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    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Betrachtung des 400-m-Freistil Wettkampfes</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037118</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037118</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie:
Physiologische Evaluierung der Wettkampfleistung über 400 m Freistil unter Berücksichtigung des aerob-anaeroben Verhältnisses zur Schwimmgeschwindigkeit.
Methode:
Untersucht wurden die Werte von 21 männlichen und 26 weiblichen Teilnehmern der Panpazifischen Meisterschaften 1993 in Kobe, Japan. Mittels aerob/anaerobem Geschwindigkeitsmodell erfolgte die Analyse der Geschwindigkeit. Das Modell beinhaltete die aerobe Geschwindigkeit und den Ermüdungseffekt. Die dritte Wurzel der Exponentialfunktion für den Zeitverlauf wurde als Parameter der aeroben Geschwinidgkeit verwandt. Außerdem wurde eine lineare Funktion für den Zeitverlauf angewandt auf einen Parameter des Emüdungseffekts.
Ergebnise:
Im Rennverlauf trug die aerobe Leistung 57,98+/-1,94 % (Männer) bzw. 56,35+/-3,14 % (Frauen) zum Gesamtenergieverbrauch bei. Obwohl die anaerobe Energie vorrangig nur während des ersten Rennabschnitts zum tragen kam, bestand keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der anaeroben Geschwindigkeit in dieser Phase und der Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit im gesamten Rennen. Bemerkenswert war eine hohe Beziehung zwischen der aeroben Geschwindigkeit und der Gesamtgeschwindigkeit im mittleren Rennabschnitt. Eine Korrelation zwischen Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit im gesamten Rennen und anaerober Geschwindigkeit im letzten Rennabschnitt bei den Männern stand im Kontrast zu den Werten bei den Frauen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Schwimmbeckenlänge auf die biomechanische Leistung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037119</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037119</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, O. P.</author>
      <author>Mero, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, O. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mero, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie:
Untersuchung der Auswirkung der Schwimmbreckenlänge auf die Leistung im Schwimmen.
Methode:
Zwei Übungsserien wurden im 25- und 50-m-Becken absolviert. Untersucht wurde die maximale Wendengeschwindigkeit, um den Einfluss der Wendenfertigkeit auf das Ergebnis festzustellen. Die biomechanische Leistung wurde anhand der Parameter Zuglänge, Zugfrequenz und mittlere Geschwindigigkeit über 5x200 m F ermittelt. Der Wendenvorteil wurde mittels Unterwasserkamera als prozentualer Geschwindigkeitsgewinn während der Wende im Vergleich zur normalen Streckengeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die metabolischen Wirkungen ergaben sich aus Laktat- und Herzfrequenzanalyse. 
Ergebnis:
Es zeigten sich beträchtliche Auswirkungen der Wendenfertigkeit auf die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Testbedingungen (25- und 50-m-Becken). Zusätzliche Wenden erlauben größere Zuglängen auf der Kurzbahn. Spitzenschwimmer können aus den zusätzlichen Wenden noch mehr Vorteil herausholen als weniger gute Schwimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elektrostimulation des M. latissimus dorsi bei Sprintschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037120</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037120</guid>
      <author>Pichon, F.</author>
      <author>Martin, A.</author>
      <author>Cometti, G.</author>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pichon, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cometti, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Untersucht wurde die Auswirkung eines Elektrostimulationstrainings des m. latissimus dorsi über einen Zeitraum von drei Wochen auf die Kraft des Muskels und die Leistung. Probanden waren 14 Schwimmer, die in 7 EMS- und 7 Kontrollpersonen eingeteilt wurden.
Das Spitzendrehmoment während der Beugung-Streckung des Arms wurde an einem isokinetischen Dynamometer bei Geschwindigkeiten von -60° bis 360° ermittelt. Die Leistung wurde über 25 m mit Pull Buoy sowie 50m Freistil ermittelt. 
Ergebnisse:
In der EMS-Gruppe wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg des Spitzendrehmoments unter isometrischen, exzentrischen und konzentrischen Bedingungen festgestellt. Die Schwimmzeiten verringerten sich signifikant für beide Tests. Hingegen zeigte keiner dieser Tests signifikante Veränderungen in der Kontrollgruppe. Für die gesamte Gruppe standen die Veränderungen des unter exzentrischen Bedingungen gemessenen Spitzendrehmoments in Relation zu den Veränderungen der Leistung.
Schlussfolgerung:
Ein EMS-Programm des m. latissimus dorsi steigert die Kraft und die Leistung bei Wettkampfschwimmern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energetische Auswirkungen von Geschwindigkeit und Zugfrequenzsteuerung bei Schwimmern auf geringerem Leistungsniveau</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037121</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037121</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Moretto, P.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moretto, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The improving swimmer's skill charncteristics pass from voluntary motor control (where conscious attention is required) to automatic control (where attention is not required but may be called on, leaving conscious mechanisms available for strategic purposes). What happens in the case of the moderately-skilled swimmer, particularly one who is working toward a peak skill level? From an energetic point of view, is swim performance under voluntary control more costly than that under automatic control? Nine moderately-skilled adult swimmers (3 females, 6 males) whose performance time in the 400-m front crawl was 5 min 35 ± 8.5 s participated in 3 test sessions: l) swim velocity (V) and stroke rate (SR) were self-selected by the su~ects; 2) V was imposed; and 3) V and SR were imposed. In each session, heart rate (HR) was recorded and blood lactate concentration (fLD was determined. The principal finding was that although an increased energy cost was expected for the imposed V and SR trials, the two relevant parameters (HR and [L)) showed no increases, and indeed, some significant reductions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wachstums- und Entwicklungsveränderungen ausgewählter Parameter bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037122</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037122</guid>
      <author>Kavouras, S. A.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kavouras, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziele der Untersuchung:
1. Untersuchung signifikanter Maturation bei jungen Spitzenschwimmern
2. Feststellung von Entwicklungsunterschieden bezüglich morphologischer und physiologischer Parameter.
Untersuchungsmethode:
Über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren wurden Längsschnitte (L) und Querschnittsdaten (CS) ermittelt.Die untersuchten Sportler waren alle unter den jeweils besten 10 Amerikanern ihres Jahrganges registriert. Das Alter betrug 13-17 (Mädchen) bzw. 14-18 Jahre (Jungen). Die Längsschnittuntersuchungen wurden für 64 Sportler (32 jedes Geschlechts) ermittelt, für die Querschnitte wurden 960 Mädchen und Jungen (je 480) untersucht. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten jeweils zur gleichen Zeit im Jahr und zur selben Phase in der Trainingsplanung in einem organisierten Trainingslager. Durchgeführte Tests waren: a) anthropometrische Tests, b) Krafttests, c) Tests der aeroben und anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit, d) Leistungstests.
