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    <item>
      <title>Raum- und Zeitcharakteristika der Brustwende - eine kinematographische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036997</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036997</guid>
      <author>Huellhorst, U.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Willimczik, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huellhorst, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willimczik, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The amount of time spent in turning in swimming events, especially in long-distance races, is astonishingly high. Thayer and Hay (1984) found that, for example, 39% of the total race time in the 200-m breaststroke event was spent on turning. They used short-time measurement to record the time for the whole turning phase including the approach, the turn, and the glide. Quite a few previous investigations used different distances before and after the actual turn (Fox, Barthels, & Bowers, 1963; Scharf & King, 1964). Most of these investigations, however, intended to compare different turning techniques. Chow, Hay, Wilson, and Imel (1984) were the first who did not take arbitrary distances to the wall (distancein, distance-out) as a basis of their measurements. With the help of highspeed films they determined both distances for each swimmer individually according to the cycles of swimming. Distance-in was defined as the horizontal distance between the vertex of the head of the swimmer and the wall at the beginning of the last stroke before initiating the turn; distance-out was defined as the distance from the wall to the end of the first stroke after the turn. From these distances they computed the time for the two subphases of the turn and the total time for turning. Up to the present, none of the investigations referred to the center of gravity (cg) and consequently no continuous curves of the displacement and speed of the cg exist. The aim of this study was to make a differentiated analysis of the breaststroke turn on the basis of displacement and speed curves of the center of gravity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss biologischer Faktoren auf die Schwimmleistung bei 12-14jährigen polnischen Spitzenjuniorenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036998</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036998</guid>
      <author>Kunski, H.</author>
      <author>Jegier, A.</author>
      <author>Maslankiewicz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Polen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kunski, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jegier, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maslankiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Only a few reports are found in the literature that concern the relationship between progress in swimming performance and dynami.:s of change of chosen biological parameters. On examining prospectively some swimmers, Oelschlager (1969) indicated a close relationship between progress in sport competition and increase of heart size and physical efficiency. Keul, Lehmann, Dickhuth, and Berg (1980) observed a correlation similar to Oelschlager' s in males who specialized in running and swimming distances requiring performances of over 2 minutes duration. However, the progress of sport performances has been observed with a constant level of oxygen uptake in Polish senior (Kunski & Sztobryn-Rutkowska, 1982) and top Swedish swimmers (Eriksson, Holmer, & Lundin, 1978). As Martinosov, Bulgakova, Statkjawiczjenje, Filmonova, and Chebotarieva (1984) stated, the progress of sport performances in female swimmers at the ages of 11 to 16 is mainly related to an increase in the morphological and functional aspects of the organism. According to Bulgakova and Voroncov's (1978) view, the basis for anticipating a swimmer's performance should be stability of features, which do not change under the influence of training and are controlled by genetic factors, namely skeletal diameters, ankle flexibility, and the results of long-distance swimming. The main aim of this investigation was to find in what way changes in chosen biological parameters affect the progress of swimming performance in junior swimmers aged 12 to 14 years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsmuster im Wettkampf im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036999</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036999</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <author>Boomer, W. L.</author>
      <author>Skehan, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boomer, W. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skehan, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, increased velocity is associated with an increase in stroke rate and a decrease in the distance traveled per stroke
cycle (Craig, Boomer, & Gibbons, 1979; Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Craig, Skehan, Pawelczyk, & Boomer, 1985; Pai, Hay, & Wilson, 1984). The velocity, which is the product of stroke rate and distance per stroke, can increase only if the increase of the stroke rate is proportionally greater than the decrement of the distance per stroke. In the breaststroke the decrease of the distance per stroke with increasing stroke rates is greater than in other stroke patterns (Craig & Pendergast, 1979). It has also been reported that the fluctuations in velocity are greater in the breaststroke than in the other competitive strokes (Craig & Pendergast, 1979). Previous documentation of the variations in velocity and the temporal relations within this competitive stroke pattern have been limited to one or two individual swimmers (Bober & Czabanski, 1975; Kent & Atha, 1975; Schleihauf, 1979). Publications were not found that indicated the temporal and velocity changes during the stroke cycle for a range of stroke rates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drei Arten des Greifstarts im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037000</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037000</guid>
      <author>Counsilman, J. E.</author>
      <author>Counsilman, B. E.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Endo, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Endo, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the three starts: the scoop start, the flat start, and the track start. In all three of these starts the grab position was used by all subjects. Two groups were studied: Group A consisted of 37 male college swimmers and Group B of 121 male and female swimmers, aged 10 through 17 years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung des Vortriebs und der Widerstandsresultanten im Brustschwimmen anhand von Filmanalysen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037001</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037001</guid>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Willems, E. J.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willems, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, the position of the total body center of gravity (cg) during breaststroke swimming was estimated from film analysis, using a personalized computer model of the human body (adapted from Hanavan,  1964). This allowed for a calculation in each movement phase of the impulses resulting from the difference between propulsion and resistance. Individual variations in a breaststroke movement cycle, which correlated significantly to swimming performance and to hip velocity fluctuation (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, Vervaecke, Thewissen, & Verhetsel, 1981), were then directly related to these resultant impulses. Mainly the new-look, undulating style was anlayzed and compared to the commonly used style of breaststroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Signale für ein externes Biofeedback zur Verbesserung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037002</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037002</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Micallef, J. P.</author>
      <author>Rabischong, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micallef, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rabischong, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present research was the result of a number of practical questions with direct applications: How can one analyze and then provide a swimmer with information on his or her motor patterns during swimming? Swimmers have an objective means for evaluation at their disposal, but  this is available only after the performance is completed. They may also estimate their efficiency in real time, but their biological perceptions are not very precise or objective. The aim of this research was to develop an experimental device that would permit the measurement of the force or pressure on the hand during the propulsive action in crawl swimming and to transform this information into an audible signal that could be transmitted to the swimmer while swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einwirkung eines Feddback-Geräts zum motorischen Lernen bei Staffelwechseln</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037003</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037003</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Clasing, D.</author>
