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    <item>
      <title>Schweres und extrem intensives Schwimmtraining in derselben Trainingseinheit: Auswirkung der Satzabfolge auf physiologische Reaktionen und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085061</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085061</guid>
      <author>Nikitakis, I. S.</author>
      <author>Ioannou, C.</author>
      <author>Chalkiadakis, I.</author>
      <author>Paradisis, G. P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G. C.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingseinheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nikitakis, I. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ioannou, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chalkiadakis, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paradisis, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
Interval training sets may be applied in a varied sequence within a swimming session. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different sequences of training sets on performance and physiological responses in a training session.

METHODS:
Twelve swimmers (18.7±3.4 years) performed a 50 m sprint to evaluate maximal speed. On a subsequent day they completed an incremental intermittent protocol (5x200 m) to calculate the speed corresponding to the lactate threshold (sLT). Based on the preliminary tests, training sets of 8x200 m at speed corresponding to sLT (set A - heavy) and 8x50 m at 95% of the maximal speed (set B - extreme) were planned, both including 30 s of recovery between repetitions. In two randomized order sessions, swimmers completed the following set sequences: i) set A - set B (A-B), ii) set B - set A (B-A), with 10 min of passive recovery between sets. The time to complete each repetition and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Lactate concentration [La-] was determined at the start, middle and end of each set and the mean [La-] was calculated. Blood pH, base excess (BE) and bicarbonate (HCO3) were determined at the start and end of each set. Plasma volume changes (dPV) after each training set were calculated based on hematocrit and hemoglobin changes. R-R intervals were recorded the night after each session and heart rate variability was calculated. The logarithm of root mean square successive difference (LnRMSSD) was used to examine the effect of the entire session on the autonomic nervous system. Individualized training impulse (TRIMPi) was also determined using individual HR and lactate profiles determined during the incremental protocol.

RESULTS:
Performance in each set separately was not different between sessions regardless of sets sequence (p>0.05). Mean HR and mean [La-] were not different between sessions (p>0.05). However, mean pH of the entire A-B session was higher compared to the reverse sequence, while the reduction on BE and HCO3 was greater in B-A compared to A-B session (pH: A-B: 7.35 ± 0.04, B-A: 7.31 ± 0.04, BE: A-B: -5.1 ± 3.6, B-A: -8.4 ± 2.5 mmol/L, HCO3, A-B: 20.5 ± 2.9, B-A:17.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, p<0.05). Set A or set B separately showed similar physiological response independent of the sequence they were applied (p>0.05). dPV differed between sessions (A-B: -4.9 ± 7.7, B-A: -0.9 ± 7.2%, p<0.05), was decreased after set A (-3.6 ± 9.0%) in A-B session but was increased in B-A session (9.4 ± 8.9%, p<0.05). However, dPV after set B was not affected by the sequence applied (p>0.05). Nocturnal LnRMSSD was not different between sessions (p>0.05) while TRIMPi was increased in B-A session (A-B: 66.8 ± 36.0, B-A: 82.5 ± 30.0 a.u., p<0.05).

DISCUSSION:
Training sets sequence does not affect performance and physiological responses in each set separately. However, the overall effect of training session consisting of a near-maximum intensity set followed by a set at lactate threshold leads to a greater metabolic and acid-base disturbance and induce higher internal training load compared to the reverse order.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Haptisches Feedbacksystem für das Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085062</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085062</guid>
      <author>Hribernik, M.</author>
      <author>Umek, A.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Kos, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vibrationstraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hribernik, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Umek, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kos, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Real-time biomechanical feedback applications are rapidly evolving in sports training. To advance the field of feedback actuators, we have developed a wearable haptic device for water sports. To assess the perception of haptic stimuli, we conducted an exploratory study with 34 participants. The results presented, although anticipated, provide the basis for further refinement of the device and future studies. This study proves that haptic interfaces can be used in aquatic contexts, complementing the auditory interfaces recommended by peers (Cesarini et al., 2016; Schaffert et al., 2019). Future studies will focus on the athlete`s ability to understand presented information and test the usefulness and benefits of the RTBF application with real-time haptic stimuli in the water during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Live-Sonifikation der intrazyklischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085063</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085063</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <author>Duran, J.</author>
      <author>Arañó, M.</author>
      <author>Gutiérrez, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Quantität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duran, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arañó, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gutiérrez, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mastering a swimming technique is the ideal combination of swimmers propelling capacity and drag reduction ability. By repeating a similar stroke cycle while travelling along the pool, the swimmer is enabled to repeatedly perceive analogous sensations at each cycle, introduce and compare changes from previous to following cycles and replicate the most efficient for a more skilled interaction with the water.
In this process of improving how to `treat the water` for a better performance achievement, swimmers are relying on their internal subjective capacity to feel the water while executing and on the external coach`s advice after execution.
Our goal as water sports biomechanists is to offer the best assessment to swimmers and coaches. Many steps had to be done to what is finally presented in this paper. TwinDolly is the last version of an idea that started in 1999 and thought (a) as a tool for objective evaluation of the swimmer`s performance and (b) as a complement to the swimming technique learning process by reporting live or delayed feedback.
The system is recording video and instantaneous velocity while swimming. This data can be synchronized and displayed to coach and swimmer at the pool`s edge right after executing in a double screen display.
Sonification of intracyclic velocity has recently been implemented to assess while swimming, as resulting velocity is the best performance evaluator. The swimmer will try to accomplish a sound`s pitch, from a change in velocity, by altering the swimming conditions.
This variety of feedback in form (coach`s advice, video, velocity curves, calculated performance indicators and speed sonification) and temporality (life and delayed) can be offered separately or simultaneously combined for a more immersive perception and may lead to improve the swimmer`s feeling for the water through experiencing while being evaluated and reported of the resulting performance in a sustained and repeated loop.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasserbewegung von Schwimmern mit Defiziten in der linken unteren Extremität unter Verwendung der piv-Methode</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085064</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085064</guid>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antriebsregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Para swimming has been adopted since the first Paralympic Games in 1960 and is one of the most popular sports for people with disabilities. Para swimmers are expected to maximize their own physical abilities and perform at their best, despite the disadvantages they may have compared to able-bodied swimmers due to their physical handicaps such as paralysis and defects. The World Para Swimming rules allow for underwater propulsion in the 15 m section from the wall after the start and after the turn, just as in swimming competitions. In this section, most swimmers use a propulsion technique called Underwater Undulatory Swimming (UUS). This UUS is similar to the propulsion technique of cetaceans, it keeps a streamlined position and propels itself through the water by moving its lower limb up and down. A previous study has shown that the swimming velocity of the underwater movement has the greatest impact on the starting phase (Burkett et al., 2010), indicating the importance of increasing the swimming velocity of the UUS.
To increase the velocity of UUS, it is necessary to clarify the propulsive mechanism. Previous studies have attempted to elucidate the propulsive mechanism by visualizing the flow around the swimmer using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method (Hochstein and Blickhan, 2011; Shimojo et al., 2019). Previous studies on UUS in able-bodied swimmers using the PIV method reported that it is propelled by vortex pairs generated by the motion of both feet (Shimojo et al., 2019). Three-dimensional joint movements such as hip internal/external rotation and ankle internal/external rotation have also been observed (Matsuda et al., 2021), and these joint movements are thought to be essential for the vortex pair collision and release generated by both feet. So how does a one-leg deficient swimmer, who performs UUS movements with only one leg, generate propulsive force? Like normal swimmers, the one-leg deficient swimmer is propelled by moving the lower limb up and down while maintaining a sreamlined position with both upper limbs elevated. However, it is unclear what kind of vortex is generated and momentum is obtained during these propulsions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of UUS propulsion in swimmers with a deficient lower limb on one sid]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Wärmeempfinden nach dem Schwimmen im offenen Wasser hängt eher von der Kühlempfindlichkeit der Haut als von der Kerntemperatur ab</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085065</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085065</guid>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <author>Baba, Y.</author>
      <author>Hara, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In open water swimming (OWS) races take place in lower water temperatures (Tw ), swimmers often drop out due to severe cold sensation and/or hypothermia (Brannigan et al., 2009). Although changes in core and skin temperatures during OWS are assumed to vary across swimmers, it is unclear what influences individual differences in whole-body thermal sensation (TS) among OWS swimmers. The present study examined the relationships between whole-body TS and core temperature (Tcore ) during OWS, and skin cool sensitivity.

