<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 1301 - 1350 results of 1434</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=27&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1434</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>1300</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=26&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=28&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=29&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=27&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Überlastungsfraktur des Os metatarsale I bei einem Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036953</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036953</guid>
      <author>Van Caspel, J.</author>
      <author>Heere, L.P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fraktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Van Caspel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heere, L.P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Breithaupt (1855) first presented a clinical description of a stress fracture without fully understanding its exact etiology; Stechow (1897) was the flrst to establish its radiological aspects. In those years such fractures were mainly seen in army recruits, ea. 80o/o of the cases being localized in the metatarsal bones, usually the os metatarsale Ill (Doury et al., 1979). This type of fracture has also been referred to as a "march fracture" or a "fatigue fracture." Recently stress fractures have been described in various sites of the lower extremities in athletes, especially runners (Taunton et al., 1981). The following case deals with a swimmer's stress fracture suffered in the course of an intensive training program in which extra large fins were used. Research of the literature has not revealed any previous presentations of cases with a similar etiology. This type of fracture, moreover, is seldom seen in this particular locus (MT 1).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Plasmalipide und Apolipoproteine bei jungen Schwimmerinnen und Turnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036954</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036954</guid>
      <author>Zonderland, M. L.</author>
      <author>Erich, W. B. M.</author>
      <author>Bernink, M. J. E.</author>
      <author>Peltenburg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Wilms, P.</author>
      <author>Havekes, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zonderland, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erich, W. B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bernink, M. J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peltenburg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilms, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havekes, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regular physical activity affects the lipid metabolism and lipid profile and is also associated with decreased mass of body fat. Trained subjects have higher high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and often lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels than sedentary persons (Wood and Haskell, 1979). Fat mass also seems to affect lipid metabolism. Obese persons often have elevated serum cholesterol and TG levels compared to leaner subjects. In obese groups, the fat mass correlates with the serum lipids, especially with TG, but in nonobese groups these correlations are very low (Ylitalo, 1981). Therefore, the effect of training on lipid metabolism and lipid profile seems to be mainly due to activity itself with a very small part due to the decrease in body fat mass. These observations were made on adults, but there were indications that they are true for children, too (Gilliam and Burke, 1979; Laskarzewski et al., 1980). Erich (1980) reported that female gymnasts were leaner than control females of the same age. Female swimmers were found to have the same amount of body fat as control females (Astrand et al., 1963). Therefore, the lipid profiles and apolipoproteins in a group of female swimmers and gymnasts were investigated and it was proposed that differences in lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels would not be related to differences in body composition. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, free cholesterol (FC), TG, and total Iipids (TL), and the concentrations of the apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B (apo A-I, apo A-II, apo B) were measured. LDL-C was calculated and the following ratios were computed: HDL-C/TC, HDL-C/LDL-C, HDL-C/apo A-I, LDL-C/apo B, and apo A-I/apo B.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperzusammensetzung, biologische Reifung und sozioökonomischer Status von jungen talentierten Schwimmerinnen und Turnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036955</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036955</guid>
      <author>Bernink, M. J. E</author>
      <author>Erich, W. B. M.</author>
      <author>Peltenburg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Zonderland, M. L.</author>
      <author>Huisveld, I. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bernink, M. J. E</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erich, W. B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peltenburg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zonderland, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huisveld, I. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In recent years attention has been given to the effects of sport activities at younger ages on growth, body composition, and biological maturation. Female swimmers seem to be slightly taller than the average population but only after the age of 12 (Andrew et al., 1972). Eriksson et al. (1978) found in a longitudinal study that female swimmers grew only an average of 4 cm in height between ages 13 and 21 years. However, female gymnasts seem to be smaller and have less fat than control females (Erich, 1980; Panzkova, 1977). Biological maturation seems to be delayed in female gymnasts but not in female swimmers (Marker, 1979; Malina et al., 1978). Growth and biological maturation are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as nutrition and socioeconomic status (Eveleth and Tanner, 1976). Children from parents with a high socioeconomic status are taller and mature earlier. This was also true in the Netherlands in 1965 (van Wieringen, 1972). However, in some highly developed countries (e.g., Sweden) the socioeconomic status no longer seems to be correlated with growth and biological maturation (Furu, 1976; Lindgren, 1976). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences in height, body composition, and biological maturation in young female athletes, swimmers and gymnasts can be explained by differences in socioeconomic status.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung im Schwimmen - Historische und wissenschaftliche Aspekte</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036956</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036956</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Our main interest is with swimming, but swimming as it is conceived today is a fairly new activity in the history of humankind; it is no older than one century. However, pictures of people in the water can be found in prehistory: among the rock paintings of Gilf Kebir dated at 5000 BC and later in Egyptian hieroglyphics (Figure 1). In fact, swimming had little practical use. In many countries, water temperature is too low to make swimming pleasant, and besides, the density of the human body allows floating without effort if no load is carried. However, farmers and soldiers did not only wish to cross the river themselves, but also to transport their equipment to the other side. Humans have therefore always been more dependent on accessories such as rafts than on their ability to swim. Assyrian soldiers used inflated leather bottles to support their bodies and weapons and the Medieval knights stretched rope across rivers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effektivität und Spezifik des Trainings im Schwimmen - ein Einführungsartikel</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036957</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036957</guid>
      <author>Huijing, P.A.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P.A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die gesamte Energie, die ein Schwimmer beim Schwimmen ohne Geschwindigkeitsänderung freisetzt, wird berechnet: 
              .   _    _
              W = DS . v
Die Effektivität des Übersetzens chemischer Energie in äußere mechanische Energie liegt bei 20-30%, und die Gesamteffektivität des Schwimmens bei 4%. Der Kraftfluß zum Wasser kann 4 bis 6mal so groß sein wie die Kraft, die sich in Schwimmgeschwindigkeit zeigt. Da sich der Energietransfer vom Stoffwechsel bis hin zur äußeren Kraft (Vorschub und "Verlust" an das beschleunigte Wasser) in fünf Stufen vollzieht, ist für die Bewertung der Effektivität dieses Transfers die Berechnung der Effektivität des menschlichen Schwimmens kein geeigneter Wert. Die ersten vier Stufen werden für biomechanische und physiologische Zwecke als "Muskeleffektivität em" (entspricht mechanischer Effektivität bei Lauf, Radfahren usw.) zusammengefaßt, allerdings werden dabei alle isometrisch kontrahierenden Muskeln in Betracht gezogen. Die Vorschubeffektivität wird wie folgt definiert:
             .             .            .
        ep = WSchwimmer / (WSchwimmer + Wbeschl.Wasser),
und bezeichnet damit den Anteil der gesamten äußeren Kraft, der für den Vorschub genutzt wird. Die gesamte Effektivität wird wie folgt definiert:
        et = em . ep.
