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    <item>
      <title>Physiologische und biomechanische Belastungsparameter bei Rettungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037072</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037072</guid>
      <author>Daniel, K.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To determine a profile of load during life-saving heart rate, lactic acid concentration and dynamic forces were measured as parameters of load during the event "50 m saving a dummy". Lactic acid determinations were made during rest and then at four intervals in the recovery phase after a maximum effort. The mean values of lactate accumulation for the total group (testpersons: n = 17 m/f) showed an increased concentration from the first to the second sample for all testpersons and a significant decrease from the second to the fourth measurement (P < 0.05). The curve patterns of all test persons were similar to those of competitive swimmers over sprint distances. Heart rate was recorded and stored during swimming and recovery every 5 seconds. The mean heart rate showed a pattern, which highlighted the influence of the diving reflex (P < 0.01). Dynamic forces were measured using a strain gauge load cell fixed between the traction rope and a gondola driving above the surface of a 50 m indoor pool. During tethered swimming drag forces increased because of added loads for about 10 to 19% depending on the kind of load (v 1.2 m/s const.).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und des Energiestoffwechsels bei Wasserballern im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037073</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037073</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Frase, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frase, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the individual swimming profiles of 24 elite water polo players in a competitive situation i.e. during games at the 11th European Championships in Bonn, 1989. After an analysis of the individual maximum swimming speed (V ) and the speeds corresponding to the aerobic threshold of 2 mMm(~-2mM), the anaerobic threshold of 4 mM (V-4mM) and the limit of the super aerobic training zone of 6 mM (V-6mM), all movements of the players during the games were recorded using a time-lapse video recorder and evaluated by computer. The findings indicated that water polo necessitates an energy release which mainly results from high energy phosphates (ATP
and CP) and aerobic metabolism.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der maximalen aeroben Geschwindigkeit und Leistungsprognose im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037074</guid>
      <author>Sano, S.</author>
      <author>Bongbele, J.</author>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sano, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bongbele, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The functional and maximal aerobic power (FMAP) of approximately 200 swimmers (males and females) of different ages (11-12, 13-14, > 15 years) were evaluated using backstroke swimming according to a maximal multistage swim test recently developed (Lavoie et al., 1985). In addition, an estimate of the energy cost of swimming, the arm stroke index (ASI), i.e. the ratio of the number of arm strokes and swimming velocity, was measured. The results indicate a clear progression of both these variables with age. Using the best performance times produced by these swimmers, a regression equation for the prediction of performance times vas established, taking into account the following variables: FMAP, ASI, age, sex and the swimming distance. For the 100 and 200 m backstroke, the equation is: y = 1.08 + (0.033 FMAP) - (0.00044 ASI) - (0.019 sex) - (0.00082 distance), with a correlation coefficient of 0.8 and the standard error of estimate of 5.2%. These data can be used as a tool to partial out the swimming economy and energetic capacity in backstroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anteile des aeroben und anaeroben Energiestoffwechsels bei verschiedenen Strecken und gebräuchlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037075</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Crickard, G.</author>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Crickard, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interval type training is widely used in the sport of swimming. This type of training, however, is affected by the rest period selected. The purpose of this project, therefore, was to determine how the aerobic:anaerobic energy contribution at a selected work intensity is altered with different interval distances at a common work:rest ratio. A secondary objective was to determine which repeat distance may be most specific to the energy demands of 200 m specific training. Workout sets of the same swimming intensity with different repeat distances and common work:rest ratios (1:2) were examined. On separate days swimmers completed one of the following sets, 6 x 200, 12 x 100 and 24 x 50 m swims. During each swim of each set accumulated 02 uptake was determined with the resulting percent aerobic:anaerobic contributions calculated. Mixed arterialized blood samples were taken after each repeat for analysis of lactate and base excess. The results demonstrated that (1) the aerobic energy contribution increased with shorter repeat distances, (2) the anaerobic contribution increases with shorter work duration and (3) the 100 m repeat distance is most specific to 200 m pace specific swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bein-Streck-Kraft bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037076</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037076</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The maximal leg extension power of elite swimmers was determined using an electric measuring device. There was a positive relationship between starting performance and leg extension power. A large sex difference was found in the maximal power event though expressed relative to body weight. Age group swimmers were inferior to the national swimmers in absolute power, but when compared in values relative to body weight, the difference decreased, especially in female swimmers. No racial difference existed in the maximal power between American swimmers and Japanese swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit bei Altersklassenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037077</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to determine (1) the anaerobic capacity and characteristics of age group swimmers and (2) how the anaerobic energy contributions change with age, 28 well trained swimmers were tested in the following age groups based on mean age, AG1 - 9.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 6), AG2 - 11.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 6), AG3 13.45 ± 0.6 years (n = 5), AG4- 16.0 ± 0.4 years (n = 5), and AG5 18.0 ± 0.5 years (n = 5). All swimmers first completed a series of four submaximal swims followed by a maximal swim for determination of individual energy cost curves. The resul tin~ linear relationship (ir02 vs veloci ty 3 ) wa·s extrapolated to 140% of V02 max for each swimmer. On a subsequent day, subjects completed a single swim at the prescribed intensity - an 02 deficit swim. During the 02 deficit swim, accumulated 02 uptake was measured continuously and the accumulated 02 deficit calculated following the swim. A blood sample was taken 2 min post-swim for analysis of lactate. Girth measurements of the upper arm were taken for determination of muscle area. A 45 s swim bench test was also administered for determination of total muscular work. Peak muscle power values were expressed as watts per muscle area. Regression analysis of the economy profile revealed significant differences between all ages in all submaximal swims. All data (velocity, V02 max, 0 deficit, lactate, muscle area, %anaerobic contribution, power/mus~le, total muscular work) showed a tendency to increase with age. The 02 deficit, lactate, muscle area, power/muscle, and total muscular work showed the greatest increase between AG2 and AG3. Correlation analysis revealed relationships (P < 0.05) between 0 2 deficit, muscle area, velocity and total muscular work. The data suggest that (1) prior to 13.4 years (AG4) the aerobic contribution is greater than the anaerobic component, (2) improvement in anaerobic capacity closely follows development of muscle area during growth, (3) change in anaerobic characteristics affects swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Skelettalter gut trainierter junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037078</guid>
      <author>Nicolopoulos, G. A.</author>
      <author>Chatziconstandinou, S. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicolopoulos, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatziconstandinou, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study the skeletal and chronological ages of 200 untrained and 200 well trained male swimmers aged 7-19 years were compared. It was found that when systematic swimming activity starts early in life it can accelerate the rate of attaining biologica, maturity and the appearance of the pubertal growth spurt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Somatotypische Profile junger Südamerikanischer Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037079</guid>
