<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 1151 - 1200 results of 1264</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=24&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1264</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>1150</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=23&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=25&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=26&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=24&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Körperzusammensetzung, biologische Reifung und sozioökonomischer Status von jungen talentierten Schwimmerinnen und Turnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036955</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036955</guid>
      <author>Bernink, M. J. E</author>
      <author>Erich, W. B. M.</author>
      <author>Peltenburg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Zonderland, M. L.</author>
      <author>Huisveld, I. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bernink, M. J. E</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erich, W. B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peltenburg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zonderland, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huisveld, I. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In recent years attention has been given to the effects of sport activities at younger ages on growth, body composition, and biological maturation. Female swimmers seem to be slightly taller than the average population but only after the age of 12 (Andrew et al., 1972). Eriksson et al. (1978) found in a longitudinal study that female swimmers grew only an average of 4 cm in height between ages 13 and 21 years. However, female gymnasts seem to be smaller and have less fat than control females (Erich, 1980; Panzkova, 1977). Biological maturation seems to be delayed in female gymnasts but not in female swimmers (Marker, 1979; Malina et al., 1978). Growth and biological maturation are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as nutrition and socioeconomic status (Eveleth and Tanner, 1976). Children from parents with a high socioeconomic status are taller and mature earlier. This was also true in the Netherlands in 1965 (van Wieringen, 1972). However, in some highly developed countries (e.g., Sweden) the socioeconomic status no longer seems to be correlated with growth and biological maturation (Furu, 1976; Lindgren, 1976). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences in height, body composition, and biological maturation in young female athletes, swimmers and gymnasts can be explained by differences in socioeconomic status.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung im Schwimmen - Historische und wissenschaftliche Aspekte</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036956</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036956</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Our main interest is with swimming, but swimming as it is conceived today is a fairly new activity in the history of humankind; it is no older than one century. However, pictures of people in the water can be found in prehistory: among the rock paintings of Gilf Kebir dated at 5000 BC and later in Egyptian hieroglyphics (Figure 1). In fact, swimming had little practical use. In many countries, water temperature is too low to make swimming pleasant, and besides, the density of the human body allows floating without effort if no load is carried. However, farmers and soldiers did not only wish to cross the river themselves, but also to transport their equipment to the other side. Humans have therefore always been more dependent on accessories such as rafts than on their ability to swim. Assyrian soldiers used inflated leather bottles to support their bodies and weapons and the Medieval knights stretched rope across rivers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effektivität und Spezifik des Trainings im Schwimmen - ein Einführungsartikel</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036957</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036957</guid>
      <author>Huijing, P.A.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P.A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die gesamte Energie, die ein Schwimmer beim Schwimmen ohne Geschwindigkeitsänderung freisetzt, wird berechnet: 
              .   _    _
              W = DS . v
Die Effektivität des Übersetzens chemischer Energie in äußere mechanische Energie liegt bei 20-30%, und die Gesamteffektivität des Schwimmens bei 4%. Der Kraftfluß zum Wasser kann 4 bis 6mal so groß sein wie die Kraft, die sich in Schwimmgeschwindigkeit zeigt. Da sich der Energietransfer vom Stoffwechsel bis hin zur äußeren Kraft (Vorschub und "Verlust" an das beschleunigte Wasser) in fünf Stufen vollzieht, ist für die Bewertung der Effektivität dieses Transfers die Berechnung der Effektivität des menschlichen Schwimmens kein geeigneter Wert. Die ersten vier Stufen werden für biomechanische und physiologische Zwecke als "Muskeleffektivität em" (entspricht mechanischer Effektivität bei Lauf, Radfahren usw.) zusammengefaßt, allerdings werden dabei alle isometrisch kontrahierenden Muskeln in Betracht gezogen. Die Vorschubeffektivität wird wie folgt definiert:
             .             .            .
        ep = WSchwimmer / (WSchwimmer + Wbeschl.Wasser),
und bezeichnet damit den Anteil der gesamten äußeren Kraft, der für den Vorschub genutzt wird. Die gesamte Effektivität wird wie folgt definiert:
        et = em . ep.
Wenn die Vorschubkraft bekannt ist, und die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich die Oberfläche, die diese Kraft erzeugt, bewegt, dann ist die übertragene Kraft laut Definition das skalare Produkt dieser beiden Werte:
    
   .    _    _
        W =  F  . v.
Schlußfolgerungen hieraus für das spezifische Krafttraining in Hinblick auf die Vorschubeffektivität werden aus der Sicht der internationalen Literatur wiedergegeben. 
R. Kötteritzsch
11.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bedeutung des Schwimmens für die Rehabilitation von Herzerkrankungen und für die innere Medizin</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036958</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036958</guid>
      <author>De Meirleir, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Meirleir, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Our present society became conscious of the medical aspects of sports with the emerging emphasis on sports medicine and the whole area of adapted physical education. Surveys indicate that at least half of the population in most Western countries participate in one or more sports activities (Lambert et al., 1982). These primarily include walking, jogging, bicycling, swimming, tennis and team sports. Considerable publicity has been given to injuries and deaths of athletes, and discussions have centered on prevention and treatment of such accidents. Maintaining a good body form and functional capacity as well as concern for increasing the active lifespan have stimulated an interest in the role of endurance exercise for protecting the cardiovascular system. As a consequence of this increased enthusiasm at all levels of the population to become involved in some kind of physical activity, the internist is confronted with two main questions: (1) What is the role of physical activity in the prevention and therapy of medical illness? (2) How does one define contraindications to physical activity in certain instances? These questions are not easily answered since most physicians have not learned how to prescribe exercise. To my knowledge sports medicine is not included in most medical school curricula. Most of this article will be devoted to the role and the problems of exercise in cardiac rehabilitation with special emphasis on swimming as an endurance sport. Swimming for prevention and treatment of some medical disorders is reviewed briefly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine allgemeine Berechnungsmethode zum Erlangen biomechanischer Daten im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036959</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036959</guid>
      <author>Bourgeois, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bourgeois, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde eine allgemeine Berechnungsmethode zur Erlangung räumlicher kinematischer und dynamischer Parameter biomechanischer Systeme auf der Grundlage kinematographischer Daten im Schwimmen entwickelt. Mittels dieses Algorithmus ist es möglich, die durch das Muskel-Skelettsystem erzeugten Impulse wie auch die hydrodynamischen Impulse einzuschätzen, die auf der Grundlage der Reynolds-Zahl entsprechend den einzelnen Körperabschnitten des Schwimmers beim Kraulschwimmen berechnet werden. Mit dieser allgemeinen Methode kann auch der Energietransfer eingeschätzt werden, und die Synchronisierung der Bewegungen der einzelnen Körperabschnitte. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kriterium zur Bewertung des Starts beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036960</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036960</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kritik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgangspunkt ist die Frage, anhand welchen Kriteriums die Qualität und Effektivität eines Schwimmstarts bewertet werden soll. Verf. diskutiert die verschiedenen in der Literatur postulierten Streckenlängen, über welche die Wirkung des Starts verfolgt werden sollte, und untersucht für jedes der von verschiedenen Autoren vorgeschlagenen Kriterien die kritischen Punkte, die das jeweilige Kriterium in Frage stewllen (die meisten Autoren beschreiben als Kriterium die Untersuchung der Strecke vom Startimpuls bis zu einer bestimmten Marke in einigen Metern Entfernung vom Start).