Ergebnisse:
Die maximale Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit (PGV)  für Körpergröße und Extremitäten lag im Altersbereich zwischen 14-16 (Jungen) bzw. 13-14 (Mädchen). Die PGV für Muskeloberfläche und Kraft wurden bei 14-15 (Mädchen) bzw. 15-16 (Jungen) gefunden. PGV für VO2max lag bei 14-15 (Mädchen) mit keiner weiteren signifikanten Erhöhung nach dem 16. Lebensjahr. Bei den Jungen lag der selbe Parameter bei 15-16, er veränderte sich nach dem 17. Lebensjahr nicht mehr signifikant.Die anaerobe Wachstumsrate erreichte ihren Höhepunkt bei beiden Geschlechtern nach dem 15. Lebensjahr und es kam nicht vor dem 17. (Jungen) bzw. 18. (Mädchen) Lebensjahr zur Plateaubildung. Anhand dieser Informationen können Trainingsplanungen individuell zugeschnitten werden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieverbrauch bei Spitzenschwimmerinnen während harten Trainings und Taperings</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037123</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037123</guid>
      <author>van Heest, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Heest, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Einsatz doppelt markierten Wassers erlaubt die nichtinvasive Bestimmung des Energieverbrauchs beim Schwimmen. Die Studie zielte darauf ab festzustellen, ob sich der Energieverbrauch im Vergleich zweier unterschiedlicher Zeitpunkte in der Belastungsgestaltung im Trainingsjahr - harte Belastungsphase vs. Tapering - unterscheidet.
Methode:
Als Probandinnen dienten vier Schwimmerinnen der II. Division. Jeder Sportlerin wurden 0,3g H218O/kg und 0,75g 2H2O/kg geschätztes Körperwasser am Tag Null beider Untersuchungsphasen verabreicht. Im 24-h-Rhythmus wurden in den fünf darauffolgenden Tagen Speichelproben entnommen, die bis zur Untersuchung eingefroren wurden. Über den Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg wurde täglich Tagebuch geführt über Ernährung und Training. Die Kalorienaufnahme wurde anhand der Aufzeichnungen zur Ernährung ermittelt. Der Energieverbrauch wurde  berechnet aus den Kohlendioxidwerten und dem respiratorischen Quotienten mit folgender Bestimmung von Fettmasse und fettfreier Masse für jede Sportlerin. 
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Sportlerinnen während harter Trainingsphasen einen höheren Energieverbrauch haben als während des Taperings. Die Probandinnen waren jedoch in der Lage, ihr Körpergewicht während des Taperings zu halten. Dies resultiert möglicherweise aus einer verringeretn Kalorienaufnahme in der Taperingphase, obwohl die absoluten Unterschiede in den Kalorien diese These nicht stützen.
Die Methode doppelt markierten Wassers eignet sich zur Bestimmung des Energieverbrauchs bei Schwimmern. Sie sollte zukünftig zur Klärung weiterer Fragen des Energiegleichgewichts im Schwimmen genutzt werden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsfluktuationen und Energieverbrauch bei unterschiedlichen Techniken im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037124</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037124</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziele der Studie:
1. Vergleich der Fluktuation der Hüftgeschwindigkeit sowie der Schwimmökonomie bei Anwendung dreier verschiedener Techniken im Brustschwimmen: a) flacher Stil (FB), b) wellenförmiger Stil (UB), c) neuer wellenförmiger Stil mit Überwasserrückführen der Arme (UOB).
2. Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen Parametern.
Methode:
Probanden waren 13 Schwimmer der nationalen Spitzenklasse (am Schwimmökonomietest nahmen lediglich 9 Sportler teil). Die ökonomoischen Profile wurden für jede der drei Techniken anhand des Nettogesamtenergieverbrauchs (VO2) sowie der maximalen Nettolaktatkonzentration nach der Belastung ermittelt. Die Profile der Geschwindigkeitsfluktuation wurden mittels Fotolichtspur eines am Schwimmer befestigten Pulslichtgeräts registriert. Nach der Digitalisierung wurden Wertepaare für Zeit und Geschwindigkeit modelliert. Mit dem Modell wurde eine transformierte Struhal-Zahl als Index der Gesamtgeschwindigkeitsfluktuation berechnet.
Ergebnis:
Für die untersuchten Geschwindigkeiten wurde festgestellt: a) UOB war die am wenigsten ökonomische der drei untersuchten Techniken, b) UOB impliziert höhere Geschwindigkeitsfluktuationen innnerhalb eines Bewegungszyklus (Armzug) als FB und UB, c) Geschwindigkeitsfluktuation und Energieverbrauch sind bei intraindividueller Ergebnisbetrachtung als  korrelierende Variable anzusehen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energiestoffwechsel beim Sprintschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037125</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037125</guid>
      <author>Ring, S.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Wirtz, W.</author>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ring, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wirtz, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Studie ist der Versuch eines Überblicks über die Komplexität des Energiestoffwechsels beim Sprintschwimmen mit Hilfe eines Differentialgleichungs-Simulationsmodells.
Aus dieser Computersimulation wird klar, dass die glykolytische Energiebereitstellung eine wichtige Rolle zu Beginn des 50-m-Sprints im Schwimmen spielt. Die hängt mit der schnellen PCr-Entleerung zur Fortsetzung der Strecke mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit zusammen. Die Rolle des VO2 sollte für die 50-m-Distanz ebenfalls nicht unterbewertet werden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der mittels zweier unterschiedlicher Methoden ermittelten Vortriebskraft im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037127</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037127</guid>
      <author>Berger, M. A. M.</author>
      <author>Hollander, A. P.</author>
      <author>de Groot, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berger, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Groot, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die beim Freistil-Armeschwimmen wirkenden Vortriebskräfte wurden auf zwei unterschiedlichen Wegen ermittelt: a) basierend auf einer kinematischen Analyse mittels 3-D-Videoaufnahmen (Fp-3D), b) basierend auf Messungen der Vortriebskraft mittels MAD-System (Fp-MAD).
Ergebnis:
Mit beiden Methoden wurden annähernd gleiche Werte für die Vortriebskraft ermittelt, obwohl die Fp-MAD-Werte in nahezu allen Fällen die niedrigeren waren. Die mittelre Differenz zwischen Fp-MAD und Fp-3D beträgt 8 N, das entspricht etwa 15 %.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gerät zur Quantifizierung der Startzeit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037128</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037128</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Moreno, F. J.</author>
      <author>Martinez, M.</author>
      <author>Ona, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messplatz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno, F. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ona, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Vorgestellt wird ein Gerät zur Messung der einzelnen Phasen des Start (Startzeit) im Schwimmen, was auf einer Gruppe von Fotozellen sowie einer Anschlagplatte basiert. Die maximale Messstrecke beträgt in den Untersuchungen 10 m.  An der Studie nahmen 9 Highschoolschwimmer teil.
Die 10-m-Messstrecke wurde in vier Varianten absolviert: a) Gleiten, b) Freistil Beine, c) Schmetterling Beine und d) Freistil Gesamt.
Ergebnisse:
Die Messungen ergaben eine signifikante positive Korrelation zwischen Wasserphase und Gesamtstartzeit. Dagegen zeigten die Phasen Blockzeit 1, Blockzeit 2 und Flugzeit keine Korrelation. Es wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gesamtstartzeiten unter den vier absolvierten Bedingungen und den Wasserzeiten  gefunden. Die Phasen Blockzeit 1, Blockzeit 2 und Flugzeit zeigten diese Unterschiede im Vergleich der vier Startvarianten  nicht.