Wenn die Vorschubkraft bekannt ist, und die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich die Oberfläche, die diese Kraft erzeugt, bewegt, dann ist die übertragene Kraft laut Definition das skalare Produkt dieser beiden Werte:
    
   .    _    _
        W =  F  . v.
Schlußfolgerungen hieraus für das spezifische Krafttraining in Hinblick auf die Vorschubeffektivität werden aus der Sicht der internationalen Literatur wiedergegeben. 
R. Kötteritzsch
11.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bedeutung des Schwimmens für die Rehabilitation von Herzerkrankungen und für die innere Medizin</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036958</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036958</guid>
      <author>De Meirleir, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Meirleir, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Our present society became conscious of the medical aspects of sports with the emerging emphasis on sports medicine and the whole area of adapted physical education. Surveys indicate that at least half of the population in most Western countries participate in one or more sports activities (Lambert et al., 1982). These primarily include walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, tennis and team sports. Considerable publicity has been given to injuries and deaths of athletes, and discussions have centered on prevention and treatment of such accidents. Maintaining a good body form and functional capacity as well as concern for increasing the active lifespan have stimulated an interest in the role of endurance exercise for protecting the cardiovascular system. As a consequence of this increased enthusiasm at all levels of the population to become involved in some kind of physical activity, the internist is confronted with two main questions: (1) What is the role of physical activity in the prevention and therapy of medical illness? (2) How does one define contraindications to physical activity in certain instances? These questions are not easily answered since most physicians have not learned how to prescribe exercise. To my knowledge sports medicine is not included in most medical school curricula. Most of this article will be devoted to the role and the problems of exercise in cardiac rehabilitation with special emphasis on swimming as an endurance sport. Swimming for prevention and treatment of some medical disorders is reviewed briefly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine allgemeine Berechnungsmethode zum Erlangen biomechanischer Daten im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036959</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036959</guid>
      <author>Bourgeois, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bourgeois, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde eine allgemeine Berechnungsmethode zur Erlangung räumlicher kinematischer und dynamischer Parameter biomechanischer Systeme auf der Grundlage kinematographischer Daten im Schwimmen entwickelt. Mittels dieses Algorithmus ist es möglich, die durch das Muskel-Skelettsystem erzeugten Impulse wie auch die hydrodynamischen Impulse einzuschätzen, die auf der Grundlage der Reynolds-Zahl entsprechend den einzelnen Körperabschnitten des Schwimmers beim Kraulschwimmen berechnet werden. Mit dieser allgemeinen Methode kann auch der Energietransfer eingeschätzt werden, und die Synchronisierung der Bewegungen der einzelnen Körperabschnitte. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kriterium zur Bewertung des Starts beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036960</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036960</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kritik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgangspunkt ist die Frage, anhand welchen Kriteriums die Qualität und Effektivität eines Schwimmstarts bewertet werden soll. Verf. diskutiert die verschiedenen in der Literatur postulierten Streckenlängen, über welche die Wirkung des Starts verfolgt werden sollte, und untersucht für jedes der von verschiedenen Autoren vorgeschlagenen Kriterien die kritischen Punkte, die das jeweilige Kriterium in Frage stewllen (die meisten Autoren beschreiben als Kriterium die Untersuchung der Strecke vom Startimpuls bis zu einer bestimmten Marke in einigen Metern Entfernung vom Start).
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein multifunktionelles Ergometer für die Simulation der spezifischen Dynamik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036961</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036961</guid>
      <author>Schor, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schor, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bei der Belastung durch Dynamometer werden allgemein zwei Aspekte der Dynamik des Masseschwerpunktes berücksichtigt: Trägheit (Gravitations- und Trägheitslast), und Widerstand (elastische, isokinetische Lasten, bei denen die Reibung von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt). Durch das Ergometer werden beim Schwimmen spezifische Armbewegungen entsprechend der vereinfachten Dynamik für das Zusammenwirken von Kräften mit Last belegt. Die ergometrische Lösung in diesem Beitrag zeichnet sich durch ihren modularen Aufbau aus, durch den die herkömmlichen Arten der Belastung durch Kombination neu gestaltet werden und so eine Anpassung an die Erfordernisse der jeweiligen spezifischen Situation ermöglichen. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der von Schwimmern erzeugten Wellen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036962</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036962</guid>
      <author>Ohmichi, H.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohmichi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Leistung eines Schwimmers kann durch die von anderen Schwimmern erzeugten Wellen beeinflußt werden, ebenso von den selbst erzeugten Wellen. Zugleich geben die von einem Schwimmer erzeugten resultuierenden Wellen Aufschluß über den Wasserwiderstand. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Verhältnis von Wellenhöhe zu Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Schwimmschlag gemessen.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewählte Methodologie in der Biomechanik in Bezug auf das Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036963</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036963</guid>
      <author>Nigg, B. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nigg, B. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Verf. beschreibt in diesem Beitrag drei methodische Elemente innerhalb der biomechanischen Forschungen zum Schwimmen und deren Verhältnis untereinander: a) theoretische Grundkonzepte, b) Bestimmung der Forschungsobjekte, c) Instrumente und Methoden. Unter diesen Gesichtspunkten wird das Herangehen an die Erforschung der Vorschubkräfte, des Widerstandes, der Geschwindigkeit und Geschwindigkeitsänderungen betrachtet. Bezüglich der Instrumente und Methoden kommentiert Verf. u.a. den Einsatz von Kraftmeßplätzen und -plattformen sowie die Nutzung von Film und anderen photooptischen Methoden.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung von Refit bei Schwimmern im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036964</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036964</guid>
      <author>Dragan, I.</author>
      <author>Vasiliu, C. A.</author>
      <author>Georgescu, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dragan, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasiliu, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgescu, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Refit ist ein Pulver, das hauptsächlich aus Proteinen, die aus frischer Milch gewonnen werden, besteht (86,5% Protein, 2% Fett, Lactose und 3,9% Mineralstoffe). Dieses wurde Schwimmern in der Wettkampfvorbereitung verabreicht. Zweck dieser Studie war es, die biologischen (biophysischen, biochemischen, funktionellen und verhaltensbezogenen) Wirkungen dieses Präparats auf ausgewählte Parameter des belasteten Stoffwechsels und damit auf die sportliche Leistung zu untersuchen. In der Schlußfolgerung wird ein tägliches Verabreichen des Präparates an Hochleistungsschwimmer während harten Trainings empfohlen. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Validität der Reynolds-Zahl für schwimmende Körper, die periodisch ihre Form ändern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036965</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036965</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematische Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hinsichtlich des Problemkreises der Energie beim Schwimmen ist es wichtig, die Kräfte zu kennen, die der Schwimmer zu überwinden hat. Da solche Erkenntnisse unter Feldbedingungen kaum zu gewinnen sind, müssen die Berechnungen der Widerstands- und Vorschubkräfte auf exakten hydrodynamischen Gleichungen basieren, die der Tatsache Rechnung tragen, daß auf den sich unter Wasser bewegenden Körper verschiedene Kräfte einwirken: Widerstand, hydrodynamischer Auftrieb, Trägheit. Mit diesen Gleichungen befaßt sich der Modellierungsansatz im vorliegenden Artikel. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Auswirkungen des Schwimmens über 24 Stunden</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036966</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036966</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Geyssant, A.</author>
