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    <item>
      <title>Asymmetrie der unteren Extremitäten beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036868</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036868</guid>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study involving the investigations of the causes of asymmetrical kicks during breaststroke swimming should be of initial value to teachers and coaches. The results will also contribute to the lmowledge in the general area of laterality as it relates to human movement. Although the study is concerned with asymmetry of limb motion in the breaststroke kick, the findings may provide insight into the general problem of asymmetrical motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dual Media Kinematografie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036870</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036870</guid>
      <author>Mclntyre, D. R.</author>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinematografie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mclntyre, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming is an activity in which the performer spends some time with his body completely immersed in the air and some time with it completely immersed in water. However, the vast majority of the time is spent with his body moving simultaneously in both the air and water near the interface between these two media. It follows that anyone concerned with completely observing and evaluating a swimming performance must of necessity obtain an impression of the total performance. There is an obvious need, therefore, for some means of simultaneously recording the actions which take place above and below the water. It is conceivable that two high speed motion picture cameras could be used for this purpose-with one camera above and one below the water level. However, because of the problems associated with accurately synchronizing the two ftlm records, there would appear to be some advantage in using a technique which simultaneously records the above-andbelow-water level action on the same film frame. It is the purpose of this paper to describe such a technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Vorrichtung zur Kraftmessung an den Händen beim Greifstart</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036871</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036871</guid>
      <author>Cavanagh, P. R.</author>
      <author>Palmgren, J. V.</author>
      <author>Kerr, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cavanagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palmgren, J. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kerr, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this study to design, construct, and make a preliminary evaluation of a device to measure the forces exerted by the hands during the performance of the grab start in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Vorrichtung zur Online-Messung der momentanen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036872</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036872</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the study of the biomechanical characteristics of swimmers the measurement of intracyclic velocity fluctuations is of vital importance. To achieve full value, these measurements must meet certain requirements which may be summarized as follows: a) they should provide an accurate and continuous record of swimming velocity, b) the procedures involved should not impede the swimmer, and c) all records obtained should be synchronized to permit sensible interpretation. Over the past half-century only a limited number of procedures have been reported for measuring swimming velocity. They have involved  both mechanical and optical methods of transduction and a variety of methods of recording.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Biomechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036873</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036873</guid>
      <author>Wartenweiler, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wartenweiler, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[I bring you the greetings of the International Society of Biomechanics, and I sincerely wish you a successful meeting. You have assembled here to present your papers, report on your research findings, and discuss practical problems in biomechanics of swimming. It will be possible for those who participated in the first symposium 4 years ago to compare it with this meeting. Formerly the main topic was the analysis of various movements in swimming; measurements of the resistance of the water with different positions of the body; and measurements of force when swimming, taking off, and diving. Furthermore, experiments were shown, theories discussed, and models demonstrated as an explanation of the pushing power by arms and legs. Many of these studies were somewhat unsophisticated. The developments that have occurred in the interim will be readily apparent. The fact that so many of you are present today is proof that more scientific information is needed on swimming, diving, and water polo. The necessity of sharing information justifies the efforts the president of this symposium, Leon Lewillie, and his general secretary, Jan P. Clarys, have put forth in organizing this second symposium.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren für den Erfolg im wettkampfmäßigen Schwimmen: Eine kurze Literaturübersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036874</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036874</guid>
      <author>Cureton, T. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information Dokumentation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cureton, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the time of Duke Kahanamoku's swimming (1905-1928) the training procedures for competitive swimming were rather indefinite and hardly deserved the connotation of "scientific training." There was little specialization up to 880 yards, as most good swimmers competed over the entire range, and usually in several events. Johnny Weismuller held almost all of the freestyle records, with Jamison Handy and Perry McGillivray holding the middle distance titles, and Bob Skelton holding the breaststroke titles. Girls were not yet accepted in hard training camps, and physiological analysis of swimming and training methods for competition were vague, in fact almost nonexistent.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Handverlaufsmuster qualifizierter Delphinschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036875</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036875</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <author>Adrian, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the investigation was to identify the three-dimensional underwater motion of the hand with respect to still water during the performance of the butterfly stroke, with and without the kick, and to relate this hand motion to the horizontal motion of the swimmer's body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Modell für die Kräfte der oberen Extremitäten in des Unterwasserphase des Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036876</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036876</guid>
      <author>Jensen, R. K.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jensen, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The research of Ringer and Adrian (1969) showed that elbow flexion and extension occur during the underwater phase of front crawl swimming. The thrust from the upper extremity action was estimated by Seireg and Baz (1971}, but their model did not allow for the relative motion of the segments of the upper extremity. Gallenstein and Huston (1973) used Hanavan's human body model (1964) to analyze a number of swimming actions, but did not investigate the upper extremity movements for the front crawl stroke. The purpose of the present study was to develop equations of motion for a model of the upper extremity during the underwater phase of front crawl swimming and to use these equations to demonstrate the effect of elbow flexion and extension on the forces acting on the upper extremity segments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Unterteilung der Schwimmbewegungen in Phasen, basierend auf kinematischen Parametern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036877</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036877</guid>
      <author>Wiegand, K.</author>
      <author>Wuensch, D.</author>
