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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des peripheren EMG zwischen komplett angebundenem und freiem Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037017</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037017</guid>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Annemans, L.</author>
      <author>Vaes, W.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Annemans, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaes, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimming has been a subject of several electromyographic (EMG) investigations. The main purpose of these studies was to make statements on muscular action in normal front crawl swimming. This resulted in normalized EMG patterns for up to 25 superficial muscles involved in front crawl swimming (Oarys, 1983; Clarys, Massez, Van Den Broeck, Piette, & Robeaux, 1983; Lewillie, 1974; Maes, Oarys, & Brouwer, 1975) and in the development of a sophisticated data-recording system (Clarys & Publie, 1987). With this knowledge and the technical knowledge of surface EMG registration in water, EMG research in swimming focused on the specificity of some alternative training methods (i.e., comparing muscular activity in one or another test protocol with muscular activity in normal front crawl swimming). Dryland devices such as the isokinetic swim bench, roller board, expander, and call craft did not give satisfactory results. The main problem in dryland training was the elimination of the equilibrium mechanisms that are present in normal swimming (Olbrecht & Clarys, 1983).
In an attempt to eliminate the influence of these mechanisms, we investigated the influence of six different types of hand paddles on the muscular activity during swimming the front crawl. This study showed that hand paddle swimming is muscle-specific with normal front crawl swimming although not unconditionally the same (Bollens & Clarys, 1984).
Although tethered swimming, another alternative swimming method, has been the subject of a number of scientific studies, none of these investigations were concerned with the muscular specificity aspects of this training method (Cureton, 1930; Mosterd & Jongbloed, 1964; Van Manen & Rijken, 1975; Zatsiorsky & Safarian, 1972). The present study dealt vvith verifying similarities or differences in muscular activity between normal (free) front crawl swimming and fully tethered swmming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen Zugfrequenz, Kraft und EMG beim angebundenen Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037018</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037018</guid>
      <author>Cabri, J. M. H.</author>
      <author>Annemans, L.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Publie, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J. M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Annemans, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Publie, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tethered swimming has been widely used, not only for training purposes but also in many different research areas (i.e., biomechanics, hydrodynamics, physiology, etc.). In the past 20 years, this method has been used as an alternative ''wet'' strength training method, particularly because some of the dryland training devices could not be considered as "specific to swimming" (Oarys, 1985; Olbrecht & Oarys, 1983) although they pretend to be so. With the knowledge that fully tethered swimming induces electromyographic (EMG) patterns similar to free swimming and thus may be considered specific to swimming (Bollens, Annemans, Oarys, & Vaes, 1988; Roberts, 1977) the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between different stroke rates (during front crawl on a fully tethered swimming device), the forces developed, and the normalized EMG of the main propulsive arm and leg muscles using (a) raw EMG, (b)integrated EMG, and (c) linear envelope (Winter, Rau, Kadefors, Broman, & Luca, 1980). The relationship between intensity of muscle activity and actual force is described by the integrated electromyography/force ratio (IEMG/IF), for it is an expression of the efficiency of electrical activity (De Vries, 1968). Moreover, Viitasalo (1984) stated that this ratio provides a fairly good representation of the relationship benveen muscle activity and force on the one hand, and contraction velocity on the other. He concluded that from a certain amount of IEMG activity (neural input), slow (isometric) contractions may produce much higher forces in comparison with high velocity (explosive type) contractions (as in jumping). The purposes of this investigation, therefore, were to investigate the (a) influence of different stroke frequencies on the forces developed by the swimmer, (b) influence of different stroke frequencies on the IEMG/IF ratio or the relationship between stroke rate and muscular efficiency, and (c) relationship between the normalized EMG patterns and the normalized force amplitudes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Brüsseler EMG-Schwimmprojekt</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037019</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037019</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This project started in 1970, in a Dutch marine ship model test station (Figure 1) as a result of the study of fundamental and applied hydrodynamics of living human body shapes. This test station allowed for the measurement of passive drag in different positions and of active (swimming) drag. It was found contrary to the general belief that drag in a prone position 60 cm under the water surface was greater than at the water surface or swimming level and that active drag while swimming the front crawl at different velocities reached one and a half to twice the drag values of any passive drag condition (see Figure 2; Oarys, 1979; Oarys & Jiskoot, 1974; 1975; Oarys, Jiskoot, & Lewillie, 1973; Jiskoot & Oarys, 1975). The combination of physics (hydrodynamics) and electrophysiology (EMG) may appear bizarre at first, but in reality these disciplines are highly complementary when ergonomic aspects of aquatics are considered. Hydrodynamics is concerned with drag and propulsion phenomena but because drag equals propulsion at constant velocity, propulsion is usually calculated from a drag-velocity relationship. On the other hand, EMG deals with the direct recording of electrical potentials of the active muscles. In the case of swimming movements, it gives an expression of the dynamic involvement of specific muscles in the propulsion of the body through the water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Aktivität der Oberkörpermuskeln bei querschnittsgelähmten Patienten nach dem Beginn von Brustschwimmbewegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037020</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037020</guid>
      <author>de Witte, B.</author>
      <author>Loyens, R.</author>
      <author>Robeaux, R.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Witte, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loyens, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robeaux, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sport activities permit paraplegics to maintain the physical efficiency level that was obtained during medical rehabilitation, and they are the best way to improve efficiency because they allow a proper effort dosage (Pachalski & Mekarski, 1980). Swimming for the physically handicapped creates some problems, because differences in physical abilities depend upon individual handicaps, but swimming is an activity that lends itself
to the disabled (Guttman, 1%5; Trussell, 1971). Earlier research (Duffield, 1973; Nicol, Schmidt-Hansberg, & McMillan, 1979; Paeth, 1984; Vis, 1971, 1975) showed the positive therapeutical effects for the handicapped of training in water.
In the evolution of teaching swimming techniques, consideration must be given to the various needs and abilities of the handicapped so that they can control the movement of the asymmetrical body shapes (e.g., the Halliwick method). In this regard, no two individuals are alike. Many studies have been undertaken to gather information or to explain the teaching techniques in swimming with the handicapped. Persyn, Surmont, Wouters, and De Mayer (1975) stated that the individual solution for adequate movement in water is as variable as the possible differences in handicaps; therefore, it is difficult to develop norms.