      <author>Lacour, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Niere</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geyssant, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacour, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In May 1980 and March 1981, four attempts at the 24-hr world distance swimming record in a pool took place in St.-Etienne, France. Beyond the purely sporting aspect, this type of exercise poses a number of physiological problems and can even be dangerous to the competitor. It was felt it would be interesting to gather observations in order to be able to provide a few guidelines in helping reduce the dangers associated with these experiments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einige medizinische Beobachtungen bei Marathonschwimmern nach dem Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036967</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036967</guid>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <author>Zeman, V</author>
      <author>Berger, J.</author>
      <author>Semiginovsky, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefäß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zeman, V</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berger, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Semiginovsky, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gegenstand der medizinischen Beobachtung von Marathonschwimmern nach dem Wettkampf waren a: die elektrophysiologische Funktion des Herzmuskels (EKG), b: der Wärmehaushalt (rektale Messung während des Schwimmens), und c: Auswirkungen des Langzeitschwimmens auf neurologischer Ebene (Suche nach Erklärungen für das Auftreten von Bewegungsstörungen nach der Belastung bei einigen Schwimmern). R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Beinaktion auf die Leistung im Brustkraul-Sprintschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036968</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036968</guid>
      <author>Watkins, J.</author>
      <author>Gordon, A.T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watkins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gordon, A.T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Im ERgebnis der Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß die Beinaktion beim Brustkraul-Sprintschwimmen zwar nicht direkt zum Vorschub beiträgt, daß aber in folgender Hinsicht ein indirekter Beitrag zum Vorschub geleistet wird: (a) Stabilisierung des Oberkörpers, was einen 9%igen Anteil an der gesamten Schlaggeschwindigkeit ausmacht (gleichermaßen bei Männern und Frauen festgestellt), und (b) Schaffung einer günstigen hydrodynamischen Strömungshaltung des Körpers (Anteil an der gesamten Scxhlaggeschwindigkeit: 11% bei Männern; 6% bei Frauen).  
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flüssigkeitsveränderungen und Herzfrequenzreaktionen bei langzeitigem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036969</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036969</guid>
      <author>Nielsen, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nielsen, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During exercise, heart rate and cardiac output increase within the first few minutes after the start in proportion to the exercise intensity. The
distribution of blood flow is changed through dilation in the working muscles and a vasoconstriction in the inactive regions. Later a vasodilation in the skin occurs, probably as a result of the increasing coretemperature. With prolonged exercise of moderate intensity, such as bicycling or running, a further gradual increase in heart rate takes place as the work continues. This rise may amount to 20-30 beats per min (bpm) during 2 hr of strenuous work. The "secondary" increase in heart rate could have various causes; for example, it has been attributed to the dehydration from sweating which leads to decreased blood volume and stroke volume. It could also be an effect of the vasodilation and increase in skin blood flow which produce a decrease in central blood volume and stroke volume; or, the contractility of the heart may have decreased as a sign of fatigue. In all these situations, compensatory reflexes would lead to an increased heart rate. During swimming, the heart rate is lower than that for exercise at the same metabolic rate in air. The reason may be that the horizontal position and hydrostatic pressure favor the filling of the heart, and that heat dissipation causes no problem in cool water due to the high heat conductivity and heat capacity of water. The effect of prolonged swimming on the secondary rise in heart rate was investigated. Both the breast stroke (predominantly arm work) and the isolated leg-kick of freestyle swimming were investigated and compared to bicycle exercise at the same metabolic rate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Temperaturregulierung und Immersion</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036970</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036970</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A recently published bibliography titled Man in the Cold Environment contains about 500 abstracts, most of which have appeared in the literature since 1972 (Schilling, 1980). There were, of course, many other earlier publications which were not included. It is not possible to cover the entire subject of thermoregulation in a cold environment and my review must therefore be limited. The aim of this article is to discuss temperature regulation in water as it relates to competitive and recreational swimmers. Man's normal environment is air, but people enter the water for many reasons, including rehabilitation, recreation, and competitive sports. Many physiological responses are different in air than in water, but for swimmers the most important factor is heat exchange between the water and the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Charakteristika von Schwimm-Champions während einer Fünf-Jahres-Nachfolgeperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036971</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036971</guid>
      <author>Gullstrand, L.</author>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gullstrand, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Seit 1977 realisierten Verf. zur Unterstützung des Trainings physiologische Testbatterien mit fünf Schwimmern und fünf Schwimmerinnen der schwedischen Nationalmannschaft. Bei der Auswahl der physiologischen Messungen wurde auf eine starke Schwimm-Spezifik Wert gelegt, und es wurde ein in Schweden konstruierter Strömungskanal eingesetzt. Schlußfolgernd wird gefordert, daß Schwimmtraining auf hohem Niveau mit pubertären und postpubertären Sportlern/ Sportlerinnen mehr Zeit für die Entwicklung der anaeroben Kapazitäten beinhalten sollte.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schwimmens in eiskaltem und warmem Wasser auf Veränderungen des Plasmavolumens und der freien Fettsäuren</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036972</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036972</guid>
      <author>Zeman, V.</author>
      <author>Holecek, V.</author>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fettsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zeman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holecek, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the CSSR during recent years a special sport has been developing called "sports hardening" or winter swimming. It implies year-round outdoor swimming. During competition the athletes swim, depending on their degree of hardening and swimming fitness, 100-, 250-, 500-, 750-and 1,000-m races in water at temperatures of 0-8°C. The longest time permitted in water is 20 min. We were interested in the  rganism's response to this substantial cold stress and compared it with responses to swimming in warm water in a pool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen isokinetischen, isotonischen und Schwimmtrainings auf die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036973</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036973</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Kanehisa, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tonus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanehisa, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Wenige Arbeiten befaßten sich bisher mit der Frage, ob Zuwachs an Muskelkraft nach Krafttraining speziell im Schwimmen zu einer Leistungssteigerung führt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Auswirkungen muskulären Krafttrainings auf die Schwimmleistungen untersucht. Es wurde eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen verbesserter Schwimmleistung und verbesserter Muskelausdauer ermittelt, während keine signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen Schwimmleistung und dem Muskelkraftmoment während einer einzelnen isokinetischen Kontraktion festgestellt wurden. So sollte also für die Spezifik der Anforderung im Schwimmen die muskuläre Ausdauer durch geeignete Übungen trainiert werden, was von bedeutend mehr Nutzen ist als ein Programm mit einzelnen maximalen Kontraktionen.