      <author>Tubessing, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clasing, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tubessing, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[When motor learning is considered as a continuous process of trial and error, a feedback system of some kind has to be established in order to prove the success and/or the errors involved in one trial. Usually the athlete uses his or her acoustic, visual, vestibular, or tactile system for feedback by judging the movement or uses feedback information supplied by a coach. These biological feedback systems provide a wide range of information, that is, the athlete utilizes many different kinds of information from which to judge. In contrast, technical devices used for supporting motor learning processes often supply limited types of feedback a few variables are output that precisely describe some important aspects of the movement. Both kinds of feedback must be precise, reliable, and fast enough so that the athlete can recall the pattern of the previous movement and thus use the feedback for planning the next trial. One study (Nicol, Henning, & Huber, 1980) showed that amazing success was sometimes possible using feedback devices. A physically handicapped man had to learn to avoid excessive loading of the big toe while walking. This previously had turned out to be the reason for his unusual walking style. A force transducer was fixed under the big toe; for feedback an impulse was sent to an earphone, if a certain limit of force was exceeded. It turned out that this person was able to reduce the force to a given level within a learning phase of 10 min. When the earphone was removed, the corrected movement was maintained, which indicated that the external feedback system had been replaced by an internal one. So it was hoped that a similar procedure could also be successfully used for learning to minimize the exchange time in relay starts in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Biomechanik im Sportschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037004</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037004</guid>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this chapter are (a) to evaluate the present status of research on the biomechanics of swimming and (b) to identify important questions for which answers are still needed. Also considerd is the time that a swimmer takes to complete an event-the ultimate measure of the swimmer's performance. This event time equals the sum of the times taken starting, stroking, and turning. Each of these times is discussed here in turn.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen anthropometrischen Parametern und unterschiedlichen Arten des Brust-Beinschlages</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037005</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037005</guid>
      <author>Nimz, R.</author>
      <author>Rader, U.</author>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nimz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rader, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In breaststroke swimming the kick has an important influence on propulsion. Therefore, teaching and using the most effective type of breaststroke kick are both necessary and desirable. At the moment the whip kick is the most effective type of breaststroke kick (Counsilman, 1977; Maglischo, 1982). This form is characterized by limited braking
resistance an  big traction areas, which can be used for propulsion (Volker & Wilke, 1974). The use of a whip kick seems to be very difficult because often it results in an uneconomical kick when performing the breaststroke. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether anthropometric values as well as functional angles of amplitude for movements within the lower limb region were determining factors for a certain type of breaststroke kick. For that purpose, the flexibility of joint movements observed during a regular breaststroke kick were determined. This research was confined to three symmetrical types of kicks: whip kick, wedge kick, and a kick ""ith plantar flexed feet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische und physiologische Zusatzlasten beim Schwimmen mit widerstandsgrosser Schwimmbekleidung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037006</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037006</guid>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Shibayama, H.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibayama, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[While swimming at a constant velocity, the swimmer must exert a propulsive force to overcome water resistance. Therefore, numerous studies have reported on water resistance in the static position in relation to velocity, body size, and so forth (Alley, 1952; Oarys, Jiskoot, Risken, & Brouwer, 1974; Karpovich & Millman, 1944; Miyashita & Tsunoda, 1978). Competitive swimming has developed rapidly, partly because of the
marked increase in the volume of training (Holmer, 1979). In addition, various devices for training may have contributed to the development of world records. Recently, a swimming training device called a drag suit has been developed to increase drag force. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in water resistance and physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (La) while wearing a drag suit and a normal suit. This study  was pretested on December 23, 1985, and the actual testing was performed from December 24 to 26, 1985.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung des Energiestoffwechsels auf das Schwimmtraining</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037007</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037007</guid>
      <author>Maglischo, E. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to present a plan for training all of the energy systems involved in swimming races. The process of energy metabolism is summarized in the first section. The second section details the three major forms of training that can be used to imporve these energy systems. It also includes some suggestions for needed research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerobe Ökonomie und Wettkampfleistung von USA-Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037008</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037008</guid>
      <author>van Handel, P. J.</author>
      <author>Katz, A.</author>
      <author>Morrow, J. R.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daniels, J. T.</author>
      <author>Bradleym P. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Handel, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morrow, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniels, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bradleym P. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The sport of swimming presents a unique challange to the measurement of energy cost. Although tethered swimming has provided information on the maximal physiological status of athletes (Bonen, Wilson, Yarkony, & Belcastro 1980; Costill, 1966; Costill et al., 1985), Magel and Faulkner (1%7) found that in trained swimmers tethered values were significantly less than those obtained in free swimming. There is also some question as to the reliability and validity of extrapolation techniques (Costill et al., 1985;. Leger, Seliger, & Brassud, 1980). In a homogenous group of runners, V02max was also a poor discriminator of competitive success (Conley & Krackenbull, 1980; Costill, Branam, Eddy, & Sparks, 1971; Foster, Costill, Daniels, & Fink, 1978; Pollock, Jackson, & Pate, 1980; Sjodin, & Svedenhag, 1985). Other variables such as the fractional utilization of maximal aerobic capacity (Costill, Thomason, & Roberts, 1973; Sjodin & Svedenhag, 1985) or the economy of effort (Daniels, 1974; Daniels, Krahenbuhl, Foster, Gilbert, & Daniels, 1977; McMiken & Daniels, 1976; Pollock et al., 1980; Powers, Dodd, Deason, Byrd, & McKnight, 1983) may be at least as important for competitive success. This chapter describes a method for determining oxygen cost in free swimming and quantifies aerobic economy of submaximal swimming and its relationship to competitive efforts of world-class swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelspezifik und Intensität beim Schwimmen gegen einen mechanischen Widerstand - Oberflächen-EMG beim Schwimmen mit einem MAD-System und beim freien Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037009</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037009</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Vaes, W.</author>
      <author>Huijing, P. A.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Witte, B.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaes, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Witte, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The measurement of active drag using a MAD system provides a new approach to hydrodynamic analysis of the front crawl movement. The M..AD system allows swimming force recordings in a natural environment-water-and assumes that the turbulent flow around the moving body is the same in both MAD and free swimming. Even if these flows are different, the Reynolds number (R) range of the human body (6.6 x 105 < R < 3.9 x 106 ; see Figure 1) gives no indication whatsoever that the turbulence, and therefore total drag, could be altered or eventually reduced (Oarys, 1985). However, an adaptation of the swimmer's arm movements to the MAD system does occur, for the push-off is made against a fixed point. Evidence for this statement was collected from 9 subjects swimming similarly (slow and fast), both on the MAD system and freely, with underwater light trace photography including an acceleration
indicator (through a stable multivibrator). Movement patterns of the foot (lamp at malleolus externus), the shoulder (lamp at acromion), and the hand (lamp at digitus minim us) were recorded and compared per individual. The movement patterns of feet and shoulder showed little or no differences. However, the hand movement pattern in all subjects was very much influenced and changed by the MAD system. Discrepancies occur in a steeper input-gliding phase, a missing S-shaped movement, and a nonexistent pull-push trajectory (Figure 2).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine telemetrisches System zur Messung der Aktivität von sechs Muskeln beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037010</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037010</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Quezel-Ambrunaz, G.</author>
      <author>Billat, R. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Telemetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quezel-Ambrunaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Billat, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimmin~ oxygen uptake, drag, and lift all increase with swimming speed. These modifications can produce and/or result from changes in muscular activity. Thus, one might wonder whether muscular contractions and synchronizations also increase in relation to an increase of swimming speed.
In order to answer the above questions, equipment for electromyography measurements was required. There was no standard apparatus for this kind of measurement on the market, and a review of electronics journals such as the Institute of Electronical Electrical Engineers (IEEE) and of publications on electromyography in sports showed that telemetric systems have not been widely used and often limited to a few channels
(Oarys & Olbrecht, 1982; Lewillie, 1974; Piette & Oarys, 1979). So, the first step was to conceive and refine a specific apparatus. To accomplish this, researchers, engineers, technicians, and trainers decided three criteria:
• Object of study: Our goal was to collect simultaneously the electrical activities of six muscles that could be visualized directly by the subject utilizing a display system.