Schlussfolgerung:
Die entwickelte und im Versuch getestete Ausrüstung scheint ein sinnvolles Hilfmittel für das Starttraining darzustellen, da es exaktes Feedback über die Zeiten in den Startphasen liefert. Das Training des Schwimmers sollte primär auf die Verringerung des Widerstandes während der Wasserphase orientiert werden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Trainingsinhalt und seine Auswirkung auf die Leistung bei 100- und 200-m-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037129</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037129</guid>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <author>Busso, T.</author>
      <author>Geyssant, A.</author>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Barale, F.</author>
      <author>Lacoste, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungshäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Busso, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geyssant, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barale, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacoste, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel und Anliegen der Studie:
Untersuchung des Verhältnisses zwischen der Haupttrainingsintensität einer Trainingssaison, dem Trainingsumfang und der Trainingshäufigkeit sowie den Veränderungen der Leistung. 18 Schwimmer dienten insgesamt als Probanden. Außerdem wurden die Unterschiede zwischen den Sportlern, die ihre persönlichen Bestzeiten im Saisonverlauf verbesserten (schnelle Gruppe, n=8) und denen, denen dies nicht gelang, (langsame Gruppe, n=10) untersucht.
Ergebnisse:
Die Leistungsverbesserungen im Saisonverlauf korrelierten signifikant mit der Haupttrainingsintensität, nicht aber mit Trainingsumfang oder Trainingshäufigkeit. Die Leistungsverbesserung während der Saison hing signifikant von der Eingangsleistung ab. Der Leistungsrückgang während der Detrainingsphase nach der vorangegangenen Saison war in der schnellen Gruppe weniger ausgeprägt als bei der langsameren. 
Schlussfolgerung:
Schlüsselfaktor für eine positive Trainingswirkung scheint in erster Linie die Belastungsintensität zu sein. Faktoren wie vorangegangenes Detraining oder die Eingangsleistung könnten den Erfolg trotz guter Trainingsadaptation gefährden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determinanten des Energieverbrauchs beim Freistil- und Rückenschwimmen und für die Wettkampfleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037130</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037130</guid>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Gomes Pereira, J.</author>
      <author>Pereira, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie:
Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Schwimmökonomie und ausgewählten Körperbaugrößen, Zugcharakteristika, innerzyklischen Geschwindigkeitsveränderungen und der Leistung.
Methode:
12 guttrainierte Schwimmer absolvierten 3 submaximale Tests über 250 m mit steigender Intensität (65, 70 und 85 % max) sowie einmal 400 m maximal. Die O2-Aufnahme wurde in den ersten 20 s der Wiederherstellung über die Ausatemluft ermittelt. Für jeden Probanden wurde ein Profil der Schwimmökonomie erstellt. Der nach dem maximalen Test ermittelte Sauerstoffverbrauch wurde als VO2max für den Schwimmer in der speziellen Schwimmart determiniert. Zur Ermittlung der innerzyklischen Geschwindigkeitsveränderungen (Hüfte) wurden die Schwimmer im 400-m-Test mittels Unterwasserkamera in der sagitalen Ebene gefilmt. Jeder Test wurde über Video aufgenommen, um Zugfrequenz und effektive Geschwindigkeit festzustellen.
Ergebnisse:
Im Rückenschwimmen zeigt der Energieverbrauch eine signifikante Korrelation mit den Körperbaumaßen, insbesondere mit Körpergröße und Armspannweite. Sowohl im Freistil- als auch im Rückenschwimmen stand die O2-Aufnahme bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 1,3 m/s in umgekehrter Abhängigkeit mit der Bestleistung über 200 und 400 m. Keine signifikante Beziehung konnte - bei keiner der Testgeschwindigkeiten - zwischen den Charakteristika des Bewegungszyklus und dem Energieverbrauch gefunden werden, jedoch korrelierte die Höhe der innerzyklischen Geschwindigkeitsveränderung im Rückenschwimmen positiv mit dem Energieverbrauch bei 1,1 und 1,2 m/s.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Serumerythropoetin bei Spitzenschwimmern beim Training auf mittlerer Höhe</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037033</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037033</guid>
      <author>Roberts, D.</author>
      <author>Smith, D. J</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EPO</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roberts, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, D. J</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), released under hypoxic conditions, acts to stimulate RBC production. Serum EPO, reticulocyte count (retic), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and percent haemocrit (Het) were monitored in 6 male world-ranked swimmers during and following a 3-week training camp at 1850 m. Serum EPO and retics were significantly increased by day 19 and remained elevated 3 weeks postaltitude. The Hb values were raised by 5% at the end of the test period, and had retained this level 6 months later. There was a difference in the EPO response by sprinters and endurance specialists. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanism of EPO response and its effects upon performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährungsanalyse von Spitzenschwimmern in der Vor-Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037034</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037034</guid>
      <author>MacLaren, D. P.</author>
      <author>Harte, J. E.</author>
      <author>Hackett, A. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>MacLaren, D. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harte, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hackett, A. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Information about habitual food intake of pre-adolescent children of an elite swimming group and a non-active control group was systematically obtained. Thirty swimmers (15 male and 15 female, mean age 12.2 ± 0.9 years) trained an average of five times a week (approximately 9 h) and were competing at National level. The control group (15 male and 15 female, mean age 11.9 ± 0.7 years) consisted of normally active children. Measurement of weighed food intake was conducted over three days. The total energy intake and the protein intake for swimmers were significantly higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively), than those of the control group. No significant differences were apparent between the groups for fat and simple and complex carbohydrate intakes. When compared to recommended daily allowances (RDAs), both groups were found to have significantly lower fat intakes and significantly higher protein and total carbohydrate
intakes than normal (P < 0.01). Recommendations to the swimmers were to increase carbohydrate intake and further reduce fat consumption so that the possibility of lowered glycogen stores would be minimised.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Analyse von Untersuchungen zu Geschwindigkeitsverläufen innerhalb eines Zyklus beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037035</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037035</guid>
      <author>Tourny, C.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Micallef, J. P.</author>
      <author>Macabies, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tourny, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micallef, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macabies, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The analysis of the speed variations within a breaststroke cycle gives information about the manner in which the different phases of the cycle contribute to swimmer's movement. This study underlines the technical changes in the breaststroke during the last fifteen years and compares the recordings of the speed variations with the curve of the women's 100 m breaststroke champion in the Seoul Olympic Games 1988.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Umsetzung von Erkenntnissen aus der Koordination von Teilbewegungen beim Brust- und Schmetterlingsschwimmen bei der Entwicklung des Techniktrainings</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037036</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037036</guid>
      <author>Hahn, A.</author>
      <author>Krug, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hahn, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krug, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to biomechanically analyse the coordination of partial movements in breaststroke and butterfly within different load ranges. By obtaining objective information about the coordination of partial movements, improvements in technical training could be achieved. For technique training a relatively complex procedure has been developed and experimentally tested. The profiles of velocity in breaststroke and butterfly swimming has provided important findings about the criteria for effectiveness of swimming techniques. This has allowed technical models of coordination in these swimming styles to be considerably improved. The results concerning the specificity of coordination in load ranges such as basic endurance and competition specific endurance, as well as under conditions of exhaustion, are informative. This knowledge is the basis of the present development of a specific training technique for breaststroke and butterfly. The measuring capability of speedography has allowed us to pinpoint problem areas and focus on these during training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innerzyklische Geschwindigkeitsverluste beim schnellen Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037037</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037037</guid>