Some researchers recommend the use of a specific swimming technique for supporting or strengthening certain muscle groups. Very few of these recommendations are based on scientific experiences (Duffield, 1973; Lorenzen, 1970; Vis, 1971). Besides this, the experimental investigations on the function of muscles during swimming, especially the breaststroke, are limited to the able-bodied. Electromyography (EMG) of the breaststroke has been studied by Ikai, Ishii, and Miyashita (1964, 14 muscles); Lewillie (1971, 3 muscles; 1974; 2 muscles); Tokuyama, Okamoto, and Kumamoto (1976, 14 muscles); Yoshizawa, Tokuyama, Okamoto, and Kumamoto (1976, 16 muscles); and by Yoshizawa, Okamoto, Kumamoto, Tokuyama, and Oka (1978; 16 muscles). Maes, Clarys, and Brouwer (1975) related the EMG results of five muscles during the breaststroke to the "normal" and disabled swimmer. Persyn et al. (1975) concluded that the physically handicapped swimmer at the "Special Olympic" level often fails to receive adequate training from swimming experts. Considering the poor swimming technique among the best swimmers, the situation is probably much worse for the remaining handicapped persons. In order to set up a basic teaching program on swimming technique for paraplegics, instruction in the breaststroke was initiated for 4 patients with different levels of spinal cord injury. Based on the literature that the breaststroke is an effective way to develop back and shoulder muscles and the importance of these muscle groups for the paraplegic's general efficiency exercises, the participation level of trunk muscles during breaststroke was studied using telemetric EMG in the second phase of this study.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chronische Verletzungen von Schwimmern, Wasserspringern, Wasserballspielern und Synchronschwimmerinnen des Spitzensbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037021</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037021</guid>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ätiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The recent reduction in swimming times and the improvements in swimming performances have paralleled better training techniques, more accessible swimming facilities, and the increase in swimming coaches. Regular specialized training begins at young ages and continues throughout the entire period of growth of aquatic sport athletes. These advances have led to an increased chronic strain on the elite athlete's musculoskeletal system, which has in turn led to an increase in the incidence of chronic injuries. Literature concerning the chronic injuries of competitive swimmers, such as swimmer's shoulder and/or breaststroker' s knee have been cited (Kennedy, Hawkins, & Krissoff, 1978); however, few reports on chronic injuries of divers, water polo players, and synchronized swimmers are available.
This study was designed to determine the incidence and the pattern of chronic injuries among elite comptitive aquatic athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit von Schwimmen mit einem zweiphasigen Labor- und Feldtest</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037022</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037022</guid>
      <author>Szögy, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Szögy, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Physical work capacity has an important influence on sports performances, especially in the cyclic sports. Therefore, the diagnosis and prognosis of the aerobic and the anaerobic capacity represent useful criteria for counseling in the training process.
The anaerobic capacity also influences performances in swimming, especially in the short-distance events. The term anaerobic capacity, with its components maximum anaerobic power and anaerobic stamina, can be defined as the aptitude to exert short-time maximum work loads under oxygen-deficit conditions. This is influenced by physical qualities (speed, strength, and coordination); morphological factors (muscle mass and percentage of fast-twitch fibers); functional factors (impulse transmission speed, the influence of the biofeedback of proprioceptors, and the utilization of elastic energy); and metabolic factors (alactacid energy reserves, glycolytic rate, and acidosis tolerance). These facors are trainable to different degrees from highly to hardly at all (Szogy, 1985).
Opposite to the aerobic capacity, in evaluation of anaerobic capacity there is no tendency for standardization and therefore a variety of methods exists for evaluation (Bar-Or, Dotan, & Inbar, 1977; Georgescu, 1969; Kindermann & Schnabel, 1980; Margaria, 1966; Simon & Thiesmann, 1985; Szogy & Cherebetiu, 1974). At the Institute for Sportsmedicine in Frankfurt, a method was developed for the evaluation of the anaerobic capacity based on the following conditions (Szogy, 1985):
• The subject must be able to influence the magnitude of the workload.
• The performance shall be measurable in physical units.
• It shall permit the evaluation of anaerobic power and stamina.
• Next to the diagnosis of the anaerobic capacity, it shall also permit a prognosis by the evaluation of remaining energy reserves. • It should be applicable in the laboratory and also under specific field conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatmessungen nach dem Wettkampf und Schwimmleistung: Illustriert am Beispiel eines 400-m-Olympiarekordhalters</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037023</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037023</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Paulin, M.</author>
      <author>Lacour, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>BRD</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paulin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacour, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the most important problems in swimming competition is to know whether the swimmers' efforts are maximal or not, essential information for coaches and swimmers. To answer this question in other sports, one measure utilized has been the postcompetition blood lactate concentration (L). Keul, Kindermann, and Simon (1978) showed that in running, a maximal exercise was characterized by an L higher than 20 mM. Swimming is a rather different sport because it concerns a larger muscle mass. Specific references to swimming are thus needed to establish the relationship between L and performance level. Sawka, Knowlton, Miles, and Critz (1979) began to investigate L in freestyle swims over distances of 50 to 1,000 yd and in the 200-yd individual medley, butterfly, breast-, and backstrokes. The aim of the present study was to systematically document the maximal concentration of blood lactate (L max) measured at the end of competitions over 50 to 1,500 m in all the strokes. Among the same swimmers, some comparisons were made between  different distances and strokes in order to investigate the possible effects of motivation and specific training programs. The L results measured on Thomas Fahrner (TF) during the 1983-84 Olympic season were used as an individual illustration of the general trends derived from these data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine biomeschanische Analyse der USA-Langstreckenfreistilschwimmer bei den OS 1984</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037024</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037024</guid>
      <author>Maglischo, C. W.</author>
      <author>Maglischo, E. W.</author>
      <author>Higgins, J.</author>
      <author>Hinrichs, R.</author>
      <author>Luedtke, D.</author>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <author>Thayer, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1984</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 1984</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, C. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Higgins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinrichs, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luedtke, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thayer, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsive efficiency of competitive swimmers has been a matter of considerable interest for many decades (Alley, 1952; Plagenhoff, 1971; Barthels & Adrian, 1974; Schleihauf, 1978; Schleihauf et al., 1985). In 1974, Schleihauf introduced a method for estimating the instantaneous propulsive force that is generated by swimmers as they stroke down the pool. This method is based on using vector analysis to solve for the resultant and propulsive forces when the velocity, direction, and angle of attack of the hand and arm are known.
Schleihauf' s method was used to study the propulsive effectiveness of selected members of the 1984 U.S Olympic Swimming Team while they attended a pre-games training camp in Mission Viejo, California during July 1984. The project was funded by United States Swimming with the permission of the athletes and coaching staff. The Sports Medicine Committee of United States Swimming selected the authors to conduct the investigation. The purpose of this paper was to present the results from the distance freestyle swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bewertung sehr leistungsstarker Schwimmer mittels quantitativer und qualitativer Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037025</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037025</guid>
      <author>Loetz, C.</author>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <author>Schmitt, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Loetz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmitt, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Highly skilled swimming is characterized by an extraordinarily high frequency of events. Within a second in time the swimmers must solve the difficult task of coordinating the motions of their body segments, for example, when swimming the crawl: (a) the pull-push phase of the right arm with the pull-push phase of the left arm; (b) the rolling motions pivoting on the longitudinal axis with the pull-push phase, the recovery phase, and breathing; (c) arm strokes with leg kicks; and (d) head movements when the swimmer inhales and exhales. Moreover, during different movements (e.g. during a pull-push phase), the geometric and dynamic movement pattern changes continually.