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einschätzung der Spitzenleistung beim 100-Meter-Brustschwimmen auf der Grundlage von Serum-Laktat-Messungen bei zwei submaximalen Testbelastungen mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036974</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036974</guid>
      <author>Elliott, M.</author>
      <author>Haber, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Serum</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elliott, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haber, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Medical supervision of training is becoming more and more important. The methods used should be practical not only in the laboratory but
also at the training place and they should be adjusted to the particular form of sport. Forms of competitive sports favoring short-time endurance require reliable methods for judging special endurances, which can be defined as the optimal combination of special strength and techniques as well as aerobic and anaerobic capacity required for the length of the competition. Provided the competition does not last significantly longer than 2 min, the necessary energy is provided mainly through the lactacid anaerobic system. Serum lactate is a measure of the rate of glycolytically formed energy and thus constitutes an objective measure of work intensity in short-time endurance activities. The individual's special endurance determines the relationship between serum lactate and speed. Consequently, it must be possible to estimate velocity at maximal lactate after having determined the individual relationship between lactate and velocity during submaximal work. This assumption was substantiated by comparing the actual measured maximal velocity with the estimated maximal velocity, based on this individual relationship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlaglängen- und Schlagfrequenzvariationen im 100 m-Freistilschwimmen der Männer und Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036975</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036975</guid>
      <author>Letzelter, H.</author>
      <author>Freitag, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Letzelter, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitag, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die zum Schwimmen einer 100 m-Strecke benötigte Zeit verhält sich als Funktion der Schlaglänge (l100) und der Schlagfrequenz (f100). Weiterhin ist die Gesamtzeit abhängig von der Zeit pro Bahn (ti), die ihrerseits Funktion der Schlaglänge (li) und der Schlagfrequenz (fi) ist. Die sich daraus ergebenden praktischen Fragen sind:
Auf welchem Abschnitt sichern Spitzenschwimmer ihren Vorsprung ab?
Ist größere Schlagfrequenz oder größere Schlaglänge anzustreben, oder sind Spitzenschwimmer in beiderlei Hinsicht überlegen?
R. Kötteritzsch

15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Profile von Schwimmern, die bei Brustkraulwettkämpfen verschiedene Bewegungsstrukturen einsetzen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036976</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036976</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Vervaecke, H.</author>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Verhetsel, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verhetsel, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zwei Gruppen von Schwimmern, die verschiedene optimale Bewegungsstrukturen verwenden, wurden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Zwischen beiden Gruppen wurden signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich einiger somatischer, Flexibilitäts- und Schwimmeigenschaftswerte festgestellt, die zur Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Bewegungsstrukturen beitragen.
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmrichtung und visuelle Kontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036977</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036977</guid>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Schwimmen ohne visuelle Orientierungshilfen führt zu signifikanten Abweichungen vom geraden Schwimmkurs. Wenn bei Schwimmern Abweichungen beim Brustschwimmen festgestellt werden, können diese ebenso im Brustkraulschwimmen erwartet werden. Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller Seitendominanz und dem Abweichungsverhalten wurden nicht festgestellt. Auch beim Langstreckenschwimmen in offenen Gewässern ist eine Sichtorientierung für das Halten des geraden Kurses erforderlich.   
R. Kötteritzsch
18.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauer im Schwimmen - analysiert aus der Sicht der automatischen Regulationstheorie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036978</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036978</guid>
      <author>Schor, V.</author>
      <author>Stupineanu, I.</author>
      <author>Hillerin, P.</author>
      <author>Constantinescu, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schor, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stupineanu, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hillerin, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Constantinescu, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Studie wurden bei einem Schwimmer, der an einem modular aufgebautem Ergometer belastt wurde, die Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Kurven für den Armvorschub und die Kraft-Bewegungskurven untersucht. Das Ziel bestand darin zu bestimmen: (a) die Zwei-Werte-Funktion F(v,s); (b) ob die Form der Kurven über verschiedene Zyklen relativ stabil blieben; (c) ob die Kurvenform von Ermüdung beeinflußt wurde; und (d) ob unter Nutzung der Funktion F(V,s) ein Ausdauerfaktor beschrieben werden kann.