METHODS
Nine elite Japanese swimmers (4 females) performed a 10 km time trial (TT) in the ocean at Tw of 22°C on sunny, warm day (ambient temperature: 25°C). During TT, Tcore was continuously measured by ingestible temperature sensor. Whole-body TS at pre- and post-TT were also measured. On a separate day from the TT, the changes in skin temperature (Tsk ) required to feel cool was measured on the forearm in six swimmers to confirm their skin sensitivity to cool.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Tcore was higher after TT than before TT in 8 of 9 swimmers (37.9 ± 0.8 vs. 37.1 ± 0.7°C, P<0.05), whereas post-TT thermal sensation was varied among swimmers (Figure 1A). A negative correlation was observed between Post-TT thermal sensation and the changes in Tsk required to feel cool (P<0.05, Figure 1B). These results suggest that swimmers with sensitive skin to cool may be more likely perceive greater whole-body cold sensation in OWS, even if their Tcore is increased.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Räumlich-zeitliche Variablen beim Schwimmen, die mit manueller Zeitmessung und Videoanalyse ermittelt wurden: Vergleich, Korrelation und Übereinstimmung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085066</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085066</guid>
      <author>De Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <author>Zimermann, M.</author>
      <author>Menin, L.</author>
      <author>Nazário, C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, G. A.</author>
      <author>Fiori, J. M.</author>
      <author>Guedes, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlagfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlagtechnik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zimermann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Menin, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nazário, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fiori, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guedes, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare, correlate, and verify the concordance of stroke rate (SR), length (SL), and velocity (v) obtained with both manual stopwatch and with video analysis. Fifteen male masters swimmers (39.7±8.3 years old) performed a 2000-m front-crawl in a 25 m swimming pool. Along 10 m from four steps, three consecutive stroke cycles and time to cover 10 m were manually timed (Casio HS-30W, Japan) by four (4 years experienced) timekeepers (TK). At the same time, sagittal images were obtained with a video camera (60 Hz) and then digitalized (10 m calibration ruler). Comparison, intraclass correlation, and agreement analysis were applied (? = 0.05). No difference (p>0.05) was found for SR, SL and v in any step (overall SR, SL, and v, respectively manual and video results: 27.8±3.3 and 28.2±2.7 cycles.min-1; 2.29±0.3 and 2.26±0.3 m; 1.05±0.13 and 1.06±0.13 m.s-1). Results were highly correlated (intraclass correlation > 0.90), and showed agreement in all steps (bias for SR, SL, and v were, respectively, less than: 0.64 cycles.min-1; 0.04 m; and 0.01 m.s-1.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von zwei verschiedenen Erholungsprotokollen auf die 100-Meter-Kraulleistung von männlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085067</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085067</guid>
      <author>Štrumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Ušaj, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Štrumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ušaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study is to ascertain whether the active recovery or protocol with the supplementation of NaHCO3 differentiates between the resulting performance of two 100 m front crawl swims during trials.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportlerspezifische optimierende Simulation des Armzugs beim Kraulschwimmen unter Berücksichtigung individueller Schultergelenksmomente</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085068</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085068</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Tsuchiya, S.</author>
      <author>Toyoda, R.</author>
      <author>Kuramoto, A.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuchiya, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toyoda, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuramoto, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The armstroke in the crawl swimming is important since it mainly contributes to the thrust generation. The optimum armstrokes were solved by optimizing simulation for swimmers without any physical disability [1,2], with hemiplegia [3] and with unilateral transradial deficiency [4]. In those optimizing simulations, the joint torque characteristics database, which was constructed based on experiments and musculoskeletal simulation, were always used as the constraints of the optimization. However, since the joint torque characteristics vary according to individual, the optimum armstroke for each individual is also considered to vary. For this problem, a framework to solve the optimum armstroke considering athlete-specific shoulder joint torque characteristics was proposed in this study. The objective of this study was to conduct the athlete-specific optimizing simulation considering individual shoulder joint torque characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die kinetischen Eigenschaften der Startbewegung von Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen im Wettkampfschwimmen.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085069</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085069</guid>
      <author>Sakai, S.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Impuls</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sakai, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The start of a competitive swimming is the only land movement and the swimmer achieves the highest speed in the competition. At the start, competitors aim to swim the designated distance as fast as possible, so acquiring high velocity in the horizontal direction is essential. Increasing the flight distance is believed to be important in reducing the swimming distance. However, an upward take-off angle from the starting platform increases the swimming distance. Therefore, a near-horizontal take-off angle is desirable to shorten the record. The take-off velocity and angle from the starting platform depend on the magnitude of the force exerted on the starting platform from the starting signal to take-off. Therefore, swimmers are required to push the starting platform strongly backward to acquire a high takeoff velocity and push it downward to achieve a more horizontal takeoff angle. Although many studies have investigated the movement on the platform in competitive swimming, few studies have examined the differences in the starting movement by gender. Previous studies have reported that gender produces differences in landing and jumping variables (Chappell et al. 2002, Lephart et al. 2002). It is not surprising that movements differ by gender due to variations in muscle strength and limb length. If there are gender differences, then there should also be distinct focal points for each gender in the instruction of the starting motion in competitive swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the gender characteristics of the starting motion in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Merkmale von Delfinkicks unter Wasser beim Schwimmen: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085070</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085070</guid>
      <author>Betke, L.</author>
      <author>Staub, I.</author>
      <author>Vogt, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Betke, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staub, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The quality of the technique is a determining factor in swimming performance. Depending on the lane length and the discipline, the underwater phase makes up 30 % or 60 % of the competition distance (Atkison et al., 2014). The dolphin kicks are performed during the underwater phase to maintain high speed after the start and turn of butterfly, backstroke, and crawl (Maglischo, 2003). Therefore, the quality of the kicks is essential for overall swimming performance. This study systematically summarizes empirical evidence on the characteristics of the underwater dolphin kick. This summary aims to accurately describe the underwater dolphin kicking using the movement characteristics defined by Meinel und Schnabel (2015).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualisierung der Strömung um den Fuß des Schwimmers und Schätzung der Schubkraft in einem Hallenbad.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085071</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085071</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies have revealed the propelling technique of natural swimmers by applying the flow visualization technique, specifically the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method (Matsuuchi et al., 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011). Utilizing the PIV method involves calculating the velocity vector field within the measurement area, thereby aiding in comprehending fluid dynamics such as jet flows and vortex generation, which may contribute
to our understanding of propulsion mechanisms (Takagi et al., 2014). While this method enabled the visualization of wake flow around a skilled swimmer's foot during leg-kick swimming in a water flume (Shimojo et al., 2019), the wake flows within an indoor swimming pool using the same equipment and settings remain ambiguous. Furthermore, a study by Epps and Techet (2007) demonstrated the estimation of wake force for forward acceleration in maneuvering fish by integrating complementary approaches, including capturing wake structures like vortex ring geometry. This study aimed to visualize the wake flow around a human foot during leg-kick swimming in an indoor swimming pool and subsequently estimate the associated thrust force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schulterverspannung des hinteren Deltamuskels: Risikofaktoren für Schulterschmerzen bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085072</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085072</guid>
      <author>Matsuura, Y.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Mise, T.</author>
      <author>Edama, M.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steifigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mise, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edama, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Shoulder pain is the most common complaint in swimming. Muscle stiffness in the posterior shoulder is associated with shoulder pain in overhead sports(Myers et al., 2006). However, this relationship is unclear in swimmers. This muscle stiffness can be measured as the shear elastic modulus using ultrasonic shear wave elastography (SWE). The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify risk factors for shoulder pain in swimmers based on elastic muscle coefficient by SWE, joint range of motion, and isometric muscle strength.
METHODS
Forty-eight competitive swimmers (18-28 years; 29 males) were followed up for 6 months. Baseline measurements of the elastic modulus of the pectoralis minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and pectoralis minor muscles were obtained using shear wave elastography. Range of motion and isometric strength were measured using a goniometer and a handheld dynamometer, respectively. The questionnaire was administered weekly to determine shoulder pain occurrence over 6 months. Additionally, differences between shoulders with and without pain were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analysis and recipient operating characteristic curves identified the risk factors.

RESULTS
Forty-six swimmers (96%) were followed up for 6 months, and 20 reported shoulder pain. Predictors in the final model included muscle stiffness of the posterior deltoid. The predictor, muscle stiffness of the pectoralis minor, was extracted only for females.
DISCUSSION
High posterior deltoid stiffness was associated with and predictive of shoulder pain development in swimmers. Pectoralis minor muscle stiffness was a risk factor for shoulder pain in female swimmers. Maintaining the posterior deltoid and pectoralis minor muscle flexibility in conditioning was suggested.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie über die Auswirkung des Beinschlags an der anaeroben Schwelle im Strömungskanal für jugendliche Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085073</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085073</guid>
      <author>Shan, S.</author>
      <author>Honghui, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shan, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Honghui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Using Shanghai Swimming Flume System, this paper analyzes the effect of anaerobic threshold kicking of young swimmers in the flume, expands the flume training program of special kicking ability, improves the athletes' kicking ability.
RESEARCH OBJECT AND EXPERIMENTAL SCHEME
12 male college swimmers (age 12.54±1.52yr; height 165.80±5.64cm; weight 53.14±5.49kg) participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (A&B).They were given kicking training for 12 weeks.Group A arranged anaerobic threshold speed kick twice a week, the total amount of anaerobic threshold leg exercise in 1000-1200 meters. Group B used routine kick training methods. 
RESULTS
1. Analysis of anaerobic threshold strength kicking: anaerobic threshold kicking exercises play a very good role in coordination with the swim. It can help improve the players' ability to maintain a certain speed continuously. On the other hand, the lactic acid of anaerobic threshold kicking is not too high, which is conducive to the continuous and effective training of the players.
2. Analysis of kicking effect of anaerobic threshold speed in flume: arrange athletes in the flume kicking training, get a better effect, mainly because the flow rate in the water can enhance the stimulation of the athletes lower limb receptors, at the same time notice the position of the athletes' limbs in the water, better perception of muscle force size.
DISCUSSION
The anaerobic threshold strength of the kicking is helpful to improve the kicking training, arrange athletes to perform the kicking training in the flume, so that the body can get the maximum kicking effect, kicking performance has been significantly improved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Tempostrategien beim Freiwasserschwimmen.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085074</guid>
      <author>Hara, R.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Miki, J.</author>
      <author>Ueno, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miki, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ueno, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Open water swimming (OWS) is a swimming event in which swimmers swim in the ocean or a river, etc. The 10 km OWS is the most recent Olympic swimming event, which began in 2008, and in recent years the races have become faster. One reason for this is that the top long-distance swimmers are competing in the OWS as dual swimmers as well as competitive swimmers. For example, at the 2022 World Swimming Championships, the winner of the 10 km OWS also won the 1500 m freestyle swimming race. World Aquatics has announced that the  equirements to qualify for the Paris Olympics are to finish third or higher at the 2023 World Championships and 10th or higher at the 2024 World Championships. Therefore, in order to qualify for the Olympics, not only the swimmers' swimming ability but also their race strategy will be very important.
The competition time for the 10km OWS is approximately 2 hours, which is an endurance exercise similar in exercise duration to that of an athletics marathon race; in developing a race strategy for the 10km OWS, coaches and swimmers will make a comprehensive assessment of environmental factors such as weather, water temperature, and currents. On the other hand, OWS races are postponed during thunderstorms, so in big OWS events such as the World Championships and the Olympic Games, men's and women's races are held on different days to avoid cancellation of all races as much as possible. Nikolaidis et al. (2018) reported gender differences in race strategy for channel crossing swims, which are longer than regular OWS events, however, much remains unknown about gender differences in race strategy for the 10 km OWS. It would be of great help to swimmers and coaches if race strategies for the next day's race could be developed based on race strategies in either the men's or women's race.
Luis et al. (2017) compared pacing strategies by level for the 10 km OWS at the 2015 World Championships. The results showed that medalists and finalists exhibited similar pacing to slower swimmers at the beginning and middle of the race, but they swam faster in the last spurt of the final lap. Santiago et al. (2019) showed that elite open water swimmers at the 2017 World Championships successfully used a race strategy was presented. They suggest that the swimmers who placed in the top 10 in the race swam within 10-20 seconds of the lead swimmer. Because of this variety of developments in race strategies for faster 10 km OWS, it is necessary to examine the differences between men and women in the major 10 km OWS race strategies in recent years.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the sex differences in pacing during top 10 elite swimmers of the recent six major 10km OWS races. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Antriebsmodells beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085075</guid>
      <author>Brunel, T.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Larrarte, F.</author>
      <author>Cohen, C.</author>
      <author>Prétot, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brunel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larrarte, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prétot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming competition, among all the swimming style, front crawl is the one which allows to reach the highest speed and appear to be the most efficient (Barbosa, et al., 2010).
Thus, it is the stroke use in all the freestyle events. It covers a range of distance from 50 m to 1500 m in swimming pool and from 5 km to 25 km for open water swimming.