The high frequency of events and the dynamic and geometric variations make subjective evaluation difficult even for the most observing and experienced coach, unless he or she has a method for obtaining objective data to support subjective conclusions. These data are achievable by quantitative measuring and scanning consistent with a theory-based conceptional model (Barthels, 1979; Brown & Counsilman, 1970; Schleihauf, 1977, 1979). In this way, the motions can be evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Being norm-oriented, the evaluation of the movements involves a comparison between the factual values, or actual motions, and the "statistical" or "ideal" norms (Ballreich, 1976; Letzelter, 1985). The diagnosis of the performance levels must consider two elements: the ability of the swimmer and his or her developed skills. Although an evaluation of abilities can furnish useful knowledge for orientation and training, this study was limited to the evaluation of skills.
The evaluation of swimming motions is based on a number of criteria, videorecordings (slow-motion and frame advance), and quantitative biomechanical parameters. Velocity-time and pressure-time are recorded, graphed, and measured via biomechanical methods that will be described later. The horizontal intracyclic velocities are gauged by means of an impulse light method and electrical resistance variation method; the pressure-time graphs are recorded by the difference-pressure method. Using the difference-pressure method, it was possible to measure the amount of time-dependent resultant of lift and drag. The different biomechanical methods are synchronized by a sensor-video personal computer (PC) unit in order to evaluate swimming skills qualitatively and quantitatively. This evaluation system offers the advantage of delivering objective and subjective knowledge of results simultaneously to the trainer and the swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Computer basierte Analyse und Beratung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037026</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037026</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Vijfvinkel, D. V.</author>
      <author>Verhetsel, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messplatz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Berater-System</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vijfvinkel, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verhetsel, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In most Western countries, government support cannot be expected for extensive evaluations of large numbers of elite swimmers in a laboratory. For this reason, research in the Leuven Evaluation Center for Swimmers has been directed toward the development of a user-friendly system, allowing an expert to make rapid diagnoses and to provide advice at poolside. Attention is given to simple observation and measuring instrumentation as well as to personal computer (PC) software. The PC allows hydromechanical, kinanthropometric, physiological, and other data to be used for the evaluation of swimmers and for the education of swimming consultants. In order to select information relevant to performance, a review was made of effective instruction for correcting the movement and/or improving physical characteristics, and thus resulting in enhanced swimming performances. Diverse categories of relevant information have been collected in the Evaluation Center on 600 elite swimmers (10 to 22 years old) from various countries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung von Laktatsäure zum Langstreckenschwimmen und zum 3 x 400-m "2-Geschwindigkeiten-Test" und die Konsequenzen für die Anpassung der Trainingsintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037027</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037027</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Madsen, Oe.</author>
      <author>Liesen, H.</author>
      <author>Hollmann, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madsen, Oe.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liesen, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollmann, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The concentration of lactic acid has been used not only to control the sport-specific performance capacity of athletes (Keul, Kindermann, & Simon, 1978; Madsen, 1982; Margaria, 1976; Saltin, 1973; Stegmann & Kindermann, 1982) but also to determine the optimal training intensity (Fohrenbach, Mader, & Hollmann, 1981; Keul et al., 1979; Uesen, Mader, Heck, & Hollmann, 1977; Mader, Madsen, & Hollmann, 1980; Madsen & Olbrecht, 1983). Not everyone, however, can make use of this method. Therefore, an attempt was made to find an alternative method-a type of test, without any lactate measurements, that could be used to adapt individual training intensities to the endurance capacity of each athlete. The present study compared the relationship between swimming speed and lactic acid accumulation during the 2 x 400-m "2-speed test" (Mader et al., 1980) and during 30 and 60 min of continuous swimming. In accordance with the changes in the relationship between lactate and speed in prolonged and interval-type exercises (Olbrecht, Madsen, Mader, Uesen, & Hollmann, 1985), a range of intensities was established for different types of endurance training for the tested athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffverbrauch und Blutlaktatsäurereaktion auf Training und Tapering</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037028</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037028</guid>
      <author>van Handel, P. J.</author>
      <author>Katz, A.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daniels, J. T.</author>
      <author>Bradley, P. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Handel, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniels, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bradley, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Detraining or taper is commonly practiced in preparation for competition, but it may result in significant reductions in aerobic capacity and endurance in running (Hickson, Foster, Pollock, Galassi, & Rich, 1985) and muscle force and power in swimming (Neufer, Costill, Fielding, Flynn, & Kirwan, 1986). The purpose of this study was to monitor energetics during intense training and taper in highly trained swimmers in preparation for U.S. national competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stoffwechsel- und Kreislaufreaktionen von Schwimmern, modernen Fünfkämpfern und Wasserballspielern während des maximalen Kraulschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037029</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037029</guid>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moderner Fünfkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Man's physiological response to swimming has, as a whole, been studied in detail (Dixon & Faulkner, 1971; Holmer, 1974; McArdle, Glaser & Magel, 1971), but the majority of these studies have only been conducted on competitive and recreational swimmers. Water polo players and pentathletes also compete in the aquatic medium. Water polo players do not race as such, but they must swim in short, rapid bursts and  must stay afloat for long periods of time. Their training involves considerable lower limb activity. Pentathletes participate in a 300-m race as part of their five-event competitive program. They train both on land (running to compete in the 4,000-m race) and in water. The metabolic and circulatory responses during swimming of water polo players and pentathletes may be expected to be different from that of swimmers. Reported here are results of studies carried out to compare the oxygen demand and cardiac responses during freestyle (crawl) swimming at increasing velodties (0.9 to 1.5 m • s-1 ) in pantathletes, water polo players, and swimmers. Also included is the relative importance of V02max and swimming economy (the steady state oxygen demand for a standardized swimming speed) for the prediction of the 300-m performance in swimmers and pentathletes.Deskriptoren]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaktion zwischen aerober/anaerober Belastung und biomechanischer Leistung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037030</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037030</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Komi, P. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komi, P. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The mean velocity of freestyle swimming (V) is equal to the product of the stroke rate (SR) and the stroke length (SL). SR refers to one complete cycle of one arm in a given unit of time. The duration of a stroke cycle depends on the angular velocity of rotational movement of the arm around the shoulder joint and on the distance that the most distal part of the upper extremity travels through the water and the air during stroking. SL is the distance that the swimmer moves forward during one complete stroke cycle of one arm. It depends on the horizontal components of drag and lift forces on segments of a swimmer and therefore on the swimmer's muscular power output (Grimston & Hay, 1986; Hay, 1978; Miller, 1975).
In general, SR and SL are negatively related to each other, and the combination of these two variables is highly individualized. Although the interdependence of SR and SL is very high, several factors may influence their interrelationships. Among them are anthropometric characteristics, which have been shown to influence SR and more importantly SL {Oarys, Jiskoot, Rijken, & Brouwer, 1974; DeGaray, Levine, & Carter, 1974; Grimston & Hay, 1986; Reischle, 1978). The swimming velocity may also have different reflections on SR and SL depending on the individual's performance capacity in water and swimming skill. The increase in V has been found to be more strongly related to an increase in SR than to a decrease in SL, and SL demonstrates considerable intra- and interindividual variability. However, a hypothesis has been proposed that SR cannot be increased beyond the optimal level without a loss in V (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; East, 1970). Furthermore, the swimmers with different swimming performances have much greater variability in SL than in SR in competitive swimming (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Craig, Skehan, Pawelczyk, & Boomer, 1985; East, 1970; Hay & Guimares, 1983; Letzelter & Freitag, 1982).