      <author>Manley, P.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Manley, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In an attempt to explain how inter-stroke periodicity and velocity patterns modify the mean swimming pace in breaststroke, the swimming profiles of skilled teenage competititve breaststroke swimmers, four County and four National standard (n = 8), were recorded continuously during three independent trials at each of three different paced swims. Digitally coded on-line velocity profiles over the final 12 m of the pool length were analysed to determine intra-stroke maximum and minimum velocities, leg-arm transitional (glide) velocity, stroke period and mean stroke velocity. At all levels of pace the boys produced larger intra-stroke mean velocities (1.14 m/s), peak velocities (2.14 m/s), and shorter stroke periods (1.30 s) than the girls (1.03 mls, 2.05 mls, and 1.47 s respectively). The girls produced higher mean leg-arm transitional velocities (1.19 m/s) than the boys (1.10 m/s) and the minimum stroke velocity of all swimmers was observed to vary little with sex or pace. The arm action, building on the velocity produced by the leg action, generated the peak velocities while the recovery of the legs led to the minimum intra-stroke velocity. The duration of the leg-arm transition varied greatly, being a marked and extended discontinuity at slow speed, and a smooth transition at maximum speed. The velocity-time profile increasingly approximated to an isosceles triangle as pace increased, from which it may be postulated, on the grounds of simple geometry, that an individual swimmer exhibits a high level of swimming skill when the mean swimming velocity equals half peak velocity. Unless a swimmer introduces qualitative changes in technique, a decrease in stroke period will necessarily follow the generation of higher peak velocities. In skilled swimming the mean stroke velocity is held to be independent of stroking rate for any given peak velocity. For any given mean stroke velocity shorter stroke periods may only be achieved by cutting the stroke cycle, thereby increasing the accelerations and decelerations and hence the effort expended. Optimisation of stroke period for a given peak velocity is, therefore, important in energy conservation, making in this way its contribution to overall competitive swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede der kinematischen und temporären Parameter des Greifstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037038</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037038</guid>
      <author>Kollias, I.</author>
      <author>Baltzopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Chatzinikolaou, K.</author>
      <author>Tsirakos, D.</author>
      <author>Vasiliadis, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kollias, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baltzopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chatzinikolaou, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsirakos, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasiliadis, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in the kinematic and temporal parameters of the grab start using twodimensional analysis. The main findings of the study are that male swimmers develop a higher take-off speed without significant delay on the block and the angle of projection is usually above the horizontal. This results in a longer flight period but improved horizontal displacement compared to the start of female swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die schwimmerischen Fertigkeiten können nicht direkt aus dem Energieverbrauch beim Schwimmen abgeleitet werden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037039</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037039</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Lavoie, J. M.</author>
      <author>Lacour, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavoie, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacour, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine if swimming skill could be interpreted directly from the energy cost of swimming (C ) per unit distance at a given velocity. A total of 101 males were5 studied. Three performance levels were determined from the slower (A) to the faster (B, C) times over a 400 m swim. For a given velocity, there were no statistical differences in C between the three levels. However, at level C and at 1.1 m/s, C was reduced by 55% and 25% when compared to levels A and B and when calculated per unit of surface area and hydrostatic lift. To evaluate the specific influence of arm length two groups of long- and short-armed swimmers were selected among swimmers of similar height and performance. The C was significantly (P < 0.05) higher by 12 ± 3.3% for short-armed than long-armed swimmers. To evaluate the influence of different types of swimming technique two other groups of similar performance and anthropometric characteristics were selected. The C was significantly higher by 15 ± 3.8% for swimmers preferentially tsing their legs than their arm (P < 0.05). The C of the sprinters was 16.5 ± 3% higher than that of the long-distan~e swimmers. For all the groups, C increased with velocity on average by 10% every 0.1 m/s. Thus, technical ability cannot be interpreted directly from C~. Perfor-mance levels, body size, type of swimming technique and velocity must also be taken into account.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeit, Zuglänge und Zugfrequenz hochqualifizierter Schwimmer im 50-m-Freistil-Sprint in einem 50- und einem 25-m-Becken</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037040</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037040</guid>
      <author>Wirtz, W.</author>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <author>Zimmermann, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wirtz, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zimmermann, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study compares distance per stroke, stroke frequency and mean velocity of highly skilled swimmers (n = 7) having raced both in a 25 m and a 50 m pool. Videotapes of the European Championships 1989 (50 m pool) and the ARENA-Meetings (25 m) pool 1989 and 1990 were analysed. Individual differences were found in the kinematic profiles of the variables measured between and within groups. For men, the shorter time in the 25 m pool results came mainly from the better time between 0 and 30 m in the 25 m pool. For women, shorter times in the 25 m pool results mainly from the better time between 20 and 30 m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Folgen der Veränderung der Zugparameter beim Freistilschwimmen und ihre Simulation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037041</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037041</guid>
      <author>McArdle, D.</author>
      <author>Reilly, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McArdle, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reilly, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to examine the effect of altering the normal stroke parameters in front crawl swimming. Seven club swimmers completed a series of 366 m free style trials at five different stroking rates ranging from very slow to very fast. A clear 'inverted U' pattern was observed between stroke frequency and swim velocity; the optimum stroke rate (S0 ) freely chosen by the subject producing the highest swim velocity. Pfuach subject then simulated the front crawl arm action on a swim bench using the five stroke frequencies determined during the pool tests. These were conducted at three different levels of exercise intensity. Oxygen uptake (V0 2 ), VE and heart rate were affected by changes in stroke rate at all intensities. Mean power per stroke varied according to an inverted U curve; the correlation between mean power at S t and maximum swimming velocity was 0.88 (P < 0.01) at the high~~t level of exercise. Total power output at S . was also related to swimming performance (r = 0.85; P < 0.01). 0 M~ximum swimming velocity was not significantly related to vo2 peak measured either on the swim bench or during arm cycling. Results suggest that analysis of responses to varying stroke parameters, particularly power output, may have more relevance for the swimmer than VO peak measured in a dry-land test.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Veränderungen in der Kraultechnik während der einzelnen Trainingsperioden in einem Trainingsjahr</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037042</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037042</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Pardillo, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jahr</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pardillo, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In an effort to determine changes in swimming stroke mechanics over the seasonal training period, a study was initiated to evaluate the degree of change following every mesocycle in the training season (four-month macrocycle training period). Twenty-two average and high level swimmers were evaluated after three different training periods. The swimming movements in the crawl-stroke were recorded underwater and digitized to determine kinematic parameters. The forces generated during a tethered swimming test were sensed using a force transducer. Other kinematic parameters measuring stroke length, stroke frequency and average speed over 50 m of crawl-stroke were analyzed. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant differences in 50 m time (T50), average speed (AV) and maximal force during ten strokes and 30 s efforts. Our findings support the suggestion that improvements in short distance results are closely related to improvements in strength measured during tethered swimming. This type of evaluation would help in effecting better control of the adaptations brought about by specific strength training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfanalyse während Schwimmwettbewerbe der Pan-Pazifischen Spiele 1988 und den Japanischen Olympia-Ausscheidungen 1988</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037043</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037043</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, G.</author>
