<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 1201 - 1250 results of 1434</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=25&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1434</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>1200</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=24&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=26&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=29&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=25&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Adaptationen an Intervalltraining bei üblichen Intensitäten und unterschiedlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037050</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037050</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Franciosi, P.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Letner, C.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franciosi, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interval training sets are commonly used in competitive swimming  programmes. It is unclear, however, how different work:rest ratios used in interval training affect aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine which work:rest ratio (1:2 or 1:1/2) was more effective in improving 400 m specific race performance. Relative energy delivery (anaerobic vs aerobic) was also examined. Two groups of swimmers participated in five weeks of training with a major set of 10 x 100 freestyle at an intensity of 110% of V0 2 max: Group 1:2 at a work:rest ratio of 1:2, and Group 1:1/2 at a work:rest ratio of 1:1/2. Results indicate that, at the same intensity, a work:rest ratio of 1:2 is more specific to anaerobic work and a work:rest ratio of 1:1/2 is more conducive to aerobic development. Because swimming performance is dependent on optimal anaerobic and aerobic energy delivery, it is recommended that both modes of training be utilized.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Adaptationen an Schwimmtraining bei untrainierten Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037051</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037051</guid>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L. J.</author>
      <author>Dursthoff, P.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Letner, C.</author>
      <author>Badger, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dursthoff, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Badger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effects of a 13 week swim training period were studied in untrained high school females (n = 11, 16.1 ± 1.3 years). Dramatic improvements in swimming performance, 91.44 and 182.88 m) occurred throughout the entire season (P < 0.05). These improvements were explained, in part, by enhanced aerobic power (P < 0.05) and an increase in maximal stroke frequency (P z 0.05). Indirect markers of muscle membrane damage, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) were found to be sensitive indicators of the training load. Furthermore, a drop in volume of training during the first two weeks of the three week taper (66%), and a 37% drop in frequency, while maintaining intensity (90-100% HR max) of training, did not decrease aerobic power and resulted in an enhancement of swimming performance. This is of importance to the coach and athlete who feel that reductions in the training load late in the season may lead to a detraining effect.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der aeroben Kraft und der Schwimm-Ökonomie als Ergebnis reduzierter Trainingsumfänge</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037052</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037052</guid>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L. J.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Langhans, G.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A. P.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Langhans, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation examined the metabolic changes for submaximal and maximal swim efforts during a period of reduced training volume(taper). Well trained high school swimmers were assigned to one of two groups: GPl (n = 7) and GP2 (n = 6) averaged 32 000 and 64 000 metres/week, respectively, for the month preceding the study. The GPl did not experience a reduction in training volume until wk3 and wk4, whereas GP2 decreased their volume on a weekly basis for four weeks. Subjects were tested pre- (P), mid- (M and post-study (PT). Both GPl and GP2 were able to maintain aerobic power (l 0 /min) (P < 0.05) and improve performance (100 m and 200 m) (P < o.osj despite an approximate 65% (wk2 vs wk4) and 90% (P-wk4) reduction in training volume, respectively. The aerobic demand (ml 02 /min/kg) for four submaximal efforts decreased (P < 0.05) following the respective tapers. Greatest shift in economy occurred between M and PT for GPl, P and M for GP2. In conclusion: (1) a taper regimen which reduced training volume and maintained previous intensity and frequency resulted in enhancement of performance, no deterioration of aerobic power and improved economy (2) the 2 wk taper was similar in effectiveness to the 4 wk taper.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indirekte Kalkulation der mechanischen und Vortriebswirksamkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037053</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037053</guid>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Franciosi, P. Q.</author>
      <author>Langhans, G. W.</author>
      <author>Troup, J.P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franciosi, P. Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Langhans, G. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J.P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims at perfecting and evaluating experimental equipment which responds to the bio-feedback principle. The equipment is composed of two systems which can be used separately or simultaneously by the swimmer. The first is composed of stroke information paddles allowing the swimmer to be informed about the hydrodynamic pressure in his hand during the stroke, whilst the second is composed of a swimmer's speed variation measuring device which transforms the data into auditory information. In order to evaluate the use of the bio-feedback in crawl, a study was performed using four groups of swimmers. Three groups were equipped with the informative equipment and the fourth was the control group (neutral equipment). The results obtained after 5 and 15 days demonstrated that a swimmer
informed on the speed variations parameter first and then simultaneously receiving the pressure and speed information, can significantly improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen zweier verschiedener Arten des Bio-Feedbacks auf die Leistung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037054</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037054</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Madani, M.</author>
      <author>Micallef, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madani, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micallef, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims at perfecting and evaluating experimental equipment which responds to the bio-feedback principle. The equipment is composed of two systems which can be used separately or simultaneously by the swimmer. The first is composed of stroke information paddles allowing the swimmer to be informed about the hydrodynamic pressure in his hand during the stroke, whilst the second is composed of a swimmer's speed variation measuring device which transforms the data into auditory information. In order to evaluate the use of the bio-feedback in crawl, a study was performed using four groups of swimmers. Three groups were equipped with the informative equipment and the fourth was the control group (neutral equipment). The results obtained after 5 and 15 days demonstrated that a swimmer informed on the speed variations parameter first and then simultaneously receiving the pressure and speed information, can significantly improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intensität und leistungsbezogene Unterschiede in Vortrieb und mechanischen Wirkungsgrad</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037055</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037055</guid>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to determine propelling (PE) and mechanical efficiency (ME) of freestyle swimming under two conditions: (i) at velocities having high aerobic or anaerobic demand and (ii) during swims specific to sprint, middle distance and distance competitors. The results suggest that PE decreases as the anaerobic energy sources increase. Mechanical efficiency does not seem to be affected by the predominant energy source used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wechselbeziehung zwischen hydrodynamischen Kräften und Schwimmgeschwindigkeit im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037056</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037056</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming the hydrodynamic forces of arms and legs in motion propel the swimmer resulting in a certain swimming speed. This paper examines whether the intracyclic velocity of a swimmer's body can be explained by a 3-dimensional kinematic analysis of the movements of the hands - based on the present knowledge in biomechanics of swimming. Calculating both the fluid forces of the hands in motion and the forces necessary to reach a certain swimming speed (thrust forces) respectively, the degree of coincidence of both forces can be checked. Ninety-nine pairs of forces, calculated for the propulsive part of the armstroke of eight breaststrokers, were compared statistically. The results reveal that 80% of all pairs of forces were statistically equal, indicating close covariation. Moreover, the comparison of the absolute values of the different force terms demonstrated that the fluid forces produced by the hands account for only about half of the entire thrust forces. This in turn requires the consideration of the fluid forces provided by the arms which account for the second half. It is concluded that the biomechanical approach chosen here, supplemented with some adjustments, might be a valuable method for diagnosis and prognosis of elite swimmers' technique and efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Aspekte des Schwimmens mit Paddles bei unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037057</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037057</guid>
      <author>Monteil, K. M.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteil, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The influence of speed on biomechanical parameters of swimming with paddles has rarely been studied. Seven skilled long and sprint distance swimmers were examined. Each subject performed 25 m front crawl swims with the same paddles (arena paddle- 264 cm 2 crosssectional area) at three different speeds. Electromyographic (EMG) parameters were recorded with a telemetric system for five muscles of the upper limb. Lateral subaquatic views were obtained simultaneously during all the tests. Results showed that there was a close relationship between the increase in speed and the decrease of the total time of the stroke. Electromyographic results indicated a nonlinear relationship between muscular activity and swimming speed. The greatest muscular activity was not obtained for the highest speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037058</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037058</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eine biomechanische Analyse des Schwimmens unter Einbeziehung der physiologischen Leistungs-Grundlagen führt automatisch zur Identifikation verschiedener leistungsbestimmender Faktoren.
Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit ist abhängig von Widerstand, Leistungs-Input, aerober/ anaerober Energiefreisetzung, Bruttoeffektivität, Vortriebseffektivität und Leistungsabgabe
Auf Grund der bisher vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse wird geschlußfolgert:

- Der Vortrieb wird bei Spitzenschwimmern gleichen technischen   Niveaus durch anthropometrische Faktoren beeinflusst.
- Die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit ist nur mittelmäßig bedeutsam,   da die meisten Wettkämpfe nicht lang genug sind, um diesem   Faktor eine wirklliche Bedeutung beimessen zu können.
- Die Bruttoeffektivität bei Schwimmern unterschiedlichen   Leistungsniveaus unterscheidet sich nicht.
- Die Vortriebseffektivität scheint von Bedeutung zu sein, da   sie bei Spitzenschwimmern deutlich höher ist (61%) als   beispielsweise bei Triathleten (44%).
- Die mechanische Gesamtleistungsabgabe beeinflußt direkt die   Leistung. Sie ist in hohem Maße vom Training abhängig.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Sprints im Schwimmen: 50 m Freistil</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037060</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037060</guid>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über bisherige Forschungen zum 50-m-Freistil-Schwimmen. 

Untersucht werden dabei die Schwerpunkte Technik, Energieverbrauch, Körperbau, Muskelkraft und kinematisches Profil des auf den Sprint spezialisierten Schwimmers.
Anhand der Analysen der 117 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer der DM und EM 1989 sowie der Olympischen Spiele 1988 wird festgestellt:
1.
Die Geschwindigkeitsprofile von Männern und Frauen, schnelleren und langsameren Schwimmern, verlaufen weitestgehend parallel.
2.
Sowohl bei den Männern als auch bei den Frauen ist die schnellere Gruppe der langsameren in allen Streckenabschnitten überlegen. Bei den Männern ist der Unterschied im 3. und 5. Abschnitt am ausgeprägtesten, bei den Frauen im Startabschnitt. 
3.
Die Hauptursache für die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen liegt in den hochsignifikanten Unterschieden in der Zugfrequenz. Der Frequenzverlauf dagegen war in allen Gruppen gleich: Nach den höchsten Werten im Startabschnitt verringerten sich die Werte kontinuierlich. Daraus resultieren auch die Geschwindigkeitsrückgänge im Verlauf der Strecke.
4.
Kennzeichnend für die schnelleren Gruppen war eine konstante Zuglänge. Die schnellere Frauengruppe realisierte längere Züge als die schwächere. Die schnelleren Männer erreichten ihren Geschwindigkeits-Vorteil durch einen deutlich geringfügigeren Rückgang der Zugfrequenz als bei den leistungsschwächeren Schwimmern.
5.
Bei Männern ist die Zugfrequenz als entscheidender leistungsbestimmender kinematischer Faktor über 50 m Freistil zu betrachten, bei den Frauen ist dies die Zuglänge.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktatstoffwechsel im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037061</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037061</guid>
      <author>Costill, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>ph-Wert</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costill, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Milchsäurebildung beim Schwimmen erfolgt im Verlaufe des Abbaus der Glykogenspeicher in den Muskeln.
Bei kurzen, intensiven Sets führt die starke Milchsäureproduktion und -akkumulation zu einer Übersäuerung und damit Ermüdung des Muskels. Die wahrscheinlich unmittelbaren Ursachen dieser Ermüdung sind das Ansteigen der Zahl der H+ - Ionen und das gleichzeitige Absinken des pH-Wertes unter 6,9.
Die Wiederherstellung nach derartigen intensiven Belastungen im Schwimmen dauert in der Regel 20 bis 30 Minuten. Laktat eignet sich gut als Parameter zur Steuerung des Trainings über die Intensität. 
Allerdings darf nicht außer Acht gelassen werden, daß auch zahlreiche andere Faktoren die Laktatwerte beeinflussen. .