These observations have led to the assumption that the complex interrelationship among SR, SL, and V may reflect individual swimming efficiency as well as overall metabolism (Costill et al., 1985). The present study was therefore designed to evaluate V of freestyle swimming utilizing the SR and SL in three different intensity levels in aerobic/ anaerobic loading situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Blutlaktatakkumulation und Zugfrequenz und pro Zug zurückgelegter Strecke bei Spitzenschwimmereinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037031</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037031</guid>
      <author>Weiss, M.</author>
      <author>Reischle, K.</author>
      <author>Bouws, N.</author>
      <author>Simon, G.</author>
      <author>Weicker, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reischle, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouws, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Simon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weicker, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming velocity (v) is the function of stroke rate (S} and distance per stroke (d/5). As shown by CrC).ig and Pendergast (1979) stroke rate is a nonlinear function of v: When S is increased above the optimal point, v decreases. The reason for this nonlinear function between S and v is a shortening of d/5. Energy demand (E) in swimming der.ends on efficiency (eff.), body drag (db), and v; therefore Eisa function of 5 and d/5. The total energy delivery is the sum of aerobic metabolism (V02) and anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis leading to lactate production and the breakdown of phosphates, especially creatin phosphate [CP]). When swimming longer than 20 s under steady state conditions, CP is constant. At low speeds, lactate produced can be eliminated and blood lactate remains constant, but at high speeds above 70 or 80% V02max, blood lactate accumulates (anaerobic threshold onset of blood lactate accumulation [OBLAJ) as a function of S and d/S. Furthermore, efficiency during constant work depends on frequency in all cyclic movements. This has been shown for bicycle ergometers (Stegemann, Ulmer, & Heinrich, 1968), rowing (Raatz & Krause, 1977), and running (Cavanagh & Williams, 1982) as well as in swimming (Kipke, 1978; Swaine & Reilly, 1983). The aim of the prese~t study was to evaluate the dependence of blood lactate accumulation on 5 and d/ 5 during different swimming velocities and distances in female high-skilled swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatkonzentration sehr leistungsstarker australischer Schwimmer nach Wettkämpfen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037032</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037032</guid>
      <author>Telford, R. D.</author>
      <author>Hahn, A. C.</author>
      <author>Catchpole, E. A.</author>
      <author>Parker, A. R.</author>
      <author>Sweetenham, W. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Telford, R. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hahn, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Catchpole, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parker, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweetenham, W. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Over the past decade, considerable emphasis has been placed on blood lactic acid measurement during submaximal and maximal training swims as an aid to the design of training programs. The earlier work of Mader, Heck, and Hollman (1976) was applied to swimming by such researchers as Sharp, Vitelli, Costill, and Thomas (1984) and Maglischo, Maglischo, Smith, Bishop, and Horland (1984}. A review article of these applications has recently been published (Heck et al., 1985). Sawka, Knowlton, Miles, and Critz (1979), who reported on blood lactate values obtained in collegiate swimmers, pointed out that very little information has been published on the maximal levels of blood lactate accumulation during competition. The purpose of the current investigation was to measure postcompetition blood lactate levels from some of Australia's best S"\\immers. More specificially, the purposes were to determine (a) the postcompetition maximal blood lactate concentrations (MBLA) obtained during heats and finals; (b) the values attained by more and less accomplished swimmers; and (c) MBLA values of male and female competitors during 25- and 50-m pool competitions in successive weeks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Temperaturregulierung und Immersion</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036970</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036970</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A recently published bibliography titled Man in the Cold Environment contains about 500 abstracts, most of which have appeared in the literature since 1972 (Schilling, 1980). There were, of course, many other earlier publications which were not included. It is not possible to cover the entire subject of thermoregulation in a cold environment and my review must therefore be limited. The aim of this article is to discuss temperature regulation in water as it relates to competitive and recreational swimmers. Man's normal environment is air, but people enter the water for many reasons, including rehabilitation, recreation, and competitive sports. Many physiological responses are different in air than in water, but for swimmers the most important factor is heat exchange between the water and the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Charakteristika von Schwimm-Champions während einer Fünf-Jahres-Nachfolgeperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036971</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036971</guid>
      <author>Gullstrand, L.</author>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gullstrand, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Seit 1977 realisierten Verf. zur Unterstützung des Trainings physiologische Testbatterien mit fünf Schwimmern und fünf Schwimmerinnen der schwedischen Nationalmannschaft. Bei der Auswahl der physiologischen Messungen wurde auf eine starke Schwimm-Spezifik Wert gelegt, und es wurde ein in Schweden konstruierter Strömungskanal eingesetzt. Schlußfolgernd wird gefordert, daß Schwimmtraining auf hohem Niveau mit pubertären und postpubertären Sportlern/ Sportlerinnen mehr Zeit für die Entwicklung der anaeroben Kapazitäten beinhalten sollte.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schwimmens in eiskaltem und warmem Wasser auf Veränderungen des Plasmavolumens und der freien Fettsäuren</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036972</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036972</guid>
      <author>Zeman, V.</author>
      <author>Holecek, V.</author>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fettsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zeman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holecek, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the CSSR during recent years a special sport has been developing called "sports hardening" or winter swimming. It implies year-round outdoor swimming. During competition the athletes swim, depending on their degree of hardening and swimming fitness, 100-, 250-, 500-, 750-and 1,000-m races in water at temperatures of 0-8°C. The longest time permitted in water is 20 min. We were interested in the  rganism's response to this substantial cold stress and compared it with responses to swimming in warm water in a pool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen isokinetischen, isotonischen und Schwimmtrainings auf die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036973</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036973</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Kanehisa, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tonus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanehisa, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Wenige Arbeiten befaßten sich bisher mit der Frage, ob Zuwachs an Muskelkraft nach Krafttraining speziell im Schwimmen zu einer Leistungssteigerung führt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Auswirkungen muskulären Krafttrainings auf die Schwimmleistungen untersucht. Es wurde eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen verbesserter Schwimmleistung und verbesserter Muskelausdauer ermittelt, während keine signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen Schwimmleistung und dem Muskelkraftmoment während einer einzelnen isokinetischen Kontraktion festgestellt wurden. So sollte also für die Spezifik der Anforderung im Schwimmen die muskuläre Ausdauer durch geeignete Übungen trainiert werden, was von bedeutend mehr Nutzen ist als ein Programm mit einzelnen maximalen Kontraktionen.