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein multifunktionelles Ergometer für die Simulation der spezifischen Dynamik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036961</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036961</guid>
      <author>Schor, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schor, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bei der Belastung durch Dynamometer werden allgemein zwei Aspekte der Dynamik des Masseschwerpunktes berücksichtigt: Trägheit (Gravitations- und Trägheitslast), und Widerstand (elastische, isokinetische Lasten, bei denen die Reibung von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt). Durch das Ergometer werden beim Schwimmen spezifische Armbewegungen entsprechend der vereinfachten Dynamik für das Zusammenwirken von Kräften mit Last belegt. Die ergometrische Lösung in diesem Beitrag zeichnet sich durch ihren modularen Aufbau aus, durch den die herkömmlichen Arten der Belastung durch Kombination neu gestaltet werden und so eine Anpassung an die Erfordernisse der jeweiligen spezifischen Situation ermöglichen. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der von Schwimmern erzeugten Wellen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036962</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036962</guid>
      <author>Ohmichi, H.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohmichi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Leistung eines Schwimmers kann durch die von anderen Schwimmern erzeugten Wellen beeinflußt werden, ebenso von den selbst erzeugten Wellen. Zugleich geben die von einem Schwimmer erzeugten resultuierenden Wellen Aufschluß über den Wasserwiderstand. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Verhältnis von Wellenhöhe zu Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Schwimmschlag gemessen.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewählte Methodologie in der Biomechanik in Bezug auf das Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036963</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036963</guid>
      <author>Nigg, B. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nigg, B. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Verf. beschreibt in diesem Beitrag drei methodische Elemente innerhalb der biomechanischen Forschungen zum Schwimmen und deren Verhältnis untereinander: a) theoretische Grundkonzepte, b) Bestimmung der Forschungsobjekte, c) Instrumente und Methoden. Unter diesen Gesichtspunkten wird das Herangehen an die Erforschung der Vorschubkräfte, des Widerstandes, der Geschwindigkeit und Geschwindigkeitsänderungen betrachtet. Bezüglich der Instrumente und Methoden kommentiert Verf. u.a. den Einsatz von Kraftmeßplätzen und -plattformen sowie die Nutzung von Film und anderen photooptischen Methoden.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung von Refit bei Schwimmern im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036964</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036964</guid>
      <author>Dragan, I.</author>
      <author>Vasiliu, C. A.</author>
      <author>Georgescu, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dragan, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasiliu, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgescu, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Refit ist ein Pulver, das hauptsächlich aus Proteinen, die aus frischer Milch gewonnen werden, besteht (86,5% Protein, 2% Fett, Lactose und 3,9% Mineralstoffe). Dieses wurde Schwimmern in der Wettkampfvorbereitung verabreicht. Zweck dieser Studie war es, die biologischen (biophysischen, biochemischen, funktionellen und verhaltensbezogenen) Wirkungen dieses Präparats auf ausgewählte Parameter des belasteten Stoffwechsels und damit auf die sportliche Leistung zu untersuchen. In der Schlußfolgerung wird ein tägliches Verabreichen des Präparates an Hochleistungsschwimmer während harten Trainings empfohlen. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Validität der Reynolds-Zahl für schwimmende Körper, die periodisch ihre Form ändern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036965</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036965</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematische Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hinsichtlich des Problemkreises der Energie beim Schwimmen ist es wichtig, die Kräfte zu kennen, die der Schwimmer zu überwinden hat. Da solche Erkenntnisse unter Feldbedingungen kaum zu gewinnen sind, müssen die Berechnungen der Widerstands- und Vorschubkräfte auf exakten hydrodynamischen Gleichungen basieren, die der Tatsache Rechnung tragen, daß auf den sich unter Wasser bewegenden Körper verschiedene Kräfte einwirken: Widerstand, hydrodynamischer Auftrieb, Trägheit. Mit diesen Gleichungen befaßt sich der Modellierungsansatz im vorliegenden Artikel. 
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Auswirkungen des Schwimmens über 24 Stunden</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036966</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036966</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Geyssant, A.</author>
      <author>Lacour, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Niere</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geyssant, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacour, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In May 1980 and March 1981, four attempts at the 24-hr world distance swimming record in a pool took place in St.-Etienne, France. Beyond the purely sporting aspect, this type of exercise poses a number of physiological problems and can even be dangerous to the competitor. It was felt it would be interesting to gather observations in order to be able to provide a few guidelines in helping reduce the dangers associated with these experiments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einige medizinische Beobachtungen bei Marathonschwimmern nach dem Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036967</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036967</guid>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <author>Zeman, V</author>
      <author>Berger, J.</author>
      <author>Semiginovsky, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefäß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zeman, V</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berger, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Semiginovsky, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gegenstand der medizinischen Beobachtung von Marathonschwimmern nach dem Wettkampf waren a: die elektrophysiologische Funktion des Herzmuskels (EKG), b: der Wärmehaushalt (rektale Messung während des Schwimmens), und c: Auswirkungen des Langzeitschwimmens auf neurologischer Ebene (Suche nach Erklärungen für das Auftreten von Bewegungsstörungen nach der Belastung bei einigen Schwimmern). R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Beinaktion auf die Leistung im Brustkraul-Sprintschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036968</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036968</guid>
      <author>Watkins, J.</author>
      <author>Gordon, A.T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Watkins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gordon, A.T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Im ERgebnis der Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß die Beinaktion beim Brustkraul-Sprintschwimmen zwar nicht direkt zum Vorschub beiträgt, daß aber in folgender Hinsicht ein indirekter Beitrag zum Vorschub geleistet wird: (a) Stabilisierung des Oberkörpers, was einen 9%igen Anteil an der gesamten Schlaggeschwindigkeit ausmacht (gleichermaßen bei Männern und Frauen festgestellt), und (b) Schaffung einer günstigen hydrodynamischen Strömungshaltung des Körpers (Anteil an der gesamten Scxhlaggeschwindigkeit: 11% bei Männern; 6% bei Frauen).  