In dieser Studie werden die das Laktat beeinflussenden Größen untersucht, Methoden zur Laktatbestimmung sowie kurz auch andere Methoden zur Bestimmung der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern vorgestellt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine ergonomische elektromyographische Studie verschiedener Schwimmflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037062</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037062</guid>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Slachuylders, V.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slachuylders, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate leg muscle activity during fin-swimming (two-legged) using kinesiological electromyography (EMG) techniques. Six differently shaped commercial flippers were tested by nine male recreational divers during a 15 m maximal leg propulsion swim at a depth of 1.5 m. For all muscles investigated results showed a cyclic activation pattern, as could be expected from prior front crawl swimming studies. Averaged integrated EMG (iEMG) of M. rectus femoris was significantly higher when compared to the M. biceps femoris, as was the case for the M. gastrocnemius in comparison to the M. tibialis anterior. No significant differences in iEMG of the muscles investigated were found when the different types of flippers were taken into consideration. Because of its significant performance improvement, without any alteration in EMG activity, it was concluded that the Nordic fin can be preferred over the other fins tested.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß der Größe der Schwimm-Paddles auf die Züge beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037063</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037063</guid>
      <author>Monteil, K. M.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteil, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Many coaches use paddles in the training programme of their swimmers. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the size of these paddles on biomechanical parameters (total time of the stroke, hip displacement per stroke, phases of the stroke) in front crawl swimming. Seven long (n = 4) and short (n = 3) distance swimmers were examined. Each subject performed 25 m swims with and without three different paddles. Electrical activity of five muscles of the upper limb were recorded with a multichannel telemetric system. Underwater sideviews were captured simultaneously. Results showed that the use and size of the paddles did not change the temporal partitioning of the phases and the hip distance covered per stroke. Electromyographic results indicated similar recruitment patterns through the different tests. The M. biceps brachii had the lowest firing, but the use of paddles increased its activity during the pull phase. There was no linear increase in muscle activity with the increase of size of the paddles. The short distance swimmers seemed to be the more disturbed by the use and size of the paddles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synchronschwimmen: EMG-Untersuchung der Armmuskeln bei der Skullbewegung in der Übung "einfaches Ballettbein im Wechsel</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037064</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037064</guid>
      <author>Zinzen, E.</author>
      <author>Antnis, J.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Sterneels, P.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinzen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Antnis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sterneels, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Electromyography of five arm muscles was measured on-line from the scull movement in the Single Ballet Leg Alternate. The patterns of the arm EMG were compared using the IDANCO system for eo-contraction and specificity. The iEMG was used as a reference for muscular intensity. Normalization of data was made according to the highest peak principle. On analysing relations between synergist, agonist and antagonist muscles, significant differences were found (P < 0.05) in integrated EMG during the lifting of the leg (iEMG of M. brachioradialis = 40%, iEMG of M. flexor carpi ulnaris = 60% of the normalized highest peak contraction). A comparison of the movement phases with leg lifted versus the "Back Layout" phases, found significant differences in iEMG for the M. pectoralis major. During the "Ballet Leg" phase the iEMG-level was lower (45%) than during the "Back Layout" phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Elektromyografie und Auftreffkraft bei Überhandwurf im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037065</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037065</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Teirlinck, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teirlinck, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ten elite water polo players were monitored during the performance of the overhand throw from 4 m and 8 m distance to a force platform target using surface EMG of arm, trunk and lower limb muscles. The impact force of the ball was simultaneously registered with the raw EMG. The linear envelope was used for pattern and throwing synchronisation detection, the iEMG was used as a reference value for muscular intensity and the force plate target gave an approximation of throwing precision. Good throwing synchronisation was initiated by the eo-contraction of the M. biceps femoris and the M. rectus femoris followed by an important activity of the M. pectoralis major. The actual swing phase showed an important eo-contraction of the M. triceps brachii with the M. biceps brachii. The impact forces ranged from 598 N to 981 N (4 m) and 402 N to 961 N (8 m). The impact force profile of the subjects was not reflected in the precision scores.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Vortrieb im Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037066</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037066</guid>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Tong, Z.</author>
      <author>Richards, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tong, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Richards, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the intra-stroke velocity and acceleration of the centre of gravity (CG) of elite bufferfly swimmers. The purpose of the research was to understand more about the propulsive nature of the stroke and identify if the velocity and acceleration profiles of the swimmers' hip would adequately reflect the corresponding CG profiles. An analysis of the results (n = 11) revealed that the hip parameters could not reliably be substituted for those of the swimmers' CG. The profiles of the swimmers' hips were found to fluctuate with greater magnitude and were out of phase with the velocity and acceleration profiles of the CG. The CG acceleration profiles illustrated that there were five distinct propulsive phases in the stroke. If hand entry was considered as the start of the stroke, the acceleration peaks occurred at the kick (1.9 m/s- 2), outsweep of arms (1.4 m/s- 2), insweep of arms (4.2 m/s- 2), concurrent kick with upsweep of arms (2.3 m/s- 2 ) and finally catching the wave (O.Q m s- 2). The last propulsive phase did not correspond to any particular movement of the arms or legs and on observation was associated with the swimmers' actions of riding the wave produced by the swimming action itself.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsanalyse des flachen und des wellenförmigen Brustschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037067</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037067</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A new video-analysis system was used to derive hypotheses regarding advantages of an extremely undulating breaststroke pattern. To obtain supporting evidence on the effectiveness of undulation, relationships between several specific body segment positions (or angles) in the stroke and resultant impulses per phase (difference between propulsion and drag) were specified (Tau-B coefficients, significant at the 5% level). In the stroke cycle of the undulating pattern of an 'experimental' swimmer, higher peaks and less decrease in velocity of the centre of gravity are seen. Apparently, this is obtained due to a vertical propeller-like propulsion of the hands and feet, and up- and downhill movements of the entire body. The following correlations were found between impulse and respectively the amount of upward spreading of the arms (0.44), the amount of keeping the hands in front of the vertical under the shoulders (0.38), the depth of closing the legs (0.47), the more vertical foot position (0.41), the amount of the most downhill (0.59) and uphill trunk position (0.37). Although this uphill, hydroplaning position takes place in the recovery phases, the symmetry in the undulation of the body is not significantly disturbed and the vertical displacements of the centre of gravity are small.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Geschwindigkeit auf das EMG und auf kinematische Parameter im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037068</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037068</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Quezel, G.</author>