      <author>Jaehnig, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wiegand, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wuensch, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jaehnig, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Physical educators, coaches, and athletes should have objective criteria for the determination of the development of swimming strokes, i.e.,  hose factors and basic parameters that establish the structural fundamentals of top class performances. One of the main prerequisites for accomplishing this is, among others, the quantitative assessment of swimming strokes to make them comparable with each other. It will be possible to determine the essentials of swimming strokes only by analyzing them quantitatively. Such an approach will lead to an understanding of the laws of swimming techniques including their hydromechanical aspects. The authors believe that the distribution of swimming strokes into phases based upon objective criteria is of major importance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effizienz beim Brust- und Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036878</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036878</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In most studies of efficiency of man during swimming (Karpovich and Pestrecov, 1939; Adrian et al., 1966; Klissouras, 1968; Holmer, 1972) the calculation of the propulsive forces is based on drag measurements of the body in an outstretched, passive, prone or supine position. Drag during swirnrrJng is presumably higher than drag during passive towing of the body mainly because of the movement of head, trunk, and limbs within the stroke cycle. Kent and Atha (1971) reported significantly higher drag values in selected transient body positions in the breaststroke than in the prone glide positions, and di Prampero et al. (1974) applied a new method to determine the actual drag experienced by man during swimming and found it was about twice as high as that of the passively towed swimmer. The data of di Prampero and his associates {1974) will probably produce a reasonably accurate measure of propulsion efficiency, while others should be considered underestimations. In the present study, the method described by di Prampero et al. (1974) was applied and data were collected on drag during breaststroke and freestyle swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Sauerstoffaufnahmerate beim Schwimmen und Radfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036879</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036879</guid>
      <author>Secher, N. H.</author>
      <author>Oddershede, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Secher, N. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oddershede, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The biomechanics of humans while swimming is unique in one aspect. Most locomotory performances, e.g., walking, running or bicycling, are established by means ofleg movements; however, the arms are the most important factor in front crawl swimming. This fact was reported by Magel (1970) and is also demonstrated in this study. The dominance of arm performance in front crawl swimming has profound consequences for the physiology of swimming and the evaluation of physiological parameters of swimmers (Secher et al., 1974). The present investigation was carried out in order to determine the influence of arm fitness on maximal oxygen uptake during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Brustschwimmtechnik unter verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitsbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036880</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036880</guid>
      <author>Bober, T.</author>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bober, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Training in different sport events has the realization of a definite set of aims. Generally, these purposes can be divided into tasks for developing skill, technique, or tactics. However, these elements are interdependent and each task, although it has a specific purpose, will indirectly influence the other aspects of the competitor's preparation. This is caused by the motoric nature of man, who realizes the aims of his activity by using a definite movement form which is consistent with his physical skill. Similarly, in swimming, training programs contain various degrees of emphasis upon skill, speed, strength, and endurance. It is known that swimming under different speed conditions causes changes in movement frequency (East, 1970). However, it can be expected that changes also occur in the technique of movement, especially in rhythm of the swimming cycle. In this study an attempt was made to characterize the interdependence of the breaststroke technique and the speed of swimming. It is hoped that the awareness of the side effects of the exercises utilized by coaches may improve the effectiveness of the teaching and coaching process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Beinschlags und des Armzugs auf die Gesamtgeschwindigkeit beim Kraul-Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036881</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036881</guid>
      <author>Bucher, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Not all instructors in swimming have the same opinion about the importance of the leg kick in the crawl stroke. Some believe that the leg kick is very important for propulsive power; others think that it is only needed for stabilization of the body. Furthermore, opinions vary about the number of leg kicks required per arm stroke. This problem has been the subject of many investigations in which a variety of methods have been used. Counsilman (1968) used a towing apparatus to measure the actual influence of the leg kick. Swimmers performed the leg kick while being towed through the water at various speeds. Thus the forward push or the braking effect could be measured. The results showed that in general the leg kick supports the forward push at speeds of less than 1.5 m per sec. At speeds above 1.5 m per sec the leg kick did not increase the towing speed, but on the contrary produced a retarding effect. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the leg kick and arm stroke on the speed of crawl stroke swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Verwendung der Lichtspurfotografie in der Schwimmlehre</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036882</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036882</guid>
      <author>Hoecke, G.</author>
      <author>Gruendler, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hoecke, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gruendler, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the past few years considerable effort has gone into the study of the learning process, including physical activities found in physical education. The aim of these efforts has been to reduce the time oflearning and enhance the development of skilled movements. As a result new knowledge has been obtained concerning the phases of the learning process and the most effective organization of physical education lessons. Providing information to the student is an important aspect of learning. Consequently, it is important to know what is the most effective type, time, and intensity of information to be given to students in various stages of the learning process. Only some preliminary information concerning this process can be provided at the present time. In the initial phases of learning, visual information is of particular importance (Meinel, 1960) in developing and refining motor concepts. This knowledge, confirmed by research in different types of sports (Leirich, 1973), is also of great importance for training in swimming. Besides the traditional application of visual information such as the demonstration by the teacher or other pupils of exercises to be learned and the use of films or pictures, the investigators sought to find other methods for recording significant parameters of the motor process and for using them as an aid in the teaching and coaching of swimming. This study was based on the following assumptions: a) In the initial phases of motor learning, information on the special aspects of movement is particularly important. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to obtain a demonstration of the motor process in which the curves of selected body points are indicated. b) It is appropriate for explanations and corrections to have, in addition to pictures of the motor process to be learned, records of the skill level reached on which concrete and clear suggestions for correction can be based.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Armbewegung beim Kraul-Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036883</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036883</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is generally agreed that the arms provide 70 to 85% of the total thrust in the crawl stroke (Faulkner, 1966; Armbruster, Alien, and Billingsley, 1973). Water resistance is proportional to the square of the velocity according to fluid mechanics. Therefore, the movement velocity of the hand in the water is an important factor in swimming fast. Since the hands are moved alternately in the crawl stroke, the stroke time is related to the movement velocity of the hand. This study consisted of three experiments. The first concerned the stroke time in the crawl in relation to age and performance (experiment 1). Stroke time is maintained by contraction of the arm and shoulder muscles. little data have been published on the strength of swimmers, and a definitive study on the strength requirements of swimming has not been made (Faulkner, 1966). The second experiment involved the relation between ann-pull strength and speed of swimming with arms alone (experiment 2). Thirdly, the oxygen requirement for swimming 25 m with arms alone was determined for four swimmers with different levels of muscular strength and swimming technique (experiment 3).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse des Armvortriebs beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036884</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036884</guid>
      <author>Rackham, G. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rackham, G. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Observation of the current methods of arm propulsion in the front crawl, back crawl, and butterfly strokes shows quite clearly a factor common to all strokes; ie., during the pulling phase, the hand deviates from a straight line track (when viewed from above).