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flüssigkeitsveränderungen und Herzfrequenzreaktionen bei langzeitigem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036969</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036969</guid>
      <author>Nielsen, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nielsen, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During exercise, heart rate and cardiac output increase within the first few minutes after the start in proportion to the exercise intensity. The
distribution of blood flow is changed through dilation in the working muscles and a vasoconstriction in the inactive regions. Later a vasodilation in the skin occurs, probably as a result of the increasing coretemperature. With prolonged exercise of moderate intensity, such as bicycling or running, a further gradual increase in heart rate takes place as the work continues. This rise may amount to 20-30 beats per min (bpm) during 2 hr of strenuous work. The "secondary" increase in heart rate could have various causes; for example, it has been attributed to the dehydration from sweating which leads to decreased blood volume and stroke volume. It could also be an effect of the vasodilation and increase in skin blood flow which produce a decrease in central blood volume and stroke volume; or, the contractility of the heart may have decreased as a sign of fatigue. In all these situations, compensatory reflexes would lead to an increased heart rate. During swimming, the heart rate is lower than that for exercise at the same metabolic rate in air. The reason may be that the horizontal position and hydrostatic pressure favor the filling of the heart, and that heat dissipation causes no problem in cool water due to the high heat conductivity and heat capacity of water. The effect of prolonged swimming on the secondary rise in heart rate was investigated. Both the breast stroke (predominantly arm work) and the isolated leg-kick of freestyle swimming were investigated and compared to bicycle exercise at the same metabolic rate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen Schlag-Asymmetrie und Schnelligkeit des Brustschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036906</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036906</guid>
      <author>Czabanski, B.</author>
      <author>Koszczyc, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Czabanski, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koszczyc, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Predomination of one side of the human body over the other side is a wellknown phenomenon. Various methodical studies reveal bilateral differentation to be a common feature in human motor development. Both endogenous and exogenous fibers are generally thought to form in a bilateral manner. However, the lateralization process has not been fully explained. The asymmetry of the hemispheres of the brain is observed in individual development (ontogenesis) from the fetal period on. Greater efficiency of the right hand as compared with the left hand is a recognized characteristic in the functional asymmetry of man, and similar differences are found in the lower limbs (Szczebiotko, 1975). There is significant asymmetry in the length of the bones of the lower limbs, with preference to the left leg, and differences in the circumference of the thighs and calves (Artemeva, 1964; Czabaiiski, 1975; Drozdowski, 1975). Alterations in the functional scope of the respective limbs, combined with morphological changes, are observed (Kurachenkov, 1966). According to some researchers the right lower limb performs functions that require speed and precision, while the left lower limb is used more often in movements requiring great dynamic strength (Wolanski, 1962; Dolja, 1973; Starosta, 1975). The superiority of the right hand and left leg is a type of lateralization characteristic for women, whereas higher efficiency of the right hand and right leg predominates in men (Koszczyc, 1977). The problem of lateralization is particularly significant in sports: such as running, cycling, and swimming, which are symmetrical in nature. Of special interest here are the leg movements in breaststroke swimming. The human structure is not precisely symmetrical, and most human movements are asymmetricaL The following questions arise:
1. Are the requirements for absolute symmetrical motions justified?
2. Will the attainment of symmetry result in improved swimming performance? 
The purposes of this study were: 1) to verify the extent of asymmetry in the motion of the lower limbs in the breaststroke, 2) to define possible differences in the degree of asymmetry for women and men, and 3) to examine the relationship between asymmetry and swimming speed, assuming the latter to be the best indicator of swimming efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Flüssigkeitsdynamik des Vortriebspotentials der Hand und des Unterarms im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036907</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036907</guid>
      <author>Wood, T. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wood, T. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For many years a predominant theory in swimming has been than momentum is achieved by the form drag force created by the hand (Counsilman, 1968), ana swimmers have been advised to pull in a straight line, horizontally directly backward. Recently, however, observations of skilled swimmers by film analysis (Counsilman, 1969; Barthels and Adrian, 1975) have shown that this does not occur. Deviating limb tracks in the alternating swimming strokes are clearly associated with movements counteractive to rotational forces generated elsewhere in the body and in the symmetrical strokes with anatomic andphysiological considerations (Wood, 1978). It has been suggested that in following such deviating pathways the hand behaves as a fluid foil, creating forces of lift that act perpendicular to the direction of movement of the foil or hand. It has been suggested further that these lift forces, rather than form drag forces that operate in the opposite direction to the line of motion of the hand, are the main propulsive forces generated by the hands in swimming (Counsilman, 1969; Schleihauf, 1974). This study arose out of this "lift versus drag" controversy and was designed to examine the fluid foil characteristics of the hand and forearm (Wood, 1977) in model form, in a controlled and measurable situation, to determine the nature and magnitude of the forces that the upper limb can generate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Irrtümer des "Hypoxietrainings" im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036908</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036908</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[People who do repetitive breath-hold diving can increase their time underwater with practice (Schaefer, 1955; Hong et al., 1970). It has been
assumed that this increased time is related to an individual's responses to repeated hypoxia. It is further reasoned that one of the features of an adaptation to repeated hypoxia might be in increase in one's anaerobic capacity. These arguments are not new. Most recently Counsilman (1975) and Vasar and Laidre (1975) have suggested that "hypoxic" methods oftraining swimmers might be useful despite the strong warning that such techniques might be dangerous (Craig, Jr., 1961a; Lanphier and Rahn, 1963a, b; Craig, Jr., 1976). It is interesting that many swimming coaches in the Rochester, N.Y. area have accepted Counsilman's (1975) suggestions and use many variations of so-called "hypoxic training." The present investigation was designed to simulate the effects of varying the breathing frequency during swimming. The experiments were compared with previous work (Craig, Jr., and Harley, 1968; Craig, Jr., and Medd, 1968a, b), which indicated that the limitations of repetitive breath holds without prior hyperventilation were related primarily to the increase of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), and hypoxia had relatively little influence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intervalltraining und das Prinzip der progressiven Belastungssteigerung bei Schwimmanfängern im Kindesalter</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036909</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036909</guid>
      <author>Smit, P. J.</author>
      <author>Daehne, H.-O.</author>
      <author>van Wyk, G.</author>
      <author>Steyn, E. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smit, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daehne, H.-O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Wyk, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steyn, E. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[REFERAT M3]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Darstellung der Kraft der unteren Extremitäten beim Delphinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036910</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036910</guid>
      <author>Jensen, R. K.</author>