      <author>Billat, R. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quezel, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Billat, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution of kinematic and electromyographic parameters with increasing speed in freestyle. Fifty subjects (30 males, 20 females) with average age of over 18.1 years were tested. The subjects performed 2 x 25 m at 4 different speeds: 75%, 85%, 95% and 100% of their best performance over 100 m. Side-underwater video views were obtained and simultaneously EMGs of 6.muscles of the upper limb were recorded with a telemetric system. The MGs, normalised to the highest values found throughout the test, were related to hip displacement and the total time of the stroke uslng ·principal component analysis. Results  indicated that swimmers increased their speed by decreasing the total time of the stroke and by sustaining their hip displacements. A linear relationship between speed and muscular activity was not observed. The six muscles studied had their higher activities for the.iowest and highest speed and their lower recruitments for the intermediate paces. The greater activities of the legs, associated with a higher position of the body on the water, could explain the lower muscular activities of the upper limb for the intermediate speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Schmetterlingstechnik bei Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037069</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037069</guid>
      <author>Togashi, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Togashi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to clarify the technical characteristics of novice swimmers using the butterfly stroke. Twenty-five novice swimmers swam two 25 m maximal trials which were filmed by an underwater VTR camera. The velocity and angle of joints and segments were calculated by the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method using a microcomputer. Significant correlations were found between (1) elbow angle at catch point and average swimming velocity, (2) appearance time of high elbow and average swimming velocity, (3)
fluctuations in horizontal velocity and average swimming velocity, (4) horizontal distance from entry point to release point and average swimming velocity. In conclusion, the high elbow technique and early appearance of high elbow at the catch point were considered very important for the correct butterfly stroke in novice swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen metabolischer Leistungsfähigkeit und Testergebnissen isokinetischer Bewegungen bei Flossenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037070</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037070</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <author>Robben, B.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Hollmann, W</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robben, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollmann, W</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In fin swimming the leg muscles are dominant during propulsion. It was felt that tests using isokinetic movements (Cybex) might provide some insight into the physical ability of the athletes' muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare performance and blood lactate response (BLa) to exercises in water with isokinetic measures. Fin swimmers (six male and eight female) of the German national team had their BLa and anaerobic thresholds (AT) assessed for 100 m and 400 m (V-4mM100 and V-4mM 400 ) swims using the 2 x 100 and 2 x 400 m twospeed tests (BLa100 max = BLa after lOO m sprint). Five maximal isokinetic extensions, peak torque (PKT) and average power (AP) of the repetition with the highest total work (TW) as well as BLa (BLa 60 ), total work (TW 6 ) and decrease of work (a5W) for 60 maximal repetitions were measure& for each leg and the different speeds. Blood lactate increased significantly after each test. Peak torque, AP, TW and TW 60 correlated with the 100 m sprint time, V-4mM 00 and BLa 100 max but not with V-4mM, 0 Q. Despite a strong relation between asw and both BLa100 max and BLaoO, BLa60 did not correlate with BLa 00 max. An increase of both V-4mM 400 and BLa 100 max improved PKT (multiple r = 0.87) but caused a greater asw. It can be concluded that PKT, AP, TV and TV 60 reflect the sprint performance capacity of fin swimmers. The Cybex results are related to the swim speclfic aerobic and anaerobic performance capacities. After the prolonged maximal test on land BLa was not related to BLa 1 0 max in water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität  von schwimmspezifischen Messungen  der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037071</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037071</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L.</author>
      <author>Hollander, P.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to develop a simple dryland test that could be used to measure the anaerobic power of competitive swimmers. Sixteen well trained swimmers (17 ± 1 years) completed a series of four submaximal and one maximal effort swims for determination of swimming economy. A lin~ar relationship (V02 vs velocity3 ) was extrapolated to 110% of V02max for each swimmer. Vithin seven days swimmers completed a freestyle swim at this pace for an average of 3.36 ± 0.20 min. During this time, oxygen uptake was measured continuously, accumulated 0 2 uptake was determined at 10 s increments and Oz deficit (anaerobic capacity) calculated (Hermansen and Medb0, 1~84). A blood sample was taken 2 min post-swim for analysis of lactate. A 45 s maximal effort test was also administered using an isokinetic swim bench for determination of total muscular work, average power and force (last 5 s of the bout), and a fatigue ratio (percent decline in power from the first to last 5 s increment). The data revealed significant correlations between the 02 deficit swim and the swim bench test. It is suggested that a 45 s maximal effort test on the swim bench can be used as an accurate way of measuring and predicting a swimmer's anaerobic profile.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische und biomechanische Belastungsparameter bei Rettungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037072</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037072</guid>
      <author>Daniel, K.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To determine a profile of load during life-saving heart rate, lactic acid concentration and dynamic forces were measured as parameters of load during the event "50 m saving a dummy". Lactic acid determinations were made during rest and then at four intervals in the recovery phase after a maximum effort. The mean values of lactate accumulation for the total group (testpersons: n = 17 m/f) showed an increased concentration from the first to the second sample for all testpersons and a significant decrease from the second to the fourth measurement (P < 0.05). The curve patterns of all test persons were similar to those of competitive swimmers over sprint distances. Heart rate was recorded and stored during swimming and recovery every 5 seconds. The mean heart rate showed a pattern, which highlighted the influence of the diving reflex (P < 0.01). Dynamic forces were measured using a strain gauge load cell fixed between the traction rope and a gondola driving above the surface of a 50 m indoor pool. During tethered swimming drag forces increased because of added loads for about 10 to 19% depending on the kind of load (v 1.2 m/s const.).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und des Energiestoffwechsels bei Wasserballern im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037073</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037073</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Frase, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frase, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the individual swimming profiles of 24 elite water polo players in a competitive situation i.e. during games at the 11th European Championships in Bonn, 1989. After an analysis of the individual maximum swimming speed (V ) and the speeds corresponding to the aerobic threshold of 2 mMm(~-2mM), the anaerobic threshold of 4 mM (V-4mM) and the limit of the super aerobic training zone of 6 mM (V-6mM), all movements of the players during the games were recorded using a time-lapse video recorder and evaluated by computer. The findings indicated that water polo necessitates an energy release which mainly results from high energy phosphates (ATP
and CP) and aerobic metabolism.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der maximalen aeroben Geschwindigkeit und Leistungsprognose im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037074</guid>
      <author>Sano, S.</author>
      <author>Bongbele, J.</author>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sano, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bongbele, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The functional and maximal aerobic power (FMAP) of approximately 200 swimmers (males and females) of different ages (11-12, 13-14, > 15 years) were evaluated using backstroke swimming according to a maximal multistage swim test recently developed (Lavoie et al., 1985). In addition, an estimate of the energy cost of swimming, the arm stroke index (ASI), i.e. the ratio of the number of arm strokes and swimming velocity, was measured. The results indicate a clear progression of both these variables with age. Using the best performance times produced by these swimmers, a regression equation for the prediction of performance times vas established, taking into account the following variables: FMAP, ASI, age, sex and the swimming distance. For the 100 and 200 m backstroke, the equation is: y = 1.08 + (0.033 FMAP) - (0.00044 ASI) - (0.019 sex) - (0.00082 distance), with a correlation coefficient of 0.8 and the standard error of estimate of 5.2%. These data can be used as a tool to partial out the swimming economy and energetic capacity in backstroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anteile des aeroben und anaeroben Energiestoffwechsels bei verschiedenen Strecken und gebräuchlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037075</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Crickard, G.