Front crawl swimming is characterized by an alternate action of the arms. A cycle is composed of three main phases for each arm: a gliding phase just after the hand entry into the water with one arm extended forward; a propulsion phase (pull and push) and a recovery phase. The frequency of this cycle is commonly called stroke rate. The study of the relationship between velocity and stroke rate leads to focus on arm organization during a cycle (Chollet, Chalies, & Chatard, 2000). Chollet et al. (2000) highlighted that there are different cycle coordinations depending on the swimming speed. At low velocities, typical of races longer than 200 meters, swimmers mark a gliding pause with one arm extended forward during their cycle before a propulsion phase. This coordination is called catch-up mode. As the pace increases, the gliding pauses become shorter, and the propulsion phases become dominant. Some elite swimmers are even able to superpose the propulsion phases of the two arms using a fast recovery (Seifert, Chollet, & Rouard, 2007). This coordination is called superposition mode.
In their work, Carmigniani et al. (Carmigniani, Seifert, Chollet, & Clanet, 2020) present a propulsion model to explain the general evolution of the coordination based on the minimization of energy during a cycle. This model outlines two regimes. The first one at low speed where the swimmers vary their speed with the force they use per stroke and maintain constant coordination. The second one appears when a critical velocity is reach which means that the swimmers are at maximum force. In order to further increase the swim velocity, they start to reduce the gliding and recovery phases.
In this study, we propose a first validation of this model through a progressive speed test, using instrumented paddles to measure the force generated by the arms of the swimmers and a video recording system to measure the velocity. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Antriebs- und Bremsmechanismus des Unterwasser-Wellenschwimmens: eine Analyse der Strömungskraft der einzelnen Wirbel der Füße, des Rumpfes und der oberen Gliedmaßen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085076</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085076</guid>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Hashizume, S.</author>
      <author>Kurihara, T.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hashizume, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurihara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers generally use underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) during the start and turn phases of freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly events. Swimmers can produce greater horizontal body velocities during UUS than during surface swimming (Veiga and Roig, 2016). Moreover, swimmers have been suggested to propel underwater using UUS to improve their overall swimming race time (Veiga et al., 2014). Therefore, the investigation of the propulsion mechanisms during UUS is a popular topic in swimming research.
Vortex generation around the feet, trunk, and arm of swimmers has been observed during UUS (von Loebbeck et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2022). Momentum changes in the water-flow field induce vortex generation (Matsuuchi et al., 2009). The propulsion or braking fluid force is generated by changes in the momentum of the flow field (Matsuuchi et al., 2009). Reciprocal acceleration and deceleration of the horizontal body velocity were observed during a one-kick cycle on the UUS (Atkison et al., 2014). A previous study suggested that the propulsion and braking fluid forces were produced by the vortices of the feet (von Loebbecke et al., 2009). A recent study indicated that vortices on the ventral side of the trunk are related to a high horizontal UUS velocity (Tanaka et al., 2022). These previous studies suggested that increasing and decreasing UUS velocities are associated with the vortices generated around the swimmers` whole body. This indicates that the propulsion and braking mechanisms of UUS can be revealed by analyzing vortex generation.
Previous studies have suggested that all vortices generated by a swimmer`s whole body are associated with propulsion and braking during UUS (von Loebbeck et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2022). Moreover, a previous study determined the fluid force of vortices for dolphins using vortex circulation, segment velocity, and segment length (Fish et al., 2014). If we determine the fluid force of each vortex of the feet, trunk, and upper limbs for humans, the details of the propelling and braking mechanisms of UUS can be revealed; however, this has never been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the propulsion and braking mechanisms of UUS by determining the fluid force of the vortices of the feet, trunk, and upper limbs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und projizierter Frontalfläche beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085077</guid>
      <author>Washino, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshitake, Y.</author>
      <author>Mankyu, H.</author>
      <author>Murai, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Washino, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshitake, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mankyu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murai, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The projected frontal area (PFA), which predominantly determines active drag (Gatta et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2020; Washino, Murai, et al., 2022), is decreased by an interaction between a higher vertical body position and a smaller trunk inclination during front crawl (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). The vertical centre of mass (CoM) position, as an index of vertical body position, increases linearly with swimming velocity (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022). In contrast, trunk inclination is not associated with swimming velocity (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022). Taken together, the PFA is expected to have a negative relationship with swimming velocity, but the relationship has not yet been clarified due to limitations of measurements and analytical methods.
For calculating PFA during swimming, two conventional methods have been employed: prediction models based on anthropometric features (Morais et al., 2011; Zamparo et al., 2009) and manual tracing of a series of perspective frontal snapshots of a swimmer (Gatta et al., 2015; Morais et al., 2020). However, these methods have inherent problems. The problem with the former method is that the formulas do not account for differences in body shape between swimmers but use a reference value, which causes measurement errors. The problem with the latter method is that it requires manual operation, which causes inter- or intra-operator variability in the calculated data and is time-consuming. To solve these problems, we have developed a new method for reconstructing volumetric swimming motion to reliably calculate PFA by combining an underwater motion-capture system with digital human technology (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). Using our developed method for calculating PFA, we aimed to examine the relationship between swimming velocity and PFA during front crawl, (Washino, Murai, et al., 2022). We hypothesized that there is a negative relationship between swimming velocity and PFA, in contrast to a positive relationship between swimming velocity and vertical CoM position observed in the previous study (Washino, Yoshitake, et al., 2022).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wie Staffelschwimmer Leistungssteigerungen erzielen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085078</guid>
      <author>Braun, C.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Braun, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
There is considerable evidence of performance gains in 4 x 100 m freestyle relays over individual 100 m freestyle races (overview in Hüffmeier & Hertel, 2000). These gains consist of relay start benefits and increased swimmer effort due to the team situation. In this pilot study we want to analyze in which sections and in which way swimmers generally achieve a better performance in the relay race. We assume that swimmers increase their stroke rates in relays because this is a common strategy to swim faster in sprint events (Hay, 2002).
METHODS
Video footage (50 Hz) of N = 29 (12 female) swimmers from the European Junior Championships in Kazan (2019) was analyzed. Relay splits and individual races of each swimmer were analyzed for the race sections of clean swim: 15-25m, 25-35m, 35-45m, 65- 75m, 75-85m, and 85-95m. For each section, swim times were recorded, and swim cycles were counted. Stroke lengths and stroke rates were calculated from these parameters. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to compare performance in the relay to the individual races for the dependent variables of swim time, stroke length, and stroke rates.
RESULTS
Results show faster mean swim times for the race sections in the relay (M = 5.65 s, SD = 0.10) compared to the individual race (M = 5.68 s, SD = 0.08), F(1, 27) = 9.51, p = .005, Etap2 = 0.26. Faster swim times were especially pronounced in the first three clean swim sections, eGG = 0.2, F(1, 27) = 252.85, p < .001, Etap2 = 0.90. Those faster swim times were achieved through higher stroke rates in those sections (15-25 m: +2.3%, 25-35 m: +4.1%, 35-45 m: +0.6%, 65-75 m: +0.2%, 75-85 m: -0.4%, 85-95 m: +0.5%), eGG = 0.2, F(1, 27) = 12.76, p < .001, Etap2 = 0.32.
DISCUSSION
This pilot study shows that performance gains in relay swimming were primarily achieved by increasing stroke rate in the first 50 m of the race. These results support the notion that relay swimmers do indeed swim faster, and that faster swim times are not exclusively due to the relay start, but primarily due to increased effort (Braun et al., 2021).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung des Kraulschwimmens mit kontinuierlichem, kurzzeitigem Video-Feedback</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085079</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Signorini, G.</author>
      <author>Mariucci, L.</author>
      <author>Formenti, D.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Signorini, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mariucci, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formenti, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Coaches use several methods to analyze elite athletes' performances and define the most suitable training practices. Quantitative (competition performance, biomechanics, psychological and physiological parameters) and qualitative (technical execution) assessments serve this purpose. Video-based approaches allow quantitative and qualitative evaluations but are specifically instrumental in examining the swimmer's technique, a crucial component permanently addressed throughout the swimmer's competitive activity. Therefore, coaches frequently use video analysis, even if it implies time-consuming efforts to shoot, digitalize, and process their swimmer's video recordings. However, by doing this, coaches can detect all technical issues, especially from underwater views, and provide adequate corrections to swimmers (Mooney et al., 2016).
In physical education, practical mobile devices allow boost instructions simply by video captures or thanks to dedicated apps for video analysis (Laughlin et al., 2019), often free. Apps are generally easy to use with aerial recordings, but unfortunately, they do not entirely respond to the swimming needs that should profit from additional underwater visions. Action sports cameras are fit for underwater motion analysis (Bernardina et al., 2016). Still, they cannot provide real-time streaming due to signal loss when immersed, reducing their practicality for underwater video shooting to satisfy immediate didactic purposes. Nevertheless, with alternative underwater cameras and open-source software such as Kinovea, performers can receive immediate video feedback only with a few seconds delay.
The visual information the performers receive can effectively support verbal feedback coaches or teachers commonly provide during training or education (Guadagnoli et al., 2002). Hence, the benefits from video-based provisions are not confined to elite athletes. For example, video supports have been used successfully in swim teaching (Scurati et al., 2019; Syahrastani, 2014) to complete ordinary educational methods such as verbal instructions, teacher demonstrations, and drawings. Furthermore, by video-based solutions to watch previously executed actions, the performers can receive additional feedback enriching individuals' sensory perceptions (SteMarie, 2013). Coaches and teachers are facilitated in guiding swimmers' attention, focusing on the more accurate and efficient technical execution of the stroke.
This study with young competitive swimmers aimed to investigate the effects on the front crawl performance and technique of supplementation of different forms of video feedback (immediate, postponed, none) by employing relatively practical video devices during swim training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Profilierung der Zugparameterverwaltung beim Kraulen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085080</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In cyclic activities such as swimming, speed (S, in m/s) is the product of stroke length (SL, in m/cycle) and stroke rate (SR, in cycle/min). However, to swim faster an athlete can adopt different strategies of SR-SL combination. Hay (2002), and Seifert and Chollet (2009) have modelled the relationships between SR and S and between SL and S by quadratic regression.
Recent findings have shown that the increase of S in front crawl can be achieved through two regimes of functioning (Carmigniani et al., 2020): (i) First, at low pace and low drag, swimmers minimise energy consumption, exhibiting a stable SL, a catch-up pattern of coordination (i.e., a lag time between two propulsive actions of the upper limbs measured by the index of coordination; Chollet et al., 2000), and increase S mainly by increasing SR. In fact, at low pace, an optimal coordination (i.e., catch-up pattern) exists independently of the speed. The swimmers kept a constant index of coordination and varied their speed by increasing their mean propulsive force. This seems similar to the burst-and-coast swimming behaviour observed for certain fish such as cod or saithe. A model to explain this behaviour was proposed by (Videler & Weihs, 1982). They found that if the fish had a reduced drag during the gliding phase they could consume less mechanical energy to maintain the same average velocity than in steady swimming. The extended arm during the gliding phases in front-crawl can be interpreted as a way to reduce the body drag. (ii) Second, when S and drag increase, and when they reached their upper bound of force, the propulsion time was minimal and did not vary. To further increase their speed, they had to reduce their non-propulsive phases (recovery, entry and catch) and the time between two propulsive phases. Thus, the swimmers used a maximal force regime characterised by high increase of SR and of the continuity between propulsive actions, which above 1.8 m/s led to a superposition pattern of coordination (Carmigniani et al., 2020; Seifert & Carmigniani, 2021).