      <author>McIlwain, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jensen, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McIlwain, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Little is known about the contribution of the dolphin kick to changes in the horizontal and vertical momentum of the swimmer. Counsilman (1968) asked if the dolphin kick is propulsive. He observed that the first kick may accelerate the swimmer and elevate the hips (p. 69). Data collected by Barthels and Adrian (1975) suggest that during the reach and early outsweep phases for the arms, the downbeat of the legs is accompanied by a forward acceleration of the hip. The horizontal and vertical forces produced by movement of the body segments through water can be estimated from modeling techniques. The purpose of this study was to model the lower extremity of the swimmer and to estimate the joint reaction forces for the dolphin kick. In the past, modeling studies of swimming strokes have been theoretical and were based on input functions for the motions of the segments. Analytical studies were done by Seireg and Baz (1971). Gallenstein and Huston (1973), Jensen and Blanksby (1975), and Jensen and Tihanyi (1978). These studies indicate the relative contributions of the segments to the stroke. In the present investigation empirical data were collected and used to estimate the segmental forces and moments offorce.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Untersuchung von Bewegungsmustern im Schwimmen mit photo-optischen Mitteln</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036911</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036911</guid>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study deals with hip displacement in one stroke cycle and with the associated movement patterns of the butterfly, crawl, and backstrokes. The efficiency ofthe pull-push phase and ofthe kick phase depends on the speed flu.ctuations, the movement patterns, and the angle of attack of the hand and foot during the respective phases. The main purpose of this study was to find kinematic parameters that: 1) determine the performance of the swimmer, and 2) support quantitatively the biomechanical model of an optimal movement pattern in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verfahren zur Bewertung von Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036912</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036912</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U. J. J.</author>
      <author>Hoeven, R. G. C.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U. J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoeven, R. G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To evaluate a swimmer's style, an efficient practitioner relies on his observations of the swimmer's movement and his ability to judge other physical capacities of the swimmer. When his observation is, however, aided by objective film data and when he has adequate instrumentation to measure specific anthropometric, motor, and physiological parameters, the effectiveness of his evaluation should be increased. The key to this evaluation is not only the establishment of factors governing proper swimming techniques (e.g., synchronization, flexibility, etc.) but obtaining and, most important, applying relevant measurements (Hochmuth, 1967; Miller and Nelson, 1973).
In swimming, the lack of visibility of the movement remains a particular problem for both researcher and practitioner; as a result,  nterpretations of the hydromechanical aspects of the movement are still a source of controversy. Because of this situation, some specific temporal and spatial data have been coHected from films of world-class swimmers. Methods were developed at the same time to present this information on one graph. From this study, reported earlier, some hypotheses regarding "optimal" stroke mechanics have been formed. With few exceptions, such as the backstroker Stamm (see later), champion swimmers use uniform patterns as compared with intermediate swimmers. NaturaHy, the hypotheses developed needed confirmation through further research. With this in mind, in the following work, good swimmers simulated (while being filmed) some correct and incorrect movements or positions (e.g., no roll, extreme inclinations of the trunk, exaggerated sideways movements of the hips, etc.). With the insights gained from this work and the information gained from the champions' patterns, the testing of the validity of an evaluatior procedure for swimmers was started (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, De Maeyer, and Vervaecke, 1975; Persyn and Vervaecke, 1975 a, b; Persyn, Vervaecke, and Verhetsel, 1976). First, the patterns of 18 swimmers of the National Belgian Team were studied, using videotape, but their physical capacities were controlled only roughly (Persyn, Thewissen, and Vervaecke, 1976). Later we were fortunate to have a group of seven young swimmers (12-14 years old), coached by a postgraduate specialist. These young swimmers had been trained in a wide range of skill variations, increasing greatly the ease of correction. The cooperation and patience of these subjects and their coach were very helpful in controlling the correction process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variationen im Kraul- und Rückenkraulschwimmen - Armzug mit Handpaddeln bei Universitätsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036913</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036913</guid>
      <author>Stoner, L. J.</author>
      <author>Luedtke, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EDV</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stoner, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luedtke, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Increased use of hand paddles as a training device for competitive swimmers has led to a diversity of opinion regarding the value of such training. It has been claimed that hand paddles increase strength and improve stroke patterns, although at least one author (Anderson, 1976) questions the use of hand paddles for development of speed. Anderson suggests further that hand paddles may be of greater value to the beginner than the skilled swimmer. This study was done to determine arm pattern differences in varsity swimmers as they executed both the front crawl stroke and the back crawl stroke with and without hand paddles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kräfte, die beim Schwimmen auf die Hand wirken und ihre Beziehungen zu muskulären, räumlichen und zeitlichen Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036914</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036914</guid>
      <author>Dupuis, R.</author>
      <author>Adrian, M.</author>
      <author>Yoneda, Y.</author>
      <author>Jack, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dupuis, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoneda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jack, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because of the complex nature of fluid mechanics, research in swimming has not advanced as rapidly as it has in land sports. In particular there is a lack of information concerning measurement of the propulsive forces produced by a swimmer and the resistive forces that impede forward motion during the different phases of a stroke. As early as 1933, Karpovich (1933) identified the resistance encountered by a body being towed through the water. Only recently has the effect of body position on the resistance been investigated (Kent and Atha, 1971; Van Manen and Rijken, 1975). The relationship ofBernoulli's principle to human propulsion in the water was described by Brown and Counsilman (1971). They asserted that both hydrodynamic lift and drag are components of the total propulsive force. Barthels (1975) and Barthels and Adrian (1975) demonstrated the existence of these lift and drag propulsive forces in the butterfly arm stroke but could not quantify such forces. Several recent investigations have focused on the forces that act on the hand during swimming. These have been preliminary investigations of the front crawl stroke with minimal interpretation (Belokovsky, 1971; V an Manen and Rijken, 1975; Boicev and Tzvetkox, 1975). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the muscular forces and the forces acting upon the hand with respect to the kinematics of swimming the back crawl stroke and breaststroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Starttechniken im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036915</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036915</guid>
      <author>Zatsiorsky, V. M.</author>
      <author>Bulgakova, N. Z.</author>