• Subject disturbance: The system should not be too cumbersome or too difficult to attach. It should also be light.
• Water-proofing: The apparatus must be waterproof, unbreakable, and reliable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relevanz des adrenokortikalen Hormons Aldosteron für das Langstreckenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037011</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037011</guid>
      <author>Skipka, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Skipka, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Earlier investigations have demonstrated that injection of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone increases the oxygen uptake during submaximal and maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer (Skipka & Schoning, 1981). Experiments by Bedrak and Samoiloff (1%7) demonstrating a higher activity of muscular oxidative enzymes after aldosterone injection and by Wong and Walsh (1971), who observed an increased oxygen uptake of rat diaphrams caused by aldosterone, indicate that the augmented oxygen uptake after aldosterone application is due to an augmented aerobic metabolic rate of muscles. The present study was designed to investigate whether the aldosterone-induced increase of the arobic metabolism leads to an improvement of performance capacity of long-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hämatologische und biochemische Parameter von Wettkampfschwimmern in der Taperingperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037012</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037012</guid>
      <author>Yamamoto, Y.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The term tapering is used to express the decrease in work level that the competitive swimmer undergoes during practice in order to rest and prepare for a good performance. It is believed that there is no phase of the coach's program of which he or she is less sure than the taper (Counsilman, 1977).
During the intensive training period with repeated continuous exercise bouts, swimmers are likely to suffer various physiological stresses such as a decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) due to the destruction of red blood cells (Yoshimura, 1970; Yoshimura et al., 1980) and an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity (Enzyme Commission [E.q 2.7.3.2) Berg & Haralambie, 1978; Haralambie & Senser, 1980; Riley, Pyke, Roberts, & England, 1975; Sanders & Bloor, 1975) due to the deformities or altered permeability of tissue cell membranes (Highman & Altland, 1963). Previous studies concerning tapering reported that there were conistent increases in Hb (Burke, Falsetti, Feld, Patton, & Kennedy, 1981; Rushall & Busch, 1980) and decreases in CPK (Burke, Falsetti, Feld, Patton, & Kennedy, 1982), which indicated the recovery phenomenon from the previously mentioned physiological stresses. However, it is unknown whether only Hb and CPK, among the many blood constituents, show unique changes during tapering periods. Also unexamined is the number of days necessary to complete these changes in blood chemistry.
The purpose of this study was to select some blood constituents that show unique changes during the tapering period and to observe the time course of the changes in detail.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieverbrauch beim Kraulschwimmen: Ein Vergleich zwischen Männern und Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037013</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037013</guid>
      <author>Montpetit, R. M.</author>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous studies (Montpetit, Lavoie, Cazorla, 1983; Pendergast, Di Prampero, Craig, Wilson, & Rennie, 1977) have shown differences in the oxygen demand of swimming the front crawl (liters of 0 2 /min) between males and females. These observations, however, were made from unmatched groups in regard to both ability level and body size. In this study the oxygen costs of swimming the front crawl were compared in male and female competitive swimmers who were selected to form equivalent groups as far as body mass and swimming experience were concerned, but at the same time a large range existed in these parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelmechanik und neuromuskuläre Steuerung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037014</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037014</guid>
      <author>Schmidtbleicher, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidtbleicher, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the practice of training, some still believe that strength training merely calls for changes in enzymatic quantity or quality within the muscle, which ultimately results in muscle cross-section increases. Results of ergophysiological and training research on the optimal training stimulus for the greatest possible strength increases appear to come from two distinct sources: 
• The tension stimulus theory, created by Rasch and Pierson (1964) and Hettinger (1968) stipulates that maximal tension results in the most effective rate of strength increases.
• In contrast, the so-called ATP-debt theory from Meerson (1967, 1973) suggests that training with submaximalloads (15 reps in 20 s per set) done repetitively results in the highest strength increases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Maximalkrafttraining auf die Sprintleistung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037015</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037015</guid>
      <author>Strass, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strass, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent laboratory research has indicated that explosive type maximal strength training regimens change isometric force-time (f-t) characteristics (rate of force development, maximal force) in different forms (Biihrle, 1985; Hakkinen & Komi, 1986; Komi, Karlsson, Tesch, Suominen, & Heikkinen, 1982; Schmidtbleicher, 1980, Schmidtbleicher & Biihrle, 1987). These results show considerable improvements in the rate of force development with minor increases in maximal force. These different improvements in f-t characteristics are induced by specific changes in voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity. In addition to pure maximal force, which is primarily influenced by hypertrophy (Moritani & De Vries, 1979), explosive maximal force production, which is affected by neural activation (Hakkinen & Komi, 1985), is an important component of the underwater arm movement in sprint swimming. The effects of strength training on sprint swimming performance have been investigated by Moffroid and Whipple (1970); Pipes and Wilmore (1976); Costill, Sharp, and Troup (1980); and Miyashita and Kanehisa (1983). Training methods and equipment were used in these studies that included weight training, and isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises. However, very few studies have dealt with the question of whether the gains in muscular output after explosive type maximal strength training result in the improvement of sprint swimming performance (H6tke, 1985). The present pilot study, therefore, was designed to examine the effects of strength training with short-term explosive maximal dynamic contractions against high loads on thef-t characteristics and parameters of sprint swimming performance (speed, stroke frequency, stroke length) and their possible relationships.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Kennzeichen japanischer Spitzensynchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037016</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037016</guid>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, Y.</author>
      <author>Motoyoshi, M.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Faser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Motoyoshi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Synchronized swimming requires a high degree of artistic movement. Its performance was formerly so graceful and sophisticated that most of the routine events were comprised of floating and movement of the arms to music. However, it has become dynamic and powerful and is now a competitive Olympic event. Sychronized swimming has aroused scientists' interest, and several studies report data on Canadian and American synchronized swimmers. Synchronized swimmers in Japan have also been playing an important part in the world; however, knowledge and data on Japanese synchronized swimmers are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and physiological characteristics of Japanese elite synchronized swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des peripheren EMG zwischen komplett angebundenem und freiem Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037017</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037017</guid>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Annemans, L.</author>
      <author>Vaes, W.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Annemans, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaes, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimming has been a subject of several electromyographic (EMG) investigations. The main purpose of these studies was to make statements on muscular action in normal front crawl swimming. This resulted in normalized EMG patterns for up to 25 superficial muscles involved in front crawl swimming (Oarys, 1983; Clarys, Massez, Van Den Broeck, Piette, & Robeaux, 1983; Lewillie, 1974; Maes, Oarys, & Brouwer, 1975) and in the development of a sophisticated data-recording system (Clarys & Publie, 1987). With this knowledge and the technical knowledge of surface EMG registration in water, EMG research in swimming focused on the specificity of some alternative training methods (i.e., comparing muscular activity in one or another test protocol with muscular activity in normal front crawl swimming). Dryland devices such as the isokinetic swim bench, roller board, expander, and call craft did not give satisfactory results. The main problem in dryland training was the elimination of the equilibrium mechanisms that are present in normal swimming (Olbrecht & Clarys, 1983).