</author>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Crickard, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interval type training is widely used in the sport of swimming. This type of training, however, is affected by the rest period selected. The purpose of this project, therefore, was to determine how the aerobic:anaerobic energy contribution at a selected work intensity is altered with different interval distances at a common work:rest ratio. A secondary objective was to determine which repeat distance may be most specific to the energy demands of 200 m specific training. Workout sets of the same swimming intensity with different repeat distances and common work:rest ratios (1:2) were examined. On separate days swimmers completed one of the following sets, 6 x 200, 12 x 100 and 24 x 50 m swims. During each swim of each set accumulated 02 uptake was determined with the resulting percent aerobic:anaerobic contributions calculated. Mixed arterialized blood samples were taken after each repeat for analysis of lactate and base excess. The results demonstrated that (1) the aerobic energy contribution increased with shorter repeat distances, (2) the anaerobic contribution increases with shorter work duration and (3) the 100 m repeat distance is most specific to 200 m pace specific swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bein-Streck-Kraft bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037076</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037076</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The maximal leg extension power of elite swimmers was determined using an electric measuring device. There was a positive relationship between starting performance and leg extension power. A large sex difference was found in the maximal power event though expressed relative to body weight. Age group swimmers were inferior to the national swimmers in absolute power, but when compared in values relative to body weight, the difference decreased, especially in female swimmers. No racial difference existed in the maximal power between American swimmers and Japanese swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit bei Altersklassenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037077</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to determine (1) the anaerobic capacity and characteristics of age group swimmers and (2) how the anaerobic energy contributions change with age, 28 well trained swimmers were tested in the following age groups based on mean age, AG1 - 9.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 6), AG2 - 11.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 6), AG3 13.45 ± 0.6 years (n = 5), AG4- 16.0 ± 0.4 years (n = 5), and AG5 18.0 ± 0.5 years (n = 5). All swimmers first completed a series of four submaximal swims followed by a maximal swim for determination of individual energy cost curves. The resul tin~ linear relationship (ir02 vs veloci ty 3 ) wa·s extrapolated to 140% of V02 max for each swimmer. On a subsequent day, subjects completed a single swim at the prescribed intensity - an 02 deficit swim. During the 02 deficit swim, accumulated 02 uptake was measured continuously and the accumulated 02 deficit calculated following the swim. A blood sample was taken 2 min post-swim for analysis of lactate. Girth measurements of the upper arm were taken for determination of muscle area. A 45 s swim bench test was also administered for determination of total muscular work. Peak muscle power values were expressed as watts per muscle area. Regression analysis of the economy profile revealed significant differences between all ages in all submaximal swims. All data (velocity, V02 max, 0 deficit, lactate, muscle area, %anaerobic contribution, power/mus~le, total muscular work) showed a tendency to increase with age. The 02 deficit, lactate, muscle area, power/muscle, and total muscular work showed the greatest increase between AG2 and AG3. Correlation analysis revealed relationships (P < 0.05) between 0 2 deficit, muscle area, velocity and total muscular work. The data suggest that (1) prior to 13.4 years (AG4) the aerobic contribution is greater than the anaerobic component, (2) improvement in anaerobic capacity closely follows development of muscle area during growth, (3) change in anaerobic characteristics affects swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Skelettalter gut trainierter junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037078</guid>
      <author>Nicolopoulos, G. A.</author>
      <author>Chatziconstandinou, S. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicolopoulos, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatziconstandinou, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study the skeletal and chronological ages of 200 untrained and 200 well trained male swimmers aged 7-19 years were compared. It was found that when systematic swimming activity starts early in life it can accelerate the rate of attaining biologica, maturity and the appearance of the pubertal growth spurt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Somatotypische Profile junger Südamerikanischer Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037079</guid>
      <author>Mazza, J. C.</author>
      <author>Cosolito, P.</author>
      <author>Alarcon, N.</author>
      <author>Galasso, C.</author>
      <author>Bermudez, C.</author>
      <author>Gribaudo, G.</author>
      <author>Ferretti, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mazza, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cosolito, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alarcon, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Galasso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bermudez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gribaudo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferretti, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Somatotype analysis was applied to 292 South American swimmers to compare a general and multinational sample (SAS), with South American Championship Finalist Swimmers (SACHS). Additionally, the somatotype of the SACHS group was compared and evaluated during the Mexico (1968) and Montreal (1976) Summer Olympic Games. The SAS group (149 males and 88 females) and SACHS group (29 males and 27 females) were measured for somatotype (Heath-Carter) to determine Endomorphy (En), Mesomorphy (Me) and Ectomorphy (Ec) components. The SACHS males were significantly older, heavier and taller than the SAS group (P < 0.01); SACHS somatotype components were 2.4-4.7-3.1, while SAS group registered 2. 7-4.8-2.9 (significant difference, P < 0.05 - was found only for En). The SACHS females were older (P < 0.01) than SAS, with no difference in weight and height. The SACHS somatotype components were 3.1-3.8-2.9, and values for SAS were 3.9-4.0-2.7. The SAS group had the higher En component (P < 0.01). Analysis of both groups according to styles revealed differences (P < 0.05) only in the En among free-stylers: SAS (both males and females) had higher En value than the SACHS group. No difference was obtained between SACHS and both Olympic samples (for males and females) for age, weight, height, En, Me, and Ec components. According to these data, it is concluded that: (a) Fewer En components for SACHS groups (both males and females)
compared with SAS reflects a lower proportion of fat mass and, consequently lower En/Me ratio. (b) The similarity in somatotype components between SACHS groups and Mexico 1968 and Montreal 1976 samples (for both males and females) would suggest that there are defined somatotype profiles related to high-level performance in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Sportler-Trainer-Beziehung im Wettkampfschwimmen: Bedeutung von Persönlichkeitstyp, Temperament und Trainereinschätzung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037080</guid>
      <author>Vikander, N. O.</author>
      <author>Stallmann, R. K.</author>
      <author>Soyland, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vikander, N. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallmann, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soyland, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Personality profiles of 53 coaches and 163 competitive swimmers in Norway were mapped using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Distribution patterns of swimmers and coaches varied greatly indicating different recruitment and retention factors. Twenty of the coaches were evaluated by their swimmers using the Coach Evaluation Questionnaire (CEQ). The degree of coach/swimmer personality similarity was compared with CEQ scores using Spearman's rank order correlation. Significance was found (rho = 0.440) on an integrative measure but not on separate elements of personality. The CEQ scores indicate strong organizational skills but weaker human relations capacities. Results suggest a programme of selfdevelopment for coaches using MBTI/CEQ profiles as points of departure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen ausgewählten psychologischen Parametern und der Leistung bei Schwimmern und Wasserspringern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037081</guid>
      <author>Stallmann, R.</author>
      <author>Vikander, N.</author>