      <author>Chaplinsky, N. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zatsiorsky, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bulgakova, N. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaplinsky, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The start is generally acknowledged to be an important element for success in competitive swimming, especially in the short events. Various techniques have been developed by coaches and swimmers and investigated by researchers to evaluate their efficiency. Parfionov (1959) and Torre (1976) recommended a starting technique in which the arms are swung forward from a hyperextended position. Studies by Nivandi (1963), Moverson (1964), and Maglischo (1969) reported that the best technique involved a full arm swing. More recently the grab, or grip, start has become increasingly popular, and a number of studies have shown it to be superior to others (Hanauer, 1967, 1972; Roffer and Nelson, 1972; Michaels, 1973; Van Slooten, 1975; Lowell, 1975). The latter two studies reported that some swimmers performed better using the conventional arm swing method. Finally, the use of a modified track start has been suggested by Fitzgerald (1973). No study has been reported in which all four of these starts have been compared. It is important that such a project be carried out, utilizing a reasonably large sample of highly skilled swimmers. The purposes of this study were: 1) to compare the efficiencies of these four swimming start techniques, and 2) to identify the key factors that affect starting performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Gewicht, Größe und Reichweite auf die Leistung beim konventionellen und beim Greifstart im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036916</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036916</guid>
      <author>Disch, J. G.</author>
      <author>Hosler, W. W.</author>
      <author>Bloom, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Disch, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hosler, W. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bloom, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Therefore, the problem of this study was to examine the effects of weight, height, and reach on the performance of various components of the grab and conventional starts in swimming. The components are: reaction time-time from starting stimulus to first visible movement; movement time-time from first visible movement to toe clearance off the blocks; and flight time-time from toe clearance until entry into the water. The research hypothesis of this study was that weight, height, and reach would be significantly related to these three components of the swim start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf die Halliwick-Methode zur Vermittlung des Schwimmens an körperlich Behinderte angewandte biomechanische Prinzipien</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036917</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036917</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Schmidt-Hansberg, M.</author>
      <author>McMillan, J</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt-Hansberg, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McMillan, J</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In 1949 James McMillan taught a group of severely handicapped girls, most of whom were afflicted with cerebral palsy, to swim. The method that was devised and developed was named after the institution where it was originally developed-Halliwick School in London. Support for this venture was received from an orthopaedic surgeon, Oliver J. VaughanJackson, now a Visiting Professor at Newfoundland University. The method is now practiced in every continent of the world. In the development of the teaching technique, consideration was given to the various needs and abilities of the handicapped so that they could control the movement of their asymmetrical body shapes and densities. In this regard, no two people are alike. The physical requirements cannot be dissociated from mental reaction that may result from a situation involving loss of balance. By observing any child who is learning physical movement or an adult who is acquiring a new physical skill (e.g., ice skating), a noticeable pattern of human learning can be seen. It starts with a mental adjustment to the elements or environment of the activity. This is followed by efforts in gross patterns of movement, which can be referred to as balance restoration. Success in this phase leads to the prevention of movement while holding a starting position or posture-inhibition. Finally, a mentally pleasing and physically controlled movement-facilitation-is accomplished.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmflossendesign unter Nutzung der Fortbewegungsprinzipien von Meerestieren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036918</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036918</guid>
      <author>Lewis, E. R.</author>
      <author>Lorch, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewis, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorch, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this investigation were: 1) to determine the mechanical efficiency of commercially available swim fins in order to evaluate the feasibility of design improvements, and 2) to make several design changes to fins, utilizing principles of marine animal locomotion, and to compare swimming performances with these new fms with performances with commercial fins.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Telemetrische Elektromyographie der Kraulbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036920</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036920</guid>
      <author>Piette, G.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beteiligung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Piette, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The electromyographic signals of several muscles were analyzed to assess the extent of their involvement in the front crawl movement. The electromyographic recordings from a group of top and a group of average swimmers were compared, using a standardizing procedure, for isometric and dynamic contractions. The qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed some interesting electromyographic patterns. Although the front crawl movement in swimming is one. of the most thoroughlyinvestigated, the amount of information now available is far from sufficient for a definite statement as to which muscles are Involved in this swimming stroke and the extent of this involvement. Indeed the total number of electromyographic (hereafter referred to as EMG) investigations of muscle movements gccurring in water is small. This is probably because of: 1) the difficulty in fixing surface electrodes to the skin, and 2) the complexity and sophistication of the equipment needed to transmit and to record EMG signals from subjects while they are immersed in water. Two distinct methods of recording muscle potentials in water are presently in use by the scientific research community: 1) the combination of surface electrodes and wire transmission (Ikai, Ishii, and Mivashita, 1964), and 2) the combination of surface electrodes and teiemetric transmission (Lewillie, 196 7). Despite supplementary electronic requirements and the limitation of a two-channel recorder, a telemetric recording method was chosen because this method does not hinder the movements of the subject. Thus far, it has been determined that eight muscles and/ or muscle parts make a significant contribution to the front crawl movements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elektromyografische und kinematografische Untersuchung des Flatterbeinschlags bei Säuglingen und Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036921</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036921</guid>
      <author>Oka, H.</author>
      <author>Okamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshizawa, M.</author>
      <author>Tokuyama, H.</author>
      <author>Kumamoto, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshizawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokuyama, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Electromyographic studies of swimming movements in infants and children have been performed by Tokuyama, Okamoto and Kumamoto (1976) on the breaststroke a!ld the crawl stroke. In these experiments, the process by which the flutter kick is learned was analyzed electromyographically to elucidate how a child who could not swim without support first behaved in the water and then spontaneously acquired the technique of the Butter kick, which was similar to that seen in skilled adults.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Somatotyp und Schnelligkeit bei Wettkampfschwimmern in verschiedenen Trainingsphasen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036922</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036922</guid>
      <author>Araújo, C. G. S.</author>
      <author>Pavel, R. C.</author>
      <author>Gomes, P. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, C. G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavel, R. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to analyze the relationship between ratings of somatotype components and sprinting speed in the water of competitive swimmers at four different phases of their training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effektivität der Brustschwimmbeinbewegung im Verhältnis zu Zeit-Raum-, anthropometrischen, Beweglichkeits- und Kraftdaten</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036923</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036923</guid>