      <author>Mazza, J. C.</author>
      <author>Cosolito, P.</author>
      <author>Alarcon, N.</author>
      <author>Galasso, C.</author>
      <author>Bermudez, C.</author>
      <author>Gribaudo, G.</author>
      <author>Ferretti, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mazza, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cosolito, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alarcon, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Galasso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bermudez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gribaudo, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferretti, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Somatotype analysis was applied to 292 South American swimmers to compare a general and multinational sample (SAS), with South American Championship Finalist Swimmers (SACHS). Additionally, the somatotype of the SACHS group was compared and evaluated during the Mexico (1968) and Montreal (1976) Summer Olympic Games. The SAS group (149 males and 88 females) and SACHS group (29 males and 27 females) were measured for somatotype (Heath-Carter) to determine Endomorphy (En), Mesomorphy (Me) and Ectomorphy (Ec) components. The SACHS males were significantly older, heavier and taller than the SAS group (P < 0.01); SACHS somatotype components were 2.4-4.7-3.1, while SAS group registered 2. 7-4.8-2.9 (significant difference, P < 0.05 - was found only for En). The SACHS females were older (P < 0.01) than SAS, with no difference in weight and height. The SACHS somatotype components were 3.1-3.8-2.9, and values for SAS were 3.9-4.0-2.7. The SAS group had the higher En component (P < 0.01). Analysis of both groups according to styles revealed differences (P < 0.05) only in the En among free-stylers: SAS (both males and females) had higher En value than the SACHS group. No difference was obtained between SACHS and both Olympic samples (for males and females) for age, weight, height, En, Me, and Ec components. According to these data, it is concluded that: (a) Fewer En components for SACHS groups (both males and females)
compared with SAS reflects a lower proportion of fat mass and, consequently lower En/Me ratio. (b) The similarity in somatotype components between SACHS groups and Mexico 1968 and Montreal 1976 samples (for both males and females) would suggest that there are defined somatotype profiles related to high-level performance in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Sportler-Trainer-Beziehung im Wettkampfschwimmen: Bedeutung von Persönlichkeitstyp, Temperament und Trainereinschätzung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037080</guid>
      <author>Vikander, N. O.</author>
      <author>Stallmann, R. K.</author>
      <author>Soyland, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vikander, N. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallmann, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soyland, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Personality profiles of 53 coaches and 163 competitive swimmers in Norway were mapped using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Distribution patterns of swimmers and coaches varied greatly indicating different recruitment and retention factors. Twenty of the coaches were evaluated by their swimmers using the Coach Evaluation Questionnaire (CEQ). The degree of coach/swimmer personality similarity was compared with CEQ scores using Spearman's rank order correlation. Significance was found (rho = 0.440) on an integrative measure but not on separate elements of personality. The CEQ scores indicate strong organizational skills but weaker human relations capacities. Results suggest a programme of selfdevelopment for coaches using MBTI/CEQ profiles as points of departure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehung zwischen ausgewählten psychologischen Parametern und der Leistung bei Schwimmern und Wasserspringern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037081</guid>
      <author>Stallmann, R.</author>
      <author>Vikander, N.</author>
      <author>Freim, N. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallmann, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vikander, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freim, N. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One hundred and forty two swimmers and divers were ranked according to performance. Three self-report instruments from the Sport Psychology Consultation System (Rushall, 1985) were also administered to the subjects. Scores from these instruments were correlated with performance. In addition, for each instrument, the subjects were grouped in various ways (e.g. male vs female) and the scores were tested for group differences. The results showed low but significant correlations between performance and achievement motivation. No significant correlations were found between performance and selfcontrol or locus of control. Significant group differences were found, however, between elites and sub-elites as well as between males and females, especially for achievement motivation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsbedingte Veränderungen in Muskelgröße und Muskelkraft bei Spitzen-Altersklassenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037082</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[There is a strong relationship between strength development and general growth and maturation during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the characteristic changes in muscle size and power due to growth in elite swimmers and (2) how these changes may affect performance. Measurements of leg and arm power, four skinfold thicknesses and two circumferences were made on 101 female swimmers aged 13.4 to 16.4 and 84 male swimmers aged 14.4 to 17.5 years. Skinfolds and circumference measurements were combined to provide estimates of the muscle/bone component of both the upper and lower extremities. Subjects were divided into three groups based on age and performance level. Group I (male, n = 32, age = 14.4 ± 0.96; female, n = 49, age 13.4 ± 0.95), Group II (male, n = 28, age = 16.4 ± 0.58; female, n = 28, age= 15.4 ± 0.36), and Group III (male, n = 24, age= 17.5 ± 0.61; female, n = 24, age = 16.4 ± 0.39) varied significantly in terms of all anthropometric factors, except height, power variables, and performance times. In summary, (1) the fastest male swimmers were heavier and had higher power values and arm muscle/bone component estimates, and (2) the fastest females had higher power values, arm and leg muscle bone component estimates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wachstums- und Entwicklungscharakteristika von Spitzen - Altersklassenschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037083</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[There is a strong relationship between physiological development, performance, and general growth and maturation during adolescence. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine skinfold thicknesses, stature, weight, Tanner development scores, hand-wrist radiographs, age of menarche, and Androgeny index (3 x biacromal breadth - bicristal breadth) in elite female age group swimmers. Subjects were divided into three groups based on age and performance level. Group I (n = 49, age= 160.40 ± 2.93), Group II (n = 28, age= 184.36 ± 3.96), and Group III (n = 24, age= 196.43 ± 3.95 years) varied significantly in terms of all anthropometric factors, except height and sum of skinfold, and performance times. In summary, (1) the group as a whole, had biological ages which exceeded the mean chronological ages by approximately 7 months. The older girls were, as expected, more physically mature - heavier, leaner with higher androgeny indices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen physikalischen Parametern und der Wellenbewegung im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037084</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037084</guid>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Desmet, S.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Desmet, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to quantify undulation in breaststroke, five undulation factors were constructed from body positions during the stroke cycle: uphill in leg spreading, dome-shaped at the surface, S-shaped under the surface, and uphill hydroplaning in the two recovery phases. When international swimmers were placed in four groups, according to a total undulation index, one continuum from flat to extremely undulating was found in women. For men, two distinct groups were observed: the majority very flat and the others extremely undulating. Vhen the mean percentile scores of women and men for each separate undulation factor were presented in curves, the women showed higher scores in the S-shaped and the uphill, hydroplaning body position. Most of the individual curves of undulation factors were flat. The dome-shaped part of the undulation was related to good ankle supination combined with outward hip rotation for women. Apparently, the S-shaped and the striking uphill parts of the undulation in women can be explained by more flexibility in lumbar cambering, even when the hips were flexed. In men, a flat position was related to hip inward rotation and ankle outward rotation and flexion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen oder Gymnastik: Was ist geeigneter zur Rehabilitation von Jungen mit belastungsinduziertem Asthma?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037085</guid>