Thanks to the burst-and-coast approach, Carmigniani et al. (2020) provide insights into the nonlinear change in the motor organisation (e.g. arm coordination) with swimming speed and the leading parameters (SR and SL) that influence the optimal choice of motor coordination. The first aim of our study was to compute a simplified modelling of the two regimes of functioning based only on S-SR relationships. Then, beyond this general law, one can wonder how swimmers individually select a strategy of SR-SL combination; therefore, our second aim was to investigate different profiles of S-SR relationships management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Automatische Erkennung von Schmetterlings-Schlüsselpunkten anhand von Inertialmessgeräten: eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085081</guid>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Muller, J.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muller, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In front crawl swimming, Seifert et al. (2014) explained that the variability of behaviours might be functional in enhancing performance at different levels (e.g. intra-cyclic, inter-cyclic and inter-individual level). If the energy cost should be minimized in swimming by maintaining a movement speed as stable as possible, it was observed that different coordination modes can be used. Therefore, computing coordination indexes can help to evaluate the intra-cyclic variability of behaviours. As a result, understanding and minimising the intra-cycle speed variations becomes relevant because it may indicate a high continuity between propulsive actions (showed in front crawl, Seifert et al., (2014)). Practically, coordination indexes have been proposed to attest coordination (crawl: Chollet et al. 2000; breaststroke: Chollet & Seifert, 2004; butterfly: Chollet et al. 2006; backstroke: Chollet et al. 2008). Such indexes are based on the simple collection of some relevant spatio-temporal parameters of each stroke cycle to obtain insights on the swimmer`s behaviour. Those spatio-temporal and kinematical parameters are generally collected with a video system or an optoelectronical camera-based system, considered as a gold standard to analyse movement in swimming (Seifert et al. 2015). However, in an aquatic environment, these systems suffer from a number of technological limitations (restricted field of view) and limitations in terms of adaptability to the environment (light refraction, effects of water turbulence, water clarity, parallax effect and problems of contrast and distortion), making data collection limited to 3 to 4 swimming cycles per sequence, which is not enough to register an entire 50m pool length or even a 25m swimming race. To overcome these limitations, IMUs (inertial measurement units) have become popular for analysing swimmers (James et al. 2011). An IMU is an electronic system consisting of a 3D accelerometer, a 3D gyroscope and a 3D magnetometer. These sensors respectively measure linear accelerations, angular velocities and the magnetic field to estimate the speed, orientation and position of the swimmer in the water, offering the scientific community new measurement possibilities. The present contribution seeks to propose an algorithm that would automatically detect the key points of the butterfly technique, in the manner of Dadashi et al. (2013) and Guignard et al. (2017) who analyzed front crawl with IMUs. We hypothesize that the kinematic similarities in the sagittal plane of upper limb movements between crawl and butterfly could allow for a fine-grained study of butterfly stroke phases and hence butterfly coordination based on the existing literature.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Index der Koordination in der Kraultechnik bei üblichen Entfernungen im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085082</guid>
      <author>Santos, P.</author>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zugfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zuglänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Santos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
This study falls within the scope of the technical analysis in competitive swimming and is focused on using the Index of Coordination (IdC) developed by Didier Chollet et al (2000) to characterize the model of swimming synchronization. In this topic, published research always used official distances in the assessment protocols, never focusing on the different distances and tasks used during training sessions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the coordinative model in the crawl technique at maximum speed in two different non-competitive distances, the 25m and the 300m, allowing coaches to have a better understanding of the tasks and the way swimmers swim during practice compared to the competition.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 8 male and 4 female athletes, averaging 17.04±3.78-year-old. Anthropometric data were collected. For the kinematic measurements, video recordings were done using 3 video cameras, one frontal and one laterally underwater and the last one laterally out of the water. Those records were analysed in Kinovea to obtain the following variables: velocity (v), stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), swimming index (SI) and propulsive
efficiency (eP). The lag time (LT) between the beginning of the propulsive phase of one arm and the end of the propulsive phase of the other arm was collected for the IdC, dividing this value by the total stroke time (Tt). Statistically, the normality and homogeneity of the distribution of all variables were analysed by the Shappiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively, requiring a significance of p = 0.05.
RESULTS
Average values of v, SF and SI decreased from 25 m to 300 m (1.77±0,17 m/s to 1,36± m/s ; 0,90±0,06 Hz to 0,62±0,05 Hz; 3,49±0,66 m2/s to 3,02±0,48 m2/s, respectively). But average values of SL and eP increased from 25 m to 300 m (1,96±0,18 m to 2,20±0,24 m; 17,91±1,68 % to 20,08±2,17 %, respectively). During IdC analyses, we observed that the values of all variables (LT, Tt and IdC) were higher at 25 m. On average, the athletes presented a coordination model in opposition on the 25 m (IdC = 0,57±3,14) and in superposition on the 300 m (IdC = -7,96 ± 3,56).
DISCUSSION
The athletes presented, on average, equal lag time between propulsive and non-propulsive phases on the 300 m, but different on the 25 m. As expected, athletes increased their IdC with increasing speed and decreasing distance, changing their coordination from superposition to opposition. The lower eP at 25 m is related to the overlapping of the propulsive phases, with no glide, perceived by the high IdC and shorter SL. On the 300 m, swimming in opposition allows greater glide with greater SL and smaller SF, leading to more efficient strokes, confirmed by the superior eP. All results were in line with former research using official distances and competition. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische und muskuläre Charakterisierung von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085083</guid>
      <author>Silva, C.</author>
      <author>Conceição, A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J.</author>
      <author>Torres, D.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <author>Štastný, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceição, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Torres, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Štastný, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Muscular behaviour during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an natural environment. The aim of this study is to analyse the muscular and kinematical behaviour of open water swimmers during a 5 km swimming.
METHODS
Nine national male open water swimmers performed a 5x1000 m front crawl in a lake at maximum effort with a rest of 30 seconds in each trial. Surface electromyography (EMG) of 7 muscles: Upper trapezius (UT); Latissimus dorsi (LD); Pectoralis Major (PM); Posterior Deltoid (PD); Anterior Deltoid (AD); Triceps Brachii (TB); Biceps Brachii (BB) was recorded. Previously to the test, each subject performed three maximal voluntary isometric measurements (MVC) to normalise the amplitude of the EMG signal. The results were expressed in the percentage of the mean MVC. The cycle duration was given in the percentage as well. Swimming speed (v), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) were extracted from the video recordings.
RESULTS
SR increased with a small effect (F=2.71, p = 0.05, Eta2=0.25), SL decreased with a medium effect (F=3.41, p = 0.05, Eta2=0.30), especially in the last trial. The muscles PM (13.2% MVC) and TB (20.3% MVC) were the muscles with the highest muscular activation in the propulsion phase, while UT (33.2% MVC) and BB (14.4% MVC) were the most active in the recovery phase.
DISCUSSION
The findings suggest that some fluctuations were detected in muscle activity during the trials, but the biggest changes were in the last trial, with the appearance of fatigue generated by the increasing SR and decreasing SL (Ikuta et. al., 2012; Rodriguez et al., 2021). It seems that muscular behaviour had some compensation from PD, UT and TB in the propulsion and recovery phase. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Wirkung der Handströmung auf den Beinschlag beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085084</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085084</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashiro, S.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Swimming is an interaction between the swimmer and the water. Swimmers produce propulsive force using upper and lower limbs. In most swimming styles the current created by the upper limbs can be regarded as upstream and the current created by the lower limbs as downstream. Flow created upstream by the upper limb could affect the flow created by the lower limb located downstream. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the flow created by the upper limb on kicking during front crawl swimming.
METHODS
A competitive swimmer participated in the study. The trials consisted of 25m front crawl and flutter kicking swimming with maximal effort. Four pressure sensors (PS-05KC, Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co. Ltd., Japan) were attached on the swimmer`s right foot to estimate the fluid force produced by the swimmer`s kicking. In addition, the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was used to visualize the flow from hand to foot in front crawl swimming.
RESULTS
It was not observed any obvious effect of the hand flow on the estimated fluid force of the kicks in front crawl swimming. Hand flow was visualized during stroke motion, but most of the flows disappeared before reaching the kicking area. Only a few trials showed the hand flow reaching the swimmer`s foot.
DISCUSSION
While the interaction of the flows from the upper and lower limbs should be discussed carefully, it was suggested that the effect of the hand flow on the fluid force of the kick would be small. This is because the fluid force estimated from the measurement of pressures was not observed to be changed by the hand flow. Although flow from the upper limb to the lower limb was observed in a few trials, most of the hand flow would disappear before reaching the swimmer's foot. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainingsintensität und Zugvariablen während des Intervalltrainings mit der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern auf nationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085085</guid>
      <author>Funai, Y.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <author>Kanegawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Taimura, A.</author>
      <author>Matsunami, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zugfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Funai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taimura, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunami, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Critical swimming velocity (CV), calculated as the slope of the regression line between distance and time, have been used as an index for setting intensity aerobic training. In aerobic interval training (IT), physiological and biomechanical responses are considered to vary depending on swimming distance per repetition (Hellard et al., 2010). This study examined the effects of the swimming distance per repetition on the training intensity and stroke variables in IT using the CV.
METHODS
Eleven national-level collegiate swimmers (19.45 ± 1.04 years) participated in an all-out 200 and 400 m front crawl swims to determine the CV. Thereafter, the participants performed 5 × 400, 10 × 200, and 20 × 100 m front crawl swims at the CV (400, 200, and 100-m IT, respectively), and each bout was separated by 60, 30, and 15 s of passive rest, respectively. Blood lactate concentration was measured after each test, and heart rate and rated perceived exertion were assessed during the rest period every 400 m. Stroke rate and stroke length were measured every 50 m, and the mean value was calculated for every 400 m.
RESULTS
The mean calculated CV value was 1.44 ± 0.07 m/s. The blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the 100-m IT (3.4 ± 1.9 mmol/l) than the 400 and 200-m IT (6.4 ± 2.6 and 5.3 ± 3.2 mmol/l, p < 0.05). The heart rate in 100-m IT was significantly lower than the 400-m IT after 800 m (p < 0.05) and did not differ across measurement points (p > 0.05). The stroke rate and stroke length were significantly different between the 400 and 100-m IT (p < 0.05) but did not differ between the 200 and 100-m IT (p > 0.05) for all measurement points.