      <author>Vervaecke, H. U. B.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U. J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H. U. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U. J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most practitioners believe that a good breaststroke kick ensures good propulsion in the total competitive stroke as well as in lifesaving. Velocity fluctuation curves of a breaststroke cycle of some top swimmers (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, De Maeyer, and Vervaecke, 1975) show that the most important acceleration occurs during the kick. The action of the arms that follows keeps the velocity constant or causes a slight acceleration. Within this kick, the greatest acceleration occurs during leg extension. Because the path described by the feet in relation to the water is directed partly backward, we deduced that a paddle wheel propulsion principle was being used. Also during the squeezing action of the legs, in which there is no backward displacement of the feet, acceleration continues. This can be explained only on the basis of a propeller propulsion principle. Among the best swimmers, the ability to perform these propulsion techniques apparently results from a particular flexibility of the ankles and from some anthropometric characteristics of the feet, e.g., shape and surface. Therefore, in this stroke, in which the velocity fluctuates strongly, the kick is important to acceleration of the body and thus to the performance of champion swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines modifizierten Balls auf die Biomechanik ausgewählter Fertigkeiten im Wasserball bei Kindern im Anfängerbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036924</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036924</guid>
      <author>Pittuck, D. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pittuck, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although more and more children are exposed to water polo each year, relatively few of them remain involved in the sport. Because of the unique demands on the player`s skill, this sport can be extremely frustrating to the novice. A major source of this frustration seems to be an inability to acquire ball-handling skills using the large, regulation-sized ball. A plausible solution could be to start with a smaller ball. This approach is supported by other researchers (Egstrom, Logan, and Wallis, 1960; Wright, 1969), who investigated learning skills with modified equipment. Egstrom, Logan, and Wallis showed (1960) that subjects who practiced a throwing skill with a light ball were better able to transfer the skill to a heavier ball than those who practiced with the heavier ball. Morris (1976) indicated that, by changing the mechanical efficiency of a movement pattern, such as throwing, a child`s total movement capability could be changed. These changes could be positive if improved mechanical efficiency were obtained by modifying the size, weight, texture, or speed of an implement in a throwing skill. Consequently, the hypothesis that children would learn the proper skill mechanics earlier in training using modified equipment was proposed. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an experimental ball on the mechanics of the drive-in overhand water polo shot in novice children. A subproblem was to determine whether or not the transfer of skill mechanics was facilitated by the modified equipment. To investigate the hypothesis that modified equipment would be beneficial, as suggested by Morris (1976), a biomechanical approach was undertaken.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserrettungen mit Mehrfachopferkörperkontakt</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036925</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036925</guid>
      <author>Miller, D. I.</author>
      <author>Dahl, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Erste Hilfe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unfall</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miller, D. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water accidents remain one of the leading causes of accidental death in Canada and the United States. Although reasonable volumes of literature have been accumulated on drowning statistics, physiological effects of drowning, and treatment of near-drowning (Modell, 1978), little is known of the details of successful water rescues (Miller and McQueen, 1978). Although lifesaving organizations, such as the American Red Cross, the Royal Life Saving Society, and the YMCA, teach methods of rescue, there is a lack of data to indicate whether or not the techniques taught are being used in actual emergency situations and whether or not they are effective.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körpermessungen und Herzmorphologie bei Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036926</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036926</guid>
      <author>Vertommen, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Welch, E. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vertommen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welch, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to describe the mean body build and heart morphology of a group of Belgian water polo players and to study any possible relationship between external morphology and heart size.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung des Vortriebs im Schwimmen durch Handdrehung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036927</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036927</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The coach who is attempting to assist less talented swimmers is forced to increase his knowledge of the biomechanics of swimming because the average swimmer needs explicit instructions to approximate the proficiency of a champion. Biomechanics may be able to determine if the functional properties of the locomotor apparatus might fit the mechanical or the hydrodynamic demands. The hydrodynamic principles of competitive swimming have been recognized and listed (Reischle, 1976). The application of these principles in coaching or teaching, however, is in its early stages. Normally, it is hoped that swimmers acquire a feeling for the details of highly skilled swimming through trfal~and error. In the early stages of learning, while obtaining the idea of the gross pattern this may be reasonable and sufficient. However, in the advanced stages this sort of learning will take a long time, perhaps too long for the swimmer to remain competitive. Knowledge of the functional properties of the locomotor system may help the swimmer to improve his performance]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein mathematisches Modell der Verbesserung von Schwimmleistungen für die Zielstellung und Auswertung von Trainingsprogrammen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036928</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036928</guid>
      <author>McClements, J. D.</author>
      <author>Laverty, W. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McClements, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laverty, W. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was done to develop a mathematical model to be used to measure objectively performance improvement in swimming. The basis of this analysis was developmental change over a 12-year period. Performance improvement is the basic goal of all coaches, athletes, and sport administrators. Setting goals and evaluating performance improvement have been based on relative comparisons with peer athletes or "personal bests." The basic question is, "how much improvement is meaningful?" Research on goal setting and self-directed behavior change by Kolb and Boyatzis (1970) concluded that the goal-setting process is crucial for success. A mathematical model of improvement should make this process more objective.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasseraufzeichnung von EMG-Aktivitäten unter Verwendung von Feindrahtelektroden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036929</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036929</guid>
      <author>Okamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Wolf, S. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Okamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolf, S. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The ftrst electromyographic (EMG) studies designed to analyze swimming motions in adults were performed by Ikai, Ishii, Miyashita (1964) using surface electrodes. Subsequently the technique was developed to analyze movement patterns in children and infants (Okamoto, 1976; Okamoto et al., 1976), still using surface electrodes. Most studies of aquatic movements in man have used amplification systems that are suspended out of the water some distance from the subject. As a result, investigators have had to contend with various technical problems, including movement artifact incurred by unstable leads between surface electrodes and recording equipment. It would seem that the provision for waterproof amp1illers, located close to the sight of pickup, could minimize such recording problems. Additionally, the use of indwelling electrodes could help to isolate activity from specillc muscles. In preparing to monitor underwater muscle performance for both swimming behavior in children and ambulation in rehabilitation patients we have developed an inexpensive, effective, and rapid method for recording EMG underwater using ftne-wire electrodes. Although ftne-wire electrodes have been used to record underwater activities in amphibians (Osse, 1969), to the best of our knowledge this clinical technique has not been reported previously. This paper describes our methodology and demonstrates its potential application.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Startblockwinkels auf den Greifstart im Sportschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036930</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036930</guid>