R. Kötteritzsch
18.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einsatz der Herzfrequenzmessung zur Vorhersage von Schwimmleistungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036979</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036979</guid>
      <author>Treffene, R.J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Treffene, R.J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Treffene (1975, l978a, 1978b) and Treffene et al. (1979) have described a protocol using heart rates measured immediately after constant pace swims to calculate the minimal constant velocity (Ver) at which a swimmer's heart rate achieves its maximum. Maximal oxygen uptake should also first occur at this speed (Andersen et al., 1971; Charonnier et al., 1975; Simonsen, 1971). The protocol used was similar to the recommended World Health Organization multistage extrapolation method (Andersen et al., 1971). Extrapolation to each subject's measured maximal heart rate was used, however, to determine Ver It has been assumed (Treffene, 1978a, 1978b) that the total anaerobic energy used for 100-m swimming events is about the same as that available for the 200-pl events. A rapid increase in muscle lactic acid accumulation rate (Lam), as indicated by blood lactate measurements, occurs when Yer or V02max is reached (Piiper et al., 1966; Treffene et al., 1980). fbe Lam for the 200-m swimming velocity was assumed to be half of the Lam for the 100-m velocity so that the total anaerobic energy used could be equated. If the average velocity for the I 00-m is Y m/s and writing V er as X m/s, Treffene (1980) deduced that V er for the 200- and the 400-m events would be seen at velocities of (X + Y/2) m/s and (3X + Y/4) m/s, respectively. The model also predicts that the 800- and 1,500-m events will be swum at velocities close to Ver The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between individual Ver values and competition swimming speeds over 200- and 400-m distances and to determine whether the prediction formula of
Treffene (1978a. 1978b, 1980) already mentioned agree with competitive performance results.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß einiger somatischer Faktoren auf den passiven Widerstand, Gravitations- und Auftriebskräfte bei Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036980</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036980</guid>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gravitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bei einer Untersuchung an Schwimmerinnen im Leistungssportbereich wurde in dieser Arbeit der Zusammenhang zwischen den mechanischen Körpereigenschaften und einigen aktuell verwendeten somatischen Werten festgestellt. Weiterhin wurde die Abhängigkeit der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit von den gemessenen mechanischen Eigenschaften bei verschiedenen Streckenlängen und Schwimmschlägen untersucht. Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit kann zu einem großen Teil über Vorschubwerte erklärt werden (Kraft, Flexibilität, Handgröße, Fußgröße usw.). Das Gewicht dieser Studie liegt daher auf den einzelnen Elementen, die in ihrer Gesamtheit zu einem Bewertzungssystem führen. In diesem Sinne sind auch Kriterien, für die niedrige Korrelationen festgestellt wurden, interessant für die Betrachtung des Gesamtphänomens. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamteffektivität und Widerstandskräfte beim Brustkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036981</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036981</guid>
      <author>Kemper, H. C. G.</author>
      <author>Verschuur, R.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kemper, H. C. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verschuur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Arbeit wurde die Messung der Vorschubkraft mit der Messung des Energieverbrauchs kombiniert, um die Gesamteffektivität beim Freistilschwimmen zu ermitteln. Die Gesamteffektivität des Brustkraulschwimmens bei konstanter Geschwindigkeit wurde errechnet aus Sauerstoffverbrauch und mechanischer Arbeit. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rückwärtige Extrapolation von VO2 aus der O2-Wiederherstellungskurve nach einer maximalen 400-m-Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036982</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036982</guid>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <author>Léger, L.A.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <author>Chabot, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Léger, L.A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chabot, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die rückwärtige Extrapolation der O2-Wiederherstellungskurve zum Zeitpunkt Null der Wiederherstellungsphase wird in der Literatur als eine geeignete Methode zur Bestimmung von VO2 bei maximaler Belastung beschrieben - besonders in Hinblick auf Feldbedingungen. Da jedoch die meisten hochtrainierten Schwimmer ihren maximalen Sauerstoffverbrauch bei Geschwindigkeiten erreichen, die weit unter dem Maximum liegen, wird hiermit eine Studie vorgelegt, in der ermittelt werden soll, ob die Verzögerung im Einsetzen der O2-Wiederherstellung nach supramaximaler Belastung (maximale 400 m-Schwimmbelastung) genutzt werden kann, um ein leichteres Bewertungskriterium für VO2 max im Schwimmen zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Nutzung der rückwärtigen Extrapolation nach 400 m-Maximalschwimmbelastung zu einer Überbewertung des Spitzen-VO2 führt. Die Messung von VO2 nach dem Ende der Belastung (20 Sek. oder weniger) ist jedoch ein aussagekräftiger Wert für Spitzen-Belastungs-VO2 und bietet zudem den Vorteil, daß die rückwärtige Extrapolation auf einen Testdurchgang reduziert werden kann. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Bewegungen des hinteren Körperabschnittes von Delphinen mit den Bewegungen von Schmetterlingsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036983</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036983</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tier</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The locomotion of dolphins attracts attention in some respects, as it is harmonic and results in very high swimming speeds. The adaptation of this movement in a competitive swimming stroke for humans such as he butterfly stroke is therefore plausible. The body movements of the rear parts of both dolphins and butterfly swimmers, respectively, result in the production of drag and thrust in a unique situation. Whereas the dolphin's tail and fluke movements result solely in a powerful thrust, the effect of a swimmer's dolphin kick is discussed with more controversy. Barthels and Adrian (1975) suggested that the down-beat contributes to the propulsion of the body. Makarenko (1978) claimed that the dolphin kick sometimes has a propulsive effect and that in some swimmers, leg movements stabilize the body by elevating the hips. Jensen and Mcllwain (1979) demonstrated, on the basis of an estimate for joint reaction forces, that the first kick may accelerate the swimmer and elevate the hips. The joint reaction was calculated on the assumption that the production of propulsive forces depends on surface area, angular velocity of the body part considered, density of water, and drag coefficient. In this approach, the forces due to the interaction of the whole body and the water are treated as if every part of the body is counteracted by resistive forces. Therefore, this concept was called a "resistive model."]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß aktiver Erholung auf den Abbau von Blutlaktat nach supramaximalem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036984</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036984</guid>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Dufort, C.</author>
      <author>Cervetti, J. P.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dufort, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cervetti, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Arbeit wurde festgestellt, daß nach einer supramaximalen Schwimmbelastung aktive Erholung stärker zum Blutlaktatabbau beuträgt als Ruhe. Während der Erholungsphase schwammen die Probanden mit einer frei gewählten als optimal empfundenen Geschwindigkeit. Praktisch wird geschlußfolgert: wenn Wettkampfschwimmer 20 Minuten lang mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 60 - 70% ihrer 100 m-Bestleistung schwimmen, wird ihr Laktatwert in dieser Zeit in den Ruhewert zurückkehren.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Anstiege der anaeroben Schwelle und des Blutlaktats bei Fahrradergometer-Belastung und freiem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036985</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036985</guid>
      <author>Caldwell, J. E.</author>