In an attempt to eliminate the influence of these mechanisms, we investigated the influence of six different types of hand paddles on the muscular activity during swimming the front crawl. This study showed that hand paddle swimming is muscle-specific with normal front crawl swimming although not unconditionally the same (Bollens & Clarys, 1984).
Although tethered swimming, another alternative swimming method, has been the subject of a number of scientific studies, none of these investigations were concerned with the muscular specificity aspects of this training method (Cureton, 1930; Mosterd & Jongbloed, 1964; Van Manen & Rijken, 1975; Zatsiorsky & Safarian, 1972). The present study dealt vvith verifying similarities or differences in muscular activity between normal (free) front crawl swimming and fully tethered swmming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen Zugfrequenz, Kraft und EMG beim angebundenen Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037018</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037018</guid>
      <author>Cabri, J. M. H.</author>
      <author>Annemans, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Publie, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J. M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Annemans, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Publie, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tethered swimming has been widely used, not only for training purposes but also in many different research areas (i.e., biomechanics, hydrodynamics, physiology, etc.). In the past 20 years, this method has been used as an alternative ''wet'' strength training method, particularly because some of the dryland training devices could not be considered as "specific to swimming" (Oarys, 1985; Olbrecht & Oarys, 1983) although they pretend to be so. With the knowledge that fully tethered swimming induces electromyographic (EMG) patterns similar to free swimming and thus may be considered specific to swimming (Bollens, Annemans, Oarys, & Vaes, 1988; Roberts, 1977) the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between different stroke rates (during front crawl on a fully tethered swimming device), the forces developed, and the normalized EMG of the main propulsive arm and leg muscles using (a) raw EMG, (b)integrated EMG, and (c) linear envelope (Winter, Rau, Kadefors, Broman, & Luca, 1980). The relationship between intensity of muscle activity and actual force is described by the integrated electromyography/force ratio (IEMG/IF), for it is an expression of the efficiency of electrical activity (De Vries, 1968). Moreover, Viitasalo (1984) stated that this ratio provides a fairly good representation of the relationship benveen muscle activity and force on the one hand, and contraction velocity on the other. He concluded that from a certain amount of IEMG activity (neural input), slow (isometric) contractions may produce much higher forces in comparison with high velocity (explosive type) contractions (as in jumping). The purposes of this investigation, therefore, were to investigate the (a) influence of different stroke frequencies on the forces developed by the swimmer, (b) influence of different stroke frequencies on the IEMG/IF ratio or the relationship between stroke rate and muscular efficiency, and (c) relationship between the normalized EMG patterns and the normalized force amplitudes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Brüsseler EMG-Schwimmprojekt</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037019</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037019</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This project started in 1970, in a Dutch marine ship model test station (Figure 1) as a result of the study of fundamental and applied hydrodynamics of living human body shapes. This test station allowed for the measurement of passive drag in different positions and of active (swimming) drag. It was found contrary to the general belief that drag in a prone position 60 cm under the water surface was greater than at the water surface or swimming level and that active drag while swimming the front crawl at different velocities reached one and a half to twice the drag values of any passive drag condition (see Figure 2; Oarys, 1979; Oarys & Jiskoot, 1974; 1975; Oarys, Jiskoot, & Lewillie, 1973; Jiskoot & Oarys, 1975). The combination of physics (hydrodynamics) and electrophysiology (EMG) may appear bizarre at first, but in reality these disciplines are highly complementary when ergonomic aspects of aquatics are considered. Hydrodynamics is concerned with drag and propulsion phenomena but because drag equals propulsion at constant velocity, propulsion is usually calculated from a drag-velocity relationship. On the other hand, EMG deals with the direct recording of electrical potentials of the active muscles. In the case of swimming movements, it gives an expression of the dynamic involvement of specific muscles in the propulsion of the body through the water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Aktivität der Oberkörpermuskeln bei querschnittsgelähmten Patienten nach dem Beginn von Brustschwimmbewegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037020</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037020</guid>
      <author>de Witte, B.</author>
      <author>Loyens, R.</author>
      <author>Robeaux, R.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Witte, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loyens, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robeaux, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sport activities permit paraplegics to maintain the physical efficiency level that was obtained during medical rehabilitation, and they are the best way to improve efficiency because they allow a proper effort dosage (Pachalski & Mekarski, 1980). Swimming for the physically handicapped creates some problems, because differences in physical abilities depend upon individual handicaps, but swimming is an activity that lends itself
to the disabled (Guttman, 1%5; Trussell, 1971). Earlier research (Duffield, 1973; Nicol, Schmidt-Hansberg, & McMillan, 1979; Paeth, 1984; Vis, 1971, 1975) showed the positive therapeutical effects for the handicapped of training in water.
In the evolution of teaching swimming techniques, consideration must be given to the various needs and abilities of the handicapped so that they can control the movement of the asymmetrical body shapes (e.g., the Halliwick method). In this regard, no two individuals are alike. Many studies have been undertaken to gather information or to explain the teaching techniques in swimming with the handicapped. Persyn, Surmont, Wouters, and De Mayer (1975) stated that the individual solution for adequate movement in water is as variable as the possible differences in handicaps; therefore, it is difficult to develop norms.
Some researchers recommend the use of a specific swimming technique for supporting or strengthening certain muscle groups. Very few of these recommendations are based on scientific experiences (Duffield, 1973; Lorenzen, 1970; Vis, 1971). Besides this, the experimental investigations on the function of muscles during swimming, especially the breaststroke, are limited to the able-bodied. Electromyography (EMG) of the breaststroke has been studied by Ikai, Ishii, and Miyashita (1964, 14 muscles); Lewillie (1971, 3 muscles; 1974; 2 muscles); Tokuyama, Okamoto, and Kumamoto (1976, 14 muscles); Yoshizawa, Tokuyama, Okamoto, and Kumamoto (1976, 16 muscles); and by Yoshizawa, Okamoto, Kumamoto, Tokuyama, and Oka (1978; 16 muscles). Maes, Clarys, and Brouwer (1975) related the EMG results of five muscles during the breaststroke to the "normal" and disabled swimmer. Persyn et al. (1975) concluded that the physically handicapped swimmer at the "Special Olympic" level often fails to receive adequate training from swimming experts. Considering the poor swimming technique among the best swimmers, the situation is probably much worse for the remaining handicapped persons. In order to set up a basic teaching program on swimming technique for paraplegics, instruction in the breaststroke was initiated for 4 patients with different levels of spinal cord injury. Based on the literature that the breaststroke is an effective way to develop back and shoulder muscles and the importance of these muscle groups for the paraplegic's general efficiency exercises, the participation level of trunk muscles during breaststroke was studied using telemetric EMG in the second phase of this study.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chronische Verletzungen von Schwimmern, Wasserspringern, Wasserballspielern und Synchronschwimmerinnen des Spitzensbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037021</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037021</guid>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ätiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The recent reduction in swimming times and the improvements in swimming performances have paralleled better training techniques, more accessible swimming facilities, and the increase in swimming coaches. Regular specialized training begins at young ages and continues throughout the entire period of growth of aquatic sport athletes. These advances have led to an increased chronic strain on the elite athlete's musculoskeletal system, which has in turn led to an increase in the incidence of chronic injuries. Literature concerning the chronic injuries of competitive swimmers, such as swimmer's shoulder and/or breaststroker' s knee have been cited (Kennedy, Hawkins, & Krissoff, 1978); however, few reports on chronic injuries of divers, water polo players, and synchronized swimmers are available.