      <author>Drobnic, F.</author>
      <author>Castello, A.</author>
      <author>Sierra, J. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drobnic, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castello, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sierra, J. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the prepubertal boy with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is able to participate in sports, provided some preventive measures against bronchoconstriction (BC) are taken. A further objective of the research was to determine whether swimming or gymnastics helped improve EIA to a greater extent. After a two-month training in swimming or gymnastic exercises (3 hours/week) all subjects underwent an aerobic test on a bicycle ergometer. Both groups improved their physical condition assessed by the determination of maximal oxygen uptake. The course of the illness did not show any variation although there was an improvement in subjective well being. From this study it can be concluded that the child with EIA can and should be encouraged to participate in sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Lymphozyten-Teilmengen während einer intensiven Trainingseinheit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037086</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037086</guid>
      <author>Neisler, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bean, M. H.</author>
      <author>Thompson, W. R.</author>
      <author>Hall, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lymphozyt</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neisler, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bean, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, W. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lymphocyte subsets across an entire training season were studied in 17 male collegiate competitive swimmers. Pre- (PRE) and post-workout (PS) samples were collected on seven occasions during the season. Neither height, weight, % body fat, haematocrit nor haemoglobin changed significantly across the PRE samples. Significant changes across time occurred in all PRE leukocyte, absolute lymphocyte, Tcell, B-cell, T-4, T-8, T4+2H4+, T4+4B4+ and NKH1 counts. Moreover, the pattern of these PRE to PS samples changed significantly after initial adaptation, during the period of greatest training stress, and again during taper. Increases in self-reported physical and psychological stress paralleled decreases in T4+4B4+ and NKHl cells and a plateau in performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Schlaflosigkeit und Tageszeit bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037087</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037087</guid>
      <author>Sinnerton, S. A.</author>
      <author>Reilly, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biorhythmik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sinnerton, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reilly, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and time of day on swimming performance, physiological and psychological variables. Eight swimmers (5 males, 3 females) aged 19-28 years were tested on 4 consecutive days, morning (06:30 h) and evening (17:30 h), under conditions of normal sleep and PSD (2.5 ha night). Measurements included grip and back strength, lung function (VC and FEV1 ), resting heart rate and mood states. Swimming performances over 4 trials at 50 m and 1 trial at 400 m were also measured. No effects of PSD were noted on grip (dominant hand), back strength, heart rate, lung function, or swim times. Grip, back strength, heart rate and oral temperature values were higher in the evening than in the morning, values increasing by 4.1%, 7.9%, 5.5% and 1.3%, respectively. A similar trend was noted in swim performance; mean SO m and 400 m times decreased by 1.9% and 3.6% respectively from morning to evening. Sleep loss affected mood states, with significant increases in depression, tension, confusion, fatigue and anger and decreases in vigour (P < 0.001). Results support the brain restitution theory of sleep and indicate that the diurnal variation in swimming performance is greater than any due to partial sleep loss.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nach-Wettkampf Blutlaktat bei behinderten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037088</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037088</guid>
      <author>Roi, G. S.</author>
      <author>Cerizza, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roi, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cerizza, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The time taken to cover 50 m in freestyle swimming and the postcompetition blood lactate levels were measured in healthy and disabled swimmers. The results of this study show that disabled swimmers take more time and accumulate a lower lactate per unity of time than healthy subjects. These differences can be due to the lower muscular mass utilized by disabled swimmers and to the particular technique they employ according to their handicap. Furthermore the high values of lactate found at the end of the race indicate that the contribution of the anaerobic energetic sources is important in disabled athletes too.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Beinbewegung auf die Armzugleistung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037089</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037089</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Komi, P. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Armenien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komi, P. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study was designed to make comparisons among biomechanical parameters between normal crawl (CN) and crawl arm swimming (CA). These parameters included mean velocity (V), stroke rate (SR) and distance per stroke (d/S). The comparisons were complemented with the simultaneous recording of blood lactate (BLa) responses. Eight well conditioned competitive male swimmers carried out two sets of 15 times 100 m swims in both ways. In the comparisons of BLa vs V diagrams, CN and CA demonstrated different (P < 0.05) V values at 0.5 mM increase in BLa (anaerobic threshold, AT). The d/S was longest around aerobic-anaerobic transition. The values of d/S were higher (P < 0.05) in the CN curve when BLa increased by 0.5 mM above basal level and at V above AT. In CA swimming the SR curve became different (P < 0.05) from that of the CN at higher levels of V and BLa. However, at maximum pace SR values were equally high (0.76 Hz) in both swimming conditions. It is concluded that the support of leg kick could be seen in d/S values at V around AT and above, as well as in SR values at higher intensity levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Muster der endokrinen Reaktionen während einer Saison im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037090</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037090</guid>
      <author>Neisler, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bean, M. H.</author>
      <author>Thompson, W. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neisler, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bean, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, W. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Endocrine responses to swim training across an entire training season were followed in 17 male collegiate competitive swimmers X age 19.7 ± 1.3 years). Venous blood samples were collected immediately before (PRE) and upon completion (PS) of seven typical early morning swim workouts at intervals during the season. Serum cortisol (COR), growth hormone (hGH), prolactin {PRO), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and T3 uptake (T3U) were measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay procedures. Neither height, weight, % body fat, hGH or T3 changed significantly across the PRE samples but significant changes across time occurred in all other PRE analytes. The pattern of PRE to PS COR, PRO and TSH changed significantly during the period of greatest training stress while the response of the other analytes remained relatively consistent across the season. Increases in self-reported physical and psychological stress paralleled alterations of COR, PRO and TSH. These changes in pattern of PRE to PS analytes demonstrate the importance of cumulative training effects when evaluating single endocrine samples.