      <author>Freim, N. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallmann, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vikander, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freim, N. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One hundred and forty two swimmers and divers were ranked according to performance. Three self-report instruments from the Sport Psychology Consultation System (Rushall, 1985) were also administered to the subjects. Scores from these instruments were correlated with performance. In addition, for each instrument, the subjects were grouped in various ways (e.g. male vs female) and the scores were tested for group differences. The results showed low but significant correlations between performance and achievement motivation. No significant correlations were found between performance and selfcontrol or locus of control. Significant group differences were found, however, between elites and sub-elites as well as between males and females, especially for achievement motivation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsbedingte Veränderungen in Muskelgröße und Muskelkraft bei Spitzen-Altersklassenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037082</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[There is a strong relationship between strength development and general growth and maturation during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the characteristic changes in muscle size and power due to growth in elite swimmers and (2) how these changes may affect performance. Measurements of leg and arm power, four skinfold thicknesses and two circumferences were made on 101 female swimmers aged 13.4 to 16.4 and 84 male swimmers aged 14.4 to 17.5 years. Skinfolds and circumference measurements were combined to provide estimates of the muscle/bone component of both the upper and lower extremities. Subjects were divided into three groups based on age and performance level. Group I (male, n = 32, age = 14.4 ± 0.96; female, n = 49, age 13.4 ± 0.95), Group II (male, n = 28, age = 16.4 ± 0.58; female, n = 28, age= 15.4 ± 0.36), and Group III (male, n = 24, age= 17.5 ± 0.61; female, n = 24, age = 16.4 ± 0.39) varied significantly in terms of all anthropometric factors, except height, power variables, and performance times. In summary, (1) the fastest male swimmers were heavier and had higher power values and arm muscle/bone component estimates, and (2) the fastest females had higher power values, arm and leg muscle bone component estimates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wachstums- und Entwicklungscharakteristika von Spitzen - Altersklassenschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037083</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[There is a strong relationship between physiological development, performance, and general growth and maturation during adolescence. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine skinfold thicknesses, stature, weight, Tanner development scores, hand-wrist radiographs, age of menarche, and Androgeny index (3 x biacromal breadth - bicristal breadth) in elite female age group swimmers. Subjects were divided into three groups based on age and performance level. Group I (n = 49, age= 160.40 ± 2.93), Group II (n = 28, age= 184.36 ± 3.96), and Group III (n = 24, age= 196.43 ± 3.95 years) varied significantly in terms of all anthropometric factors, except height and sum of skinfold, and performance times. In summary, (1) the group as a whole, had biological ages which exceeded the mean chronological ages by approximately 7 months. The older girls were, as expected, more physically mature - heavier, leaner with higher androgeny indices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen physikalischen Parametern und der Wellenbewegung im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037084</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037084</guid>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Desmet, S.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Desmet, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to quantify undulation in breaststroke, five undulation factors were constructed from body positions during the stroke cycle: uphill in leg spreading, dome-shaped at the surface, S-shaped under the surface, and uphill hydroplaning in the two recovery phases. When international swimmers were placed in four groups, according to a total undulation index, one continuum from flat to extremely undulating was found in women. For men, two distinct groups were observed: the majority very flat and the others extremely undulating. Vhen the mean percentile scores of women and men for each separate undulation factor were presented in curves, the women showed higher scores in the S-shaped and the uphill, hydroplaning body position. Most of the individual curves of undulation factors were flat. The dome-shaped part of the undulation was related to good ankle supination combined with outward hip rotation for women. Apparently, the S-shaped and the striking uphill parts of the undulation in women can be explained by more flexibility in lumbar cambering, even when the hips were flexed. In men, a flat position was related to hip inward rotation and ankle outward rotation and flexion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen oder Gymnastik: Was ist geeigneter zur Rehabilitation von Jungen mit belastungsinduziertem Asthma?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037085</guid>
      <author>Drobnic, F.</author>
      <author>Castello, A.</author>
      <author>Sierra, J. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drobnic, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castello, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sierra, J. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the prepubertal boy with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is able to participate in sports, provided some preventive measures against bronchoconstriction (BC) are taken. A further objective of the research was to determine whether swimming or gymnastics helped improve EIA to a greater extent. After a two-month training in swimming or gymnastic exercises (3 hours/week) all subjects underwent an aerobic test on a bicycle ergometer. Both groups improved their physical condition assessed by the determination of maximal oxygen uptake. The course of the illness did not show any variation although there was an improvement in subjective well being. From this study it can be concluded that the child with EIA can and should be encouraged to participate in sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Lymphozyten-Teilmengen während einer intensiven Trainingseinheit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037086</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037086</guid>
      <author>Neisler, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bean, M. H.</author>
      <author>Thompson, W. R.</author>
      <author>Hall, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lymphozyt</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neisler, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bean, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, W. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lymphocyte subsets across an entire training season were studied in 17 male collegiate competitive swimmers. Pre- (PRE) and post-workout (PS) samples were collected on seven occasions during the season. Neither height, weight, % body fat, haematocrit nor haemoglobin changed significantly across the PRE samples. Significant changes across time occurred in all PRE leukocyte, absolute lymphocyte, Tcell, B-cell, T-4, T-8, T4+2H4+, T4+4B4+ and NKH1 counts. Moreover, the pattern of these PRE to PS samples changed significantly after initial adaptation, during the period of greatest training stress, and again during taper. Increases in self-reported physical and psychological stress paralleled decreases in T4+4B4+ and NKHl cells and a plateau in performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Schlaflosigkeit und Tageszeit bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037087</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037087</guid>
      <author>Sinnerton, S. A.</author>
      <author>Reilly, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biorhythmik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sinnerton, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reilly, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and time of day on swimming performance, physiological and psychological variables. Eight swimmers (5 males, 3 females) aged 19-28 years were tested on 4 consecutive days, morning (06:30 h) and evening (17:30 h), under conditions of normal sleep and PSD (2.5 ha night). Measurements included grip and back strength, lung function (VC and FEV1 ), resting heart rate and mood states. Swimming performances over 4 trials at 50 m and 1 trial at 400 m were also measured. No effects of PSD were noted on grip (dominant hand), back strength, heart rate, lung function, or swim times. Grip, back strength, heart rate and oral temperature values were higher in the evening than in the morning, values increasing by 4.1%, 7.9%, 5.5% and 1.3%, respectively. A similar trend was noted in swim performance; mean SO m and 400 m times decreased by 1.9% and 3.6% respectively from morning to evening. Sleep loss affected mood states, with significant increases in depression, tension, confusion, fatigue and anger and decreases in vigour (P < 0.001). Results support the brain restitution theory of sleep and indicate that the diurnal variation in swimming performance is greater than any due to partial sleep loss.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nach-Wettkampf Blutlaktat bei behinderten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037088</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037088</guid>
      <author>Roi, G. S.</author>