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einschätzung der Spitzenleistung beim 100-Meter-Brustschwimmen auf der Grundlage von Serum-Laktat-Messungen bei zwei submaximalen Testbelastungen mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036974</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036974</guid>
      <author>Elliott, M.</author>
      <author>Haber, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Serum</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elliott, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haber, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Medical supervision of training is becoming more and more important. The methods used should be practical not only in the laboratory but
also at the training place and they should be adjusted to the particular form of sport. Forms of competitive sports favoring short-time endurance require reliable methods for judging special endurances, which can be defined as the optimal combination of special strength and techniques as well as aerobic and anaerobic capacity required for the length of the competition. Provided the competition does not last significantly longer than 2 min, the necessary energy is provided mainly through the lactacid anaerobic system. Serum lactate is a measure of the rate of glycolytically formed energy and thus constitutes an objective measure of work intensity in short-time endurance activities. The individual's special endurance determines the relationship between serum lactate and speed. Consequently, it must be possible to estimate velocity at maximal lactate after having determined the individual relationship between lactate and velocity during submaximal work. This assumption was substantiated by comparing the actual measured maximal velocity with the estimated maximal velocity, based on this individual relationship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlaglängen- und Schlagfrequenzvariationen im 100 m-Freistilschwimmen der Männer und Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036975</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036975</guid>
      <author>Letzelter, H.</author>
      <author>Freitag, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Letzelter, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitag, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die zum Schwimmen einer 100 m-Strecke benötigte Zeit verhält sich als Funktion der Schlaglänge (l100) und der Schlagfrequenz (f100). Weiterhin ist die Gesamtzeit abhängig von der Zeit pro Bahn (ti), die ihrerseits Funktion der Schlaglänge (li) und der Schlagfrequenz (fi) ist. Die sich daraus ergebenden praktischen Fragen sind:
Auf welchem Abschnitt sichern Spitzenschwimmer ihren Vorsprung ab?
Ist größere Schlagfrequenz oder größere Schlaglänge anzustreben, oder sind Spitzenschwimmer in beiderlei Hinsicht überlegen?
R. Kötteritzsch

15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Profile von Schwimmern, die bei Brustkraulwettkämpfen verschiedene Bewegungsstrukturen einsetzen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036976</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036976</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Vervaecke, H.</author>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Verhetsel, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vervaecke, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verhetsel, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zwei Gruppen von Schwimmern, die verschiedene optimale Bewegungsstrukturen verwenden, wurden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Zwischen beiden Gruppen wurden signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich einiger somatischer, Flexibilitäts- und Schwimmeigenschaftswerte festgestellt, die zur Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Bewegungsstrukturen beitragen.
R. Kötteritzsch
15.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmrichtung und visuelle Kontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036977</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036977</guid>
      <author>Novàk, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Novàk, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Schwimmen ohne visuelle Orientierungshilfen führt zu signifikanten Abweichungen vom geraden Schwimmkurs. Wenn bei Schwimmern Abweichungen beim Brustschwimmen festgestellt werden, können diese ebenso im Brustkraulschwimmen erwartet werden. Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller Seitendominanz und dem Abweichungsverhalten wurden nicht festgestellt. Auch beim Langstreckenschwimmen in offenen Gewässern ist eine Sichtorientierung für das Halten des geraden Kurses erforderlich.   
R. Kötteritzsch
18.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauer im Schwimmen - analysiert aus der Sicht der automatischen Regulationstheorie</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036978</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036978</guid>
      <author>Schor, V.</author>
      <author>Stupineanu, I.</author>
      <author>Hillerin, P.</author>
      <author>Constantinescu, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Funktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schor, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stupineanu, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hillerin, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Constantinescu, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Studie wurden bei einem Schwimmer, der an einem modular aufgebautem Ergometer belastt wurde, die Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Kurven für den Armvorschub und die Kraft-Bewegungskurven untersucht. Das Ziel bestand darin zu bestimmen: (a) die Zwei-Werte-Funktion F(v,s); (b) ob die Form der Kurven über verschiedene Zyklen relativ stabil blieben; (c) ob die Kurvenform von Ermüdung beeinflußt wurde; und (d) ob unter Nutzung der Funktion F(V,s) ein Ausdauerfaktor beschrieben werden kann.
R. Kötteritzsch
18.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einsatz der Herzfrequenzmessung zur Vorhersage von Schwimmleistungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036979</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036979</guid>
      <author>Treffene, R.J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Treffene, R.J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Treffene (1975, l978a, 1978b) and Treffene et al. (1979) have described a protocol using heart rates measured immediately after constant pace swims to calculate the minimal constant velocity (Ver) at which a swimmer's heart rate achieves its maximum. Maximal oxygen uptake should also first occur at this speed (Andersen et al., 1971; Charonnier et al., 1975; Simonsen, 1971). The protocol used was similar to the recommended World Health Organization multistage extrapolation method (Andersen et al., 1971). Extrapolation to each subject's measured maximal heart rate was used, however, to determine Ver It has been assumed (Treffene, 1978a, 1978b) that the total anaerobic energy used for 100-m swimming events is about the same as that available for the 200-pl events. A rapid increase in muscle lactic acid accumulation rate (Lam), as indicated by blood lactate measurements, occurs when Yer or V02max is reached (Piiper et al., 1966; Treffene et al., 1980). fbe Lam for the 200-m swimming velocity was assumed to be half of the Lam for the 100-m velocity so that the total anaerobic energy used could be equated. If the average velocity for the I 00-m is Y m/s and writing V er as X m/s, Treffene (1980) deduced that V er for the 200- and the 400-m events would be seen at velocities of (X + Y/2) m/s and (3X + Y/4) m/s, respectively. The model also predicts that the 800- and 1,500-m events will be swum at velocities close to Ver The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between individual Ver values and competition swimming speeds over 200- and 400-m distances and to determine whether the prediction formula of
Treffene (1978a. 1978b, 1980) already mentioned agree with competitive performance results.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß einiger somatischer Faktoren auf den passiven Widerstand, Gravitations- und Auftriebskräfte bei Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036980</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036980</guid>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gravitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bei einer Untersuchung an Schwimmerinnen im Leistungssportbereich wurde in dieser Arbeit der Zusammenhang zwischen den mechanischen Körpereigenschaften und einigen aktuell verwendeten somatischen Werten festgestellt. Weiterhin wurde die Abhängigkeit der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit von den gemessenen mechanischen Eigenschaften bei verschiedenen Streckenlängen und Schwimmschlägen untersucht. Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit kann zu einem großen Teil über Vorschubwerte erklärt werden (Kraft, Flexibilität, Handgröße, Fußgröße usw.). Das Gewicht dieser Studie liegt daher auf den einzelnen Elementen, die in ihrer Gesamtheit zu einem Bewertzungssystem führen. In diesem Sinne sind auch Kriterien, für die niedrige Korrelationen festgestellt wurden, interessant für die Betrachtung des Gesamtphänomens. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamteffektivität und Widerstandskräfte beim Brustkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036981</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036981</guid>
      <author>Kemper, H. C. G.</author>