      <author>Mutoh, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyashito, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Meisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mutoh, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashito, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the velocities (V) associated with the start phase, turn phase and stroke phase in the 100 m and 200 m swimming races, and to investigate the relationship between V, the stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) during the stroke phase. Swimming performances were analysed in the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships of 1989 and the 1988 Japanese Olympic Trials. The results of this study suggest that the swimmer's ability may be evaluated by determining the SF, SL and V of the three phases in the swimming races.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraft- und Geschwindigkeitscharakteristika von Land-Trainingsgeräten im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037044</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037044</guid>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <author>Daniel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allg. athlet. Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The specific objectives of this study are the presentation and discussion of mechanical parameters - force, velocity and mechanical power- measured during land training of swimmers performing imitated armstrokes (breastroke or dolphin). The training devices used were stretch cords, an isokinetic mini-gym, and a latissimus machine. Force measurements were made by the means of a strain gauge cell fixed between the traction rope and the hand of the swimmer. The velocity-time curve of the hand was measured by using an ultra-sound Doppler-system. The mechanical power was obtained by analogue multiplication of force and velocity data. The forces measured reached maximal values of 200-300 N, the peak "stroke" velocity of the hand varied between 1 and 4 m/s. Maximum values of the mechanical power up to 500 Y were obtained. It is shown that an imitation of arm strokes in swimming cannot be performed in the force, velocity and time domain simultaneously. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the training devices used yield different time distributions of force and/or velocity and/or mechanical power within the armstroke cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Blutlaktatprofile in den verschiedenen Schwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037045</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037045</guid>
      <author>Kelly, M.</author>
      <author>Gibney, G.</author>
      <author>Mullins, J.</author>
      <author>Ward, T.</author>
      <author>Donne, B.</author>
      <author>O'Brien, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kelly, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gibney, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mullins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ward, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donne, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O'Brien, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Freestyle swims of varying frequency and intensity are recommended for the determination of specific training programmes for competitive swimmers. This study compared lactate and heart rate responses to swims of the same relative intensity in all four basic swimming strokes. Eleven swimmers (five females, six males) took part in the study. Individual speeds, blood lactates and heart rates were monitored during 4 x 200 m swims performed at four different intensities between 80% and maximum in each of the four basic strokes and in the medley. Multiple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant correlation between speeds at the onset of blood lactate accumulation for all strokes (P < 0.01). Significant correlations were also found for maximum speeds across strokes (P < 0.01). The interstroke speed conversion ratio was constant at both the onset of blood lactate accumulation and maximum effort in all strokes. Lactate levels were more variable across strokes at different swimming intensities. Heart rates also showed great variability. The results of this study show that the most significant stroke correlations are found using speed rather than lactate or heart rate comparisons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse verzögerter Trainingswirkungen bei der Vorbereitung der westdeutschen Wasserball-Mannschaft auf die Olympischen Spiele 1988</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037046</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037046</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 1988</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>BRD</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>unmittelbare Wettkampfvorbereitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the variations in the timescale of adaptation to endurance training using the German national water polo players preparing for the Fifth World Championships in 1986. Regression analysis was used on the training and performance data collected, and this highlighted the fact that four players peaked from endurance training in the days immediately prior to the championships whereas four others peaked after the championships. A repeat analysis performed on these players in preparation for the 1988 Olympic Games produced similar results, thus verifying the stability of this training adaptation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung von Kalkulationsschemata zur Vereinfachung der Interpretation von Laktattests</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037047</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037047</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Heck, H.</author>
      <author>Hollmann, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heck, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollmann, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Blood lactate (BLa) response to exercise has become routine to determine the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of athletes and to monitor training individually. For the interpretation of BLa as a parameter of metabolic activity, there is no fundamental concept. This contributes to multiple and debatable presentations of BLa thresholds and leads to controversial conclusions and divergent applications of BLa tests. The purpose of this study was to present some results of a swim-specific calculation scheme (SCS) which depicts BLa in the context of the whole metabolic process. The SCS is based on a mathematical approach to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism regulation and describes BLa as a result of oxidative BLa elimination and BLa production (BLaP) rates related to the maximal capacity of BLaP and oxygen uptake (VO ). The scheme also needs a speed-energy expenditure relation (SE~). The study was performed on 778 male swimmers using two-speed tests, competition or training series at constant speed (TRS).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Herzfrequenz- und Laktatreaktionen auf Schwimmbelastungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037048</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037048</guid>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M. C.</author>
      <author>Hardy, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hardy, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to determine a relationship between heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (La) levels in swimmers using swimming velocity as the dependent variable. Eleven male competitive swimmers carried out two tests on separate days to establish this relationship. The first test involved a 500 yard incremental swim; lap times were recorded manually, and HR determined from a microcomputer strapped below the chest. The second test involved five successively faster 200 yard repeats with fifteen minuts rest between each. Again lap times were recorded manually, and blood lactate concentrations determined from a finger-prick sample after each stage. Heart rate and La deflection velocities were then identified from graphs obtained in the respective tests. Deflection {d) velocities in the HR test were recorded in eight subjects while no deflection point was observed in the remaining three. Retest results with five of the subjects obtained deflection
velocities in two subjects, but none in the three others. Blood lactate deflection velocities were gained in all subjects, and the 2 mM and 4 mM speeds extrapolated from the graphs. Mean (± SD) velocities (m/s) for HR d, La d, 2 mM and 4 mM were 1.334 (± 0.084) mls, 1.257 (± 0.078) mls, 1.291 (± 0.113) m/s and 1.419 (± 0.126) mls respectively. The HR deflection velocity was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than La d velocity and 2 mM velocity, but significantly lower (P < 0.01) than 4 mM/1 velocity. Blood lactate deflection velocity was not significantly different from the 2 mM velocity. The time differences calculated from these speeds for 200 m and 500 m ranged from 4.2 to 18.2 s, and from 10.5 to 45.4 s respectively. The extent of these differences led the researchers to conclude that althouah HR measurements are valuable when more accurate methods are0 not available, there can still be a large margin of error. This index may be unacceptable for the monitoring of training intensity in international class swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Adaptationen an 60 vs 20 Minuten Schwimmtraining bei 76% VO2max</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037049</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037049</guid>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L. J.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A. P.</author>
      <author>Dursthoff, P.</author>
      <author>Letner, C.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Enzym</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dursthoff, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The intent of this project was to evaluate the benefits of swim training at 76 ± 2% V02 max for 60 vs 20 min duration would have on submaximal and maximal swimming performances. Moderately trained swimmers (n = 17) were divided into two groups. The GRP1 (n = 7) trained for 60 min while GRP2 trained 20 min per session. Both groups worked at the same intensity (76 ± 2% V0 2 max) and frequency (5 sessions per week). The duration of the study was 5 weeks. The primary findings of this study included: (1) 60 min of moderate intensity swimming resulted in enhanced perfomance (91.44 and 365.88 m), increased aerobic power and swimming efficiency (P < 0.05); (2) 20 minutes of work was adequate in maintaining aerobic power and improving swimming efficiency, but did not result in faster swimming; (3) 60 and 20 min of work at 76 ± 2% V0 2 max resulted in a decrease of muscle CS and PFK activity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adaptationen an Intervalltraining bei üblichen Intensitäten und unterschiedlichen Belastungs-Erholungs-Verhältnissen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037050</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037050</guid>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>Franciosi, P.</author>
      <author>Trappe, S.</author>
      <author>Letner, C.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franciosi, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trappe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interval training sets are commonly used in competitive swimming  programmes. It is unclear, however, how different work:rest ratios used in interval training affect aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine which work:rest ratio (1:2 or 1:1/2) was more effective in improving 400 m specific race performance. Relative energy delivery (anaerobic vs aerobic) was also examined. Two groups of swimmers participated in five weeks of training with a major set of 10 x 100 freestyle at an intensity of 110% of V0 2 max: Group 1:2 at a work:rest ratio of 1:2, and Group 1:1/2 at a work:rest ratio of 1:1/2. Results indicate that, at the same intensity, a work:rest ratio of 1:2 is more specific to anaerobic work and a work:rest ratio of 1:1/2 is more conducive to aerobic development. Because swimming performance is dependent on optimal anaerobic and aerobic energy delivery, it is recommended that both modes of training be utilized.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Adaptationen an Schwimmtraining bei untrainierten Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037051</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037051</guid>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L. J.</author>