The purpose of this investigation was to observe this arm pull deviation from a straight line and to decide a) why it occurs, b) whether or not any advantage is obtained from its use, c) if it is advantageous, what mechanical principles are involved, and d) what influences if any could it have on training methods?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz von EMG zur Untersuchung von Schwimmern mit Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036885</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036885</guid>
      <author>Maes, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Brouwer, P. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maes, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brouwer, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the literature many authors recommend the use of a specific swimming technique for supporting and/or strengthening certain muscles or muscle groups. Very few of these recommendations are based on scientific experiences. Lorenzen (1970) mentioned the strengthening of the extensors of the back during the backcrawl. Vis (1971) indicated the breaststroke was the most effective way to develop the back musculature. According to Duffield (1969) the extensors are generally used in back and front crawl. The flexors are utilized in breaststroke and butterfly. Experimental investigations on the function of muscles during swimming are limited. Ikai et al (1964) compared the electromyogram (EMG) of an Olympic champion with a University champion in breaststroke, front, and back crawl. Lewillie (1968, 1971, 1973) studied the triceps brachii, the biceps brachii, and the quadriceps femoris at different speeds using the four competitive strokes. Clarys et al. (1973) investigated the biceps brachii, the brachia radialis, the flexor carpi ulnaris, and the triceps brachii in subjects executing the front crawl stroke in competition and in water polo. In this study the electrical potentials (EMG) of five preselected muscles were studied during three swimming techniques: a) breaststroke, b) back crawl, and c) front crawl. The results were related to the "normal" and the disabled swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechanisches Modell der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036886</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036886</guid>
      <author>Francis, P. R.</author>
      <author>Dean, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Francis, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dean, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study is an attempt to develop a mathematical model involving those factors that govern maximal performance levels in freestyle swimming. Levels of athletic performance are determined by the interaction of three factors that govern all functions of the human organism. These factors may be classified as the mechanical, the physiological, and the psychological. It is logical to assume that any complete investigation of athletic performance must account for the effects of all three of these factors. At the present time relatively sophisticated tools are available for the measurement of mechanical and physiological variables in the swimmer, but instruments designed to evaluate appropriate psychological variables are of questionable validity. Therefore, the present first approximation model incorporates both mechanical and physiological variables, while no attempt has been made to examine the influence of psychological factors. In an attempt to control the psychological variables, however, the present model was validated using world recora performances for men and women swimmers. It was assumed that world record performances would be indicative of near maximal levels of motivation for the performers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezieller Schwimmunterricht für Mehrfachbehinderte</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036887</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036887</guid>
      <author>Vis, W. P. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Usbekistan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vis, W. P. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The human being can be looked upon as a moving object in space who finds himself between and in relation to the other objects and the environment. This can be called a fundamental aspect of human existence. In this context the swimming instruction must be considered a part of movement education and must be looked at in relation to the pedagogical and agogical perspective. This implies that we regard our pupils as persons who are disturbed or retarded in their total development and who need our special help in order to grow up a.Tld achieve optimal human functioning. This assistance that is directed toward the individual pupil may be referred to as education. If this educational assistance has as its starting point the moving person, we refer to it as movement education. Through conscious influence of the movement behavior of the student, movement education provides an important contribution to total education. This form of education is fundamentally important, since human movement means contact with the environment and confrontations and actions with persons and objects. These moving, manipulating, exploring actions give the pupil an experience and a notion of the qualities a.nd properties of persons and objects: balls are round things with which you can roll, very near and far away, that's only  matter of distance one has to cover; high and low is a matter of climbing and falling; light and heavy is a matter of lifting up and carrying away; etc. Moreover, while moving, a pupil experiences and unfolds his ovm possibilities, and we hope he'll come to enjoy them; while doing he comes to a notion of himself as somebody who is able or unable to do particular things. This forms among others a base for the achievement of self-consciousness. All this means development, characterized by progress, unfolding, differentiation and integration, in which "moving" plays an essential part. Generally the mentally retarded can only develop himself through actual moving among objects and persons; he can't argue or discuss things. He gets to know his world by dealing with it actively, by moving; movement is-certainly for mental retardates a necessity for development. Herewith, we have given the motive for an essential aspect of the total education with regard to individuals who are characterized as developmentally disturbed pupils.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Widerstand des Körpers auf und unter der Wasseroberfläche</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036888</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036888</guid>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine ihe body resistance on the water surface and 60 cm under the water surface for a group of male subjects. It was assumed that under the water there is less resistance than on the surface (Schramm, 1958-1959) because the resistance of the waves is eliminated. The total resistance is the sum of the wave resistance, frictional resistance, and eddy resistance (Karpovich, 1933). The results of this study, therefore, might make it possible to distinguish the different resistance components (Clarys et al., 1973). One must realize that resistance data obtained by towing bodies through the water are not the same as results from measurements of swimming as Alley (1952) found and as we have found in previous studies. But the results from towed bodies were required in order to-provide complete data and to make comparisons with actual swimming. Comparisons were also made
with the earlier data reported by Schramm (1958-1959).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetik des Schwimmens beim Menschen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036889</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036889</guid>