      <author>Verschuur, R.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kemper, H. C. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verschuur, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Arbeit wurde die Messung der Vorschubkraft mit der Messung des Energieverbrauchs kombiniert, um die Gesamteffektivität beim Freistilschwimmen zu ermitteln. Die Gesamteffektivität des Brustkraulschwimmens bei konstanter Geschwindigkeit wurde errechnet aus Sauerstoffverbrauch und mechanischer Arbeit. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rückwärtige Extrapolation von VO2 aus der O2-Wiederherstellungskurve nach einer maximalen 400-m-Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036982</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036982</guid>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <author>Léger, L.A.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <author>Chabot, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Léger, L.A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chabot, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die rückwärtige Extrapolation der O2-Wiederherstellungskurve zum Zeitpunkt Null der Wiederherstellungsphase wird in der Literatur als eine geeignete Methode zur Bestimmung von VO2 bei maximaler Belastung beschrieben - besonders in Hinblick auf Feldbedingungen. Da jedoch die meisten hochtrainierten Schwimmer ihren maximalen Sauerstoffverbrauch bei Geschwindigkeiten erreichen, die weit unter dem Maximum liegen, wird hiermit eine Studie vorgelegt, in der ermittelt werden soll, ob die Verzögerung im Einsetzen der O2-Wiederherstellung nach supramaximaler Belastung (maximale 400 m-Schwimmbelastung) genutzt werden kann, um ein leichteres Bewertungskriterium für VO2 max im Schwimmen zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Nutzung der rückwärtigen Extrapolation nach 400 m-Maximalschwimmbelastung zu einer Überbewertung des Spitzen-VO2 führt. Die Messung von VO2 nach dem Ende der Belastung (20 Sek. oder weniger) ist jedoch ein aussagekräftiger Wert für Spitzen-Belastungs-VO2 und bietet zudem den Vorteil, daß die rückwärtige Extrapolation auf einen Testdurchgang reduziert werden kann. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Bewegungen des hinteren Körperabschnittes von Delphinen mit den Bewegungen von Schmetterlingsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036983</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036983</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tier</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The locomotion of dolphins attracts attention in some respects, as it is harmonic and results in very high swimming speeds. The adaptation of this movement in a competitive swimming stroke for humans such as he butterfly stroke is therefore plausible. The body movements of the rear parts of both dolphins and butterfly swimmers, respectively, result in the production of drag and thrust in a unique situation. Whereas the dolphin's tail and fluke movements result solely in a powerful thrust, the effect of a swimmer's dolphin kick is discussed with more controversy. Barthels and Adrian (1975) suggested that the down-beat contributes to the propulsion of the body. Makarenko (1978) claimed that the dolphin kick sometimes has a propulsive effect and that in some swimmers, leg movements stabilize the body by elevating the hips. Jensen and Mcllwain (1979) demonstrated, on the basis of an estimate for joint reaction forces, that the first kick may accelerate the swimmer and elevate the hips. The joint reaction was calculated on the assumption that the production of propulsive forces depends on surface area, angular velocity of the body part considered, density of water, and drag coefficient. In this approach, the forces due to the interaction of the whole body and the water are treated as if every part of the body is counteracted by resistive forces. Therefore, this concept was called a "resistive model."]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß aktiver Erholung auf den Abbau von Blutlaktat nach supramaximalem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036984</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036984</guid>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Dufort, C.</author>
      <author>Cervetti, J. P.</author>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dufort, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cervetti, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In dieser Arbeit wurde festgestellt, daß nach einer supramaximalen Schwimmbelastung aktive Erholung stärker zum Blutlaktatabbau beuträgt als Ruhe. Während der Erholungsphase schwammen die Probanden mit einer frei gewählten als optimal empfundenen Geschwindigkeit. Praktisch wird geschlußfolgert: wenn Wettkampfschwimmer 20 Minuten lang mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 60 - 70% ihrer 100 m-Bestleistung schwimmen, wird ihr Laktatwert in dieser Zeit in den Ruhewert zurückkehren.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Anstiege der anaeroben Schwelle und des Blutlaktats bei Fahrradergometer-Belastung und freiem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036985</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036985</guid>
      <author>Caldwell, J. E.</author>
      <author>Pekkarinen, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Caldwell, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pekkarinen, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mit der in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Methode zur Bestimmung der Laktatschwelle im freien Schwimmen wurde gezeigt, daß die anaerobe Schwelle hier deutlich höher liegt als bei der Fahrradergometer-Belastung. Entsprechend war Blutlaktat bei maximaler und submaximaler Belastung im Schwimmen niedriger ausgeprägt als bei der Fahrradbelastung. Dies wird interpretiert als Indiz für eine höhere aerobe Kapazität der Oberkörpermuskulatur der Schwimmer (bzw. geringere aktive Muskelmasse). Obwohl sich durch Ergometrie wertvolle Aussagen über VO2 max ermitteln lassen, ist die Anwendung von Daten aus dem submaximalen Anteil des Tests für das Schwimmtraining nicht gerechtfertigt. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß von Training und Alter auf VO2 max beim Schwimmen, untersucht bei japanischen Nachwuchsleistungs- und Olympiaschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036986</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036986</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Spitzenleistungen im Schwimmen entstehen aus einer Kombination verschiedener Faktoren wie aerober und anaerober Kapazität, Technik, psychologische Faktoren. Es wird festgestellt, daß Weltrekorde schon in sehr frühem Alter erreicht werden (in einigen Fällen Mädchen im Alter von 12 - 14 Jahren). Aus dieser Sicht ist es wichtig, die aerobe Kapazität im Verhältnis zu den Wachstumsmustern innerhalb einer Altersgruppe zu studieren. Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme, Wachstumsmustern, und Schwimmrekorden bei japanischen Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen im Nachwuchs-Leistungssportbereich.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerober Energieverbrauch beim Brustkraulschwimmen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern von internationalem Niveau und bei halbwüchsigen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036987</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036987</guid>
      <author>Montpetit, R. R.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <author>Cazorla, G.A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen wird ein linearer Zusammenhang von VO2 und der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit für ein spezifisches Spektrum von Geschwindigkeiten (1,0-1,5 m /sek) festgestellt. Bei gut trainierten Schwimmern haben Alter und Geschlecht hierauf keinen Einfluß. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Probanden sind erheblich in Bezug auf den Energieverbrauch bei einer gegebenen Geschwindigkeit. Viele dieser Unterschiedlichkeiten werden mittels der Körpergröße und des Gewichtes des Schwimmers im Wasser erklärt. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und mathematische Modelle</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036938</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036938</guid>
      <author>Adrian, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich aus rein theoretischer Sicht mit Kategorien, die für die biomechanische Beschreibung und mathematische Modellierung der Schwimmbewegung erforderlich sind: Flüssigkeitsmechanik, Zusammenhang zwischen der Form des schwimmenden Körpers und dem Widerstand, also zwischen menschlicher Morphologie und Hydrodynamik. Aufbauend auf Ausführungen zu Anatomie und Mechanik gibt Verf. einen Überblick über die Geschichte von Modellierung und Simulation sowie einen Ausblick auf künftig mögliche Entwicklungsrichtungen: Einsatz von Schwimmergometern, Nutzung kinanthropometrischer Daten zur Reduzierung von Fehlern im Modell (Definition von Schwimmer-Prototypen), Datenbanken über Schwimmerprofile und dazu passende ideale Schwimmstile, Modellierung von Gelenk- und Muskelkräften zur Vorhersage des Verletzungspotentials, Modellierung der Schwimmtechnik.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMG spezifische Krafttrainingsübungen für das Brustkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036939</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036939</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reiz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Von vielen Schwimmtrainern wurde die Bedeutung des Trockentrainings für die Kraftentwicklung hervorgehoben. Ausgangspunkt dabei ist, daß durch die entsprechenden Übungen nur die am Vorschub wirkenden Muskeln trainiert werden sollen, und daß die Bewegungsstrukturen bei diesen Übungen mit denen des tatsächlichen Schwimmschlages identisch sein müssen. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob sich bei Trockenübungen tatsächlich EMG-Strukturen erzeugen lassen, die mit denen des Schwimmens identisch sind. In Auswertung der auftretenden EMG-Abweichungen wurde insgesamt festgestellt, daß aufgrund von mechanischen und Umgebungsunterschieden spezifisches Schwimmtraining nicht unter Trockenbedingungen simuliert werden kann, d.h. daß durch Trockentraining nicht die spezifischen Muskelstimuli des Schwimmschlages erzeugt werden können.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Kräftebilanz mit ihrer Anwendung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036940</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036940</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>van der Helm, F. C. T.</author>