This study was designed to determine the incidence and the pattern of chronic injuries among elite comptitive aquatic athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit von Schwimmen mit einem zweiphasigen Labor- und Feldtest</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037022</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037022</guid>
      <author>Szögy, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Szögy, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Physical work capacity has an important influence on sports performances, especially in the cyclic sports. Therefore, the diagnosis and prognosis of the aerobic and the anaerobic capacity represent useful criteria for counseling in the training process.
The anaerobic capacity also influences performances in swimming, especially in the short-distance events. The term anaerobic capacity, with its components maximum anaerobic power and anaerobic stamina, can be defined as the aptitude to exert short-time maximum work loads under oxygen-deficit conditions. This is influenced by physical qualities (speed, strength, and coordination); morphological factors (muscle mass and percentage of fast-twitch fibers); functional factors (impulse transmission speed, the influence of the biofeedback of proprioceptors, and the utilization of elastic energy); and metabolic factors (alactacid energy reserves, glycolytic rate, and acidosis tolerance). These facors are trainable to different degrees from highly to hardly at all (Szogy, 1985).
Opposite to the aerobic capacity, in evaluation of anaerobic capacity there is no tendency for standardization and therefore a variety of methods exists for evaluation (Bar-Or, Dotan, & Inbar, 1977; Georgescu, 1969; Kindermann & Schnabel, 1980; Margaria, 1966; Simon & Thiesmann, 1985; Szogy & Cherebetiu, 1974). At the Institute for Sportsmedicine in Frankfurt, a method was developed for the evaluation of the anaerobic capacity based on the following conditions (Szogy, 1985):
• The subject must be able to influence the magnitude of the workload.
• The performance shall be measurable in physical units.
• It shall permit the evaluation of anaerobic power and stamina.
• Next to the diagnosis of the anaerobic capacity, it shall also permit a prognosis by the evaluation of remaining energy reserves. • It should be applicable in the laboratory and also under specific field conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatmessungen nach dem Wettkampf und Schwimmleistung: Illustriert am Beispiel eines 400-m-Olympiarekordhalters</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037023</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037023</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Paulin, M.</author>
      <author>Lacour, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>BRD</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paulin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacour, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the most important problems in swimming competition is to know whether the swimmers' efforts are maximal or not, essential information for coaches and swimmers. To answer this question in other sports, one measure utilized has been the postcompetition blood lactate concentration (L). Keul, Kindermann, and Simon (1978) showed that in running, a maximal exercise was characterized by an L higher than 20 mM. Swimming is a rather different sport because it concerns a larger muscle mass. Specific references to swimming are thus needed to establish the relationship between L and performance level. Sawka, Knowlton, Miles, and Critz (1979) began to investigate L in freestyle swims over distances of 50 to 1,000 yd and in the 200-yd individual medley, butterfly, breast-, and backstrokes. The aim of the present study was to systematically document the maximal concentration of blood lactate (L max) measured at the end of competitions over 50 to 1,500 m in all the strokes. Among the same swimmers, some comparisons were made between  different distances and strokes in order to investigate the possible effects of motivation and specific training programs. The L results measured on Thomas Fahrner (TF) during the 1983-84 Olympic season were used as an individual illustration of the general trends derived from these data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine biomeschanische Analyse der USA-Langstreckenfreistilschwimmer bei den OS 1984</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037024</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037024</guid>
      <author>Maglischo, C. W.</author>
      <author>Maglischo, E. W.</author>
      <author>Higgins, J.</author>
      <author>Hinrichs, R.</author>
      <author>Luedtke, D.</author>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <author>Thayer, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1984</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 1984</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, C. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Higgins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinrichs, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luedtke, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thayer, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsive efficiency of competitive swimmers has been a matter of considerable interest for many decades (Alley, 1952; Plagenhoff, 1971; Barthels & Adrian, 1974; Schleihauf, 1978; Schleihauf et al., 1985). In 1974, Schleihauf introduced a method for estimating the instantaneous propulsive force that is generated by swimmers as they stroke down the pool. This method is based on using vector analysis to solve for the resultant and propulsive forces when the velocity, direction, and angle of attack of the hand and arm are known.
Schleihauf' s method was used to study the propulsive effectiveness of selected members of the 1984 U.S Olympic Swimming Team while they attended a pre-games training camp in Mission Viejo, California during July 1984. The project was funded by United States Swimming with the permission of the athletes and coaching staff. The Sports Medicine Committee of United States Swimming selected the authors to conduct the investigation. The purpose of this paper was to present the results from the distance freestyle swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bewertung sehr leistungsstarker Schwimmer mittels quantitativer und qualitativer Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037025</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037025</guid>
      <author>Loetz, C.</author>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <author>Schmitt, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Loetz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmitt, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Highly skilled swimming is characterized by an extraordinarily high frequency of events. Within a second in time the swimmers must solve the difficult task of coordinating the motions of their body segments, for example, when swimming the crawl: (a) the pull-push phase of the right arm with the pull-push phase of the left arm; (b) the rolling motions pivoting on the longitudinal axis with the pull-push phase, the recovery phase, and breathing; (c) arm strokes with leg kicks; and (d) head movements when the swimmer inhales and exhales. Moreover, during different movements (e.g. during a pull-push phase), the geometric and dynamic movement pattern changes continually.
The high frequency of events and the dynamic and geometric variations make subjective evaluation difficult even for the most observing and experienced coach, unless he or she has a method for obtaining objective data to support subjective conclusions. These data are achievable by quantitative measuring and scanning consistent with a theory-based conceptional model (Barthels, 1979; Brown & Counsilman, 1970; Schleihauf, 1977, 1979). In this way, the motions can be evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Being norm-oriented, the evaluation of the movements involves a comparison between the factual values, or actual motions, and the "statistical" or "ideal" norms (Ballreich, 1976; Letzelter, 1985). The diagnosis of the performance levels must consider two elements: the ability of the swimmer and his or her developed skills. Although an evaluation of abilities can furnish useful knowledge for orientation and training, this study was limited to the evaluation of skills.