DISCUSSION
Regarding the intensity of IT using the CV, 400 and 200 m were considered overload, while 100 m was considered the optimum intensity. Nevertheless, the propulsive efficiency per stroke of IT using CV for 200 m may not be different from 100 m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Höhentraining zur Vorbereitung von Eliteschwimmern: ein Blick vom Pooldeck.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085086</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085086</guid>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The successful performance of NEC swimmers in 2013-2015 proved that the setup of the training MC used in their preparation (Altitude Training -> Race Pace training block and Race at selected events -> Taper and Performance at the Major Event) was highly efficient on all three occasions. No decrease in the working ability and performance was observed for days 30-35 after ALTT.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hängt die Asymmetrie der Koordination mit der einseitigen Atmung und/oder der Beeinträchtigung der Seite bei paralympischen Kraulschwimmern zusammen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085087</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085087</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Létocart, A.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Létocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of our study was to investigate whether coordination asymmetry relates to unilateral breathing and/or impairment side in paralympic swimmers. We hypothesized that paraswimmers exhibited arm coordination asymmetry. We also hypothesized that arm coordination asymmetry further occurred on the impaired side and on the preferential breathing side. The second aim examined the effect of swimming speed on arm coordination asymmetry. We hypothesized that arm coordination asymmetry mainly occurred at high speeds as unilateral breathing might further unbalance propulsion organization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Weg zu Gold im Marathonschwimmen - Einblicke in die Trainingsmethodik und die sportwissenschaftliche Strategie, die Florian Wellbrock in Tokio 2021 auf das Podium brachte</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085088</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085088</guid>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Berkhahn, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berkhahn, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
On August 5th 2021, the Olympic 10 km marathon swim was held at Odaiba Marine Park in the Tokyo Bay. 26 swimmers from 22 nations jumped into the 29.2 °C warm water at 6:30 a.m. that day. The humidity was 80 % and the air temperature went from 27 to over 30 °C during the race. Under these conditions, Florian Wellbrock (FW) finished after 1:48:33.7 with almost a start-finish victory and won the Olympic gold medal (2nd K. Rasovszky, +25.3 sec, HUN; 3rd G. Paltrinieri +27.4 sec, ITA). A marathon swim race at this international level actually has a different character. The main competitors tend to stay more together, the pace is also usually higher, and the race is mostly decided at the finish line. The fact that this race was different from previous world-class races was certainly due to the special environmental conditions in Tokyo in combination with the extraordinary performance of FW. That's why it is worth taking a closer look at what the cornerstones of Wellbrock's training methodology and sports science strategy are that helped him reach the top of the podium in Tokyo. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Individuelle Optimierung des Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085089</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085089</guid>
      <author>Prétot, C.</author>
      <author>Brunel, T.</author>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsrhythmus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flugphase</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prétot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Unlike most race sports (athletics, kayaking, rowing, track cycling) where the start consists of accelerating as quickly as possible, the swimming start aims to maintain the speed acquired following the push on the pad. Indeed, take-off speeds are of the order of 4.5 m/s (Takeda et al., 2012) when swimming speeds do not exceed 2.1-2.2 m/s. The swimmer therefore reaches his maximum speed in less than a second, which is not the case in other race sports. The first 15 meters of a swim race are called the start phase. The choice of this distance is dictated by the FINA rules (article SW5.3) "from that moment the head must have cut off the surface of the water". For the same reasons we will consider the position of the head passing the 15 meters as the end of this phase of the race.
Figure 1 shows a typical trajectory during this race phase. One can cut the trajectory into different parts, corresponding to different movements: the block phase, the flight phase (or more precisely free fall), the glide phase, the undulation phase and finally the swimming phase. This naturally defines the associated transitions: take-off, water entry, activation of undulation, and swim recovery (Vantorre et al., 2014). These phase transitions are very important since they are technically demanding, requiring the right timing. In this paper, we present a model to optimize the swimming start trajectory. We describe the model and tests to evaluate the major parameters. An optimization is done to evaluate the optimal activation velocity and the optimal trajectory. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Validierung des optischen Herzfrequenzsensors Polar Verity beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085090</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085090</guid>
      <author>Törpel, A.</author>
      <author>Schneider, C.</author>
      <author>Göbe, L. M.</author>
      <author>Caldwell, A. R.</author>
      <author>Ferrauti, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Polar Electro</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Törpel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Göbe, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caldwell, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferrauti, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In swimming, the standard method of monitoring heart rate (HR) in practice is the palpation of the pulse for 10 seconds at the end of a training set. However, this method has an error of at least 6 bpm. A more accurate ECG-based method is to measure the HR with a chest strap. But also this method is error-prone as the strap slips often during swimming or wall push-offs (when no swim suit is worn). Technological developments in recent years have led to the launch of an optical HR sensor from Polar, the Verity Sense (VS). This sensor may overcome the practical limitations of chest straps due to the measurement on the head (temple). In this study, we evaluated the agreement between the VS and Polar H10 chest strap sensors during swimming.
METHODS
60 competitive swimmers and triathletes (29f, 31m, median 17.9 yrs) were equipped with VS and H10 sensors during a regular training session. The VS and H10 were worn as recommended by Polar, at the right temple and at the chest covered by a swim suit. Agreement between HR data series (stored with 1 HR value per second and manually synchronised for optimal overlap) was analysed at the individual level and for the complete data set using Bland-Altman analysis. In addition, qualitative analyses were performed by visual inspection of individual BlandAltman plots and HR time series to identify potential sources of measurement error.
RESULTS
The analysed data sets had a median length of 95 min (Q1,3 81, 102 min). In the overall statistical model, the bias of the VS was -0.6 bpm (95% CI -1.1; -0.1 bpm) compared to the H10. Here, the 95% limits of agreement ranged from -13.5 bpm (95% CI -14.1; -12.9 bpm) to 12.3 bpm (95% CI 11.7; 12.9 bpm). The standard deviation of differences (SDdiff) was 6.6 bpm, with an intra-individual variability of 6.2 bpm and a between-subject variability of 2.2 bpm. Visual analysis indicated that larger errors tend to be present at low to moderate HR values, e.g. typically during rest periods or at the start and end of exercise sets.
DISCUSSION
Our analyses show an acceptable agreement between the VS and H10 during regular swimming. The difference (bias) of around -1 bpm in combination with an SDdiff of =7 bpm is acceptable from a practical point of view for the VS, considering the problems described in the introduction and the error of the previous measurement standard (pulse palpation). However, there is also a substantial variability in results between swimmers that have to keep in mind. Qualitative analyses further indicated that a notable proportion of the observed errors occurred during specific exercise or rest periods. Therefore, users (coaches, athletes, scientists) must be aware that although the VS can measure with an acceptable accuracy, the measurement error may be unacceptably high in some athletes or during certain training periods, requiring habituation and an evaluation of the physiological plausibility of the measured values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wasserschatten von 2 Schwimmern im Freiwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085091</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085091</guid>
      <author>Bolon, B.</author>
      <author>Pretot, C.</author>
      <author>Larrarte, F.</author>
      <author>Clanet, C.</author>
      <author>Carmigniani, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bolon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pretot, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larrarte, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clanet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmigniani, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The word drafting defines the benefit obtained by an athlete from the wake of an opponent. Drafting is observed in various sports such as team sports or when racing against other athletes: running, swimming, car racing or cycling. The main idea is that an athlete can benefit from a drag reduction when being behind another one. Therefore, the draft athlete produces less effort than their opponent to move at the same speed. This energy saving can make a difference in the outcome of a race. In swimming, athletes move at the interface between air and water, which makes drafting in swimming specific because of the waves created at this interface. Different studies have monitored physiological parameters and their evolution in drafting configurations [1, 2, 3]. These articles draw the conclusion that drafting has a positive impact on physiological parameters such has a reduction of the concentration of blood lactate, a reduction in oxygen uptake and heart rate and a reduced perceived exertion on the Borg scale. As a consequence, draft swimmers will face less physical fatigue than isolated swimmers. Moreover, Janssen et al. [3] also shown a positive correlation between passive drag reductions in drafting formation and physiological benefit in active swimming in those same formations. There are also numerical papers that study drag forces and drag coefficients on passive swimmers [4, 5]. They suggest that the drafted swimmer encounters reduced drag compared to the leading swimmer, which can explain the evolution of physiological parameters mentioned before. The wave field created by a passive leading swimmer has been studied by Yuan et al. [6], using a potential theory approach and neglecting the wake produced by the swimmers. They found that a draft swimmer following a leader could encounter a drag increase or decrease depending on the distance separating the 2 swimmers. Finally, some works try to actually measure drag during drafting experimentally. For example, Westerweel [7] did some drag measurements on scale models and concluded that the drag reduction could be up to 40% for the draft swimmer. Our goal is to determine the relative positions of swimmers that allow them to make the most of drafting during open-water races. The study is conducted on passive scale models, which allows us to study a wide range of race configurations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Schmetterlingsschwimmens mit Widerstand und Unterstützung auf Muskelaktivitätsmuster und -wert</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085092</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085092</guid>
      <author>Honghui, Y.</author>
      <author>Wei, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Honghui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The aim is to examine the effects of resisted and assisted butterfly swimming training on muscle activity patterns and magnitude by using surface electromyography(sEMG). The order of muscle activity and the control of muscle motion extent during swimming are very important for swimming performance, but due to device limitation, there was little research.
METHODS
Eight male college swimmers (age 20.50 ± 0.76yr; height 186.37 ± 6.02cm; weight 81.88 ± 4.85kg) participated in this study. Two GoPro underwater cameras(50Hz) were used to identify the stroke cycle. The subjects finished three 50m butterfly sprints by conditions of resisted (with a resistance parachute), assisted (with a towing tether) and normal butterfly swimming. All subjects were instructed to give maximal effort for each trial. Eight upper limb muscles activity were collected using Cometa sEMG system (2000Hz, Italy).
RESULTS
1.There are significant difference in the whole stroke cycle and the stroke time among conditions.Time duration of resisted butterfly swimming was much longer than normal butterfly swimming (P<0.01)and time duration of assisted butterfly swimming was much shorter than normal butterfly swiming (P<0.01).
2.Resisted butterfly swimming showed similar muscle activity patterns compared with normal butterfly swiming. Assisted butterfly swimming also showed similar muscle activity patterns except latissimus dorsi, which was activated earlier than the pectoralis major.
3.The difference in RMS was also appeared in stroke phase. Compared with normal butterfly, RMS values of sEMG of pectoralis major (P<0.05), triceps (P<0.01), and latissimus dorsi (P<0.01) during resisted butterfly swimming were significantly greater than those during normal butterfly swimming. No significant difference in RMS values were observed between assisted and normal butterfly swimming.