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsabhängige Unterschiede beim Anteil der anaeroben Energiebereitstellung bei Wettkampf-Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037091</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037091</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to determine (1) how the anaerobic energy contributions of competitive swimming distances may vary with performance level, and (2) whether the adjustment in 0) uptake to maximal swimming intensities are different between high vs low performance level swimmers. Based on 200 m freestyle performances, well trained swimmers were divided into two groups, (a) low performers (LP) (n = 30) 1.58 ± 0.02 mls and (b) high performance (HP) (n = 34) 1.69 ± 0.02 m/s. A swimming economy test was completed by all swimmers from which the 02 demand was determined corresponding to 100, 200 and 400 m work intensities. Each swimmer returned to the laboratory on separate days to complete swims at these prescribed intensities. During the swims expired gases were collected continuously on line with accumulated 0 uptake determined at 10 s increments. The 02 deficit was calcuiated as the difference between the 02 demand and the accumulated 02 uptake and used to describe the anaerobic capacity and the percent anaerobic energy contribution. Prior to the start and following each swim a mixed arterialized blood sample was collected for analysis of base excess, pH, lactate and buffer capacity. From the accumulated 02 uptake curves, the time to reach 25% of the total 0 demand was determined. Analysis of variance with repeated measufes was carried out to determine significance at P < 0.05. Results suggest that at the same relative work intensity, (1) anaerobic capacity varies with performance level, (2) anaerobic energy contributions differ with performance level and (3) swimmers of higher performance levels adjust to work at faster rates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anpassung  an die maximale Belastungsintensität im Intervalltraining bei Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037092</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037092</guid>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[While the duration of work will affect the relative energy contributions during work of an interval type, little is known of the role of the rest duration during interval work. The purpose of this study was to determine what effect varying the work:rest ratio has on the energy contributions when the work duration and intensity are kept constant. Well trained swimmers participated in a series of interval work sets of 12 x 100 m freestyle swims at each of the following work:rest ratios, 1:2, 1:1 and 1:1/2. All tests were conducted on separate days. During each swim, accumulated 02 uptake was measured to describe the percent aerobic contributions. Additionally, accumulated 02 deficit was calculated in order to describe the anaerobic profile of each swimming set. From the accumulated 02 uptake data, the rate of adjustment to 25% of total energy demand was determined for each workout set interval. Blood lactate and base excess for all work repeats were also measured. The data suggest that (1) the rate of adjustment is faster when the work:rest ratio is shorter, (2) at a given distance, a short rest interval results in a higher aerobic contribution and (3) longer rates of adjustment reflect a greater anaerobic contribution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen. Swimming Science VI</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3048443</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3048443</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>1990</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Beiträge des 6. Internationalen Symposiums zur Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen vom 7. bis 11. September 1990 in Liverpool.
Die Beiträge sind geordnet nach Themengruppen:
Biomechanik (8), 
EMG (5),
Schwimmtechnik (9),
Training (6),
Laktatstoffwechsel (16),
Medizin (5),
Kinanthropometrie (5),
Psychologische Faktoren  (3).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Anteil der Beine am Vortrieb im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036988</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036988</guid>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Because swimming is performed with both arms and legs, the question is often raised, to what extent do the arms or legs contribute to swimming speed? Although it is generally accepted that in front crawl swimming a greater part of the propulsion results from the arm stroke (Adrian, Singh, & Karpovich, 1966; Holmer, 1972), many instructors still spend a lot of time in drilling the leg kick of the crawl stroke, indicating leg kicking's relative importance at least during sprint swimming. Evidence for the contribution of leg action to swimming speed is derived from indirect methods using towing (Counsilman, 1968) or measuring oxygen consumption (Holmer, 1974) or the speed that can be achieved by swimming with arms or legs only (Bucher, 1975; Karpovich, 1935). From these kinds of experiments the power delivered by the arms while swimming arm stroke only cannot be assumed to be the same as when the legs are additionally involved in propelling the body. In the present study, the system to measure active drag (MAD system) (Hollander et al., 1986) was used to study the contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming and to discover whether the power delivered by the arms is the same in swimming with and without leg kicking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grundlegende mechanische Prinzipien, angewandt auf das Schwimmen: Technik und Vortriebswirksamkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036989</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036989</guid>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Ingen Schenau, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the application of fundamental mechanics to human swimming three major approaches can be distinguished in the literature:
• Kinematic analysis of swimming strokes, instantaneous speed, and so forth, (e.g., Bourgeois, 1983; Hoecke & Gruendler, 1975; Kent
& Atha, 1975; Reischle, 1979)
• Propulsive or resistive force analysis (e.g., Barthels, 1979; Oarys, 1979; Di Prampero, Pendergast, Wilson, & Rennie, 1974; Schleihauf, 1979; Ungerechts, 1979)
• Analysis and simulations with the help ofbiomechanical models (e.g., Jensen & B}.anksby, 1975; Toussaint et al., 1983)
In the application of modeling, swimming lags well behind land-based sports (Adrian, 1983). A reason for this might be that the external forces are difficult to measure (Plagenhoef. 1971). However, the same basic problemsexist in land-based sports where, just as in swimming, the opposing drag forces and push-off forces must be measured (Di Prampero, :Cortili, Mognoni, & Saibene, 1979; Hoes, Binkhorst, Smeekes-Kuyl, & Vissers, 1968; Ingen Schenau, Boer, & Groot, in press; Pugh, 1970; Williams & Cavanagh, 1983). So it is suprising that the application of fundamental mechanics in human swimming is still in its infancy compared with other sports, such as cross--country skiing, cycling, and speed skating. In contrast to these specifically human types of locomotion, swimming is an activity that is performed by other animals; the extensive and thorough literature on fish swimming is available to researchers on human swimming. The purpose of this contribution is to discuss some general aspects of modeling in endurance sports and to apply one approach deduced from !he literature on fish swimming to a problem that has so far been ignored m human swimming: the influence of swimming technique on efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der aktive Widerstand in Abhängigkeit von den Körpermassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036991</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036991</guid>
      <author>Huijing, P. A.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Mackay, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mackay, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During this century, a great deal of attention has been given to the presupposed relationship between body shape and dimensions and hydrodynamic resistance (Alley, 1949; Amar, 1920; Clarys, 1976, 1979; Oarys, Jiskoot, Rijken, & Brouwer, 1974; Counsilman, 1951; Gadd, 1963; Jaeger, 1937; Jurina, 1972, 1974; Karpovich, 1933; Klein, 1939; Liljestrand & Stensstrom, 1919; Lopin, 1947; Miyashita & Tsunoda, 1978; Onoprienko, 1967; Safarian, 1968; Schramm, 1960, 1961; Tews, 1941; Tilborg, Daly, & Persijn, 1983; Zaciorski & Safarian, 1972). However, only Oarys (1976, 1979) related drag for actively swimming subjects (active drag) to anthropometric variables. Contrary to expectations, Oarys (1976, 1979) found only few correlations between active drag and anthropometric variables, which forced him to conclude that the shape of the human body has hardly any influence on active drag and that other factors are therefore more important. Given the fact that some argue that drag force is directly proportional to the product of velocity squared and a constant of proportionality, which among other things is dependent on the (projected) area of the body exposed to flow (Rouse, 1946), one would expect at least some relationship between this variable and drag. The development of a new method of determining active drag (MAD system) (Hollander et al., 1986) warranted a reevaluation of this relationship, which was the aim of the present work.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung des Wirkungsgrades bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036992</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036992</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In some competitive sports like rowing and swimming, an interesting phenomenon occurs in the generation of the propulsive force. That is, the push-off cannot be made against a fixed object but against water, which will give way. The propelling force is thus generated by giving masses (M) of water a velocity change (L::.v). These water masses acquire a kinetic energy change (?i M • .t.if) and, as a result, consume part of the external power the swimmer delivers. The energetic consequences of this phenomenon have been studied more extensively in the field of animal locomotion, for example, in fish (Webb, 1971). In human swimming, however, this power loss in the generation of the propulsive force has been overlooked. When calculating efficiency of swimming humans, only the ratio of power needed to overcome drag and the power equivalence of the measured oxygen uptake was taken into consideration (Adrian, Singh, & Karpovich, 1966; Holmer,  1972; Pendergast, Di Prampero, Craig, Wilson, & Rennie, 1973; Di Prampero, Pendergast, Wilson, & Rennie, 1974). In this study, the power that is lost to the water when generating propulsive forces during swimming is estimated. This power loss is then taken into account when the propelling efficiency (ep) is defined and calculated as the power needed to overcome drag (Pa) divided by the total external power (P.), that is, power needed to overcome drag and power lost in the generation of the propulsive force (P.) (Groot & Ingen Schenau, 1987; Toussaint et al., 1983).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertungsskala für die Brustschwimmtechnik in pädagogischen Situationen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036993</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036993</guid>