      <author>Pekkarinen, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Caldwell, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pekkarinen, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mit der in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Methode zur Bestimmung der Laktatschwelle im freien Schwimmen wurde gezeigt, daß die anaerobe Schwelle hier deutlich höher liegt als bei der Fahrradergometer-Belastung. Entsprechend war Blutlaktat bei maximaler und submaximaler Belastung im Schwimmen niedriger ausgeprägt als bei der Fahrradbelastung. Dies wird interpretiert als Indiz für eine höhere aerobe Kapazität der Oberkörpermuskulatur der Schwimmer (bzw. geringere aktive Muskelmasse). Obwohl sich durch Ergometrie wertvolle Aussagen über VO2 max ermitteln lassen, ist die Anwendung von Daten aus dem submaximalen Anteil des Tests für das Schwimmtraining nicht gerechtfertigt. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß von Training und Alter auf VO2 max beim Schwimmen, untersucht bei japanischen Nachwuchsleistungs- und Olympiaschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036986</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036986</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Spitzenleistungen im Schwimmen entstehen aus einer Kombination verschiedener Faktoren wie aerober und anaerober Kapazität, Technik, psychologische Faktoren. Es wird festgestellt, daß Weltrekorde schon in sehr frühem Alter erreicht werden (in einigen Fällen Mädchen im Alter von 12 - 14 Jahren). Aus dieser Sicht ist es wichtig, die aerobe Kapazität im Verhältnis zu den Wachstumsmustern innerhalb einer Altersgruppe zu studieren. Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme, Wachstumsmustern, und Schwimmrekorden bei japanischen Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen im Nachwuchs-Leistungssportbereich.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerober Energieverbrauch beim Brustkraulschwimmen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern von internationalem Niveau und bei halbwüchsigen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036987</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036987</guid>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <author>Cazorla, G.A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen wird ein linearer Zusammenhang von VO2 und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit für ein spezifisches Spektrum von Geschwindigkeiten (1,0-1,5 m /sek) festgestellt. Bei gut trainierten Schwimmern haben Alter und Geschlecht hierauf keinen Einfluß. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Probanden sind erheblich in Bezug auf den Energieverbrauch bei einer gegebenen Geschwindigkeit. Viele dieser Unterschiedlichkeiten werden mittels der Körpergröße und des Gewichtes des Schwimmers im Wasser erklärt. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen Schlag-Asymmetrie und Schnelligkeit des Brustschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036906</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036906</guid>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <author>Koszczyc, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koszczyc, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Predomination of one side of the human body over the other side is a wellknown phenomenon. Various methodical studies reveal bilateral differentation to be a common feature in human motor development. Both endogenous and exogenous fibers are generally thought to form in a bilateral manner. However, the lateralization process has not been fully explained. The asymmetry of the hemispheres of the brain is observed in individual development (ontogenesis) from the fetal period on. Greater efficiency of the right hand as compared with the left hand is a recognized characteristic in the functional asymmetry of man, and similar differences are found in the lower limbs (Szczebiotko, 1975). There is significant asymmetry in the length of the bones of the lower limbs, with preference to the left leg, and differences in the circumference of the thighs and calves (Artemeva, 1964; Czabaiiski, 1975; Drozdowski, 1975). Alterations in the functional scope of the respective limbs, combined with morphological changes, are observed (Kurachenkov, 1966). According to some researchers the right lower limb performs functions that require speed and precision, while the left lower limb is used more often in movements requiring great dynamic strength (Wolanski, 1962; Dolja, 1973; Starosta, 1975). The superiority of the right hand and left leg is a type of lateralization characteristic for women, whereas higher efficiency of the right hand and right leg predominates in men (Koszczyc, 1977). The problem of lateralization is particularly significant in sports: such as running, cycling, and swimming, which are symmetrical in nature. Of special interest here are the leg movements in breaststroke swimming. The human structure is not precisely symmetrical, and most human movements are asymmetricaL The following questions arise:
1. Are the requirements for absolute symmetrical motions justified?
2. Will the attainment of symmetry result in improved swimming performance? 
The purposes of this study were: 1) to verify the extent of asymmetry in the motion of the lower limbs in the breaststroke, 2) to define possible differences in the degree of asymmetry for women and men, and 3) to examine the relationship between asymmetry and swimming speed, assuming the latter to be the best indicator of swimming efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Flüssigkeitsdynamik des Vortriebspotentials der Hand und des Unterarms im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036907</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036907</guid>
      <author>Wood, T. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wood, T. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For many years a predominant theory in swimming has been than momentum is achieved by the form drag force created by the hand (Counsilman, 1968), ana swimmers have been advised to pull in a straight line, horizontally directly backward. Recently, however, observations of skilled swimmers by film analysis (Counsilman, 1969; Barthels and Adrian, 1975) have shown that this does not occur. Deviating limb tracks in the alternating swimming strokes are clearly associated with movements counteractive to rotational forces generated elsewhere in the body and in the symmetrical strokes with anatomic andphysiological considerations (Wood, 1978). It has been suggested that in following such deviating pathways the hand behaves as a fluid foil, creating forces of lift that act perpendicular to the direction of movement of the foil or hand. It has been suggested further that these lift forces, rather than form drag forces that operate in the opposite direction to the line of motion of the hand, are the main propulsive forces generated by the hands in swimming (Counsilman, 1969; Schleihauf, 1974). This study arose out of this "lift versus drag" controversy and was designed to examine the fluid foil characteristics of the hand and forearm (Wood, 1977) in model form, in a controlled and measurable situation, to determine the nature and magnitude of the forces that the upper limb can generate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Irrtümer des "Hypoxietrainings" im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036908</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036908</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[People who do repetitive breath-hold diving can increase their time underwater with practice (Schaefer, 1955; Hong et al., 1970). It has been
assumed that this increased time is related to an individual's responses to repeated hypoxia. It is further reasoned that one of the features of an adaptation to repeated hypoxia might be in increase in one's anaerobic capacity. These arguments are not new. Most recently Counsilman (1975) and Vasar and Laidre (1975) have suggested that "hypoxic" methods oftraining swimmers might be useful despite the strong warning that such techniques might be dangerous (Craig, Jr., 1961a; Lanphier and Rahn, 1963a, b; Craig, Jr., 1976). It is interesting that many swimming coaches in the Rochester, N.Y. area have accepted Counsilman's (1975) suggestions and use many variations of so-called "hypoxic training." The present investigation was designed to simulate the effects of varying the breathing frequency during swimming. The experiments were compared with previous work (Craig, Jr., and Harley, 1968; Craig, Jr., and Medd, 1968a, b), which indicated that the limitations of repetitive breath holds without prior hyperventilation were related primarily to the increase of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), and hypoxia had relatively little influence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intervalltraining und das Prinzip der progressiven Belastungssteigerung bei Schwimmanfängern im Kindesalter</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036909</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036909</guid>
      <author>Smit, P. J.</author>
      <author>Daehne, H.-O.</author>
      <author>van Wyk, G.</author>