      <author>Cerizza, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roi, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cerizza, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The time taken to cover 50 m in freestyle swimming and the postcompetition blood lactate levels were measured in healthy and disabled swimmers. The results of this study show that disabled swimmers take more time and accumulate a lower lactate per unity of time than healthy subjects. These differences can be due to the lower muscular mass utilized by disabled swimmers and to the particular technique they employ according to their handicap. Furthermore the high values of lactate found at the end of the race indicate that the contribution of the anaerobic energetic sources is important in disabled athletes too.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Beinbewegung auf die Armzugleistung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037089</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037089</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Komi, P. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Armenien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komi, P. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study was designed to make comparisons among biomechanical parameters between normal crawl (CN) and crawl arm swimming (CA). These parameters included mean velocity (V), stroke rate (SR) and distance per stroke (d/S). The comparisons were complemented with the simultaneous recording of blood lactate (BLa) responses. Eight well conditioned competitive male swimmers carried out two sets of 15 times 100 m swims in both ways. In the comparisons of BLa vs V diagrams, CN and CA demonstrated different (P < 0.05) V values at 0.5 mM increase in BLa (anaerobic threshold, AT). The d/S was longest around aerobic-anaerobic transition. The values of d/S were higher (P < 0.05) in the CN curve when BLa increased by 0.5 mM above basal level and at V above AT. In CA swimming the SR curve became different (P < 0.05) from that of the CN at higher levels of V and BLa. However, at maximum pace SR values were equally high (0.76 Hz) in both swimming conditions. It is concluded that the support of leg kick could be seen in d/S values at V around AT and above, as well as in SR values at higher intensity levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Muster der endokrinen Reaktionen während einer Saison im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037090</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037090</guid>
      <author>Neisler, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bean, M. H.</author>
      <author>Thompson, W. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neisler, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bean, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, W. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Endocrine responses to swim training across an entire training season were followed in 17 male collegiate competitive swimmers X age 19.7 ± 1.3 years). Venous blood samples were collected immediately before (PRE) and upon completion (PS) of seven typical early morning swim workouts at intervals during the season. Serum cortisol (COR), growth hormone (hGH), prolactin {PRO), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and T3 uptake (T3U) were measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay procedures. Neither height, weight, % body fat, hGH or T3 changed significantly across the PRE samples but significant changes across time occurred in all other PRE analytes. The pattern of PRE to PS COR, PRO and TSH changed significantly during the period of greatest training stress while the response of the other analytes remained relatively consistent across the season. Increases in self-reported physical and psychological stress paralleled alterations of COR, PRO and TSH. These changes in pattern of PRE to PS analytes demonstrate the importance of cumulative training effects when evaluating single endocrine samples.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsabhängige Unterschiede beim Anteil der anaeroben Energiebereitstellung bei Wettkampf-Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037091</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037091</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to determine (1) how the anaerobic energy contributions of competitive swimming distances may vary with performance level, and (2) whether the adjustment in 0) uptake to maximal swimming intensities are different between high vs low performance level swimmers. Based on 200 m freestyle performances, well trained swimmers were divided into two groups, (a) low performers (LP) (n = 30) 1.58 ± 0.02 mls and (b) high performance (HP) (n = 34) 1.69 ± 0.02 m/s. A swimming economy test was completed by all swimmers from which the 02 demand was determined corresponding to 100, 200 and 400 m work intensities. Each swimmer returned to the laboratory on separate days to complete swims at these prescribed intensities. During the swims expired gases were collected continuously on line with accumulated 0 uptake determined at 10 s increments. The 02 deficit was calcuiated as the difference between the 02 demand and the accumulated 02 uptake and used to describe the anaerobic capacity and the percent anaerobic energy contribution. Prior to the start and following each swim a mixed arterialized blood sample was collected for analysis of base excess, pH, lactate and buffer capacity. From the accumulated 02 uptake curves, the time to reach 25% of the total 0 demand was determined. Analysis of variance with repeated measufes was carried out to determine significance at P < 0.05. Results suggest that at the same relative work intensity, (1) anaerobic capacity varies with performance level, (2) anaerobic energy contributions differ with performance level and (3) swimmers of higher performance levels adjust to work at faster rates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anpassung  an die maximale Belastungsintensität im Intervalltraining bei Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037092</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037092</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[While the duration of work will affect the relative energy contributions during work of an interval type, little is known of the role of the rest duration during interval work. The purpose of this study was to determine what effect varying the work:rest ratio has on the energy contributions when the work duration and intensity are kept constant. Well trained swimmers participated in a series of interval work sets of 12 x 100 m freestyle swims at each of the following work:rest ratios, 1:2, 1:1 and 1:1/2. All tests were conducted on separate days. During each swim, accumulated 02 uptake was measured to describe the percent aerobic contributions. Additionally, accumulated 02 deficit was calculated in order to describe the anaerobic profile of each swimming set. From the accumulated 02 uptake data, the rate of adjustment to 25% of total energy demand was determined for each workout set interval. Blood lactate and base excess for all work repeats were also measured. The data suggest that (1) the rate of adjustment is faster when the work:rest ratio is shorter, (2) at a given distance, a short rest interval results in a higher aerobic contribution and (3) longer rates of adjustment reflect a greater anaerobic contribution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Anteil der Beine am Vortrieb im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036988</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036988</guid>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because swimming is performed with both arms and legs, the question is often raised, to what extent do the arms or legs contribute to swimming speed? Although it is generally accepted that in front crawl swimming a greater part of the propulsion results from the arm stroke (Adrian, Singh, & Karpovich, 1966; Holmer, 1972), many instructors still spend a lot of time in drilling the leg kick of the crawl stroke, indicating leg kicking's relative importance at least during sprint swimming. Evidence for the contribution of leg action to swimming speed is derived from indirect methods using towing (Counsilman, 1968) or measuring oxygen consumption (Holmer, 1974) or the speed that can be achieved by swimming with arms or legs only (Bucher, 1975; Karpovich, 1935). From these kinds of experiments the power delivered by the arms while swimming arm stroke only cannot be assumed to be the same as when the legs are additionally involved in propelling the body. In the present study, the system to measure active drag (MAD system) (Hollander et al., 1986) was used to study the contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming and to discover whether the power delivered by the arms is the same in swimming with and without leg kicking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grundlegende mechanische Prinzipien, angewandt auf das Schwimmen: Technik und Vortriebswirksamkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036989</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036989</guid>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the application of fundamental mechanics to human swimming three major approaches can be distinguished in the literature:
• Kinematic analysis of swimming strokes, instantaneous speed, and so forth, (e.g., Bourgeois, 1983; Hoecke & Gruendler, 1975; Kent
& Atha, 1975; Reischle, 1979)
• Propulsive or resistive force analysis (e.g., Barthels, 1979; Oarys, 1979; Di Prampero, Pendergast, Wilson, & Rennie, 1974; Schleihauf, 1979; Ungerechts, 1979)
• Analysis and simulations with the help ofbiomechanical models (e.g., Jensen & B}.anksby, 1975; Toussaint et al., 1983)
In the application of modeling, swimming lags well behind land-based sports (Adrian, 1983). A reason for this might be that the external forces are difficult to measure (Plagenhoef. 1971). However, the same basic problemsexist in land-based sports where, just as in swimming, the opposing drag forces and push-off forces must be measured (Di Prampero, :Cortili, Mognoni, & Saibene, 1979; Hoes, Binkhorst, Smeekes-Kuyl, & Vissers, 1968; Ingen Schenau, Boer, & Groot, in press; Pugh, 1970; Williams & Cavanagh, 1983). So it is suprising that the application of fundamental mechanics in human swimming is still in its infancy compared with other sports, such as cross--country skiing, cycling, and speed skating. In contrast to these specifically human types of locomotion, swimming is an activity that is performed by other animals; the extensive and thorough literature on fish swimming is available to researchers on human swimming. The purpose of this contribution is to discuss some general aspects of modeling in endurance sports and to apply one approach deduced from !he literature on fish swimming to a problem that has so far been ignored m human swimming: the influence of swimming technique on efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der aktive Widerstand in Abhängigkeit von den Körpermassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036991</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036991</guid>