      <author>Pion, J.</author>
      <author>Devos, P.</author>
      <author>Dufour, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pion, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Devos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dufour, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is difficult to be objective about the quality of movement. Most observations are used to evaluate sports skills. These observations can be free or structured. The first type of observation is often used in pedagogical situations; the second one is more experimental and often too complicated to use at school. One can observe by means of structured processes or rating scales that are mainly objective, although the results can never achieve the same objectivity as objective measuring instruments. In contrast, free observations utilize no measuring devices. Both types of observation need to be made more useful in pedagogical situations. There must be a way to utilize them in the observation of sport skills at school.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Verhältnis zwischen maximaler Körperbeschleunigung und den einzelnen Bewegungsphasen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036994</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036994</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The question of the manner in which propulsion in aquatic surroundings is produced by repeated cyclic actions of body parts concerns physiologicat hydrodynamic, and functional/morphological aspects. Only if one succeeds in taking all these factors into account may a more satisfying answer be found than is currently available. The objective of this article is to discuss the functional/morphological and hydrodynamic causes (some temporal aspects) of the acceleration related to swimming movements during the breaststroke. The intracyclic acceleration of a swimming body is the sum of the resultant braking and propelling forces and is basically the origin of swimming speed. The movement of a swimming body can be described as periodically changing. In competitive swimming these intracyclic fluctuations are considered to limit swimming performance and depend on the swimmer's skill (Toussaint et al., 1983). This might imply that basically the fluctuations can be omitted as is possible when driving a car. A car's shape is designed to produce less resistance. The mechanics of the engine are not affected by the air flow, whether it is laminar or turbulent. Engine work and air flow, then, have nothing in common. Because the swimmer acts as a sell-propelling body, the propelling part and braking area are not separated as in a car. In self-propelling bodies, propulsive forces depend on the change of the body form, its frequency, and its amplitude, so changing shape must be taken into account. The resistive forces can be attributed to the same parameters. The combinations of movement, shape, and type of flow are determinants of the amount of propulsion. Muscular activity alone will not produce any propulsion. The same "undulating" body simultaneously produces resistive and propulsive forces, a situation that cannot be compared to a rigid car with a steady flow. In contrast, self-propelling bodies create a nonsteady flow. Hydrodynamic studies reveal that the flow along an "undulating" body is a fluctuating flow (Ungerechts, 1983), and the research indicates that this fluctuating flow influences the boundary layer along the body. In breaststroke Barthels (1979) compared the propulsive mechanism of the breaststroke kick with the mechanism of the sculling hands, the so called lift force handle. Barthels points out that "the feet are sculling and remain in a vertical section of water while the body moves forward in response to leg extension" (p. 53), creating a force wall If a force wall can be produced, then the peak acceleration depends on the functional properties of the knee extensors, that is, their temporal development of forces or moments, respectively. On the other hand, the question remains, Do the upper and lower extremities create the "force wall" according to the same hydrodynamic principles?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vortriebstechniken: Freistil-, Schmetterling-, Rücken- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036995</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036995</guid>
      <author>Schleihauf, R. E.</author>
      <author>Higgins, J. R.</author>
      <author>Hinrichs, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Experiment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schleihauf, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Higgins, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinrichs, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article includes a hand propulsive force analysis of 12 female and 14 male swimmers from the 1984 U.S. Olympic team. Summary statistics of pulling motion and hand propulsive forces are presented in each of the four competitive strokes. Further, a detailed example of model stroke technique is presented for one subject in each stroke to clarify the relation between pulling motion, hand angle of pitch, and propulsive force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einschätzung der Sprintleistung im Brustschwimmen anhand von Körperbaumerkmalen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036996</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036996</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a previous study, equations for 100- and 400-m crawl performance estimations were developed from factor scores calculated from 18 anthropometric, 6 flexibility, and 5 strength measures and V02 intake (Daly, Tilborgh, & Persyn, 1984). The error in estimation was around 3% for varying distances and crawl patterns. In this study equations were developed for the 100-m breaststroke with the intention of making field diagnoses, using a personal computer. A smaller number of easy measures was selected, and the factor scores were no longer calculated. In addition, the time-consuming vo2 intake test was eliminated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Raum- und Zeitcharakteristika der Brustwende - eine kinematographische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036997</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036997</guid>
      <author>Huellhorst, U.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Willimczik, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huellhorst, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willimczik, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The amount of time spent in turning in swimming events, especially in long-distance races, is astonishingly high. Thayer and Hay (1984) found that, for example, 39% of the total race time in the 200-m breaststroke event was spent on turning. They used short-time measurement to record the time for the whole turning phase including the approach, the turn, and the glide. Quite a few previous investigations used different distances before and after the actual turn (Fox, Barthels, & Bowers, 1963; Scharf & King, 1964). Most of these investigations, however, intended to compare different turning techniques. Chow, Hay, Wilson, and Imel (1984) were the first who did not take arbitrary distances to the wall (distancein, distance-out) as a basis of their measurements. With the help of highspeed films they determined both distances for each swimmer individually according to the cycles of swimming. Distance-in was defined as the horizontal distance between the vertex of the head of the swimmer and the wall at the beginning of the last stroke before initiating the turn; distance-out was defined as the distance from the wall to the end of the first stroke after the turn. From these distances they computed the time for the two subphases of the turn and the total time for turning. Up to the present, none of the investigations referred to the center of gravity (cg) and consequently no continuous curves of the displacement and speed of the cg exist. The aim of this study was to make a differentiated analysis of the breaststroke turn on the basis of displacement and speed curves of the center of gravity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss biologischer Faktoren auf die Schwimmleistung bei 12-14jährigen polnischen Spitzenjuniorenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036998</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036998</guid>