      <author>Dursthoff, P.</author>
      <author>Spry, S.</author>
      <author>Letner, C.</author>
      <author>Badger, S.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dursthoff, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Badger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effects of a 13 week swim training period were studied in untrained high school females (n = 11, 16.1 ± 1.3 years). Dramatic improvements in swimming performance, 91.44 and 182.88 m) occurred throughout the entire season (P < 0.05). These improvements were explained, in part, by enhanced aerobic power (P < 0.05) and an increase in maximal stroke frequency (P z 0.05). Indirect markers of muscle membrane damage, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) were found to be sensitive indicators of the training load. Furthermore, a drop in volume of training during the first two weeks of the three week taper (66%), and a 37% drop in frequency, while maintaining intensity (90-100% HR max) of training, did not decrease aerobic power and resulted in an enhancement of swimming performance. This is of importance to the coach and athlete who feel that reductions in the training load late in the season may lead to a detraining effect.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der aeroben Kraft und der Schwimm-Ökonomie als Ergebnis reduzierter Trainingsumfänge</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037052</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037052</guid>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L. J.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Langhans, G.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A. P.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Langhans, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation examined the metabolic changes for submaximal and maximal swim efforts during a period of reduced training volume(taper). Well trained high school swimmers were assigned to one of two groups: GPl (n = 7) and GP2 (n = 6) averaged 32 000 and 64 000 metres/week, respectively, for the month preceding the study. The GPl did not experience a reduction in training volume until wk3 and wk4, whereas GP2 decreased their volume on a weekly basis for four weeks. Subjects were tested pre- (P), mid- (M and post-study (PT). Both GPl and GP2 were able to maintain aerobic power (l 0 /min) (P < 0.05) and improve performance (100 m and 200 m) (P < o.osj despite an approximate 65% (wk2 vs wk4) and 90% (P-wk4) reduction in training volume, respectively. The aerobic demand (ml 02 /min/kg) for four submaximal efforts decreased (P < 0.05) following the respective tapers. Greatest shift in economy occurred between M and PT for GPl, P and M for GP2. In conclusion: (1) a taper regimen which reduced training volume and maintained previous intensity and frequency resulted in enhancement of performance, no deterioration of aerobic power and improved economy (2) the 2 wk taper was similar in effectiveness to the 4 wk taper.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indirekte Kalkulation der mechanischen und Vortriebswirksamkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037053</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037053</guid>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Franciosi, P. Q.</author>
      <author>Langhans, G. W.</author>
      <author>Troup, J.P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franciosi, P. Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Langhans, G. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J.P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims at perfecting and evaluating experimental equipment which responds to the bio-feedback principle. The equipment is composed of two systems which can be used separately or simultaneously by the swimmer. The first is composed of stroke information paddles allowing the swimmer to be informed about the hydrodynamic pressure in his hand during the stroke, whilst the second is composed of a swimmer's speed variation measuring device which transforms the data into auditory information. In order to evaluate the use of the bio-feedback in crawl, a study was performed using four groups of swimmers. Three groups were equipped with the informative equipment and the fourth was the control group (neutral equipment). The results obtained after 5 and 15 days demonstrated that a swimmer
informed on the speed variations parameter first and then simultaneously receiving the pressure and speed information, can significantly improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen zweier verschiedener Arten des Bio-Feedbacks auf die Leistung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037054</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037054</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Madani, M.</author>
      <author>Micallef, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madani, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micallef, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims at perfecting and evaluating experimental equipment which responds to the bio-feedback principle. The equipment is composed of two systems which can be used separately or simultaneously by the swimmer. The first is composed of stroke information paddles allowing the swimmer to be informed about the hydrodynamic pressure in his hand during the stroke, whilst the second is composed of a swimmer's speed variation measuring device which transforms the data into auditory information. In order to evaluate the use of the bio-feedback in crawl, a study was performed using four groups of swimmers. Three groups were equipped with the informative equipment and the fourth was the control group (neutral equipment). The results obtained after 5 and 15 days demonstrated that a swimmer informed on the speed variations parameter first and then simultaneously receiving the pressure and speed information, can significantly improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intensität und leistungsbezogene Unterschiede in Vortrieb und mechanischen Wirkungsgrad</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037055</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037055</guid>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to determine propelling (PE) and mechanical efficiency (ME) of freestyle swimming under two conditions: (i) at velocities having high aerobic or anaerobic demand and (ii) during swims specific to sprint, middle distance and distance competitors. The results suggest that PE decreases as the anaerobic energy sources increase. Mechanical efficiency does not seem to be affected by the predominant energy source used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wechselbeziehung zwischen hydrodynamischen Kräften und Schwimmgeschwindigkeit im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037056</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037056</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming the hydrodynamic forces of arms and legs in motion propel the swimmer resulting in a certain swimming speed. This paper examines whether the intracyclic velocity of a swimmer's body can be explained by a 3-dimensional kinematic analysis of the movements of the hands - based on the present knowledge in biomechanics of swimming. Calculating both the fluid forces of the hands in motion and the forces necessary to reach a certain swimming speed (thrust forces) respectively, the degree of coincidence of both forces can be checked. Ninety-nine pairs of forces, calculated for the propulsive part of the armstroke of eight breaststrokers, were compared statistically. The results reveal that 80% of all pairs of forces were statistically equal, indicating close covariation. Moreover, the comparison of the absolute values of the different force terms demonstrated that the fluid forces produced by the hands account for only about half of the entire thrust forces. This in turn requires the consideration of the fluid forces provided by the arms which account for the second half. It is concluded that the biomechanical approach chosen here, supplemented with some adjustments, might be a valuable method for diagnosis and prognosis of elite swimmers' technique and efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Aspekte des Schwimmens mit Paddles bei unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037057</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037057</guid>
      <author>Monteil, K. M.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteil, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The influence of speed on biomechanical parameters of swimming with paddles has rarely been studied. Seven skilled long and sprint distance swimmers were examined. Each subject performed 25 m front crawl swims with the same paddles (arena paddle- 264 cm 2 crosssectional area) at three different speeds. Electromyographic (EMG) parameters were recorded with a telemetric system for five muscles of the upper limb. Lateral subaquatic views were obtained simultaneously during all the tests. Results showed that there was a close relationship between the increase in speed and the decrease of the total time of the stroke. Electromyographic results indicated a nonlinear relationship between muscular activity and swimming speed. The greatest muscular activity was not obtained for the highest speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037058</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037058</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eine biomechanische Analyse des Schwimmens unter Einbeziehung der physiologischen Leistungs-Grundlagen führt automatisch zur Identifikation verschiedener leistungsbestimmender Faktoren.
Die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit ist abhängig von Widerstand, Leistungs-Input, aerober/ anaerober Energiefreisetzung, Bruttoeffektivität, Vortriebseffektivität und Leistungsabgabe
Auf Grund der bisher vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse wird geschlußfolgert:

- Der Vortrieb wird bei Spitzenschwimmern gleichen technischen   Niveaus durch anthropometrische Faktoren beeinflusst.