      <author>Steyn, E. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smit, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daehne, H.-O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Wyk, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steyn, E. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[REFERAT M3]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Darstellung der Kraft der unteren Extremitäten beim Delphinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036910</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036910</guid>
      <author>Jensen, R. K.</author>
      <author>McIlwain, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jensen, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McIlwain, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Little is known about the contribution of the dolphin kick to changes in the horizontal and vertical momentum of the swimmer. Counsilman (1968) asked if the dolphin kick is propulsive. He observed that the first kick may accelerate the swimmer and elevate the hips (p. 69). Data collected by Barthels and Adrian (1975) suggest that during the reach and early outsweep phases for the arms, the downbeat of the legs is accompanied by a forward acceleration of the hip. The horizontal and vertical forces produced by movement of the body segments through water can be estimated from modeling techniques. The purpose of this study was to model the lower extremity of the swimmer and to estimate the joint reaction forces for the dolphin kick. In the past, modeling studies of swimming strokes have been theoretical and were based on input functions for the motions of the segments. Analytical studies were done by Seireg and Baz (1971). Gallenstein and Huston (1973), Jensen and Blanksby (1975), and Jensen and Tihanyi (1978). These studies indicate the relative contributions of the segments to the stroke. In the present investigation empirical data were collected and used to estimate the segmental forces and moments offorce.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Untersuchung von Bewegungsmustern im Schwimmen mit photo-optischen Mitteln</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036911</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036911</guid>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study deals with hip displacement in one stroke cycle and with the associated movement patterns of the butterfly, crawl, and backstrokes. The efficiency ofthe pull-push phase and ofthe kick phase depends on the speed flu.ctuations, the movement patterns, and the angle of attack of the hand and foot during the respective phases. The main purpose of this study was to find kinematic parameters that: 1) determine the performance of the swimmer, and 2) support quantitatively the biomechanical model of an optimal movement pattern in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verfahren zur Bewertung von Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036912</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036912</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U. J. J.</author>
      <author>Hoeven, R. G. C.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U. J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoeven, R. G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To evaluate a swimmer's style, an efficient practitioner relies on his observations of the swimmer's movement and his ability to judge other physical capacities of the swimmer. When his observation is, however, aided by objective film data and when he has adequate instrumentation to measure specific anthropometric, motor, and physiological parameters, the effectiveness of his evaluation should be increased. The key to this evaluation is not only the establishment of factors governing proper swimming techniques (e.g., synchronization, flexibility, etc.) but obtaining and, most important, applying relevant measurements (Hochmuth, 1967; Miller and Nelson, 1973).
In swimming, the lack of visibility of the movement remains a particular problem for both researcher and practitioner; as a result,  nterpretations of the hydromechanical aspects of the movement are still a source of controversy. Because of this situation, some specific temporal and spatial data have been coHected from films of world-class swimmers. Methods were developed at the same time to present this information on one graph. From this study, reported earlier, some hypotheses regarding "optimal" stroke mechanics have been formed. With few exceptions, such as the backstroker Stamm (see later), champion swimmers use uniform patterns as compared with intermediate swimmers. NaturaHy, the hypotheses developed needed confirmation through further research. With this in mind, in the following work, good swimmers simulated (while being filmed) some correct and incorrect movements or positions (e.g., no roll, extreme inclinations of the trunk, exaggerated sideways movements of the hips, etc.). With the insights gained from this work and the information gained from the champions' patterns, the testing of the validity of an evaluatior procedure for swimmers was started (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, De Maeyer, and Vervaecke, 1975; Persyn and Vervaecke, 1975 a, b; Persyn, Vervaecke, and Verhetsel, 1976). First, the patterns of 18 swimmers of the National Belgian Team were studied, using videotape, but their physical capacities were controlled only roughly (Persyn, Thewissen, and Vervaecke, 1976). Later we were fortunate to have a group of seven young swimmers (12-14 years old), coached by a postgraduate specialist. These young swimmers had been trained in a wide range of skill variations, increasing greatly the ease of correction. The cooperation and patience of these subjects and their coach were very helpful in controlling the correction process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variationen im Kraul- und Rückenkraulschwimmen - Armzug mit Handpaddeln bei Universitätsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036913</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036913</guid>
      <author>Stoner, L. J.</author>
      <author>Luedtke, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EDV</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stoner, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luedtke, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Increased use of hand paddles as a training device for competitive swimmers has led to a diversity of opinion regarding the value of such training. It has been claimed that hand paddles increase strength and improve stroke patterns, although at least one author (Anderson, 1976) questions the use of hand paddles for development of speed. Anderson suggests further that hand paddles may be of greater value to the beginner than the skilled swimmer. This study was done to determine arm pattern differences in varsity swimmers as they executed both the front crawl stroke and the back crawl stroke with and without hand paddles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kräfte, die beim Schwimmen auf die Hand wirken und ihre Beziehungen zu muskulären, räumlichen und zeitlichen Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036914</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036914</guid>
      <author>Dupuis, R.</author>
      <author>Adrian, M.</author>
      <author>Yoneda, Y.</author>
      <author>Jack, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dupuis, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoneda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jack, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because of the complex nature of fluid mechanics, research in swimming has not advanced as rapidly as it has in land sports. In particular there is a lack of information concerning measurement of the propulsive forces produced by a swimmer and the resistive forces that impede forward motion during the different phases of a stroke. As early as 1933, Karpovich (1933) identified the resistance encountered by a body being towed through the water. Only recently has the effect of body position on the resistance been investigated (Kent and Atha, 1971; Van Manen and Rijken, 1975). The relationship ofBernoulli's principle to human propulsion in the water was described by Brown and Counsilman (1971). They asserted that both hydrodynamic lift and drag are components of the total propulsive force. Barthels (1975) and Barthels and Adrian (1975) demonstrated the existence of these lift and drag propulsive forces in the butterfly arm stroke but could not quantify such forces. Several recent investigations have focused on the forces that act on the hand during swimming. These have been preliminary investigations of the front crawl stroke with minimal interpretation (Belokovsky, 1971; V an Manen and Rijken, 1975; Boicev and Tzvetkox, 1975). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the muscular forces and the forces acting upon the hand with respect to the kinematics of swimming the back crawl stroke and breaststroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Starttechniken im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036915</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036915</guid>