The evaluation of swimming motions is based on a number of criteria, videorecordings (slow-motion and frame advance), and quantitative biomechanical parameters. Velocity-time and pressure-time are recorded, graphed, and measured via biomechanical methods that will be described later. The horizontal intracyclic velocities are gauged by means of an impulse light method and electrical resistance variation method; the pressure-time graphs are recorded by the difference-pressure method. Using the difference-pressure method, it was possible to measure the amount of time-dependent resultant of lift and drag. The different biomechanical methods are synchronized by a sensor-video personal computer (PC) unit in order to evaluate swimming skills qualitatively and quantitatively. This evaluation system offers the advantage of delivering objective and subjective knowledge of results simultaneously to the trainer and the swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computer basierte Analyse und Beratung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037026</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037026</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Vijfvinkel, D. V.</author>
      <author>Verhetsel, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messplatz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Berater-System</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vijfvinkel, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verhetsel, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In most Western countries, government support cannot be expected for extensive evaluations of large numbers of elite swimmers in a laboratory. For this reason, research in the Leuven Evaluation Center for Swimmers has been directed toward the development of a user-friendly system, allowing an expert to make rapid diagnoses and to provide advice at poolside. Attention is given to simple observation and measuring instrumentation as well as to personal computer (PC) software. The PC allows hydromechanical, kinanthropometric, physiological, and other data to be used for the evaluation of swimmers and for the education of swimming consultants. In order to select information relevant to performance, a review was made of effective instruction for correcting the movement and/or improving physical characteristics, and thus resulting in enhanced swimming performances. Diverse categories of relevant information have been collected in the Evaluation Center on 600 elite swimmers (10 to 22 years old) from various countries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung von Laktatsäure zum Langstreckenschwimmen und zum 3 x 400-m "2-Geschwindigkeiten-Test" und die Konsequenzen für die Anpassung der Trainingsintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037027</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037027</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Madsen, Oe.</author>
      <author>Liesen, H.</author>
      <author>Hollmann, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madsen, Oe.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liesen, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollmann, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The concentration of lactic acid has been used not only to control the sport-specific performance capacity of athletes (Keul, Kindermann, & Simon, 1978; Madsen, 1982; Margaria, 1976; Saltin, 1973; Stegmann & Kindermann, 1982) but also to determine the optimal training intensity (Fohrenbach, Mader, & Hollmann, 1981; Keul et al., 1979; Uesen, Mader, Heck, & Hollmann, 1977; Mader, Madsen, & Hollmann, 1980; Madsen & Olbrecht, 1983). Not everyone, however, can make use of this method. Therefore, an attempt was made to find an alternative method-a type of test, without any lactate measurements, that could be used to adapt individual training intensities to the endurance capacity of each athlete. The present study compared the relationship between swimming speed and lactic acid accumulation during the 2 x 400-m "2-speed test" (Mader et al., 1980) and during 30 and 60 min of continuous swimming. In accordance with the changes in the relationship between lactate and speed in prolonged and interval-type exercises (Olbrecht, Madsen, Mader, Uesen, & Hollmann, 1985), a range of intensities was established for different types of endurance training for the tested athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffverbrauch und Blutlaktatsäurereaktion auf Training und Tapering</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037028</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037028</guid>
      <author>van Handel, P. J.</author>
      <author>Katz, A.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daniels, J. T.</author>
      <author>Bradley, P. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Handel, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniels, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bradley, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Detraining or taper is commonly practiced in preparation for competition, but it may result in significant reductions in aerobic capacity and endurance in running (Hickson, Foster, Pollock, Galassi, & Rich, 1985) and muscle force and power in swimming (Neufer, Costill, Fielding, Flynn, & Kirwan, 1986). The purpose of this study was to monitor energetics during intense training and taper in highly trained swimmers in preparation for U.S. national competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stoffwechsel- und Kreislaufreaktionen von Schwimmern, modernen Fünfkämpfern und Wasserballspielern während des maximalen Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037029</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037029</guid>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moderner Fünfkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Man's physiological response to swimming has, as a whole, been studied in detail (Dixon & Faulkner, 1971; Holmer, 1974; McArdle, Glaser & Magel, 1971), but the majority of these studies have only been conducted on competitive and recreational swimmers. Water polo players and pentathletes also compete in the aquatic medium. Water polo players do not race as such, but they must swim in short, rapid bursts and  must stay afloat for long periods of time. Their training involves considerable lower limb activity. Pentathletes participate in a 300-m race as part of their five-event competitive program. They train both on land (running to compete in the 4,000-m race) and in water. The metabolic and circulatory responses during swimming of water polo players and pentathletes may be expected to be different from that of swimmers. Reported here are results of studies carried out to compare the oxygen demand and cardiac responses during freestyle (crawl) swimming at increasing velodties (0.9 to 1.5 m • s-1 ) in pantathletes, water polo players, and swimmers. Also included is the relative importance of V02max and swimming economy (the steady state oxygen demand for a standardized swimming speed) for the prediction of the 300-m performance in swimmers and pentathletes.Deskriptoren]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaktion zwischen aerober/anaerober Belastung und biomechanischer Leistung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037030</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037030</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Komi, P. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komi, P. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The mean velocity of freestyle swimming (V) is equal to the product of the stroke rate (SR) and the stroke length (SL). SR refers to one complete cycle of one arm in a given unit of time. The duration of a stroke cycle depends on the angular velocity of rotational movement of the arm around the shoulder joint and on the distance that the most distal part of the upper extremity travels through the water and the air during stroking. SL is the distance that the swimmer moves forward during one complete stroke cycle of one arm. It depends on the horizontal components of drag and lift forces on segments of a swimmer and therefore on the swimmer's muscular power output (Grimston & Hay, 1986; Hay, 1978; Miller, 1975).
In general, SR and SL are negatively related to each other, and the combination of these two variables is highly individualized. Although the interdependence of SR and SL is very high, several factors may influence their interrelationships. Among them are anthropometric characteristics, which have been shown to influence SR and more importantly SL {Oarys, Jiskoot, Rijken, & Brouwer, 1974; DeGaray, Levine, & Carter, 1974; Grimston & Hay, 1986; Reischle, 1978). The swimming velocity may also have different reflections on SR and SL depending on the individual's performance capacity in water and swimming skill. The increase in V has been found to be more strongly related to an increase in SR than to a decrease in SL, and SL demonstrates considerable intra- and interindividual variability. However, a hypothesis has been proposed that SR cannot be increased beyond the optimal level without a loss in V (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; East, 1970). Furthermore, the swimmers with different swimming performances have much greater variability in SL than in SR in competitive swimming (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Craig, Skehan, Pawelczyk, & Boomer, 1985; East, 1970; Hay & Guimares, 1983; Letzelter & Freitag, 1982).