- Die aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit ist nur mittelmäßig bedeutsam,   da die meisten Wettkämpfe nicht lang genug sind, um diesem   Faktor eine wirklliche Bedeutung beimessen zu können.
- Die Bruttoeffektivität bei Schwimmern unterschiedlichen   Leistungsniveaus unterscheidet sich nicht.
- Die Vortriebseffektivität scheint von Bedeutung zu sein, da   sie bei Spitzenschwimmern deutlich höher ist (61%) als   beispielsweise bei Triathleten (44%).
- Die mechanische Gesamtleistungsabgabe beeinflußt direkt die   Leistung. Sie ist in hohem Maße vom Training abhängig.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Sprints im Schwimmen: 50 m Freistil</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037060</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037060</guid>
      <author>Wilke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über bisherige Forschungen zum 50-m-Freistil-Schwimmen. 

Untersucht werden dabei die Schwerpunkte Technik, Energieverbrauch, Körperbau, Muskelkraft und kinematisches Profil des auf den Sprint spezialisierten Schwimmers.
Anhand der Analysen der 117 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer der DM und EM 1989 sowie der Olympischen Spiele 1988 wird festgestellt:
1.
Die Geschwindigkeitsprofile von Männern und Frauen, schnelleren und langsameren Schwimmern, verlaufen weitestgehend parallel.
2.
Sowohl bei den Männern als auch bei den Frauen ist die schnellere Gruppe der langsameren in allen Streckenabschnitten überlegen. Bei den Männern ist der Unterschied im 3. und 5. Abschnitt am ausgeprägtesten, bei den Frauen im Startabschnitt. 
3.
Die Hauptursache für die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen liegt in den hochsignifikanten Unterschieden in der Zugfrequenz. Der Frequenzverlauf dagegen war in allen Gruppen gleich: Nach den höchsten Werten im Startabschnitt verringerten sich die Werte kontinuierlich. Daraus resultieren auch die Geschwindigkeitsrückgänge im Verlauf der Strecke.
4.
Kennzeichnend für die schnelleren Gruppen war eine konstante Zuglänge. Die schnellere Frauengruppe realisierte längere Züge als die schwächere. Die schnelleren Männer erreichten ihren Geschwindigkeits-Vorteil durch einen deutlich geringfügigeren Rückgang der Zugfrequenz als bei den leistungsschwächeren Schwimmern.
5.
Bei Männern ist die Zugfrequenz als entscheidender leistungsbestimmender kinematischer Faktor über 50 m Freistil zu betrachten, bei den Frauen ist dies die Zuglänge.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktatstoffwechsel im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037061</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037061</guid>
      <author>Costill, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>ph-Wert</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Milchsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costill, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Milchsäurebildung beim Schwimmen erfolgt im Verlaufe des Abbaus der Glykogenspeicher in den Muskeln.
Bei kurzen, intensiven Sets führt die starke Milchsäureproduktion und -akkumulation zu einer Übersäuerung und damit Ermüdung des Muskels. Die wahrscheinlich unmittelbaren Ursachen dieser Ermüdung sind das Ansteigen der Zahl der H+ - Ionen und das gleichzeitige Absinken des pH-Wertes unter 6,9.
Die Wiederherstellung nach derartigen intensiven Belastungen im Schwimmen dauert in der Regel 20 bis 30 Minuten. Laktat eignet sich gut als Parameter zur Steuerung des Trainings über die Intensität. 
Allerdings darf nicht außer Acht gelassen werden, daß auch zahlreiche andere Faktoren die Laktatwerte beeinflussen. .
In dieser Studie werden die das Laktat beeinflussenden Größen untersucht, Methoden zur Laktatbestimmung sowie kurz auch andere Methoden zur Bestimmung der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern vorgestellt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine ergonomische elektromyographische Studie verschiedener Schwimmflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037062</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037062</guid>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Slachuylders, V.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slachuylders, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate leg muscle activity during fin-swimming (two-legged) using kinesiological electromyography (EMG) techniques. Six differently shaped commercial flippers were tested by nine male recreational divers during a 15 m maximal leg propulsion swim at a depth of 1.5 m. For all muscles investigated results showed a cyclic activation pattern, as could be expected from prior front crawl swimming studies. Averaged integrated EMG (iEMG) of M. rectus femoris was significantly higher when compared to the M. biceps femoris, as was the case for the M. gastrocnemius in comparison to the M. tibialis anterior. No significant differences in iEMG of the muscles investigated were found when the different types of flippers were taken into consideration. Because of its significant performance improvement, without any alteration in EMG activity, it was concluded that the Nordic fin can be preferred over the other fins tested.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluß der Größe der Schwimm-Paddles auf die Züge beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037063</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037063</guid>
      <author>Monteil, K. M.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteil, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Many coaches use paddles in the training programme of their swimmers. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the size of these paddles on biomechanical parameters (total time of the stroke, hip displacement per stroke, phases of the stroke) in front crawl swimming. Seven long (n = 4) and short (n = 3) distance swimmers were examined. Each subject performed 25 m swims with and without three different paddles. Electrical activity of five muscles of the upper limb were recorded with a multichannel telemetric system. Underwater sideviews were captured simultaneously. Results showed that the use and size of the paddles did not change the temporal partitioning of the phases and the hip distance covered per stroke. Electromyographic results indicated similar recruitment patterns through the different tests. The M. biceps brachii had the lowest firing, but the use of paddles increased its activity during the pull phase. There was no linear increase in muscle activity with the increase of size of the paddles. The short distance swimmers seemed to be the more disturbed by the use and size of the paddles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synchronschwimmen: EMG-Untersuchung der Armmuskeln bei der Skullbewegung in der Übung "einfaches Ballettbein im Wechsel</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037064</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037064</guid>
      <author>Zinzen, E.</author>
      <author>Antnis, J.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Sterneels, P.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinzen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Antnis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sterneels, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Electromyography of five arm muscles was measured on-line from the scull movement in the Single Ballet Leg Alternate. The patterns of the arm EMG were compared using the IDANCO system for eo-contraction and specificity. The iEMG was used as a reference for muscular intensity. Normalization of data was made according to the highest peak principle. On analysing relations between synergist, agonist and antagonist muscles, significant differences were found (P < 0.05) in integrated EMG during the lifting of the leg (iEMG of M. brachioradialis = 40%, iEMG of M. flexor carpi ulnaris = 60% of the normalized highest peak contraction). A comparison of the movement phases with leg lifted versus the "Back Layout" phases, found significant differences in iEMG for the M. pectoralis major. During the "Ballet Leg" phase the iEMG-level was lower (45%) than during the "Back Layout" phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zur Elektromyografie und Auftreffkraft bei Überhandwurf im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037065</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037065</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Teirlinck, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teirlinck, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ten elite water polo players were monitored during the performance of the overhand throw from 4 m and 8 m distance to a force platform target using surface EMG of arm, trunk and lower limb muscles. The impact force of the ball was simultaneously registered with the raw EMG. The linear envelope was used for pattern and throwing synchronisation detection, the iEMG was used as a reference value for muscular intensity and the force plate target gave an approximation of throwing precision. Good throwing synchronisation was initiated by the eo-contraction of the M. biceps femoris and the M. rectus femoris followed by an important activity of the M. pectoralis major. The actual swing phase showed an important eo-contraction of the M. triceps brachii with the M. biceps brachii. The impact forces ranged from 598 N to 981 N (4 m) and 402 N to 961 N (8 m). The impact force profile of the subjects was not reflected in the precision scores.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Vortrieb im Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037066</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037066</guid>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Tong, Z.</author>
