynamometer (spring scale and strain gauges), and transducer systems with kymograph or galvanometer recordings. This study examined experimentally the total resistance (or drag) associated with two selected front crawl body positions at five different velocities. The validity of the results obtained during towing has been shown to be a function of the resistance as described in previous studies. This study also sought to establish resistance values at selected speeds for the side position. Comparison is also made with data reported by Counsilman (1955).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich von vier Starttechniken im Schwimmwettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036891</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036891</guid>
      <author>Ayalon, A.</author>
      <author>van Gheluwe, B.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ayalon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Gheluwe, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare four styles of swimming racing starts: 1) the conventional style (straight backswing), 2) the grab start, 3) the bunch start, and 4) the track start. The track start was similar to the bunch start except that in the track start support for the back leg was provided while the hands were on the block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von "Schneebesen"- und Brust-Beinschlag-Bewegung im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036892</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036892</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinematografie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Fundamentally, the game of waterpolo is played above the surface of the water, therefore dictating that a player keep his head above water and have both arms available for playing the ball whenever possible. Consequently, a large demand is placed on the legs for stability and locomotion (Beatty, 1973). Experienced poloists are able to propel themselves upward so that their entire torsos, from the waist up, are out of the water (Hines, 1967). Balance and body control are essential to correct throwing, and it is necessary that beginners learn how to. tread water to ensure this balance and control (Barr, 1964). For the most part t.his is accomplished by employing the egg beater kick and to a certain extent a modified breaststroke kick. The former is basically a frog kick as used in the breaststroke with the exception that the legs move alternately instead of moving symmetrically together. The latter differs from the normal kick because the legs must not come together during the propulsive phase. The egg beater kick as shown in Figure 1 has been described in different textbooks on water polo (e.g., Barr, 1964; Hines, 1967; Lambert-Gaughran, 1969) and has been biomechanically analyzed by Beatty {1973). This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of the egg beater kick in comparison with the breaststroke kick using a device that employed pressure transducers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechanischer Vergleich von Greif- und konventionellen Sprintstart im leistungssportlichen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036893</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036893</guid>
      <author>Bowers, J. E.</author>
      <author>Cavanagh, P. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bowers, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cavanagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this investigation to determine through the use of cinematographic techniques whether differences existed between the grab and conventional (circular armswing) sprint starts as used by female competitive swimmers with respect to selected velocities, angles, and temporal components. Specifically the factors investigated included: 1) the velocity of the body center of gravity at take-off; 2) the velocity of the body center of gravity at entry; 3) the angle of projection at take-off; 4) the angle of entry with respect to the water level; 5) the position of the trunk with respect to the horizontal at the point of entry; 6) the take-off time; 7) the flight time; 8) the time to a distance of 10 yards from the starting end of the pool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein theoriebasierter Ansatz zur Schwimmlehre</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036894</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036894</guid>
      <author>Smith, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Usbekistan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In earlier research many workers have examined differential effects of one or two factors and provided bases for improving instruction in important ways. This article deals with an effort to organize and then apply simultaneously a large number of current relevant concepts from biomechanics, motor learning, psychology, and studies of teaching style, to the task of teaching nonswimmers. This approach, in contrast to most earlier efforts, is concerned as much with the social-psychological dimensions ofleaming environments as with matters of the nature and sequence of tasks set for learners. The major aspects of the study (Smith, 1974) on which this article is based included: a) a review of relevant literature from which a multidisciplinary theoretical rationale was developed; b) the expression of the important concepts from the rationale in a series of 16 "critical characteristics" that became guidelines for developing detailed curriculum materials; c) videotaping classes of nonswimmer children, 7 to 10 years old, taught by the investigator. The tapes were analyzed both by observation and by use of a modification of a widely used system of verbal interaction analysis, Hough's OSIA (Amidon and Hough, 1967), for evidence of the presence of the 16 critical characteristics in the experimental classes; and d) training four neophyte instructors and then analyzing videotapes of classes taught by those individuals. The present article is limited to a discussion of the critical characteristics extracted from the theoretical rationale. The original16 have been reduced to nine characteristics which will be stated and briefly discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intrazyklus-Kinematik und Körper-Konfigurationsänderungen beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036895</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036895</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Developing high quality competitive performance in swimming, as in any other skilled activity, requires more than intensive and intelligently directed practice: it requires information. At best this information will include details of the way in which the many different movements of the swimmer produce changes in his swimming speed. In this investigation an attempt was made to provide a detailed description of the intracycle kinematics of one top class breaststroke swimmer and to associate these with the body configuration changes which accompanies them.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertung ausgewählter Transportmethoden im Rettungsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036896</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036896</guid>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <author>Mclntyre, D. R.</author>
      <author>Wilson, N. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mclntyre, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, N. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to: a) compare the four carrying methods recommended by the American Red Cross in terms of speed, energy cost, and efficiency; b) compare the four methods in terms of selected kinematic characteristics of the motions involved; and c) attempt to relate observed differences between methods in speed, energy cost, and efficiency to observed differences in their kinematic characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion der Atemwege auf Druckänderungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036897</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036897</guid>
      <author>Alexandrov, J.</author>
      <author>Petrov, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Luft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alexandrov, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrov, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the aquatic environment, there is an increased pressure on the respiratory system of the swimmer. This resistance makes breathing during competition more difficult because of an increase in the requirements of ventilation. The work capacity of the respiratory system during competitive swimming depends on the physical capabilities of this system. The purpose of this study was to fmd a method for estimating the capabilities of the respiratory system for resisting water pressure during breathing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Instrumentierung und Methoden für komplexe Untersuchungen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 19:13:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036898</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036898</guid>
      <author>Boicev, K.</author>
      <author>Tzvetkov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boicev, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tzvetkov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Methodology of scientific research in the field of physical. culture and especially in sports is relatively underdeveloped. This is understandable since it is a very young area. Consequently, it is necessary to improve it, particularly regarding the study of specific movements and training programs of competitors. It is also important to study the competitors' physical charac· teristics so they can be classified and graded relative to their performance. The practice of conducting pure laboratory experiments has to be gradually directed to investigations of sportsmen in the practical setting. In testing the athlete's condition before and after training, it is necessary to determine the reaction and the effectiveness of the applied work during his performance. To evaluate his condition, the single method of analysis commonly used must be replaced by more complex techniques. All this is in connection with the urgent need for gaining greater knowledge about the requirements of different disciplines, developing greater perfection in the specific utilization of the methods, and ensuring higher effectiveness and rationale for training. In short, this leads to a more complete understanding of the entire sport activity and makes possible greater efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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