      <author>Elzerman, J. R.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van der Helm, F. C. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elzerman, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde eine vergleichende Untersuchung zweier Gruppen von Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichem Leistungsniveau durchgeführt, um mögliche Unterschiede in der äußeren Kraft, aeroben Kapazität, Schlagfrequenz und Schwimmschlaglänge zu ermitteln. Des weiteren wurde der Einfluß anthropometrischer Werte auf diese Kriterien untersucht. Die festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen hatten signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Vorschubeffektivität, die ein wichtiger Faktor für die Schwimmleistung ist. Die Erhöhung der Vorschubeffektivität durch eine Verbesserung der Technik wird als ein wichtiges Trainingsziel postuliert. 
R. Kötteritzsch
13.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetik und mechanische Arbeit beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036941</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036941</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In den 70er Jahren standen energetische Fragen des Schwimmens besonders im Mittelpunkt des wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Verf. liefert in diesem Artikel einen Uberblick über die seither in der Literatur zu diesem Themenkreis bearbeiteten Aspekte (Effektivität der mechanischen Arbeit, Vorschub, Energiebedarf beim Schwimmen, Anteil aerober und anaerober Energiebereitstellung). 
R. Kötteritzsch
13.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein einfaches System des Videofilmens unter Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036942</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036942</guid>
      <author>Vertommen, L.</author>
      <author>Fauvart, H.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vertommen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fauvart, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The most important part of a swimming stroke occurs underwater where propulsion is accomplished. This means that the coach or teacher concerned with evaluating the stroke mechanics of swimmers must have a clear picture of the underwater action. Therefore, a watertight plexiglass box was developed which allows video recording of stroke technique below the surface of the water. Conventional filming through an underwater camera is expensive and one must wait for the film to be developed in order to see the result. It also requires trained photographers, which most coaches and teachers are not. Dal Monte (1971) described a sophisticated apparatus allowing cinematographic recordings perpendicular at all times to the swimmers' movements and at a speed identical to that of the swimmers' displacements in the water. Mcintyre and Hay (1975) solved the observation problem with the development of an inverse periscope. Although we don't want to criticize this method, we think the method described by Hoffman (1976), which was used as the basis for the development of our watertight plexiglass box, is a more economical and less time-consuming approach to observing and evaluating underwater movements. It is the purpose of this article to provide a description of a device that is easy to build in a technical laboratory at low cost. In addition, it is portable and therefore can be used in any pool. Furthermore, trained individuals are not needed to obtain clear and usable video pictures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der an ein externes Gewicht weitergegebenen Kraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036943</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036943</guid>
      <author>Hopper, R.T.</author>
      <author>Hadley, C.</author>
      <author>Piva, M.</author>
      <author>Bambauer, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hopper, R.T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hadley, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Piva, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bambauer, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgehend von der großen Bedeutung der Kraft für die Schwimmleistung wurden Krafttests bisher durch Messungen in Trockenübungen realisiert. Da im Schwimmschlag jedoch komplexere Faktoren zusammenwirken als bei der Kraftübung im Trockenen, wurde durch Verf. eine kostengünstige Testvariante zur Messung der unter Wasser an ein externes Gewicht abgegebenen Kraft entwickelt. Diese Methode wurde an Schwimmern im Hochleistungsbereich der USA erprobt. Des weiteren werden positive Erfahrungen hinsichtlich der Nutzung dieses Verfahrens im Training wiedergegeben.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Betrachtung des EMG im Schwimmen - Erklärung von Fakten und/oder Feedback-Information</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036944</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036944</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Neben der Frage, welche Muskeln in die Ausführung einer Schwimmbewegung einbezogen sind, werden die EMG-Strukturen komplexer rhytmischer Schwimmbewegungen diskutiert. Dazu betrachtet Verf. die Aussagen, die in der Literatur über die verschiedenen Schwimmstile Brustkraul, Rückenkraul, Delphin getroffen werden. Verf. berichtet in diesem Beitrag über seine eigenen Untersuchungen der EMG-Aktivitäten von 10 ausgewählten Muskeln beim Brustkraulschwimmen.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medizinische Hinweise für Babyschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036945</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036945</guid>
      <author>O'Brien, M.</author>
      <author>Smith, J.</author>
      <author>Bolger, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>O'Brien, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolger, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hydrotherapy has been used for many years to improve muscle tone and coordination in babies and adults (Davis, 1967; Duffield, 1976; Newman, 1975). Babies exposed to graded exercise in warm swimming pools improve in coordination and gain physical, mental and social skills exceeding those observed in their peers (Quinn, 1981). Children born and brought up in the tropics often swim before they can walk and learn this skill before they have acquired a fear of water. In Ireland baby swimming has been pioneered by international swimming
coach Jack Smith, who started baby swimming classes in a private school 3 years ago. In September 1980 other baby swimming classes were started, one in Dublin and one in Belfast. In 1982 the public pools set aside hours for mother and baby swimming but had no organized teaching. Because of the great interest that has arisen, the Northern Ireland Sports Council and its equivalent body, Cospoir, in the Republic, in association with the Education Committee of the Irish Amateur Swimming Association, currently are providing guidelines to be used by leisure centers and swimming pools wishing to provide facilities for baby swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktorenanalyse eines Schwimmleistungstests</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036947</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036947</guid>
      <author>Nowlan, J.</author>
      <author>Godbout, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nowlan, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Godbout, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Many studies of swimming performance tests have been reported in the literature (Burris, 1964; Fox, 1959; Jackson et al., 1979; Nowlan, 1979; Rosentswieg, 1968; Santeusanio, 1980). Swim literature also abounds with utilitarian swimming tests (Cureton, 1943; Guilbert, 1973; Lanoue, 1963; Reece, 1980; Silvia, 1966). Lifesaving and survival swimming skills are defmed in an array of swimming test items with many similarities from one lifesaving society to another. These swimming tests have face validity and to some extent logical validity. The purpose of this study was to establish the construct validity of the Universite de Moncton swimming performance test.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beschreibung der Beinbewegung von Kleinkindern im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036948</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036948</guid>
      <author>Wielki, C.</author>
      <author>Houben, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wielki, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houben, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The majority of research concerning the mechanics of swimming has been confined to competitive swimming strokes of males and females over the age of 10 yr. With the increased emphasis on teaching children to swim during infancy, there is a need to investigate infants' swimming patterns. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to describe the movement patterns for the lower limbs of infants aged 3-20 months as they propelled themselves in the water under different support conditions. It was felt that this might provide a greater understanding of the natural evolution of aquatic movement patterns and help in developing guidelines for manipulation of the learning environment (Wielki, 1980).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezifik des Krafttrainings im Schwimmen - ein biomechanischer Standpunkt</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036949</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036949</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eindimensionale Trainingstechniken werden den dreidimensionalen Widerstandsbedingungen der Bewegung unter Wasser nicht gerecht. Verf. vertritt das Konzept, daß durch mehrdimensionalen Widerstand beim Trainieren das Schwimmtraining in der Zukunft wesentlich optimiert werden kann. Verf. fordert dazu die komplexe Zusammenarbeit von Biomechanik und Physiologie in der Forschung.