      <author>Kunski, H.</author>
      <author>Jegier, A.</author>
      <author>Maslankiewicz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Polen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kunski, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jegier, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maslankiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Only a few reports are found in the literature that concern the relationship between progress in swimming performance and dynami.:s of change of chosen biological parameters. On examining prospectively some swimmers, Oelschlager (1969) indicated a close relationship between progress in sport competition and increase of heart size and physical efficiency. Keul, Lehmann, Dickhuth, and Berg (1980) observed a correlation similar to Oelschlager' s in males who specialized in running and swimming distances requiring performances of over 2 minutes duration. However, the progress of sport performances has been observed with a constant level of oxygen uptake in Polish senior (Kunski & Sztobryn-Rutkowska, 1982) and top Swedish swimmers (Eriksson, Holmer, & Lundin, 1978). As Martinosov, Bulgakova, Statkjawiczjenje, Filmonova, and Chebotarieva (1984) stated, the progress of sport performances in female swimmers at the ages of 11 to 16 is mainly related to an increase in the morphological and functional aspects of the organism. According to Bulgakova and Voroncov's (1978) view, the basis for anticipating a swimmer's performance should be stability of features, which do not change under the influence of training and are controlled by genetic factors, namely skeletal diameters, ankle flexibility, and the results of long-distance swimming. The main aim of this investigation was to find in what way changes in chosen biological parameters affect the progress of swimming performance in junior swimmers aged 12 to 14 years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsmuster im Wettkampf im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036999</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4036999</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <author>Boomer, W. L.</author>
      <author>Skehan, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boomer, W. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skehan, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, increased velocity is associated with an increase in stroke rate and a decrease in the distance traveled per stroke
cycle (Craig, Boomer, & Gibbons, 1979; Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Craig, Skehan, Pawelczyk, & Boomer, 1985; Pai, Hay, & Wilson, 1984). The velocity, which is the product of stroke rate and distance per stroke, can increase only if the increase of the stroke rate is proportionally greater than the decrement of the distance per stroke. In the breaststroke the decrease of the distance per stroke with increasing stroke rates is greater than in other stroke patterns (Craig & Pendergast, 1979). It has also been reported that the fluctuations in velocity are greater in the breaststroke than in the other competitive strokes (Craig & Pendergast, 1979). Previous documentation of the variations in velocity and the temporal relations within this competitive stroke pattern have been limited to one or two individual swimmers (Bober & Czabanski, 1975; Kent & Atha, 1975; Schleihauf, 1979). Publications were not found that indicated the temporal and velocity changes during the stroke cycle for a range of stroke rates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drei Arten des Greifstarts im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037000</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037000</guid>
      <author>Counsilman, J. E.</author>
      <author>Counsilman, B. E.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Endo, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Endo, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the three starts: the scoop start, the flat start, and the track start. In all three of these starts the grab position was used by all subjects. Two groups were studied: Group A consisted of 37 male college swimmers and Group B of 121 male and female swimmers, aged 10 through 17 years.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung des Vortriebs und der Widerstandsresultanten im Brustschwimmen anhand von Filmanalysen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037001</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037001</guid>
      <author>van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <author>Willems, E. J.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willems, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, the position of the total body center of gravity (cg) during breaststroke swimming was estimated from film analysis, using a personalized computer model of the human body (adapted from Hanavan,  1964). This allowed for a calculation in each movement phase of the impulses resulting from the difference between propulsion and resistance. Individual variations in a breaststroke movement cycle, which correlated significantly to swimming performance and to hip velocity fluctuation (Persyn, 1974; Persyn, Vervaecke, Thewissen, & Verhetsel, 1981), were then directly related to these resultant impulses. Mainly the new-look, undulating style was anlayzed and compared to the commonly used style of breaststroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Signale für ein externes Biofeedback zur Verbesserung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037002</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037002</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Micallef, J. P.</author>
      <author>Rabischong, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micallef, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rabischong, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present research was the result of a number of practical questions with direct applications: How can one analyze and then provide a swimmer with information on his or her motor patterns during swimming? Swimmers have an objective means for evaluation at their disposal, but  this is available only after the performance is completed. They may also estimate their efficiency in real time, but their biological perceptions are not very precise or objective. The aim of this research was to develop an experimental device that would permit the measurement of the force or pressure on the hand during the propulsive action in crawl swimming and to transform this information into an audible signal that could be transmitted to the swimmer while swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einwirkung eines Feddback-Geräts zum motorischen Lernen bei Staffelwechseln</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1979 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037003</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037003</guid>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <author>Clasing, D.</author>
      <author>Tubessing, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clasing, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tubessing, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[When motor learning is considered as a continuous process of trial and error, a feedback system of some kind has to be established in order to prove the success and/or the errors involved in one trial. Usually the athlete uses his or her acoustic, visual, vestibular, or tactile system for feedback by judging the movement or uses feedback information supplied by a coach. These biological feedback systems provide a wide range of information, that is, the athlete utilizes many different kinds of information from which to judge. In contrast, technical devices used for supporting motor learning processes often supply limited types of feedback a few variables are output that precisely describe some important aspects of the movement. Both kinds of feedback must be precise, reliable, and fast enough so that the athlete can recall the pattern of the previous movement and thus use the feedback for planning the next trial. One study (Nicol, Henning, & Huber, 1980) showed that amazing success was sometimes possible using feedback devices. A physically handicapped man had to learn to avoid excessive loading of the big toe while walking. This previously had turned out to be the reason for his unusual walking style. A force transducer was fixed under the big toe; for feedback an impulse was sent to an earphone, if a certain limit of force was exceeded. It turned out that this person was able to reduce the force to a given level within a learning phase of 10 min. When the earphone was removed, the corrected movement was maintained, which indicated that the external feedback system had been replaced by an internal one. So it was hoped that a similar procedure could also be successfully used for learning to minimize the exchange time in relay starts in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Biomechanik im Sportschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037004</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037004</guid>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this chapter are (a) to evaluate the present status of research on the biomechanics of swimming and (b) to identify important questions for which answers are still needed. Also considerd is the time that a swimmer takes to complete an event-the ultimate measure of the swimmer's performance. This event time equals the sum of the times taken starting, stroking, and turning. Each of these times is discussed here in turn.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen anthropometrischen Parametern und unterschiedlichen Arten des Brust-Beinschlages</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037005</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037005</guid>