DISCUSSION
There were no significant difference in muscle activity patterns of upper limb muscles, except latissimus dorsi, among resisted,assisted and normal butterfly swimming. Assisted swimming may have more benefits for trainng because it would maintain the muscle activity pattern as well as reducing the stroke time. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Aktivität des autonomen Herznervensystems bei schwangeren Frauen in Rückenlage bei Wasserimmersion</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085093</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085093</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Fujisawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Seki, K.</author>
      <author>Nakano, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujisawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakano, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Prenatal swimming is a physical activity that uses a swimming pool for pregnant women in the stable period of pregnancy. It has been reported that swimming for pregnant women improves malaise. However, the findings are inconsistent concerning what kind of mechanism improves indefinite complaints. Many studies on autonomic nerves during pregnancy focus on short-term changes. Therefore, we hypothesized that cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity increases during the stable of pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the changes in the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system from pre-pregnancy to postpartum in a single subject. The subject was a 33-year-old woman. Log HF and heart rate were measured before pregnancy, at 20, 28, 33, and 37 weeks and after delivery. Log HF was measured using the MemCalc method. The subject was kept in the supine position in the water and on land. The measurement time was 5 minutes. Log HF is an index of cardiac autonomic nerve activity. The Log HF in the water condition was higher than in the land condition before pregnancy, showed a lower value at the 20th week of gestation, and changed to a higher value at the 28th, 33rd, and 37th weeks of gestation. HR tends to be lower in the water condition than on the land condition. After 28 weeks, the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system was found to be effective in alleviating malaise in pregnant women. We obtained the following three findings. First, in water floating, there is a period of reversal of cardiac autonomic nerve activity during pregnancy. Second, in water immersion, cardiac autonomic activity predominates after 28 weeks of gestation. Third, cardiac autonomic nervous activity in water is high after 28 weeks of gestation. Participation in the experiment was obtained with the permission of the attending physician.  ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Ansatz zur Koordination mehrerer Gliedmaßen beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085094</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085094</guid>
      <author>Shemeikka, J.</author>
      <author>Ruokanen, A.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shemeikka, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruokanen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whole-body interlimb coordination in front crawl swimming, focusing on the relationship between upper and lower limb movements. Thirteen competitive swimmers (aged 14-18) performed a 10 x 100 m stepwise test. The swims were recorded above and below water. Coordination patterns were analyzed, assigning values based on the number of inter-connected limbs and mutual timing. Four distinct groups emerged: contralateral, ipsilateral, phasing, and non-coordinated. Contralateral and ipsilateral coordination were the primary patterns. We conclude that the introduction of new coordination indices and comprehensive analysis of coordination groups sheds light on the complexity of movement between the arms and legs during front crawl. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Vergleich der Handströmungskraft und der Handkinematik nach Zugphase beim Sprint-Kraulschwimmen zwischen den Leistungsstufen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085095</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085095</guid>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Hyodo, H.</author>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hyodo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Several methods have been proposed for dividing the front crawl stroke into phases. One of the most popular methods is to divide the stroke into three phases: glide, pull, and push (Chollet et al. 2000). The glide phase starts after the hand enters the water until the hand begins to move backward, the pull phase starts after the glide phase until the hand reaches just below the shoulder, and the push phase starts after the pull phase until the hand exits the water. In front crawl, the first moment of propulsive force, called the "catch", is considered important. The catch is considered to be the beginning of the pull phase, approximately one-third of the way through the underwater stroke (Maglischo, 1993; Chollet et al., 2000). Therefore, it is important to make the better catch motion in the first half of the stroke to obtain greater propulsive force in the subsequent phases. However, the characteristics of the glide phase in
fast swimmers are not clear.
In addition, it has been reported that the pull and push phases are important in shortdistance front crawl. It has been reported that the lateral velocity of the hand in the push phase is important for achieving high hand propulsive force (Kudo et al. 2023). The angle of attack of the hand is reported to be a factor that influences hand propulsive force and hand surface pressure (Koga et al. 2020). Therefore, it is possible that fast swimmers have distinctive hand velocity and angles of attack during the glide phase and subsequent phases. The purpose of this study was to compare hand fluid forces and hand kinematics during each stroke phase between high-level sprinters and skilled swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die chirurgische Behandlung der Schwimmerschulter zeigte eine schlechte Korrelation mit den Ergebnissen der präoperativen Magnetresonanztomographie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085096</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085096</guid>
      <author>Etter, J.</author>
      <author>Sharpe, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Operationsforschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Chirurgie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Etter, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharpe, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
One of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in competitive swimmers is shoulder pain. Some shoulders remain symptomatic after a full course of therapy consisting of scapular stabilization and posterior capsular stretching. The purpose of this paper is to describe one surgeon`s experience with arthroscopic management of swimmer`s shoulder and especially to describe differences in surgical and MRI findings.
METHODS
Over a 2 year period, competitive swimmers with painful shoulders who failed physical therapy and had clinical findings of instability underwent evaluation with MRI and subsequent arthroscopic evaluation. 16 shoulders in 13 patients required surgical management.
RESULTS
All 16 shoulders demonstrated pathology of the anterior inferior labrum. 12/16 had plastic deformation of the anterior inferior labrum and 4/16 had Bankart lesions (displaced tear of the anterior inferior labrum). There were also 14/16 with anterior inferior capsular laxity and 11/16 with a Type II SLAP tear. Only one MR arthrogram accurately described the pathology that was found at the time of arthroscopy. With surgical stabilization and appropriate physiotherapy, nearly all swimmers in this series were able to return to competitive swimming at prior or higher level of performance.
DISCUSSION
We found that swimmer`s shoulders which fail physical therapy generally have anteriorinferior laxity most often with plastic deformation of the labrum, which is not seen on MRI or MR Arthrogram. MR arthrogram findings consistently underestimated the pathology found at time of arthroscopy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der vorgegebenen Zugfrequenz auf die Fähigkeit zum wiederholten Sprintschwimmen und die kognitive Wahrnehmungsbelastung: Auswirkung von Erfahrung und Defiziten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085097</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085097</guid>
      <author>Leprêtre, P.</author>
      <author>Maruitte, T.</author>
      <author>Guimard, A.</author>
      <author>Regaieg, M. A.</author>
      <author>Letocart, A.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprintwiederholungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leprêtre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maruitte, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guimard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Regaieg, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Letocart, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
High level of motor flexibility, illustrated by stroke rate (SR) changes during competitive event, may explain the swimming performance (Seifert et al. 2014). The study aimed to determine whether the SR imposition could impact performance and perceptual cognitive load (PCL) in higher and lower proficiency swimmers and para-swimmers.
METHOD
26 swimmers and 9 para-swimmers (20.4±4.3y, 177.6±9.1cm, 68.1±8.8kg) performed 50m sprint in their speciality at their freely-chosen SR (FC) and at the imposed mean SR, based on the averaged FC. Then all the subjects randomly swam 4 ´ 50m at SR-6, SR-3, SR+3 and SR+6, separated by 7-min of passive recovery. SR was imposed by a Tempo trainer (Finis Inc, Livermore, USA) (Altavilla et al. 2018). Perceptual cognitive load was measured by visual analogic scale, 3-min after each 50m.
RESULTS
All the swimmers were significantly faster during FC compared other conditions (p 0.008). Performance during mean SR was higher than SR-6 (p 0.020). SR+3 and SR+6 conditions induced a significant higher perceptual cognitive load value compared to FC trial (p 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the ability to repeat the same level of swimming performance (i.e., < 5% changes with FC condition), was related to proficiency (p 0.002), the ability to swim quickly at the lowest (SR-6) and highest (SR+6) imposed SR (p 0.022), disability (p 0.023) and swimming speed (p 0.038). No relation was found between the repeated sprint ability and the perceptual cognitive load (p 0.671).