      <author>Rennie, D. W.</author>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <author>Di Prampero, P. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rennie, D. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prampero, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[An analysis of swimming that quantitatively interrelates external mechanical power, over-all mechanical efficiency, total energy input, and the average velocity of progression has been hampered in the past by the absence of data on the over-all resistive forces (i.e., form drag plus skin friction plus wave resistance) the swimmer must overcome during actual swimming. We shall refer to these resistive forces collectively as "body drag," Db. With a knowledge of Db, a quantitative analysis of swimming can be made to evaluate individual differences in performance and predict the energy cost of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamtwiderstand von ausgewählten Körperhaltungen bei der Freistilkraulbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036890</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036890</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effects of selected body positions on water resistance have been studied in previous experiments, using a series of existing standardized relationships from ship building model research (Clarys et al., 1974). Form is an important factor influencing resistance, but body position changes must also be considered as factors that increase or decrease resistance. Karpovich (1933) and Schramm (I 958-1959) reported that the supine streamlined position offered more resistance than a prone position. Hairabedian (1964), Schramm (1958-1959), Clarys et al. (1973), and De Goede et al. (1971) showed that resistance increased considerably when lifting the head out of the water from a streamlined prone glide.  Total resistance also increases as the angle of inclination of the body to the water surface increases, especially at low velocities (Karpovich, 1933; Alley, 1952; Clarys et al., 1974). Ln their research, Kent and Atha (1971) showed that greater resistance is created in four transient breaststroke body positions than in the glide position. Finally, Counsilman (1955), who examined the total drag of prone and side positions, stated that "less resistance is created in the prone than in the side position because the flow of the water against his feet tended to lift them and to streamline the body to a greater extent. The waterflow when the subject was being towed on his side did not elevate his feet as much, and consequently, the body was not as streamlined." In all these studies a significant increase of total resistance was reported for all body positions (orientations) when compared with the glide or prone position. All experiments were carried out using a towing device consisting of an electromotor, a pulley system, a tow line, dynamometer (spring scale and strain gauges), and transducer systems with kymograph or galvanometer recordings. This study examined experimentally the total resistance (or drag) associated with two selected front crawl body positions at five different velocities. The validity of the results obtained during towing has been shown to be a function of the resistance as described in previous studies. This study also sought to establish resistance values at selected speeds for the side position. Comparison is also made with data reported by Counsilman (1955).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich von vier Starttechniken im Schwimmwettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036891</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036891</guid>
      <author>Ayalon, A.</author>
      <author>van Gheluwe, B.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ayalon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Gheluwe, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare four styles of swimming racing starts: 1) the conventional style (straight backswing), 2) the grab start, 3) the bunch start, and 4) the track start. The track start was similar to the bunch start except that in the track start support for the back leg was provided while the hands were on the block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von "Schneebesen"- und Brust-Beinschlag-Bewegung im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036892</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036892</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinematografie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Fundamentally, the game of waterpolo is played above the surface of the water, therefore dictating that a player keep his head above water and have both arms available for playing the ball whenever possible. Consequently, a large demand is placed on the legs for stability and locomotion (Beatty, 1973). Experienced poloists are able to propel themselves upward so that their entire torsos, from the waist up, are out of the water (Hines, 1967). Balance and body control are essential to correct throwing, and it is necessary that beginners learn how to. tread water to ensure this balance and control (Barr, 1964). For the most part t.his is accomplished by employing the egg beater kick and to a certain extent a modified breaststroke kick. The former is basically a frog kick as used in the breaststroke with the exception that the legs move alternately instead of moving symmetrically together. The latter differs from the normal kick because the legs must not come together during the propulsive phase. The egg beater kick as shown in Figure 1 has been described in different textbooks on water polo (e.g., Barr, 1964; Hines, 1967; Lambert-Gaughran, 1969) and has been biomechanically analyzed by Beatty {1973). This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of the egg beater kick in comparison with the breaststroke kick using a device that employed pressure transducers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechanischer Vergleich von Greif- und konventionellen Sprintstart im leistungssportlichen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036893</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036893</guid>
      <author>Bowers, J. E.</author>
      <author>Cavanagh, P. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bowers, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cavanagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this investigation to determine through the use of cinematographic techniques whether differences existed between the grab and conventional (circular armswing) sprint starts as used by female competitive swimmers with respect to selected velocities, angles, and temporal components. Specifically the factors investigated included: 1) the velocity of the body center of gravity at take-off; 2) the velocity of the body center of gravity at entry; 3) the angle of projection at take-off; 4) the angle of entry with respect to the water level; 5) the position of the trunk with respect to the horizontal at the point of entry; 6) the take-off time; 7) the flight time; 8) the time to a distance of 10 yards from the starting end of the pool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein theoriebasierter Ansatz zur Schwimmlehre</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036894</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036894</guid>