      <author>Richards, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tong, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Richards, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the intra-stroke velocity and acceleration of the centre of gravity (CG) of elite bufferfly swimmers. The purpose of the research was to understand more about the propulsive nature of the stroke and identify if the velocity and acceleration profiles of the swimmers' hip would adequately reflect the corresponding CG profiles. An analysis of the results (n = 11) revealed that the hip parameters could not reliably be substituted for those of the swimmers' CG. The profiles of the swimmers' hips were found to fluctuate with greater magnitude and were out of phase with the velocity and acceleration profiles of the CG. The CG acceleration profiles illustrated that there were five distinct propulsive phases in the stroke. If hand entry was considered as the start of the stroke, the acceleration peaks occurred at the kick (1.9 m/s- 2), outsweep of arms (1.4 m/s- 2), insweep of arms (4.2 m/s- 2), concurrent kick with upsweep of arms (2.3 m/s- 2 ) and finally catching the wave (O.Q m s- 2). The last propulsive phase did not correspond to any particular movement of the arms or legs and on observation was associated with the swimmers' actions of riding the wave produced by the swimming action itself.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsanalyse des flachen und des wellenförmigen Brustschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037067</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037067</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Van Tilborgh, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Tilborgh, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A new video-analysis system was used to derive hypotheses regarding advantages of an extremely undulating breaststroke pattern. To obtain supporting evidence on the effectiveness of undulation, relationships between several specific body segment positions (or angles) in the stroke and resultant impulses per phase (difference between propulsion and drag) were specified (Tau-B coefficients, significant at the 5% level). In the stroke cycle of the undulating pattern of an 'experimental' swimmer, higher peaks and less decrease in velocity of the centre of gravity are seen. Apparently, this is obtained due to a vertical propeller-like propulsion of the hands and feet, and up- and downhill movements of the entire body. The following correlations were found between impulse and respectively the amount of upward spreading of the arms (0.44), the amount of keeping the hands in front of the vertical under the shoulders (0.38), the depth of closing the legs (0.47), the more vertical foot position (0.41), the amount of the most downhill (0.59) and uphill trunk position (0.37). Although this uphill, hydroplaning position takes place in the recovery phases, the symmetry in the undulation of the body is not significantly disturbed and the vertical displacements of the centre of gravity are small.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Geschwindigkeit auf das EMG und auf kinematische Parameter im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037068</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037068</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Quezel, G.</author>
      <author>Billat, R. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quezel, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Billat, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution of kinematic and electromyographic parameters with increasing speed in freestyle. Fifty subjects (30 males, 20 females) with average age of over 18.1 years were tested. The subjects performed 2 x 25 m at 4 different speeds: 75%, 85%, 95% and 100% of their best performance over 100 m. Side-underwater video views were obtained and simultaneously EMGs of 6.muscles of the upper limb were recorded with a telemetric system. The MGs, normalised to the highest values found throughout the test, were related to hip displacement and the total time of the stroke uslng ·principal component analysis. Results  indicated that swimmers increased their speed by decreasing the total time of the stroke and by sustaining their hip displacements. A linear relationship between speed and muscular activity was not observed. The six muscles studied had their higher activities for the.iowest and highest speed and their lower recruitments for the intermediate paces. The greater activities of the legs, associated with a higher position of the body on the water, could explain the lower muscular activities of the upper limb for the intermediate speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Schmetterlingstechnik bei Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037069</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037069</guid>
      <author>Togashi, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Togashi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to clarify the technical characteristics of novice swimmers using the butterfly stroke. Twenty-five novice swimmers swam two 25 m maximal trials which were filmed by an underwater VTR camera. The velocity and angle of joints and segments were calculated by the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method using a microcomputer. Significant correlations were found between (1) elbow angle at catch point and average swimming velocity, (2) appearance time of high elbow and average swimming velocity, (3)
fluctuations in horizontal velocity and average swimming velocity, (4) horizontal distance from entry point to release point and average swimming velocity. In conclusion, the high elbow technique and early appearance of high elbow at the catch point were considered very important for the correct butterfly stroke in novice swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verhältnis zwischen metabolischer Leistungsfähigkeit und Testergebnissen isokinetischer Bewegungen bei Flossenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037070</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037070</guid>
      <author>Olbrecht, J.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <author>Robben, B.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <author>Hollmann, W</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olbrecht, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robben, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollmann, W</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In fin swimming the leg muscles are dominant during propulsion. It was felt that tests using isokinetic movements (Cybex) might provide some insight into the physical ability of the athletes' muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare performance and blood lactate response (BLa) to exercises in water with isokinetic measures. Fin swimmers (six male and eight female) of the German national team had their BLa and anaerobic thresholds (AT) assessed for 100 m and 400 m (V-4mM100 and V-4mM 400 ) swims using the 2 x 100 and 2 x 400 m twospeed tests (BLa100 max = BLa after lOO m sprint). Five maximal isokinetic extensions, peak torque (PKT) and average power (AP) of the repetition with the highest total work (TW) as well as BLa (BLa 60 ), total work (TW 6 ) and decrease of work (a5W) for 60 maximal repetitions were measure& for each leg and the different speeds. Blood lactate increased significantly after each test. Peak torque, AP, TW and TW 60 correlated with the 100 m sprint time, V-4mM 00 and BLa 100 max but not with V-4mM, 0 Q. Despite a strong relation between asw and both BLa100 max and BLaoO, BLa60 did not correlate with BLa 00 max. An increase of both V-4mM 400 and BLa 100 max improved PKT (multiple r = 0.87) but caused a greater asw. It can be concluded that PKT, AP, TV and TV 60 reflect the sprint performance capacity of fin swimmers. The Cybex results are related to the swim speclfic aerobic and anaerobic performance capacities. After the prolonged maximal test on land BLa was not related to BLa 1 0 max in water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität  von schwimmspezifischen Messungen  der anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1992 10:50:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037071</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037071</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Bone, M.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Barzdukas, A.</author>
      <author>D'Acquisto, L.</author>
      <author>Hollander, P.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bone, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barzdukas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquisto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to develop a simple dryland test that could be used to measure the anaerobic power of competitive swimmers. Sixteen well trained swimmers (17 ± 1 years) completed a series of four submaximal and one maximal effort swims for determination of swimming economy. A lin~ar relationship (V02 vs velocity3 ) was extrapolated to 110% of V02max for each swimmer. Vithin seven days swimmers completed a freestyle swim at this pace for an average of 3.36 ± 0.20 min. During this time, oxygen uptake was measured continuously, accumulated 0 2 uptake was determined at 10 s increments and Oz deficit (anaerobic capacity) calculated (Hermansen and Medb0, 1~84). A blood sample was taken 2 min post-swim for analysis of lactate. A 45 s maximal effort test was also administered using an isokinetic swim bench for determination of total muscular work, average power and force (last 5 s of the bout), and a fatigue ratio (percent decline in power from the first to last 5 s increment). The data revealed significant correlations between the 02 deficit swim and the swim bench test. It is suggested that a 45 s maximal effort test on the swim bench can be used as an accurate way of measuring and predicting a swimmer's anaerobic profile.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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