DISCUSSON
Higher proficiency able-bodied swimmers seem to be able to use a large SR range to perform. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Austauschbarkeit der Rückwärtsextrapolation und der Messung der Sauerstoffaufnahme unter Belastung beim Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085098</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085098</guid>
      <author>Leprêtre, P.</author>
      <author>Cassirame, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spirometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leprêtre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cassirame, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements are a technical challenge in ecological exercise conditions with face immersion. Backward extrapolation was proposed to estimate swimming VO2 value based on post-exercise VO2 and exercise heart rate values (pVO2(t)). Specific snorkel has been already released to measure VO2 (swim-VO2) in a flume. The study aimed to compare swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) during non-tethered swimming. 10 well-trained swimmers (20.1±4.1y, 176.7±9.2cm, 64.9±12.4kg) performed 4 ´ 200m front crawl at different intensities (moderate to severe) separated by 1-min of passive recovery in water. VO2 was collected using Metamax3B-R3 with Metaswim (Cortex biophysics, Liepzig, Germany). swim-VO2, pVO2(t) and their agreement with each other were determined. No significant difference was found between mean swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) values (3.4±0.7 vs. 3.4±0.8L·min-1, p=0.083). The variation between swim-VO2 and pVO2(t) was -0.9±3.9% (from -6.9 to 9.6%). swim-VO2 and
pVO2(t) were significantly correlated (r=0.99 for 95% confidence limits). A good level of agreement was found between two methods [-0.21;0.29] L·min-1. Mean, upper and lower limits of bias were 0.05, 0.20 and -0.07 with a small standardized typical error of estimate (i.e., 0.15). Both methods could be considered as interchangeable for estimating VO2 during front crawl swimming from moderate to severe intensities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Schwimmstart, Wende und Zieleinlauf auf die Endzeit bei 200-m-Wettkämpfen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085099</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085099</guid>
      <author>Mckenna, M.</author>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <author>Sheath, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Endspurt</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mckenna, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sheath, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, there has been increasing interest from swimmers, coaches and practitioners in the role played by the start, turn(s) and finish in the context of the overall outcome of a race (Morais et al., 2018). The aim of this study was to firstly compare the start, turn and finish times, for both male and emale swimmers, across all four swimming strokes for 200m events in national and international long-course-metre competitions. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between these different components of the race and final race time. The findings from this study seek to provide insights that could help guide training interventions and optimise race strategies for swimmers at different competitive levels and swimming strokes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verwendung von Ermüdungsschwellen zur Bestimmung von Veränderungen der anaeroben Leistung von Schwimmern nach einem Makrozyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085100</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085100</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Sampaio, A.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, F.</author>
      <author>Vieira, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsbereich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Makrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sampaio, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieira, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocimetry is an indirect method that may be used to evaluate swimmers' performance and determine anaerobic fatigue thresholds related to metabolic needs. However, how training changes the performance monitored through anaerobic fatigue thresholds is still unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in anaerobic performance and anaerobic fatigue thresholds, determined through the velocimetry method, imposed by a training macrocycle. Thirteen swimmers (six males and seven females) performed a 200 m maximum and an all-out 50 m front crawl sprint before and after a six-month macrocycle. In the 50 m, the swimmers' waists were connected to a speedometer through a cable for instantaneous velocity measurement. The anaerobic fatigue threshold was determined through wavelets analysis of frequencies using a MatLab routine. A video camera was placed in the pool deck for sagittal image recording. Rest and post-effort blood lactate concentrations were measured by dry chemistry and ear-lob puncture. A Student t-test was computed to assess pre and post-test differences (p.0.05). Results showed a decrease of |~2s in the 50m performance time after the macrocycle and a lactate increase of ~2 mmol.l-1, suggesting an improvement in the total metabolic anaerobic contribution. However, the fatigue threshold remained statistically unchanged with training (18.23±6.35 vs 16.38±4.98s, p>0.05). It can be concluded that anaerobic fatigue thresholds may not be good indicators of swimmers' anaerobic performnce after a long training period.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von Schwimmunterricht im Fluss auf das Bewusstsein von Schülern der Mittelstufe für die Prävention von Ertrinken</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085101</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085101</guid>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Kishi, T.</author>
      <author>Hasegawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kishi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hasegawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Drowning prevention is a global issue. The United Nations designated July 25th as World Drowning Prevention Day starting from 2021 (Uinted Nations, 2021). In Japan, 13,808 people were involved in water-related accidents over the 10-year period from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2022, of which 7,409 people died or are still missing. The number of children aged 15 and under who died or went missing was 346, and these cases are distributed as follows: 183 (52.9%) in rivers, 75 (21.7%) in the sea, 40 (11.6%) in lakes, ponds, and swamps, 32 (9.2%) in irrigation channels, and 11 (3.2%) in pools (National Police Agency, 2023). This clearly indicates that incidents occur much more frequently in natural aquatic environments compared to pools. Furthermore, when categorizing the deaths and missing children by activity, 161 cases (46.5%) were related to playing in the water, 44 cases (12.7%) to swimming, 25 cases (7.2%) to fishing or catching fish, and 20 cases (5.8%) to passing by water (National Police Agency,  2018, 2023). This indicates that in order to prevent drowning incidents among children, it is necessary to consider educational content that takes these activities into account. In Japan, efforts to enhance children's crisis management abilities have emphasized the cultivation of effective skills after falling into water. Methods such as maintaining a supine position to ensure breathing and waiting for rescue, as well as using items like plastic bottles or bags to aid buoyancy, are actively taught in elementary and middle schools. However, Stallman et al. (2017) propose that drowning prevention education for children should incorporate risk awareness and risk avoidance behaviors related to drowning prevention. They suggest including natural environments such as beaches, rivers, and lakes in the educational programs. In the context of Japan's school education, fostering not only children's crisis management skills but also their risk management skills appears to be an urgent task. To achieve this, exploring learners' awareness, emotions, knowledge, and attitudes would serve as a starting point.
The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact and sustainability of river-based lessons on the emotions and awareness of middle school students regarding drowning prevention. The study also examined participants' knowledge and attitudes concerning drowning incidents.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aqua-Spiroergometrie im Strömungskanal zur Bestimmung der individuellen Gesamteffizienz</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085102</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085102</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Götz, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spirometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Götz, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper aims to present the calculation steps, taking into account the dimensional analysis and scaling as well as laws conservation of energy without speculating about the specific forces, which are difficult to determine separately. Moreover, data from an experiment on spiroergometry in the flume is used to answer a question asked by the swimmers. Swimmers asked how many watts they put out on their hands during one cycle? They had learned from cyclists that they were apparently well informed about how many watts they apply "on the padale".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung der Gleitzeiten beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085103</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085103</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Leblanc, H.</author>
      <author>Guignard, B.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leblanc, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guignard, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The specificity of cyclic activities is characterized by the fact that locomotor displacement is achieved by the realization of a motricity reproduced in an identical or similar manner (cycle). Human locomotion is cyclical by nature and includes walking, running, cycling, rowing, ice or roller skating, etc. While cyclical activities are intrinsically "continuous", each of its locomotor cycle can be broken down into "phases". The term "sliding sport" defined as: "all sports involving gliding (skiing, windsurfing, surfing, etc.)" appears fairly restrictive. However, many physical and sporting activities can be considered to be cyclical and gliding, as in the case of ice skating, roller skating, cycling, canoeing, kayaking and swimming. Breaststroke in particular, like cross-country skiing, appears to be a cyclical gliding activity insofar as gliding phases play a predominant role.
Even at high stroke paces, there is a substantial glide time that follows the propulsive phase of the legs allowing the breaststroke swimmers to take advantage of this propulsion to keep moving forward. This glide time depends on swimming speed, level of expertise and gender. Alternating propulsion and gliding phases are crucial to performance, particularly in breaststroke, to avoid the accordion effect achieved by beginners, i.e. a coordination pattern where the legs extension and flexion respectively.
The burst-and-coast model for swimmer intra-cycle velocity variations (Carmigniani et al, 2020) highlights the alternation of propulsive and glide phases. This seems similar to the burstand-coast swimming behavior observed for certain fish such as cod or saithe. They found that if the fish had a reduced drag during the glidin phase they could consume less mechanical energy to maintain the same average velocity than in steady swimming.
Measuring the duration of the gliding phase and its timing in relation to the other phases of the cycle enables us to assess its importance, particularly the gliding phase that follows the propulsion of the legs.
The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in arm and leg coordination in breaststroke over three increasing swimming speeds and to compare these changes among current elite swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein inkrementeller Rampentest zur Bestimmung von Trainingszonen im Freischwimmen - eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085104</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085104</guid>
      <author>Filho, D.</author>
      <author>Vasconcelos, C. M.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Almeida, T. F.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>DiMenna, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsbereich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rampentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasconcelos, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Almeida, T. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DiMenna, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to design a rapidly-incremented protocol to assess peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak), gas exchange threshold (GET), and respiratory compensation point (RCP) in free swimming. The V.O2max attainment was confirmed, and variables were compared to similar measurements in tethered swimming. Eight male swimmers (19.4±5.2 years, 181.8±8.8 cm and 73.9±10.4 kg) performed two protocols: a ramp-incremental test and a constant bout both in free and tethered swimming. For free swimming, the protocol was 8x100-m stages at 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100% of maximal velocity in 200-m. For tethered swimming, a pulley-load system graded workload (WL) increasing at 5% every minute from 30 to 100% of maximum tethered force. The constant bouts for free and tethered swimming were performed at 5% above the highest work rate achieved on each incremental test (i.e., 105% vV.O2peak and WLV.O2peak). Two-way ANOVA analysed the differences (p<=0.05) across conditions (free vs. tethered) and protocols (incremental vs. constant). Correlations were analysed using R2. The were no differences for free vs. tethered swimming for V.O2peak (53.5±6.0 vs. 51.6±5.2 ml kg-1 m n-1), GET (37.2±4.3 vs. 36.1±4.7 ml kg-1 min-1) or RCP (46.3±4.4 vs. 45.9±4.3 ml kg-1 min-1). Moreover, the V.O2max (i.e., the higher values across the two bouts for each swimming mode) did not differ for free vs. tethered swimming (54.9±5.5 vs. 53.0±7.5 ml kg-1 min-1) or when compared to the V.O2peak for each swimming condition. The V.O2peak, and V.O2 at GET and RCP were correlated (R2=0.81, 0.66, and 0.92, respectively); however, the GET and RCP for free swimming (84.2±2.2 and 92.3±3.1 %vV.O2peak) differed (p=0.01) compared to GET and RCP for tethered swimming (68.7±7.9 and 85.8±5.4 %WLV.O2peak). The incremental-ramp test for both free and tethered swimming provides a valid assessment of V.O2peak with values representing the V.O2max. Moreover, GET and RCP (69.6 vs. 69.9 and 86.8 vs. 89.0 %V.O2peak) in free vs. tethered swimming are similar in both swimming conditions, and comparable to previous reports. However, the submaximal mechanical profile (i.e., v or WL at GET and RCP) differed. Hence, submaximal aerobic parameters are mode-specific, and should be assessed in each swimming condition for training planning and performance evaluation (e.g., for sprint pace).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung des Energieverbrauchs und der kritischen Stoffwechselleistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085105</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085105</guid>