      <author>Smith, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Usbekistan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In earlier research many workers have examined differential effects of one or two factors and provided bases for improving instruction in important ways. This article deals with an effort to organize and then apply simultaneously a large number of current relevant concepts from biomechanics, motor learning, psychology, and studies of teaching style, to the task of teaching nonswimmers. This approach, in contrast to most earlier efforts, is concerned as much with the social-psychological dimensions ofleaming environments as with matters of the nature and sequence of tasks set for learners. The major aspects of the study (Smith, 1974) on which this article is based included: a) a review of relevant literature from which a multidisciplinary theoretical rationale was developed; b) the expression of the important concepts from the rationale in a series of 16 "critical characteristics" that became guidelines for developing detailed curriculum materials; c) videotaping classes of nonswimmer children, 7 to 10 years old, taught by the investigator. The tapes were analyzed both by observation and by use of a modification of a widely used system of verbal interaction analysis, Hough's OSIA (Amidon and Hough, 1967), for evidence of the presence of the 16 critical characteristics in the experimental classes; and d) training four neophyte instructors and then analyzing videotapes of classes taught by those individuals. The present article is limited to a discussion of the critical characteristics extracted from the theoretical rationale. The original16 have been reduced to nine characteristics which will be stated and briefly discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intrazyklus-Kinematik und Körper-Konfigurationsänderungen beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036895</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036895</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Developing high quality competitive performance in swimming, as in any other skilled activity, requires more than intensive and intelligently directed practice: it requires information. At best this information will include details of the way in which the many different movements of the swimmer produce changes in his swimming speed. In this investigation an attempt was made to provide a detailed description of the intracycle kinematics of one top class breaststroke swimmer and to associate these with the body configuration changes which accompanies them.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertung ausgewählter Transportmethoden im Rettungsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036896</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036896</guid>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <author>Mclntyre, D. R.</author>
      <author>Wilson, N. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mclntyre, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, N. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to: a) compare the four carrying methods recommended by the American Red Cross in terms of speed, energy cost, and efficiency; b) compare the four methods in terms of selected kinematic characteristics of the motions involved; and c) attempt to relate observed differences between methods in speed, energy cost, and efficiency to observed differences in their kinematic characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion der Atemwege auf Druckänderungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036897</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036897</guid>
      <author>Alexandrov, J.</author>
      <author>Petrov, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Luft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alexandrov, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrov, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the aquatic environment, there is an increased pressure on the respiratory system of the swimmer. This resistance makes breathing during competition more difficult because of an increase in the requirements of ventilation. The work capacity of the respiratory system during competitive swimming depends on the physical capabilities of this system. The purpose of this study was to fmd a method for estimating the capabilities of the respiratory system for resisting water pressure during breathing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Instrumentierung und Methoden für komplexe Untersuchungen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036898</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036898</guid>
      <author>Boicev, K.</author>
      <author>Tzvetkov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boicev, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tzvetkov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Methodology of scientific research in the field of physical. culture and especially in sports is relatively underdeveloped. This is understandable since it is a very young area. Consequently, it is necessary to improve it, particularly regarding the study of specific movements and training programs of competitors. It is also important to study the competitors' physical charac· teristics so they can be classified and graded relative to their performance. The practice of conducting pure laboratory experiments has to be gradually directed to investigations of sportsmen in the practical setting. In testing the athlete's condition before and after training, it is necessary to determine the reaction and the effectiveness of the applied work during his performance. To evaluate his condition, the single method of analysis commonly used must be replaced by more complex techniques. All this is in connection with the urgent need for gaining greater knowledge about the requirements of different disciplines, developing greater perfection in the specific utilization of the methods, and ensuring higher effectiveness and rationale for training. In short, this leads to a more complete understanding of the entire sport activity and makes possible greater efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Form des großen Brustmuskels bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036899</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036899</guid>
      <author>Maas, G. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anatomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maas, G. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the course of anthropometric research on top sportsmen in different sports (Maas, 1974), it struck me that in nearly all crawl, butterfly, and dolphin swimmers the major pectoral muscle has a typical shape, which is characterized by the relatively great distance between the clavicle and the caudal-costal origin. The muscles show an orientation which is more longitudinal than in "normal" cases. As far as I am able to ascertain, the caudal origin is on the fifth rib and its cartilage and occasionally on the sixth rib (see Figure 1).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine hydrokinetische Vorrichtung zur Untersuchung und Verbesserung der Beinbewegungen im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036900</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036900</guid>
      <author>Belokovsky, V.</author>
      <author>Ivanchenko, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Belokovsky, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ivanchenko, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is well known that powerful movements of the legs counteracted by the least hydrodynamic resistance during the preparatory phases play a decisive role in the creation of the propulsive force of a breaststroke swimmer. In practice coaches advise swimmers to master various leg movement patterns which differ in the degree of flexion in both hip and knee joints. Most of the recommendations in this respect are based on the analysis of motion pictures of top level swimmers and results of electronic recordings of the selected parameters. These analyses only reflect amplitudes of the movements within the breaststroke cycle. But the main question as to how the power potential of muscles utilized in the leg kick can be used most efficiently remains unanswered.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamische Messtechniken von Schwimmkörpern in der niederländischen Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036901</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036901</guid>
      <author>van Manen, J. D.</author>