      <author>Nimz, R.</author>
      <author>Rader, U.</author>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nimz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rader, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In breaststroke swimming the kick has an important influence on propulsion. Therefore, teaching and using the most effective type of breaststroke kick are both necessary and desirable. At the moment the whip kick is the most effective type of breaststroke kick (Counsilman, 1977; Maglischo, 1982). This form is characterized by limited braking
resistance an  big traction areas, which can be used for propulsion (Volker & Wilke, 1974). The use of a whip kick seems to be very difficult because often it results in an uneconomical kick when performing the breaststroke. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether anthropometric values as well as functional angles of amplitude for movements within the lower limb region were determining factors for a certain type of breaststroke kick. For that purpose, the flexibility of joint movements observed during a regular breaststroke kick were determined. This research was confined to three symmetrical types of kicks: whip kick, wedge kick, and a kick ""ith plantar flexed feet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische und physiologische Zusatzlasten beim Schwimmen mit widerstandsgrosser Schwimmbekleidung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037006</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037006</guid>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Shibayama, H.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Referat</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibayama, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[While swimming at a constant velocity, the swimmer must exert a propulsive force to overcome water resistance. Therefore, numerous studies have reported on water resistance in the static position in relation to velocity, body size, and so forth (Alley, 1952; Oarys, Jiskoot, Risken, & Brouwer, 1974; Karpovich & Millman, 1944; Miyashita & Tsunoda, 1978). Competitive swimming has developed rapidly, partly because of the
marked increase in the volume of training (Holmer, 1979). In addition, various devices for training may have contributed to the development of world records. Recently, a swimming training device called a drag suit has been developed to increase drag force. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in water resistance and physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (La) while wearing a drag suit and a normal suit. This study  was pretested on December 23, 1985, and the actual testing was performed from December 24 to 26, 1985.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung des Energiestoffwechsels auf das Schwimmtraining</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037007</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037007</guid>
      <author>Maglischo, E. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maglischo, E. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to present a plan for training all of the energy systems involved in swimming races. The process of energy metabolism is summarized in the first section. The second section details the three major forms of training that can be used to imporve these energy systems. It also includes some suggestions for needed research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerobe Ökonomie und Wettkampfleistung von USA-Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037008</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037008</guid>
      <author>van Handel, P. J.</author>
      <author>Katz, A.</author>
      <author>Morrow, J. R.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daniels, J. T.</author>
      <author>Bradleym P. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Handel, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morrow, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniels, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bradleym P. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The sport of swimming presents a unique challange to the measurement of energy cost. Although tethered swimming has provided information on the maximal physiological status of athletes (Bonen, Wilson, Yarkony, & Belcastro 1980; Costill, 1966; Costill et al., 1985), Magel and Faulkner (1%7) found that in trained swimmers tethered values were significantly less than those obtained in free swimming. There is also some question as to the reliability and validity of extrapolation techniques (Costill et al., 1985;. Leger, Seliger, & Brassud, 1980). In a homogenous group of runners, V02max was also a poor discriminator of competitive success (Conley & Krackenbull, 1980; Costill, Branam, Eddy, & Sparks, 1971; Foster, Costill, Daniels, & Fink, 1978; Pollock, Jackson, & Pate, 1980; Sjodin, & Svedenhag, 1985). Other variables such as the fractional utilization of maximal aerobic capacity (Costill, Thomason, & Roberts, 1973; Sjodin & Svedenhag, 1985) or the economy of effort (Daniels, 1974; Daniels, Krahenbuhl, Foster, Gilbert, & Daniels, 1977; McMiken & Daniels, 1976; Pollock et al., 1980; Powers, Dodd, Deason, Byrd, & McKnight, 1983) may be at least as important for competitive success. This chapter describes a method for determining oxygen cost in free swimming and quantifies aerobic economy of submaximal swimming and its relationship to competitive efforts of world-class swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelspezifik und Intensität beim Schwimmen gegen einen mechanischen Widerstand - Oberflächen-EMG beim Schwimmen mit einem MAD-System und beim freien Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037009</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037009</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Bollens, E.</author>
      <author>Vaes, W.</author>
      <author>Huijing, P. A.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Witte, B.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bollens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaes, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huijing, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Witte, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The measurement of active drag using a MAD system provides a new approach to hydrodynamic analysis of the front crawl movement. The M..AD system allows swimming force recordings in a natural environment-water-and assumes that the turbulent flow around the moving body is the same in both MAD and free swimming. Even if these flows are different, the Reynolds number (R) range of the human body (6.6 x 105 < R < 3.9 x 106 ; see Figure 1) gives no indication whatsoever that the turbulence, and therefore total drag, could be altered or eventually reduced (Oarys, 1985). However, an adaptation of the swimmer's arm movements to the MAD system does occur, for the push-off is made against a fixed point. Evidence for this statement was collected from 9 subjects swimming similarly (slow and fast), both on the MAD system and freely, with underwater light trace photography including an acceleration
indicator (through a stable multivibrator). Movement patterns of the foot (lamp at malleolus externus), the shoulder (lamp at acromion), and the hand (lamp at digitus minim us) were recorded and compared per individual. The movement patterns of feet and shoulder showed little or no differences. However, the hand movement pattern in all subjects was very much influenced and changed by the MAD system. Discrepancies occur in a steeper input-gliding phase, a missing S-shaped movement, and a nonexistent pull-push trajectory (Figure 2).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine telemetrisches System zur Messung der Aktivität von sechs Muskeln beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037010</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037010</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Quezel-Ambrunaz, G.</author>
      <author>Billat, R. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Telemetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quezel-Ambrunaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Billat, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimmin~ oxygen uptake, drag, and lift all increase with swimming speed. These modifications can produce and/or result from changes in muscular activity. Thus, one might wonder whether muscular contractions and synchronizations also increase in relation to an increase of swimming speed.