      <author>Filho, D.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Almeida, T. F.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Almeida, T. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The environmental constrains in swimming preclude the application of devises for the analysis of oxygen uptake (V.O2) with no impairments upon swimming velocity, and therefore also affecting the exercise intensity and the confidence on the estimated parameters of the velocitytime limited model. Hence, this study aimed to approach power-time limited model in tetheredswimming, focusing: (i) the estimate of the energetics in different workloads (WL), (ii) determine critical power (CP) and anaerobic reserve (W'), and (iii) compare CP to gas exchange threshold (GET), and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Sixteen swimmers (17.6±3.years, 175.8±10.5 cm, and 68.5±10.6 kg) performed an incremental ramp-test (IRT), attached to a weight-bearing pulley-rope system, to the assessment of peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak), correspondent WL (WLV.O2peak), GET and RCP. The V.O2 kinetics was analysed at 95, 100 e 105% WLV.O2peak, describing oxygen deficit (O2Def = A1 x tau), tolerance (tLim) and V.O2peak attainment. Total energy (ETotal) demand was estimated [=EAnaer + (alpha x (V.O2peak-VO2rest) x tau) - (alpha x A1 x tau) x (1-e^((-t)/tau))] for each transition, with EAnaer [=(alpha x A1 x tau) + (beta x delta La- x body weight)]. The CP and W' were assessed from linear adjustment [PTotal=CP + (W' x 1/tLim)]. The ANOVA compared CP vs. GET and RCP, and EAnaer vs. W'. During swimming at 95, 100 and 105% WLV.O2peak, the V.O2 response attained 97.2±5.2, 100.4±3.8 and 101.8±5.7 %V.O2peak, which during IRT corresponded to 50.2±6.2 ml min-1 kg-1. The values of GET and RCP corresponded to 67.4±7.4 and 87.4±3.4% V.O2peak. The responses of ETotal and tLim during the transitions at 95 (515.8±138.9 kJ and 591.2±171.9 s), 100 (362.6±89.2 kJ and 356.4±91.3 s) and 105% (237.1±80.6 kJ and 231.2±63.5 s) were adjusted to estimate CP (0.84±0.22 kW) and W' (31.1±16.2 kJ). Considering the values of power at 100% (1.05±0.24 kW), the CP (79.8±10.1%) differed from GET and RCP (p<0.01), and W' values also differed from the average EAnaer (69.7±18.1 kJ, p<0.01) for the three transitions. The metabolic power corresponding to the CP was estimated in tethered-swimming with this physiological response characterizing the heavy to severe exercise boundary, which has been reported to range from 76 to 90% of V.O2peak. Despite the current value of CP is located at this range, it differed from RCP and therefore might not support the similar role in demarcating the heavy exercise domain. Moreover, Wf estimate seemed to underestimate the calculated EAnaer, which is otherwise aligned to the anaerobic stores estimated in supramaximal front-crawl performance to exhaustion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beziehungen zwischen Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen an Land und Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen beim Kraulschwimmen bei Elite-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085106</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085106</guid>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Duchateau, C.</author>
      <author>Dernoncourt, E.</author>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duchateau, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dernoncourt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between maximum force-velocity abilities in dry-land and swimming load-velocity results. Fourteen swimmers completed a force-velocity profiling on upper-limb exercises frequently prescribed in Strength & Conditioning (S&C) and a freestyle load-velocity profiling in water. Main results showed that relative maximum force on the Lat Pulldown was strongly associated with swimming maximum relative load. Mean maximum force on all exercises was also strongly related to maximum swimming velocity and relative load.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen dem Zeitlimit bei maximaler aerober Geschwindigkeit und der Schwimmleistung bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085107</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085107</guid>
      <author>Almeida, T.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) is usually used by coaches for intensity zones prescription as it combines effort economy with V.O2max. This study aims to characterize and compare swimmers' physiological responses in a time-limit (tLim) at MAV test and determine whether these variables could relate to performance. 13 well-trained male swimmers performed an incremental test composed of 6 sets of 250 meters plus 200 meters at maximum intensity in front-crawl to obtain V.O2max and MAV. 48 hours later, a continuous test at MAV (tLim-MAV) to exhaustion was used for tLim, maximum V.O2 of the test (V.O2peak), percentage time close to V.O2max (>=90%V.O2max), and V.O2 kinetics (V.O2k) assessment. A gas analyzer attached to a swimming snorkel, was used to analyze the expired gases, and an underwater light pacer to velocity control. Swimmers' records at 400 (T400) and 800 m (T800) freestyle were recorded. The V.O2peak of the tLim-MAV test (57.0±4.8 ml kg1 min-1) was not different from the V.O2max (57.1±5.7 ml kg-1 min-1). The tLim (243.6±59.3 s) showed correlations with T800 (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and >=90%V. O2max (44.4±18.9 %) (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and an inverse correlation with MAV (1.30±0.07 m s-1) (r = -0.72, p < 0.01). The V.O2k parameters did not influence the other variables of the tLim-MAV test. MAV, V.O2max, and V.O2peak of the tLim-MAV were related with the T400 performance (r = -0.54, p < 0.05; r = -0.77, p < 0.01 and r = -0.73, p < 0.05, respectively). The inverse relationship between tLim and MAV suggests that the ability to tolerate this relative intensity in time, by itself, is not related to swimming performance, which was confirmed by the direct relationship with T800 since swimmers with higher tLim present worse performances. This data may be important in prescribing training sets for MAV since faster swimmers should perform sets with shorter repetitions to avoid fatigue early in the task. Thus, we suggest applying tLim-MAV tests to swimmers to better individualize the training prescription. The MAV, V.O2max, and V.O2peak, being the variables that are most related to performance, should be considered, and the development of these variables should assume a predominant role in training protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VO2-Kinetik bei hoher Intensität: eine Pilotstudie zum Vergleich der physiologischen Reaktion auf freies und angebundenes Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085108</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085108</guid>
      <author>Almeida, T.</author>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <author>de Castro, E. A.</author>
      <author>Massini, D. A.</author>
      <author>Macedo, A. G.</author>
      <author>Espada, M. C.</author>
      <author>DiMenna, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Castro, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massini, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macedo, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DiMenna, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Unsupported to the oxygen uptake kinetics (V.O2k), the analysis of the physiological responses determining exercise tolerance in severe intensity domain are unable to be characterized, and the specificity of tethered swimming to reproduce similar physiological process inducing muscle to exhaustion cannot be established. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare free vs. tethered swimming with regard to the V.O2k at severe domain to verify the association between the mechanisms of oxidative response. 7 male swimmers performed two incremental tests, in free and tethered swimming. In free swimming, a continuous incremental protocol was designed with 8x100-m at from 60 to 100% of 200-m maximal velocity. In tethered-swimming, a pulley-load system graded workload (WL) was increased 5% every minute from 30 to 100% of maximum tethered force. The V.O2k described oxidative response during free and tethered swimming performed to exhaustion at delta 70%. A Wilcoxon test was used to compared free vs. tethered swimming at delta 70% regarding differences on TD, time constant (tau) and V.O2 amplitude (A1') for primary response, V.O2 slow-component (V.O2SC), V.O2 end-exercise (EEV.O2), and time-limit (tLim). Differences were not significant when comparing free vs. tethered-swimming regarding V.O2peak (54.3±6.0 vs. 52.5±5.0 ml kg-1 min1, p=0.18), neither were free vs. tetheredswimming in V.O2 response (A1': 3665±293.7 vs. 3544.4±579.8 ml kg-1; V.O2SC: 143.6±90.8 vs. 350.0±262.1 ml kg-1; and EEV.O2: 3808.9±314.9 vs. 3894.3±342.2 ml kg-1), or the transients (TD: 12.2±9.5 vs. 9.4±4.4 s; and tau: 36.0±14.6 vs. 25.6±12.7 s) and tolerance (tLim: 322.3±47.3 vs. 334.71±142.8 s) at delta 70% (all with p>0.05). The free vs. tethered-swimming did not differ with respect to the initial muscle target oxidative demand. Also, both conditions showed analogous profiles for V.O2 adjustments during performance (V.O2SC) and final elevation (EEV.O2), demonstrating similarities regarding muscle physiological processes. Free vs. tethered-swimming showed similar temporal profiles of O2 dynamics and from lung-tomuscle in concert with the onset of exercise (i.e., similar TD and tau), which probably even supports the similar tLim. This might be evidence of a similar]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dient der Flatterkick dem Vortrieb beim Kraulschwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085109</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085109</guid>
      <author>Homoto, K.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Among the four strokes used in competitive swimming, the front crawl can achieve the highest swimming velocity and is performed using alternating left and right arm strokes and leg kicks (the flutter kicks) (Yanai & Wilson, 2008). The use of the flutter kicks increased swimming velocity by 10% over the no-kick condition in front crawl (Gourgoulis et al., 2014; Silveira et al., 2017). However, the reason why the flutter kicks improve swimming velocity has been somewhat unclear.
Swimming velocity is determined by the propulsion exerted by the swimmer and the drag force acting on their body. Therefore, by using the flutter kicks, the swimming velocity is improved as a result of either the increased propulsion or reduced drag force. A study investigating active drag during front crawl swimming reported that there was no difference in active drag at the same swimming velocity with or without the flutter kicks (Narita et al., 2018). Thus, the possibility of the drag force being reduced by the flutter kicks might be low, and it is likely that the use of the flutter kicks increases the total propulsion exerted by the swimmer and improves the swimming velocity. In addition, Gourgoulis et al. (2014) investigated the effect of flutter kicks on hand propulsion using quasi-static approach in maximal effort swimming. In that study, although the hand propulsion is not a measured value, but an estimated value calculated from the kinematics of the hand, there was no difference in hand propulsion. This means that the flutter kicks likely contribute directly to propulsion.
To date, no studies have directly measured the propulsion of the flutter kicks. Gutta et al. (2012) towed a swimmer performing the flutter kicks with maximum effort and maintaining a streamline position various velocity, and estimated the propulsion of the from the traction force. As a result, they reported that the propulsion has measured even at a maximum of 2.0 m/s, although it decreased as the traction velocity increased. From this result, it is possible that the propulsion may be exerted even at high swimming velocity in the kick motion. However, a study that indirectly calculated propulsion using simulation also reported that the flutter kicks may not exert any propulsion (Nakashima, 2007). In this way, previous research suggests that the propulsion is likely to be exerted by the flutter kicks, but no consensus has yet been reached. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to investigate whether the propulsion of the flutter kicks is exerted during front crawl swimming.
In recent years, the propulsion during swimming has been estimated by combining pressure distribution measurements and three-dimensional motion analysis. In the propulsion estimation method using three-dimensional motion analysis and pressure distribution measurement, the hand/foot propulsion is estimated from the pressure difference between the palmer (planter) and dorsul side and the orientation of the hand/foot. Studies have been conducted to estimate hand propulsion in front crawl swimming and foot propulsion in breaststroke and eggbeater kick. Although this methodology has not been used for the flutter kicks so far, we believe that the methods used for breaststroke and eggbeater kick can be applied.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the factors that increase swimming velocity by using the flutter kicks by measuring hand and foot propulsion with and without the kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Trainingsunterbrechung auf Anthropometrie, Körperzusammensetzung und Somatotyp bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 08:50:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085110</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4085110</guid>
      <author>López-Belmonte, Ó.</author>
      <author>Gay, A.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konstitution</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adoleszenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Somatotyp</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>López-Belmonte, Ó.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Anthropometric measurements are important aspects in the early identification of talented swimmers (Rejman et al., 2018). Both anthropometrics and body composition changes may affect swimming performance, including the longitudinal variations during maturational growth (Oliveira et al., 2021; Zacca et al., 2019). Hence, the anthropometric assessment plays an important role in the swimming area (Alves et al., 2022).
Based on the sport or physical activity practiced, the somatotypes defined differs for each athlete (Rakoviæ et al., 2015). In young swimmers, the mesomorph has been identified as the most common somatotype (46.1%), followed by the ecto-mesomorph (30.8%) and the meso-ectomorph (23.1%) (Stankoviæ et al. 2018). Understanding that training programs of young swimmers are usually planned to achieve two or three performance peaks over a 10-11 months season (Morais et al., 2018), which are characterized by a temporary break known as detraining (Mujika & Padilla, 2000), the anthropometric changes may occur also as a process of training.
The detraining period after a season, may lead to the partial or total loss of training, inducing anatomical, physiological and performance adaptations (Mujika & Padilla, 2000; Ruiz-Navarro et al., 2022). These detraining periods are influenced by the duration of training break, obtaining different adaptations in shorter or longer breaks than four weeks (Mujika & Padilla, 2000). For high-level swimmers, four weeks of season break are the typical detraining period (Mujika & Padilla, 2000), while age-group swimmers generally recover 4-6 weeks, depending of each national swimming calendar (Zacca et al., 2019). During the seasons` break, anthropometric changes are also influenced by the level of physical activity performed (Zacca et al., 2019), which should be considered to understand its possible effects. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyse the effects of five weeks of training cessation on anthropometric measurements and its influence on swimming performance. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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