      <author>Stevenson, J. R.</author>
      <author>Morehouse, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stevenson, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morehouse, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine, through the use of cinematography and a strain-gauged starting block, the effects of starting-block angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30° above the horizontal on a 22.86-m (25-yard} swimming performance using the grab start. The differences in the grab-start performances from the four block angles were analyzed with respect to 15 selected biomechanical factors, which included the angles of projection at takeoff and incidence at water entry, takeoff and entry velocities, horizontal distance of projection, vertical hand forces on the front edge of the starting block, and time data for various phases of the start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanismus für den Körpervortrieb im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036931</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036931</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper offers a qualitative model of the swimming mechanism that is the result of an attempt to piece together, into a meaningful whole, the isolated bits of information currently at our disposaL Within this modest proposal is an attempt to provide a logical rationale for the desirability of generating maximum forward lift force and minimum forward drag force on the body segments as the most efficient combination to be used for propelling the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraftstöße bei der Ausführung verschiedener Arten von Wenden</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036932</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036932</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Krueger, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to provide biomechanical descriptions and analyses of the flip turn and the open turn (orthodox freestyle turn) used in freestyle swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine hydrodynamische Analyse des Schwimmvortriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036933</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036933</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The laws that govern propulsion in water are well defined by the established theories of hydrodynamics. However, the application of these theories to specific questions of hand propulsion in swimming is difficult because of a lack of background research data. Inspection of fluid mechanics texts reveals that although highly detailed studies of wings, plates, and other miscellaneous shapes in a fluid flow abound, there is virtually nothing specifically on the hand. To answer the practical questions on hand propulsion in swimming, we must turn to our original background research in biomechanics. Of course, we can fall back on the general theories of hydrodynamics to guide our investigations, and we can use research procedures and conventions consistent with established hydrodynamic theory. However, in the final analysis, this research must be designed to meet the unique requirements of swimming biomechanics. The initial steps in the investigation of hand propulsion in swimming have already been made. Counsilman (1971) revolutionized current thinking on propulsive techniques. His research originated the idea of looking at hand and airfoil motions in analogous terms. Since then, Barthels and Adrian (1975), Rackham (1975), and Schleihauf(1974, 1976, 1977) have generally confirmed the idea that lift as well as drag forces contribute to propulsion. The research that remains to be done is the application of general hydrodynamic theories to specific hand force measurements in swimming. In this paper we approach the problem in two stages. First, we investigate forces on hand models in the fluid lab, using procedures pioneered by aerodynamic researchers. These lab studies generate coefficients of lift and drag values for the hand that will enable us to estimate the size of hand forces produced under a wide range of flow conditions. The second stage of research is to apply pure data from the laboratory to realistic swimming motions. Through motion picture studies key propulsive hand motions are isolated, and the coefficients of lift and drag values are used to predict practical hand force measurements. The techniques for evaluating hand propulsion are similar to those of the aerodynamics engineer, who relies on background aero/hydrodynamic research to calculate wing and propeller forces. A survey of hand force measurements across a sampling of highly skilled competitors allows us to outline the mechanical foundations of propulsion in each of the four competitive strokes. The results of this research offer a detailed and objective technique for evaluating swimming proficiency. We hope that this type of research will help coaches to gain a clearer understanding of effective stroke technique and thereby to direct swimmers with more certainty toward stroke perfection.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung eines Herzfrequenzzählers im Schwimmen und bei sportlicher Leistungsmessung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036934</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036934</guid>
      <author>Treffene, R. J.</author>
      <author>Alloway, J.</author>
      <author>Jull, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Treffene, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alloway, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jull, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming efficiency has been investigated by many researchers, including Holmer (1974) and di Prampero et al. (1974). di Prampero and his associates deduced a relationship between swimming efficiency (E), bodydrag (Db), swimming speed (V), and net oxygen uptake (Vo2). Using two submaximal speeds (0.55 and 0.90 m/sec) di Prampero et al. (1974) showed that E/Db remained relatively constant in this range. Treffene (1975) investigated the relationship between the velocity of swimming and heart rate (HR) for swimmers and suggested that a linear relationship existed and yielded a constant value for E/Db. The use of heart rates to evaluate swimming performance requires a technique to measure heart rate. The technique described here requires a test in a swimming pool that is similar to a bicycle ergometer test. If a subject swims for more than 2 min at a constant pace, his heart rate will become steady after about 40 sec. This steady rate is characteristic of the use of oxygen at that speed. Therefore, if the heart rate is measured either during the swim or "immediately" after the swim, that rate is an indirect measure of the oxygen consumption at that speed. It is important to determine the heart rate immediately after the swim or within 5 sec of cessation of the exercise because the heart rates of elite swimmers decrease very rapidly. This study was directed at using a heart rate meter constructed for pool heart rate measurement to determine the velocity-heart rate curves for swimmers .]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Beschleunigung als Maß für die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036935</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036935</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocity fluctuations within a single stroke cycle in swimming are the result of accelerating and decelerating actions on the body exerted by propulsive movements and water resistance. Analysis of the relationship of the swimmer's acceleration and velocity versus time presents information about the way in which the different movements contribute to changes in swimming speed. Further, the magnitude of variation should indicate motion efficiency because less energy is wasted with a more uniform velocity. The precise nature of this relationship in swimming, however, has not been determined. Kornecki and Bober (1978) suggested that the deviation between extreme velocities and the mean velocity within a stroke cycle of a swimmer would be a useful measure of efficiency. The crucial problem has been to obtain data on single-stroke cycle kinematics in a way that makes more sophisticated analysis possible. Although time consuming and expensive, high speed cinematography is a classical method. Cavanagh (1976), however, has recently questioned the accuracy of acceleration data derived from such an analysis. Other instruments for recording velocity fluctuations have been presented (Karpovich and Karpovich, 1970; Kent and Atha, 1974). In the present study a linear accelerometer was used to determine the forward motion of the swimmer's body. The purpose was to develop a technique for reliable acceleration measurements and to analyze the data obtained