      <author>Huijing, P. A.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Mackay, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mackay, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During this century, a great deal of attention has been given to the presupposed relationship between body shape and dimensions and hydrodynamic resistance (Alley, 1949; Amar, 1920; Clarys, 1976, 1979; Oarys, Jiskoot, Rijken, & Brouwer, 1974; Counsilman, 1951; Gadd, 1963; Jaeger, 1937; Jurina, 1972, 1974; Karpovich, 1933; Klein, 1939; Liljestrand & Stensstrom, 1919; Lopin, 1947; Miyashita & Tsunoda, 1978; Onoprienko, 1967; Safarian, 1968; Schramm, 1960, 1961; Tews, 1941; Tilborg, Daly, & Persijn, 1983; Zaciorski & Safarian, 1972). However, only Oarys (1976, 1979) related drag for actively swimming subjects (active drag) to anthropometric variables. Contrary to expectations, Oarys (1976, 1979) found only few correlations between active drag and anthropometric variables, which forced him to conclude that the shape of the human body has hardly any influence on active drag and that other factors are therefore more important. Given the fact that some argue that drag force is directly proportional to the product of velocity squared and a constant of proportionality, which among other things is dependent on the (projected) area of the body exposed to flow (Rouse, 1946), one would expect at least some relationship between this variable and drag. The development of a new method of determining active drag (MAD system) (Hollander et al., 1986) warranted a reevaluation of this relationship, which was the aim of the present work.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung des Wirkungsgrades bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036992</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036992</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In some competitive sports like rowing and swimming, an interesting phenomenon occurs in the generation of the propulsive force. That is, the push-off cannot be made against a fixed object but against water, which will give way. The propelling force is thus generated by giving masses (M) of water a velocity change (L::.v). These water masses acquire a kinetic energy change (?i M • .t.if) and, as a result, consume part of the external power the swimmer delivers. The energetic consequences of this phenomenon have been studied more extensively in the field of animal locomotion, for example, in fish (Webb, 1971). In human swimming, however, this power loss in the generation of the propulsive force has been overlooked. When calculating efficiency of swimming humans, only the ratio of power needed to overcome drag and the power equivalence of the measured oxygen uptake was taken into consideration (Adrian, Singh, & Karpovich, 1966; Holmer,  1972; Pendergast, Di Prampero, Craig, Wilson, & Rennie, 1973; Di Prampero, Pendergast, Wilson, & Rennie, 1974). In this study, the power that is lost to the water when generating propulsive forces during swimming is estimated. This power loss is then taken into account when the propelling efficiency (ep) is defined and calculated as the power needed to overcome drag (Pa) divided by the total external power (P.), that is, power needed to overcome drag and power lost in the generation of the propulsive force (P.) (Groot & Ingen Schenau, 1987; Toussaint et al., 1983).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertungsskala für die Brustschwimmtechnik in pädagogischen Situationen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036993</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036993</guid>
      <author>Pion, J.</author>
      <author>Devos, P.</author>
      <author>Dufour, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pion, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Devos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dufour, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is difficult to be objective about the quality of movement. Most observations are used to evaluate sports skills. These observations can be free or structured. The first type of observation is often used in pedagogical situations; the second one is more experimental and often too complicated to use at school. One can observe by means of structured processes or rating scales that are mainly objective, although the results can never achieve the same objectivity as objective measuring instruments. In contrast, free observations utilize no measuring devices. Both types of observation need to be made more useful in pedagogical situations. There must be a way to utilize them in the observation of sport skills at school.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Verhältnis zwischen maximaler Körperbeschleunigung und den einzelnen Bewegungsphasen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036994</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036994</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The question of the manner in which propulsion in aquatic surroundings is produced by repeated cyclic actions of body parts concerns physiologicat hydrodynamic, and functional/morphological aspects. Only if one succeeds in taking all these factors into account may a more satisfying answer be found than is currently available. The objective of this article is to discuss the functional/morphological and hydrodynamic causes (some temporal aspects) of the acceleration related to swimming movements during the breaststroke. The intracyclic acceleration of a swimming body is the sum of the resultant braking and propelling forces and is basically the origin of swimming speed. The movement of a swimming body can be described as periodically changing. In competitive swimming these intracyclic fluctuations are considered to limit swimming performance and depend on the swimmer's skill (Toussaint et al., 1983). This might imply that basically the fluctuations can be omitted as is possible when driving a car. A car's shape is designed to produce less resistance. The mechanics of the engine are not affected by the air flow, whether it is laminar or turbulent. Engine work and air flow, then, have nothing in common. Because the swimmer acts as a sell-propelling body, the propelling part and braking area are not separated as in a car. In self-propelling bodies, propulsive forces depend on the change of the body form, its frequency, and its amplitude, so changing shape must be taken into account. The resistive forces can be attributed to the same parameters. The combinations of movement, shape, and type of flow are determinants of the amount of propulsion. Muscular activity alone will not produce any propulsion. The same "undulating" body simultaneously produces resistive and propulsive forces, a situation that cannot be compared to a rigid car with a steady flow. In contrast, self-propelling bodies create a nonsteady flow. Hydrodynamic studies reveal that the flow along an "undulating" body is a fluctuating flow (Ungerechts, 1983), and the research indicates that this fluctuating flow influences the boundary layer along the body. In breaststroke Barthels (1979) compared the propulsive mechanism of the breaststroke kick with the mechanism of the sculling hands, the so called lift force handle. Barthels points out that "the feet are sculling and remain in a vertical section of water while the body moves forward in response to leg extension" (p. 53), creating a force wall If a force wall can be produced, then the peak acceleration depends on the functional properties of the knee extensors, that is, their temporal development of forces or moments, respectively. On the other hand, the question remains, Do the upper and lower extremities create the "force wall" according to the same hydrodynamic principles?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vortriebstechniken: Freistil-, Schmetterling-, Rücken- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036995</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036995</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <author>Higgins, J. R.</author>
      <author>Hinrichs, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Experiment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Higgins, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinrichs, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article includes a hand propulsive force analysis of 12 female and 14 male swimmers from the 1984 U.S. Olympic team. Summary statistics of pulling motion and hand propulsive forces are presented in each of the four competitive strokes. Further, a detailed example of model stroke technique is presented for one subject in each stroke to clarify the relation between pulling motion, hand angle of pitch, and propulsive force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einschätzung der Sprintleistung im Brustschwimmen anhand von Körperbaumerkmalen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 18:27:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036996</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036996</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a previous study, equations for 100- and 400-m crawl performance estimations were developed from factor scores calculated from 18 anthropometric, 6 flexibility, and 5 strength measures and V02 intake (Daly, Tilborgh, & Persyn, 1984). The error in estimation was around 3% for varying distances and crawl patterns. In this study equations were developed for the 100-m breaststroke with the intention of making field diagnoses, using a personal computer. A smaller number of easy measures was selected, and the factor scores were no longer calculated. In addition, the time-consuming vo2 intake test was eliminated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