      <author>Rijken, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Manen, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rijken, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human swimming can be studied by observations or measurements. A swimming pool is a poor facility for making adequate observations since the time needed by a swimmer to pass an underwater window is too short. Making measurements is even more difficult since this can be done only by a wireless transmitting system (telemetry). The Netherlands Ship Model Basin (NSMB) is equipped with several large concrete basins for experimental studies on ship models. The basins are provided with carriages running over their full lengths at controllable speeds. The carriages comprise extensive instrumentation and recording facilities, including underwater television. Since 1968 one of these basins, the so-called high speed basin, has been used for a number of experimental studies on swimming. The basin has a length of 220 m, a width of 4 m, and a water depth of 4 m. The towing carriage can attain speeds up to 12 m per sec. The swimming studies are based on measurements and observations, which are continued for as long as necessa..ry for an adequate observation of the swimmer. The measurements and recordings of forces and other mechanical quantities are analyzed by NSMB and the results discussed with the  wimming coaches. The observations, made by underwater television, provide additional information to the coaches. This article presents the test techniques used and gives some of the results and conclusions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lungenvolumen und Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036902</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036902</guid>
      <author>Ghesquiere, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ghesquiere, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Four years ago the author noted that few people of African origin excel in water sports, swimming in particular. Although the primary reason for this is probably in social differences and attitudes, hence, motivation; the problem of buoyancy may also affect the Africans' performance in swimming, especially over long distances. This factor may also play a critical role in learning to swim, and in water safety. In a theoretical discussion, the author pointed out that, as a rule, the buoyancy of the African was less than that of people of European or Asian origin-not taking into account the interindividual differences within the group. Buoyancy will be affected by three principal factors: a) the ratio of fat to fat-free body-mass; b) the ratio of volume to weight or density; and c) the relative volume of the lungs (residual volume as well as total lung volume). The two first factors have been discussed in detail in a paper presented at the First Symposium of Biomechanics in Swimming (1971). The author is not aware of any study comparing the relative density of Negro to white, as could be measured by underwater weighing techniques. (Fat percentage, assessed by anthropometric methods; skinfold thickness, for example, rarely exceeds 10 to 11 percent of total body weight, among the people in Zaire). However, the reader's attention should be directed to the relative size of lung volumes and their influence upon swimming performance. Differences in Negro-white lung volumes are by no means a new discovery. Shortly after the invention of a practical spirometer by Hutchinson in 1846, these differences were reported by Gould in 1869, who found smaller vital capacity among Negroes as compared to whites by as much as 11 percent (height taken into account) in his famous study on Civil War soldiers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Restreflexmuster als Basis für die Diagnose von Fehlern beim Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036903</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036903</guid>
      <author>Swartz, D.</author>
      <author>Allen, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reflex</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Swartz, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Why is the backstroker turning his head from side to side? Why isn't the freestyler crossing the midline of his body in the pull-through? Why does the breaststroker have difficulty with the position of his head? Why do some butterflyers have more flexion in one elbow while the other forearm is extended? Some of these common stroke faults may have a residual reflex base. These residual reflexes can interfere with stroke mechanics. Once observed and diagnosed, these reflexes can be integrated so that the fault in the stroke is removed. Activities designed to integrate the reflexes can be part of the swim program itself. An understanding of reflex development is important to the success of such a program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Analyse von Techniken, die von Schwimmern bei den Paralympischen Spielen verwendet wurden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036904</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036904</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Surmont, E.</author>
      <author>Wouters, L.</author>
      <author>de Maeyer, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Surmont, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wouters, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Maeyer, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We have not proposed a new system, but we do attempt to show that the present system is unsatisfactory. It can be quite frustrating to the competitors. While it is generally believed that the classification should be made on a functional basis, we propose that it also be made in an aquatic medium. This is necessary in order to compare timed performances in the water. Such a classification might even be specific for each swimming stroke. We consider it of primary importance to identifY some basic general principles rather than be involved in obtaining exact measurements. A videotape recorder has been used to evaluate the hydrodynamic principles applied by paralyzed swimmers. Our study (Surmont, 1974) of able-bodied swimmers on the world class level was the basis for our observational scheme and the grouping of results in this study. All of the swimmers of our test group were participants of the XXI Weltspiele der Geliihmten-Heidelberg, 1972. These Para-Olympic Games took place at the Institut frir Sport und Sportwissenschaft Universitat Heidelberg.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperbau und Somatotyp olympischer Schwimmer, Wasserspringer und Wasserballer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036905</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036905</guid>
      <author>Hebbelinck, M.</author>
      <author>Carter, L.</author>
      <author>de Garay, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 1968</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hebbelinck, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Garay, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletic ability represents an expression of psychological and biological variation of human physical activity in a quantified way within the structure of the governing rules of sport. As postulated in a previous paper presented at the Fourth International Seminar on Biomechanics {1974), body form and function are intimately related and do play an important role in achieving top class performance. For every Olympiad, samples of the best athletes from many countries are selected for competition in various sports. There is no doubt that athletes who compete in Olympic Games are endowed with aptitudes which permit them to attain an extremely high level of achievement in their special sport. Hence, a sample group of athletes participating in Olympic Games is particularly favorable for making a comparison of certain characteristics of body build and body form. It is the purpose of this article to present a description and an analysis of anthropometric data and of the somatotypes of male and female Olympic swimmers and divers, as well as of male water polo players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Präsentation eines Geräts für das Erstellen von Bewegungsbildern, Television und Scanshots der Bewegung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036836</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036836</guid>