These observations have led to the assumption that the complex interrelationship among SR, SL, and V may reflect individual swimming efficiency as well as overall metabolism (Costill et al., 1985). The present study was therefore designed to evaluate V of freestyle swimming utilizing the SR and SL in three different intensity levels in aerobic/ anaerobic loading situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Blutlaktatakkumulation und Zugfrequenz und pro Zug zurückgelegter Strecke bei Spitzenschwimmereinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037031</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037031</guid>
      <author>Weiss, M.</author>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <author>Bouws, N.</author>
      <author>Simon, G.</author>
      <author>Weicker, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouws, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Simon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weicker, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming velocity (v) is the function of stroke rate (S} and distance per stroke (d/5). As shown by CrC).ig and Pendergast (1979) stroke rate is a nonlinear function of v: When S is increased above the optimal point, v decreases. The reason for this nonlinear function between S and v is a shortening of d/5. Energy demand (E) in swimming der.ends on efficiency (eff.), body drag (db), and v; therefore Eisa function of 5 and d/5. The total energy delivery is the sum of aerobic metabolism (V02) and anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis leading to lactate production and the breakdown of phosphates, especially creatin phosphate [CP]). When swimming longer than 20 s under steady state conditions, CP is constant. At low speeds, lactate produced can be eliminated and blood lactate remains constant, but at high speeds above 70 or 80% V02max, blood lactate accumulates (anaerobic threshold onset of blood lactate accumulation [OBLAJ) as a function of S and d/S. Furthermore, efficiency during constant work depends on frequency in all cyclic movements. This has been shown for bicycle ergometers (Stegemann, Ulmer, & Heinrich, 1968), rowing (Raatz & Krause, 1977), and running (Cavanagh & Williams, 1982) as well as in swimming (Kipke, 1978; Swaine & Reilly, 1983). The aim of the prese~t study was to evaluate the dependence of blood lactate accumulation on 5 and d/ 5 during different swimming velocities and distances in female high-skilled swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatkonzentration sehr leistungsstarker australischer Schwimmer nach Wettkämpfen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037032</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037032</guid>
      <author>Telford, R. D.</author>
      <author>Hahn, A. C.</author>
      <author>Catchpole, E. A.</author>
      <author>Parker, A. R.</author>
      <author>Sweetenham, W. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Telford, R. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hahn, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Catchpole, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parker, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweetenham, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Over the past decade, considerable emphasis has been placed on blood lactic acid measurement during submaximal and maximal training swims as an aid to the design of training programs. The earlier work of Mader, Heck, and Hollman (1976) was applied to swimming by such researchers as Sharp, Vitelli, Costill, and Thomas (1984) and Maglischo, Maglischo, Smith, Bishop, and Horland (1984}. A review article of these applications has recently been published (Heck et al., 1985). Sawka, Knowlton, Miles, and Critz (1979), who reported on blood lactate values obtained in collegiate swimmers, pointed out that very little information has been published on the maximal levels of blood lactate accumulation during competition. The purpose of the current investigation was to measure postcompetition blood lactate levels from some of Australia's best S"\\immers. More specificially, the purposes were to determine (a) the postcompetition maximal blood lactate concentrations (MBLA) obtained during heats and finals; (b) the values attained by more and less accomplished swimmers; and (c) MBLA values of male and female competitors during 25- and 50-m pool competitions in successive weeks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und mathematische Modelle</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036938</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036938</guid>
      <author>Adrian, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich aus rein theoretischer Sicht mit Kategorien, die für die biomechanische Beschreibung und mathematische Modellierung der Schwimmbewegung erforderlich sind: Flüssigkeitsmechanik, Zusammenhang zwischen der Form des schwimmenden Körpers und dem Widerstand, also zwischen menschlicher Morphologie und Hydrodynamik. Aufbauend auf Ausführungen zu Anatomie und Mechanik gibt Verf. einen Überblick über die Geschichte von Modellierung und Simulation sowie einen Ausblick auf künftig mögliche Entwicklungsrichtungen: Einsatz von Schwimmergometern, Nutzung kinanthropometrischer Daten zur Reduzierung von Fehlern im Modell (Definition von Schwimmer-Prototypen), Datenbanken über Schwimmerprofile und dazu passende ideale Schwimmstile, Modellierung von Gelenk- und Muskelkräften zur Vorhersage des Verletzungspotentials, Modellierung der Schwimmtechnik.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMG spezifische Krafttrainingsübungen für das Brustkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036939</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036939</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reiz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Von vielen Schwimmtrainern wurde die Bedeutung des Trockentrainings für die Kraftentwicklung hervorgehoben. Ausgangspunkt dabei ist, daß durch die entsprechenden Übungen nur die am Vorschub wirkenden Muskeln trainiert werden sollen, und daß die Bewegungsstrukturen bei diesen Übungen mit denen des tatsächlichen Schwimmschlages identisch sein müssen. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob sich bei Trockenübungen tatsächlich EMG-Strukturen erzeugen lassen, die mit denen des Schwimmens identisch sind. In Auswertung der auftretenden EMG-Abweichungen wurde insgesamt festgestellt, daß aufgrund von mechanischen und Umgebungsunterschieden spezifisches Schwimmtraining nicht unter Trockenbedingungen simuliert werden kann, d.h. daß durch Trockentraining nicht die spezifischen Muskelstimuli des Schwimmschlages erzeugt werden können.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Kräftebilanz mit ihrer Anwendung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036940</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036940</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>van der Helm, F. C. T.</author>
      <author>Elzerman, J. R.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van der Helm, F. C. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elzerman, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde eine vergleichende Untersuchung zweier Gruppen von Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichem Leistungsniveau durchgeführt, um mögliche Unterschiede in der äußeren Kraft, aeroben Kapazität, Schlagfrequenz und Schwimmschlaglänge zu ermitteln. Des weiteren wurde der Einfluß anthropometrischer Werte auf diese Kriterien untersucht. Die festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen hatten signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Vorschubeffektivität, die ein wichtiger Faktor für die Schwimmleistung ist. Die Erhöhung der Vorschubeffektivität durch eine Verbesserung der Technik wird als ein wichtiges Trainingsziel postuliert. 
R. Kötteritzsch
13.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetik und mechanische Arbeit beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036941</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036941</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In den 70er Jahren standen energetische Fragen des Schwimmens besonders im Mittelpunkt des wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Verf. liefert in diesem Artikel einen Uberblick über die seither in der Literatur zu diesem Themenkreis bearbeiteten Aspekte (Effektivität der mechanischen Arbeit, Vorschub, Energiebedarf beim Schwimmen, Anteil aerober und anaerober Energiebereitstellung). 