In order to answer the above questions, equipment for electromyography measurements was required. There was no standard apparatus for this kind of measurement on the market, and a review of electronics journals such as the Institute of Electronical Electrical Engineers (IEEE) and of publications on electromyography in sports showed that telemetric systems have not been widely used and often limited to a few channels
(Oarys & Olbrecht, 1982; Lewillie, 1974; Piette & Oarys, 1979). So, the first step was to conceive and refine a specific apparatus. To accomplish this, researchers, engineers, technicians, and trainers decided three criteria:
• Object of study: Our goal was to collect simultaneously the electrical activities of six muscles that could be visualized directly by the subject utilizing a display system.
• Subject disturbance: The system should not be too cumbersome or too difficult to attach. It should also be light.
• Water-proofing: The apparatus must be waterproof, unbreakable, and reliable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relevanz des adrenokortikalen Hormons Aldosteron für das Langstreckenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037011</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037011</guid>
      <author>Skipka, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Skipka, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Earlier investigations have demonstrated that injection of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone increases the oxygen uptake during submaximal and maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer (Skipka & Schoning, 1981). Experiments by Bedrak and Samoiloff (1%7) demonstrating a higher activity of muscular oxidative enzymes after aldosterone injection and by Wong and Walsh (1971), who observed an increased oxygen uptake of rat diaphrams caused by aldosterone, indicate that the augmented oxygen uptake after aldosterone application is due to an augmented aerobic metabolic rate of muscles. The present study was designed to investigate whether the aldosterone-induced increase of the arobic metabolism leads to an improvement of performance capacity of long-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hämatologische und biochemische Parameter von Wettkampfschwimmern in der Taperingperiode</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037012</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037012</guid>
      <author>Yamamoto, Y.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The term tapering is used to express the decrease in work level that the competitive swimmer undergoes during practice in order to rest and prepare for a good performance. It is believed that there is no phase of the coach's program of which he or she is less sure than the taper (Counsilman, 1977).
During the intensive training period with repeated continuous exercise bouts, swimmers are likely to suffer various physiological stresses such as a decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) due to the destruction of red blood cells (Yoshimura, 1970; Yoshimura et al., 1980) and an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity (Enzyme Commission [E.q 2.7.3.2) Berg & Haralambie, 1978; Haralambie & Senser, 1980; Riley, Pyke, Roberts, & England, 1975; Sanders & Bloor, 1975) due to the deformities or altered permeability of tissue cell membranes (Highman & Altland, 1963). Previous studies concerning tapering reported that there were conistent increases in Hb (Burke, Falsetti, Feld, Patton, & Kennedy, 1981; Rushall & Busch, 1980) and decreases in CPK (Burke, Falsetti, Feld, Patton, & Kennedy, 1982), which indicated the recovery phenomenon from the previously mentioned physiological stresses. However, it is unknown whether only Hb and CPK, among the many blood constituents, show unique changes during tapering periods. Also unexamined is the number of days necessary to complete these changes in blood chemistry.
The purpose of this study was to select some blood constituents that show unique changes during the tapering period and to observe the time course of the changes in detail.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieverbrauch beim Kraulschwimmen: Ein Vergleich zwischen Männern und Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037013</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037013</guid>
      <author>Montpetit, R. M.</author>
      <author>Cazorla, G.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Montpetit, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazorla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous studies (Montpetit, Lavoie, Cazorla, 1983; Pendergast, Di Prampero, Craig, Wilson, & Rennie, 1977) have shown differences in the oxygen demand of swimming the front crawl (liters of 0 2 /min) between males and females. These observations, however, were made from unmatched groups in regard to both ability level and body size. In this study the oxygen costs of swimming the front crawl were compared in male and female competitive swimmers who were selected to form equivalent groups as far as body mass and swimming experience were concerned, but at the same time a large range existed in these parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelmechanik und neuromuskuläre Steuerung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037014</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037014</guid>
      <author>Schmidtbleicher, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidtbleicher, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the practice of training, some still believe that strength training merely calls for changes in enzymatic quantity or quality within the muscle, which ultimately results in muscle cross-section increases. Results of ergophysiological and training research on the optimal training stimulus for the greatest possible strength increases appear to come from two distinct sources: 
• The tension stimulus theory, created by Rasch and Pierson (1964) and Hettinger (1968) stipulates that maximal tension results in the most effective rate of strength increases.
• In contrast, the so-called ATP-debt theory from Meerson (1967, 1973) suggests that training with submaximalloads (15 reps in 20 s per set) done repetitively results in the highest strength increases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Maximalkrafttraining auf die Sprintleistung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037015</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037015</guid>
      <author>Strass, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strass, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent laboratory research has indicated that explosive type maximal strength training regimens change isometric force-time (f-t) characteristics (rate of force development, maximal force) in different forms (Biihrle, 1985; Hakkinen & Komi, 1986; Komi, Karlsson, Tesch, Suominen, & Heikkinen, 1982; Schmidtbleicher, 1980, Schmidtbleicher & Biihrle, 1987). These results show considerable improvements in the rate of force development with minor increases in maximal force. These different improvements in f-t characteristics are induced by specific changes in voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity. In addition to pure maximal force, which is primarily influenced by hypertrophy (Moritani & De Vries, 1979), explosive maximal force production, which is affected by neural activation (Hakkinen & Komi, 1985), is an important component of the underwater arm movement in sprint swimming. The effects of strength training on sprint swimming performance have been investigated by Moffroid and Whipple (1970); Pipes and Wilmore (1976); Costill, Sharp, and Troup (1980); and Miyashita and Kanehisa (1983). Training methods and equipment were used in these studies that included weight training, and isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises. However, very few studies have dealt with the question of whether the gains in muscular output after explosive type maximal strength training result in the improvement of sprint swimming performance (H6tke, 1985). The present pilot study, therefore, was designed to examine the effects of strength training with short-term explosive maximal dynamic contractions against high loads on thef-t characteristics and parameters of sprint swimming performance (speed, stroke frequency, stroke length) and their possible relationships.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Kennzeichen japanischer Spitzensynchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1988 11:46:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037016</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037016</guid>
      <author>Takamoto, M.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, Y.</author>
      <author>Motoyoshi, M.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Faser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Motoyoshi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Synchronized swimming requires a high degree of artistic movement. Its performance was formerly so graceful and sophisticated that most of the routine events were comprised of floating and movement of the arms to music. However, it has become dynamic and powerful and is now a competitive Olympic event. Sychronized swimming has aroused scientists' interest, and several studies report data on Canadian and American synchronized swimmers. Synchronized swimmers in Japan have also been playing an important part in the world; however, knowledge and data on Japanese synchronized swimmers are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and physiological characteristics of Japanese elite synchronized swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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