      <author>dal Monte, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>dal Monte, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The precise survey of underwater movements which undoubtedly represents the most important factor as regards propulsion, is one of the major difficulties in the analysis of the movements of swimming. In the biomechanical research which is founded on the use of cinematography, at standards as well as at high speed, television and photography, perhaps the most difficult problem is that of filming the movement at exactly the same speed with which the swimmer moves in the water. In order to solve this problem, we are presenting an apparatus developed in order to provide researchers with a movable platform which proceeds at the same speed as the swimmer and allows photographic recording of the swimmer, always maintaining the same shooting angle and therefore the most accurate analysis of the underwater movements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Kraft-Zeit-Analyse des Kraularmzugs beim Schwimmen am Gummiseil</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036837</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036837</guid>
      <author>Goldfuss, A. J.</author>
      <author>Nelson, R. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goldfuss, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nelson, R. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Since swimming is an activity in which distance is covered in the pool, it has not been technically feasible to film nor to attach various measuring devices to the swiwmer over the total course of his performance. In an attempt to alleviate this problem, research has been directed toward studies of tethered swiwming ; a method of performance in which the swimmer was attached to a stationary object or force~~easuring device by means of a cable or pulley system, causing him to swim in place, at zero velocity. Since tethered swimming offers a favorable situation for measurement, it is possible to employ instrumentation that would measure several components of movement simultaneously. The present investigation was an initial attempt to combine forcemeasuring apparatus with cinematography to measure force and temporal aspects of the crawl arm stroke. The temporal analysis included measurement of the time taken to execute selected phases of the arm stroke above and below the water, and the changes in time that occurred during each of these phases over a two-minute, all-out, tethered swim. The force analysis included the measure of maximum force and the determination of its occurrence
in the stroke cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Variabilität des Delphinbeinschlags unter vier Bedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036838</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036838</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <author>Adrian, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this investigation to identify differences and similarities in selected joint movements of dolphin kick patterns under
four conditions. A secondary purpose was to identify the degree to which selected muscles functioned during each condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewählte zeitweilige kritische Körperpositionen im Brustschwimmen und ihr Einfluss auf den Wasserwiderstand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036839</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036839</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The reduction of water resistance is of vital importance to swimmers. It has been studied in relation to : - body cross-sectional area, (Amar 1920) ; skin and costume texture, (Karpovich 1933) ; body surface area, (Karpovich 1933} ; body orientation and angle, (Karpovich 1933, Counsilman 1955) ; position of body parts, (Hairabedian 1964) and limited body movements (Counsilman 1955). Broadly speaking resistance is the result of wavemaking, eddy formation and skin friction, (Froude 1874 ; Lanchester 1908).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der ventilatorischen und kardialen Aktivitäten durch autonomes Speichern beim Schwimmen und Tauchen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036840</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036840</guid>
      <author>Delhez, L.</author>
      <author>Pirnay, F.</author>
      <author>Deroanne, R.</author>
      <author>Petit, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Delhez, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pirnay, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deroanne, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petit, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Global electromyography of the diaphragm, in its laboratory applications, contributes considerably to the analysis of respiratory movements; at the same time, it permits the counting of the heart rate (24,7). The indications for electromyography become of prime importance when classical methods of mechanics of breathing or electrocardiography are inapplicable or present difficulties, which is the case in numerous sport activities. It then becomes necessary to resort to telemetry or autonow~us memorizing. Miniaturized portable (3,20,22) orimplanted (15,17) transmitters hinder in no way subjects examined by telemetry. Depending upon the equipment, however, the latter loses its effectiveness beyond a variable radius of action of a few meters to a few hundred meters (23). Besides, it is inapplicable for use in underwater diving. A large freedom of movement and displacement is actually obtained thanks to a long playing tape in the portable equipment which is directly connected to the derivating electrodes. Considering the lightness and the slight bulkiness of the equipment worn by the subject, we refer to autonomous memorizing (4-8).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitativer Vergleich des EMG des Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036841</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036841</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The importance of an exact knowledge of the modalities of adaptation of the muscular activity is more important in swimming than in any other physical activity. The problems posed by the water element, the poor efficiency of man who does not obtain 10% of his performance on the dry {1), made that all proposed modifications have to be based more than ever on measurable values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Drehimpuls und die Popularität des Kraulschwimmens mit 6er-Beinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036842</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036842</guid>
      <author>Eaves, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eaves, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The crawl stroke consists of a sequence of alterating pulling strokes with the arms in turn accompanied by a fluttering motion of the legs and feet. Twice the total number of complete cycles of the leg movements is called the number of beats of the crawl. Although at first sight any number of beats, integral or otherwise, is possible, in practice one finds that the six-beat crawl far outstrips all others in popularity. In order to account for tnis, I refer first to the mechanics of the situation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik im Schwimmen und ihr Zusammenhang zu Fitness und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036843</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036843</guid>
      <author>Cureton, T. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cureton, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The generalized law for the human body moving through still water may be approximated by the following formula F- R =M V, where 
F =Propelling Force from Arms and Legs 
R = Resistance of the Water to the Body Moving Through it 
M = t4ass of the Body ~loved, W/g 
a = Average Acceleration.