      <author>Zatsiorsky, V. M.</author>
      <author>Bulgakova, N. Z.</author>
      <author>Chaplinsky, N. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zatsiorsky, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bulgakova, N. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaplinsky, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The start is generally acknowledged to be an important element for success in competitive swimming, especially in the short events. Various techniques have been developed by coaches and swimmers and investigated by researchers to evaluate their efficiency. Parfionov (1959) and Torre (1976) recommended a starting technique in which the arms are swung forward from a hyperextended position. Studies by Nivandi (1963), Moverson (1964), and Maglischo (1969) reported that the best technique involved a full arm swing. More recently the grab, or grip, start has become increasingly popular, and a number of studies have shown it to be superior to others (Hanauer, 1967, 1972; Roffer and Nelson, 1972; Michaels, 1973; Van Slooten, 1975; Lowell, 1975). The latter two studies reported that some swimmers performed better using the conventional arm swing method. Finally, the use of a modified track start has been suggested by Fitzgerald (1973). No study has been reported in which all four of these starts have been compared. It is important that such a project be carried out, utilizing a reasonably large sample of highly skilled swimmers. The purposes of this study were: 1) to compare the efficiencies of these four swimming start techniques, and 2) to identify the key factors that affect starting performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Gewicht, Größe und Reichweite auf die Leistung beim konventionellen und beim Greifstart im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036916</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036916</guid>
      <author>Disch, J. G.</author>
      <author>Hosler, W. W.</author>
      <author>Bloom, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Disch, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hosler, W. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bloom, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Therefore, the problem of this study was to examine the effects of weight, height, and reach on the performance of various components of the grab and conventional starts in swimming. The components are: reaction time-time from starting stimulus to first visible movement; movement time-time from first visible movement to toe clearance off the blocks; and flight time-time from toe clearance until entry into the water. The research hypothesis of this study was that weight, height, and reach would be significantly related to these three components of the swim start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf die Halliwick-Methode zur Vermittlung des Schwimmens an körperlich Behinderte angewandte biomechanische Prinzipien</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036917</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036917</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Schmidt-Hansberg, M.</author>
      <author>McMillan, J</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt-Hansberg, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McMillan, J</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In 1949 James McMillan taught a group of severely handicapped girls, most of whom were afflicted with cerebral palsy, to swim. The method that was devised and developed was named after the institution where it was originally developed-Halliwick School in London. Support for this venture was received from an orthopaedic surgeon, Oliver J. VaughanJackson, now a Visiting Professor at Newfoundland University. The method is now practiced in every continent of the world. In the development of the teaching technique, consideration was given to the various needs and abilities of the handicapped so that they could control the movement of their asymmetrical body shapes and densities. In this regard, no two people are alike. The physical requirements cannot be dissociated from mental reaction that may result from a situation involving loss of balance. By observing any child who is learning physical movement or an adult who is acquiring a new physical skill (e.g., ice skating), a noticeable pattern of human learning can be seen. It starts with a mental adjustment to the elements or environment of the activity. This is followed by efforts in gross patterns of movement, which can be referred to as balance restoration. Success in this phase leads to the prevention of movement while holding a starting position or posture-inhibition. Finally, a mentally pleasing and physically controlled movement-facilitation-is accomplished.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmflossendesign unter Nutzung der Fortbewegungsprinzipien von Meerestieren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036918</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036918</guid>
      <author>Lewis, E. R.</author>
      <author>Lorch, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewis, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorch, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this investigation were: 1) to determine the mechanical efficiency of commercially available swim fins in order to evaluate the feasibility of design improvements, and 2) to make several design changes to fins, utilizing principles of marine animal locomotion, and to compare swimming performances with these new fms with performances with commercial fins.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Telemetrische Elektromyographie der Kraulbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036920</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036920</guid>
      <author>Piette, G.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beteiligung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Piette, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The electromyographic signals of several muscles were analyzed to assess the extent of their involvement in the front crawl movement. The electromyographic recordings from a group of top and a group of average swimmers were compared, using a standardizing procedure, for isometric and dynamic contractions. The qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed some interesting electromyographic patterns. Although the front crawl movement in swimming is one. of the most thoroughlyinvestigated, the amount of information now available is far from sufficient for a definite statement as to which muscles are Involved in this swimming stroke and the extent of this involvement. Indeed the total number of electromyographic (hereafter referred to as EMG) investigations of muscle movements gccurring in water is small. This is probably because of: 1) the difficulty in fixing surface electrodes to the skin, and 2) the complexity and sophistication of the equipment needed to transmit and to record EMG signals from subjects while they are immersed in water. Two distinct methods of recording muscle potentials in water are presently in use by the scientific research community: 1) the combination of surface electrodes and wire transmission (Ikai, Ishii, and Mivashita, 1964), and 2) the combination of surface electrodes and teiemetric transmission (Lewillie, 196 7). Despite supplementary electronic requirements and the limitation of a two-channel recorder, a telemetric recording method was chosen because this method does not hinder the movements of the subject. Thus far, it has been determined that eight muscles and/ or muscle parts make a significant contribution to the front crawl movements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elektromyografische und kinematografische Untersuchung des Flatterbeinschlags bei Säuglingen und Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 19:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036921</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036921</guid>
      <author>Oka, H.</author>
      <author>Okamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshizawa, M.</author>
      <author>Tokuyama, H.</author>
      <author>Kumamoto, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshizawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokuyama, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Electromyographic studies of swimming movements in infants and children have been performed by Tokuyama, Okamoto and Kumamoto (1976) on the breaststroke a!ld the crawl stroke. In these experiments, the process by which the flutter kick is learned was analyzed electromyographically to elucidate how a child who could not swim without support first behaved in the water and then spontaneously acquired the technique of the Butter kick, which was similar to that seen in skilled adults.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