for different swimmers and strokes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Menschliche Morphologie und Hydrodynamik</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036936</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036936</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsion of a body in a liquid requires energy, which must either be provided by an outside towing force or be developed by an inside propulsive force. In the simplest case, i.e., a uniform movement in the horizontal plane, neither the potential energy nor the kinetic energy of the body changes, so all energy being developed must be absorbed by the liquid. Therefore, the kinetic energy of the liquid particles should increase. The force (per unit of time) corresponding to this change in quantity of movement (change in impulse) of liquid mass is the drag that the body encounters in the liquid and that must be overcome by the towing ship or propulsive force. However, the human body, like the shape of a ship, presents an additional difficulty, in the sense that it moves in the boundary plane between two media: water and air, whereby changes in flow also cause changes in the level of the boundary plane (waves). In other words, the problems are much more complex than those of a body moving in a single medium. If one adds to these problems the uneven and poorly streamlined shape of the human body plus its possibility for "self-propulsion," the problems seem endless. One purpose of this study was to clarify some of these points through systematic and fundamental investigations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der Schlagfrequenz, Länge pro Schlag und Schnelligkeitsverhältnisse beim Training des Leistungsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036937</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036937</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <author>Boomer, W. L.</author>
      <author>Gibbons, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boomer, W. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gibbons, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The locomotion of all animals can be characterized by the intermittant application of force that moves the body. Applying this principle to swimming, velocity (V) is the product of stroke rate ( S) and the distance moved through water with each complete stroke cycle (d/S). These relationships of S, d/S, and V were described for competitive swimmers with varying skills, and the results were compared with those observed during the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials (Craig and Pendergast, 1978). In general, increased V was achieved by increasing Sand decreasing d/S (Figure 1). The front crawl swimmers who had the greatest maximal V also had the longest d/S at S of 20-25 S/min. For the males there was a direct relationship between the maximal V and the proportional decrease in dl S. The relationships of S and V during the freestyle events at the Olympic Trials are shown in Figure 2. The faster V of the 100-m versus the 200-m race for men was accounted for by an increase in S from 46 to 54 S/min and a decrease in d/S from 2.27 to 2.03 m/S. Similar changes for both the men and women were noted in the 100- and 200-m backstroke and breaststroke events. In effect, these points represent a short section of a stroke rate-velocity curve (S- V) for very skilled swimmers. The S used by the men in both the 400- and 1,500-m freestyle distances was 44 S/min, and the slower V of the 1,500-m race was accounted for by a shorter d!S. Theoretically, each race could have been swum at a slower S and a longer d/S. However, to achieve the same V at a slower S, a greater force for each stroke would be needed, and greater local muscle fatigue would result. Such considerations might also account for the observation that the 100-m butterfly races for both men and women were swum with a longer d/S and a faster S than was used in the 200-m events. Freestyle races for women were quite different from those for men. In the 400-, 200-, and 100-m events the increase in V was accounted for entirely by the increase in S, from 52 to SS to 58 S/ min, respectively, and the d/S values were not different (1.76 m/S). The S used in the 800-m race was the same as in the 400-m race, but d/S decreased to 1. 73 m/S. These differences between men and women who swam the front crawl may be related in some way to the energetics of swimming (di Prampero et al., 1974; Holmer, 1975). These observations have implications for swimming coaches. We wish to indicate how relationships of S, d/S, and V can be useful in practice. As much as possible, programs for competitive swimmers should be based on experimental evidence related to the sport rather than speculation and extrapolation from generalities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort des Vorsitzenden des Symposiums</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036864</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036864</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1974</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is indeed a pleasure to see all of you here at this Opening Session of the 2nd International Symposium on Biomechanics in Swimming. As Symposium President and Chairman of the Organizing Committee, I wish to extend to you a most sinc;ere welcome. Four years ago many of us met here for the first symposium. Our purpose then was to bring together persons interested in the biomechanical aspects of swimming so that better communication and exchange of ideas among scientists and practitioners would be possible. In so doing, we would complement the work undertaken through the International Seminars on Biomechanics. Your presence today indicates that interest generated during the first symposium continues to grow and develop.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein sphärosomatometrisches Verfahren zur Analyse von anteroposterioren Wirbelsäulenkrümmungen bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036865</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036865</guid>
      <author>Iwanowski, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iwanowski, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A spherosomatometric study was made of the anteroposterior curvatures of the spine among competitive swimmers who had trained a minimum of 3 years. They were grouped according to the stroke in which they specialized. The study was carried out in the years 1969, 1970, and 1974. The number of individuals under study totaled 102 male and 85 female swimmers. The age of the boys ranged from 13 to 16 years, with a mean of 15.1 years. The girls' ages ranged from 11.5 to 14.5 years, with a mean of 13.8 years. Table 1 presents a summary of the number of male and female swimmers who swam each stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grußwort der UNESCO</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036866</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036866</guid>
      <author>Jokl, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jokl, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Once again it is my privilege to convey to this meeting the good wishes of the UNESCO International Council of Sport and Physical Education. The Council, which sponsored the first symposium on "Biomechanics of Swimming," was glad to do so again. It is very appreciative of the fine work done by the organizers of today's event, especially by Dr. Lewillie, Dr. Clarys, Dr. Nelson, Dr. Morehouse, and Dr. Hebbelinck. It is with pleasure that the Council complies with the wish for a Working Group on "Biomechanics of Swimming" henceforth to be directly associated with its Research Committee. The Group can rest assured that every support it may need from the Committee will be forthcoming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung hydrodynamischer Faktoren von Schwimmbewegungen unter Wettkampfbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036867</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036867</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>de Maeyer, J.</author>
      <author>Vervaecke, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Maeyer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The underlying objective of this study was to help bridge the gap between practice and research. For that reason behavior patterns of the strokes from concrete modalities of movement were investigated. These patterns can be experienced personally by swimmers ar1d observed by others. The complete document (1974), parts of which are summarized here, does not provide for immediate application in practice. It will, however, form a sound basis for continued scientific research on the technical aspects of swimming. The study also focused on the problem of synchronization, which is perhaps the most complex area of research on hydrodynamic and technical determinants of human motion in water. Other components, ranging from simple to more complex, are buoyancy, resistance, propulsion, balance, and continuity of movemeni. It would have been simpler to start with less complex characteristics, but the possibility of integrating the results was a more important consideration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