It is also true that when F = 0, then R equals 0. When the motion is considered as smooth motion, then the equation becomes, F- R =M v, where V is average velocity in forward motion. The equations have been validated by dragging a canoe through the water (8), measuring W/g for the canoe, the velocity changes with Karpovich's natograph, and also measuring the resistance at various velocities with Karpovich's resistograph, then computing force F. The F was then measured by the resistograph converted to a dynamograph to obtain a reasonably close check, by formula F- R =M v. Force and velocity vary, of course with different strokes, different sized and shaped bodies, the extent to which the body floats, and the position it takes while being propelled through the water. This means that no absolutely exact formula is possible for the complicated movements of the crawl, back crawl, breast or Dolphin strokes --but there are methods which throw considerable 1 ight on the mechanics of these strokes, which will be developed in this paper, but not an exact treatment of bow friction, eddy currents, stern wake drag and skin frictions. The body will be treated as a whole, then separately the legs and the arms, and the body only gliding without use of arms or legs. Since 1930 a certain amount of evidence has been accumulated which will be reviewed in this paper. The various studies by various authors wi11 be briefly summarized in this paper.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse von Schwimmgeschwindigkeits-Fluktuationen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036844</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036844</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the crawl stroke, the body is propelled through the water by the pulling motion of the arms and the kicking motion of the legs. Until now, the propelling forces have been recorded during tethered swimming by several researchers. Those experimental results show periodical variation in the propulsive force during swimming the crawl stroke. This variation in the force must result in either acceleration or deceleration of the swimmer. The present study is intended to analyze the swimming speed within a single cycle of the crawl stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weltrekorde im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036846</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036846</guid>
      <author>Jokl, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jokl, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Figure 1 shows the development of the world record in 400 M free style swimming since the beginning of the century, for men and women. Similarly continuous performance improvements have occurred in all sports. During the past hundred years or so, we have been living in an expanding athletic universe. Nevertheless, the performance growth in swimming is characterized by several features : there is the unique closeness of the best performances of women to those of men ; and the conspicuous steep climb of the women's world record curves during the past decade. The best girl swimmers today are as good as were the world record holders in men's events in the 50's. Velocity in swimming races over longer distances do not decline at the same rate as it does in running (Figure 2). Altogether swimming is in an earlier "evolutionary" phase than track and field in which the asymptotic or "flattening-out" portion of world record growth curves are about to be reached --e.g. in the 110 M hurdles, the 5,000 and the 10,000 M, the high jump, the long jump, and the shot put. In fact most performance improvements in track and field events at present are due less to physiological than to technological factors, e.g. the introduction of the tartan track, the fiberglass pole, and foam rubber landing cushions. Comparable innovations are of course in evidence also in swimming, but here they do not play a comparable role. The very fact that the majority of mankind cannot swim, at least not swim for more than a minute or two, speaks for itself. Nevertheless, as recently as in 1960, the Olympic Games· competitions were held in an open air pool. The completion of the magnificent indoor swimming stadium for the 1964 Games in Tokyo represented a milestone in the development of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Elektrogoniografie bei der Evaluierung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036847</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036847</guid>
      <author>Filcak, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filcak, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We should like to inform you about the direction the research activity at our faculty has taken, which has the objective of analysis of swimming technique by electrogoniographic method. We are of the opinion, that at present the traditional methods of movement study are in such stage of development, that link-up of various methods in future is to be expected in order to attain more objective data for evaluation the structure of movement. For the time being we work on improvement of a method, which appears to be the most objective in evaluation of the extent and speed of movement in swimmer's joints.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein mathematisches Modell für die Schwimm-Biomechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036848</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036848</guid>
      <author>Seireg, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seireg, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper presents a simplified mathematical model for analysis of swimming mechanics. The effect of the motions of upper and lower extremities on the swimming speed is discussed. The model is based on results from experimental data obtained by the authors from simulated tests. The model illustrates the influence of the main parameters affecting swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung des Bernoulli-Prinzips auf die menschliche Fortbewegung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 11:47:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036849</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036849</guid>
      <author>Counsilman, J. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is generally assumed that the propulsive force created by the swimmer's hand is a drag force. This paper examines the role played by hydrodynamic lift in propelling the swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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