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreidimensionale Analyse des Handvorschubs beim Sprint-Brustkraulschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036950</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036950</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R.</author>
      <author>Gray, L.</author>
      <author>DeRose, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gray, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DeRose, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Genauigkeit der Interpretation gewonnener Vorschubkraftdaten gegenüber früheren Arbeiten durch den Einsatz eines strengeren dreidimensionalen Datenanalyseverfahrens zu erhöhen. Zweitens wurden 25 Hochleistungs-Freistilschwimmer analysiert, um die Schubkräfte der Hand und des Unterarms sowie die Kraftmomente des Armgelenks zu ermitteln. Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation vier charakteristischer Werte innerhalb der Daten, die für das Erlernen und die Bewegungskorrektur bei Schwimmschlägen von Bedeutung sind. Weiterhin wird beschrieben, in welchen Schritten triaxiale (bzw. biaxiale) Filmdaten analysiert werden können, um Aufschluß über die wichtigsten kinetischen Werte in Zusammenhang mit Schubbewegungen des Armes zu erhalten. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die während einer Wendebewegung von Schwimmern erzeugte Vorschubkraft</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036951</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036951</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, G.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, A.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Kraft, die ein Schwimmer bei der Wende gegen die Wand freisetzt, und der horizontalen Geschwindigkeit nach der Wende. 
R. Kötteritzsch
14.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Veränderung des Hormonniveaus bei Schwimmern im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036952</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036952</guid>
      <author>Carli, G.</author>
      <author>Martelli, G.</author>
      <author>Viti, A.</author>
      <author>Baldi, L.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <author>Di Prisco, C. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carli, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martelli, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Viti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baldi, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prisco, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen sind die Variationen in Trainingsumfang und -intensität, mit denen der Sportler im Verlaufe des Trainings konfrontiert wird. Während einer Wettkampfperiode stehen die Variationen im Training sowohl mit den Reaktionen des Sportlers als auch mit dem Wettkampfkalender in Beziehung. Da durch körperliche Belastung das Hormonplasmaniveau verändert wird, ist es durch ein entsprechendes Belastungsprogramm möglich, entsprechend der Intensität und des Typs des Trainings langfrstige Veränderungen im Hormonhaushalt zu erzielen. In dieser Studie wurden mögliche Veränderungen einiger Hormone bei Schwimmern in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Wettkampfperioden mit unterschiedlichen Trainingsumfängen untersucht.
R. Kötteritzsch
12.05.92]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Überlastungsfraktur des Os metatarsale I bei einem Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036953</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036953</guid>
      <author>Van Caspel, J.</author>
      <author>Heere, L.P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fraktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Van Caspel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heere, L.P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Breithaupt (1855) first presented a clinical description of a stress fracture without fully understanding its exact etiology; Stechow (1897) was the flrst to establish its radiological aspects. In those years such fractures were mainly seen in army recruits, ea. 80o/o of the cases being localized in the metatarsal bones, usually the os metatarsale Ill (Doury et al., 1979). This type of fracture has also been referred to as a "march fracture" or a "fatigue fracture." Recently stress fractures have been described in various sites of the lower extremities in athletes, especially runners (Taunton et al., 1981). The following case deals with a swimmer's stress fracture suffered in the course of an intensive training program in which extra large fins were used. Research of the literature has not revealed any previous presentations of cases with a similar etiology. This type of fracture, moreover, is seldom seen in this particular locus (MT 1).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Plasmalipide und Apolipoproteine bei jungen Schwimmerinnen und Turnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 1983 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036954</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036954</guid>
      <author>Zonderland, M. L.</author>
      <author>Erich, W. B. M.</author>
      <author>Bernink, M. J. E.</author>
      <author>Peltenburg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Wilms, P.</author>
      <author>Havekes, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zonderland, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erich, W. B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bernink, M. J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peltenburg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilms, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havekes, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regular physical activity affects the lipid metabolism and lipid profile and is also associated with decreased mass of body fat. Trained subjects have higher high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and often lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels than sedentary persons (Wood and Haskell, 1979). Fat mass also seems to affect lipid metabolism. Obese persons often have elevated serum cholesterol and TG levels compared to leaner subjects. In obese groups, the fat mass correlates with the serum lipids, especially with TG, but in nonobese groups these correlations are very low (Ylitalo, 1981). Therefore, the effect of training on lipid metabolism and lipid profile seems to be mainly due to activity itself with a very small part due to the decrease in body fat mass. These observations were made on adults, but there were indications that they are true for children, too (Gilliam and Burke, 1979; Laskarzewski et al., 1980). Erich (1980) reported that female gymnasts were leaner than control females of the same age. Female swimmers were found to have the same amount of body fat as control females (Astrand et al., 1963). Therefore, the lipid profiles and apolipoproteins in a group of female swimmers and gymnasts were investigated and it was proposed that differences in lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels would not be related to differences in body composition. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, free cholesterol (FC), TG, and total Iipids (TL), and the concentrations of the apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B (apo A-I, apo A-II, apo B) were measured. LDL-C was calculated and the following ratios were computed: HDL-C/TC, HDL-C/LDL-C, HDL-C/apo A-I, LDL-C/apo B, and apo A-I/apo B.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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