R. Kötteritzsch
13.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein einfaches System des Videofilmens unter Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036942</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036942</guid>
      <author>Vertommen, L.</author>
      <author>Fauvart, H.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vertommen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fauvart, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most important part of a swimming stroke occurs underwater where propulsion is accomplished. This means that the coach or teacher concerned with evaluating the stroke mechanics of swimmers must have a clear picture of the underwater action. Therefore, a watertight plexiglass box was developed which allows video recording of stroke technique below the surface of the water. Conventional filming through an underwater camera is expensive and one must wait for the film to be developed in order to see the result. It also requires trained photographers, which most coaches and teachers are not. Dal Monte (1971) described a sophisticated apparatus allowing cinematographic recordings perpendicular at all times to the swimmers' movements and at a speed identical to that of the swimmers' displacements in the water. Mcintyre and Hay (1975) solved the observation problem with the development of an inverse periscope. Although we don't want to criticize this method, we think the method described by Hoffman (1976), which was used as the basis for the development of our watertight plexiglass box, is a more economical and less time-consuming approach to observing and evaluating underwater movements. It is the purpose of this article to provide a description of a device that is easy to build in a technical laboratory at low cost. In addition, it is portable and therefore can be used in any pool. Furthermore, trained individuals are not needed to obtain clear and usable video pictures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der an ein externes Gewicht weitergegebenen Kraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036943</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036943</guid>
      <author>Hopper, R.T.</author>
      <author>Hadley, C.</author>
      <author>Piva, M.</author>
      <author>Bambauer, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hopper, R.T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hadley, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Piva, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bambauer, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgehend von der großen Bedeutung der Kraft für die Schwimmleistung wurden Krafttests bisher durch Messungen in Trockenübungen realisiert. Da im Schwimmschlag jedoch komplexere Faktoren zusammenwirken als bei der Kraftübung im Trockenen, wurde durch Verf. eine kostengünstige Testvariante zur Messung der unter Wasser an ein externes Gewicht abgegebenen Kraft entwickelt. Diese Methode wurde an Schwimmern im Hochleistungsbereich der USA erprobt. Des weiteren werden positive Erfahrungen hinsichtlich der Nutzung dieses Verfahrens im Training wiedergegeben.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Betrachtung des EMG im Schwimmen - Erklärung von Fakten und/oder Feedback-Information</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036944</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036944</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Neben der Frage, welche Muskeln in die Ausführung einer Schwimmbewegung einbezogen sind, werden die EMG-Strukturen komplexer rhytmischer Schwimmbewegungen diskutiert. Dazu betrachtet Verf. die Aussagen, die in der Literatur über die verschiedenen Schwimmstile Brustkraul, Rückenkraul, Delphin getroffen werden. Verf. berichtet in diesem Beitrag über seine eigenen Untersuchungen der EMG-Aktivitäten von 10 ausgewählten Muskeln beim Brustkraulschwimmen.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medizinische Hinweise für Babyschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036945</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036945</guid>
      <author>O'Brien, M.</author>
      <author>Smith, J.</author>
      <author>Bolger, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>O'Brien, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolger, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hydrotherapy has been used for many years to improve muscle tone and coordination in babies and adults (Davis, 1967; Duffield, 1976; Newman, 1975). Babies exposed to graded exercise in warm swimming pools improve in coordination and gain physical, mental and social skills exceeding those observed in their peers (Quinn, 1981). Children born and brought up in the tropics often swim before they can walk and learn this skill before they have acquired a fear of water. In Ireland baby swimming has been pioneered by international swimming
coach Jack Smith, who started baby swimming classes in a private school 3 years ago. In September 1980 other baby swimming classes were started, one in Dublin and one in Belfast. In 1982 the public pools set aside hours for mother and baby swimming but had no organized teaching. Because of the great interest that has arisen, the Northern Ireland Sports Council and its equivalent body, Cospoir, in the Republic, in association with the Education Committee of the Irish Amateur Swimming Association, currently are providing guidelines to be used by leisure centers and swimming pools wishing to provide facilities for baby swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktorenanalyse eines Schwimmleistungstests</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036947</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036947</guid>
      <author>Nowlan, J.</author>
      <author>Godbout, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nowlan, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Godbout, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Many studies of swimming performance tests have been reported in the literature (Burris, 1964; Fox, 1959; Jackson et al., 1979; Nowlan, 1979; Rosentswieg, 1968; Santeusanio, 1980). Swim literature also abounds with utilitarian swimming tests (Cureton, 1943; Guilbert, 1973; Lanoue, 1963; Reece, 1980; Silvia, 1966). Lifesaving and survival swimming skills are defmed in an array of swimming test items with many similarities from one lifesaving society to another. These swimming tests have face validity and to some extent logical validity. The purpose of this study was to establish the construct validity of the Universite de Moncton swimming performance test.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beschreibung der Beinbewegung von Kleinkindern im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036948</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036948</guid>
      <author>Wielki, C.</author>
      <author>Houben, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wielki, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houben, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The majority of research concerning the mechanics of swimming has been confined to competitive swimming strokes of males and females over the age of 10 yr. With the increased emphasis on teaching children to swim during infancy, there is a need to investigate infants' swimming patterns. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to describe the movement patterns for the lower limbs of infants aged 3-20 months as they propelled themselves in the water under different support conditions. It was felt that this might provide a greater understanding of the natural evolution of aquatic movement patterns and help in developing guidelines for manipulation of the learning environment (Wielki, 1980).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezifik des Krafttrainings im Schwimmen - ein biomechanischer Standpunkt</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036949</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036949</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eindimensionale Trainingstechniken werden den dreidimensionalen Widerstandsbedingungen der Bewegung unter Wasser nicht gerecht. Verf. vertritt das Konzept, daß durch mehrdimensionalen Widerstand beim Trainieren das Schwimmtraining in der Zukunft wesentlich optimiert werden kann. Verf. fordert dazu die komplexe Zusammenarbeit von Biomechanik und Physiologie in der Forschung.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Analyse des Handvorschubs beim Sprint-Brustkraulschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036950</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036950</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R.</author>
      <author>Gray, L.</author>
      <author>DeRose, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gray, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DeRose, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Genauigkeit der Interpretation gewonnener Vorschubkraftdaten gegenüber früheren Arbeiten durch den Einsatz eines strengeren dreidimensionalen Datenanalyseverfahrens zu erhöhen. Zweitens wurden 25 Hochleistungs-Freistilschwimmer analysiert, um die Schubkräfte der Hand und des Unterarms sowie die Kraftmomente des Armgelenks zu ermitteln. Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation vier charakteristischer Werte innerhalb der Daten, die für das Erlernen und die Bewegungskorrektur bei Schwimmschlägen von Bedeutung sind. Weiterhin wird beschrieben, in welchen Schritten triaxiale (bzw. biaxiale) Filmdaten analysiert werden können, um Aufschluß über die wichtigsten kinetischen Werte in Zusammenhang mit Schubbewegungen des Armes zu erhalten. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die während einer Wendebewegung von Schwimmern erzeugte Vorschubkraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036951</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036951</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, G.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, A.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Kraft, die ein Schwimmer bei der Wende gegen die Wand freisetzt, und der horizontalen Geschwindigkeit nach der Wende. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Veränderung des Hormonniveaus bei Schwimmern im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 18:39:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036952</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036952</guid>
      <author>Carli, G.</author>
      <author>Martelli, G.</author>
      <author>Viti, A.</author>
      <author>Baldi, L.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <author>Di Prisco, C. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carli, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martelli, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Viti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baldi, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prisco, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen sind die Variationen in Trainingsumfang und -intensität, mit denen der Sportler im Verlaufe des Trainings konfrontiert wird. Während einer Wettkampfperiode stehen die Variationen im Training sowohl mit den Reaktionen des Sportlers als auch mit dem Wettkampfkalender in Beziehung. Da durch körperliche Belastung das Hormonplasmaniveau verändert wird, ist es durch ein entsprechendes Belastungsprogramm möglich, entsprechend der Intensität und des Typs des Trainings langfrstige Veränderungen im Hormonhaushalt zu erzielen. In dieser Studie wurden mögliche Veränderungen einiger Hormone bei Schwimmern in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Wettkampfperioden mit unterschiedlichen Trainingsumfängen untersucht.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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