<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 51 - 100 results of 1434</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=2&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1434</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>50</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=3&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=29&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=2&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatkinetik und Zugparameter beim 200-m-Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099459</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099459</guid>
      <author>Raimundo, J. A. G.</author>
      <author>Cruz, R. S. O.</author>
      <author>Corvino, R. B.</author>
      <author>Piehowiak, A.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, R. S. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corvino, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Piehowiak, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Blood lactate kinetics provides insights into glycolytic contribution and recovery dynamics following high-intensity exercise. Although blood lactate responses following swimming performances have been previously reported, no study has examined blood lactate kinetics using a bi-exponential modelling approach or its relationship with stroke parameters during a 200-m freestyle event. Aim: To investigate the relationship between blood lactate kinetics and stroke parameters during a 200-m freestyle performance. Methods: Eleven trained male swimmers (21 ± 11 years) competing in state and national competitions performed a 200-m freestyle after a standardized warm-up. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately before exercise, and during passive recovery at 1-min intervals up to 10 min, 2-min intervals up to 20 min, and 5-min intervals up to 60 min post-exercise. Lactate kinetics were modeled using a bi-exponential approach, yielding parameters for lactate appearance (K1), disappearance (K2), amplitude, peak concentration (Peak), and time to peak (tPeak). Stroke rate (SR) was determined from video analysis over a central 10-m section of each 25-m lap, and stroke length (SL) was calculated from swimming velocity and SR. Pearson correlations examined relationships between variables. Results: Mean 200-m time was 136.3±8.5 s. K1 was 0.407±0.188 min*¹, K2 was 0.042±0.006 min*¹, amplitude was 9.74±7.0 mmol·L*¹, Peak was 11.39±2.07 mmol·L*¹, and tPeak was 5.06±1.57 min, with high model fit (R²=0.992±0.006). No significant correlations were observed between performance time and lactate kinetics parameters. K1 was significantly correlated with SR at 25-m (r=0.67; p=0.02) and across the first 50-m (r=0.61; p=0.04). No other significant relationships were found between SR and lactate kinetics variables, and no correlations were observed between SL and any lactate kinetics parameter. Conclusions: Blood lactate kinetics parameters were not directly associated with 200-m performance but showed associations with early-race stroke rate. Further studies with larger samples are required to clarify their significance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauerindizes beim Paddeln am Zugseil unterscheiden die Leistung von Elite- und Freizeitsurfern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099460</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099460</guid>
      <author>Corvino, R. B.</author>
      <author>Raimundo, J. A. G.</author>
      <author>Schiochet, R. P.</author>
      <author>Silva, L. M.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Corvino, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schiochet, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: In competitive swimming, a high incidence of shoulder pain resulting from the repetitive movements characteristic of the sport is observed. Aim: To investigate the relationship between weekly training volume and the incidence of shoulder joint pain in swimmers in the youth and junior categories. Additionally, the study sought to identify physical exercises adopted to prevent the onset of this pain. A qualitative-quantitative approach with a descriptive design was used. Methods: Twenty-seven swimmers, aged 15 - 19 years, who competed in the Paraná State Championship in Curitiba/Brazil, participated in the study. The research was conducted by measuring pain using the Numerical Pain Scale and a questionnaire on weekly training volume (determined by the coaches) and pain prevention practices. Results: The pain averaged 4.52 ± 2.24 points, and the weekly volume varied between 9 and 50 km (24 ± 13.61km). A weak to moderate, insignificant, negative correlation was observed between the variables (r = -0.30, p>0.05), suggesting no consistent relationship between total weekly swimming distance and shoulder pain. The most frequently reported preventive actions involved joint mobility exercises (51.9%), followed by weight training (11.1%) and combinations with other exercises, such as Pilates (3.7%) and physiotherapy (3.7%).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Auswirkungen der Ausübung von Shivam-Yoga auf das Tauchen: vorläufige Ergebnisse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099461</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099461</guid>
      <author>Silvatti, A. P.</author>
      <author>Batista, R. S.</author>
      <author>Cima, O. M. D.</author>
      <author>Faria, A. L. L.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, A. V. N. C.</author>
      <author>Machado, A. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silvatti, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Batista, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cima, O. M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faria, A. L. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, A. V. N. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: SCUBA diving subjects the human body to hyperbaric stress, affecting cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Mismanagement of these responses may lead to barotrauma, decompression sickness, and gas toxicity. Shivam Yoga — encompassing Pranayama (breathing exercises), Yoga Nidra (relaxation technique), and Dhyana (meditation) — is hypothesized to mitigate these stresses. Aim: To evaluate the influence of Shivam Yoga practice before diving on heart rate, respiratory rate, and gas consumption in divers with different levels of experience, verifying the improvement in physiological safety. Methods: Two divers participated: Diver #1 (60-year-old experienced NAUI instructor) and Diver #2 (34-year-old novice Open Water diver). Both completed a 31-minute daytime dive at 9.6 m under two conditions: (1) control, without prior intervention; and (2) immediately after 30 minutes of supervised Shivam Yoga practice (Pranayama and Dhyana). Heart rate was assessed via digital pulse oximeter and respiratory rate by counting thoracic excursions over 60 seconds, both pre- and post-dive. Gas consumption was calculated using the Surface Air Consumption (SAC) index. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (CAAE 56335515.8.0000.5153). Results: Control dives showed increased respiratory rate and a slight, non-significant decrease in heart rate. Following Shivam Yoga, a downward trend in both variables was observed. Notably, despite being 26 years older, Diver #1 consistently presented lower heart and respiratory rates than Diver #2, suggesting experience may counteract age-related physiological demands. Diver #1 also showed significant reduction in gas consumption after Shivam Yoga, whereas Diver #2 showed no significant change. Conclusions: As a pilot study, findings should be interpreted cautiously. Results suggest Shivam Yoga may reduce physiological stress and improve gas efficiency in SCUBA diving, though benefits appear mediated by experience. Experienced divers seem capable of integrating relaxation techniques to optimize air usage, compared to less experienced divers. Larger controlled studies are warranted.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer akuten Capsaicin-Supplementierung und von Aufwärmübungen auf Leistung, physiologische und perzeptive Reaktionen bei einem 50-Meter-Freistil-Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099462</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099462</guid>
      <author>Prado, L. S.</author>
      <author>Gontijo, L. A.</author>
      <author>Quiel, A. F.</author>
      <author>Souza, H. C. C.</author>
      <author>Quinan, G. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prado, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gontijo, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quiel, A. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Souza, H. C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quinan, G. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Capsaicin supplementation can lead to improved performance in explosive or strength exercises. Its effects on sprint performance in swimming were not investigated. Aim: To evaluate the effects of the acute supplementation with capsaicin, either alone or combined with warm-up exercises, on 50*m freestyle sprint performance, vertical jump performance, blood lactate concentrations and perceptual responses. Methods: Nine swimmers (22.8*±*4.34*years) received capsaicin, placebo, or capsaicin combined with a warm-up exercise protocol 45*minutes before a 50*m freestyle sprint. The following variables were assessed: total and split swim times (50*m, 15*m, and 35*m), vertical jump height, blood lactate concentrations (pre* and post*sprints), rating of perceived exertion, motivation and readiness, and mood state. Results: There were no significant effect of supplementation or the combined interventions on sprint performance. However, prior swimming warm-up significantly increased vertical jump height (p = 0.003) and blood lactate concentrations, both pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.05), with no interaction with supplementation. Preparatory exercises (warm-up) also reduced perceived fatigue (p = 0.007). No changes were observed in RPE, motivation, or readiness. Conclusion: Capsaicin supplementation did not affect sprint performance. However, the preparatory exercise significantly enhanced vertical jump height, increased blood lactate concentrations, and reduced perceived fatigue before the swimming sprint.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aufwärmübungen hatten keinen Einfluss auf Leistung, physiologische und perzeptive Reaktionen bei einem 50-Meter-Kraul-Beinschlag-Test mit maximaler Anstrengung: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099463</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099463</guid>
      <author>Quinan, G. R.</author>
      <author>Almeida, R. L.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, L. S. D.</author>
      <author>Ferretti, P. H. S.</author>
      <author>Prado, L. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quinan, G. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, R. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, L. S. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferretti, P. H. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prado, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Preparatory exercises (warm-up) are believed to induce improvements in physical performance, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are not well understood. Performance enhancements may be associated with increased muscle temperature but also with changes in perceptual and/or psychological aspects, independently. Aim: To compare the effects of different muscle temperatures resulting from preparatory exercises on specific high-intensity physical performance in a swimming pool, as well as on perceptual responses. Methods: Study subjects were nine national level swimmers (8 men/1 woman; age 20,2 + 2,3 years). They carried out a 50-meter all-out crawl leg kick with a board. Perceptual responses were assessed through an analogous visual scale prior to three different situations: 0°C -no warm-up-, and with expected increases of +1°C and +2°C in muscle temperature induced by a continuous exercise protocol on a stationary bicycle, with individualized intensities and exercise durations (+1°C, 4min24sec + 1min12sec and +2°C, 8min48sec + 1min54sec)  to achieve the desired temperature changes based on a prior data collection. In the previous data collection to determine exercise protocols, the intramuscular temperature was assessed using a probe inserted in the right vastus lateralis. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to compare the experimental situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskeloxygenierung als Marker für die Ansprechbarkeit (Responder-Status) auf Voraktivierung unter intermittierender Hypoxie bei Schwimmern: Zusammenhang mit der Leistung über 400 m</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099464</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099464</guid>
      <author>Araujo, L. S.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <author>Secarolli, L. F.</author>
      <author>Gobatto, C. A.</author>
      <author>Manchado-Gobatto, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Secarolli, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gobatto, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manchado-Gobatto, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Results: No significant differences were observed in performance time in the 50m crawl leg kick with no warm-up, 44sec82 (4sec06); +1°C 43sec65 (3sec69), and +2°C 44sec45 (4sec14), nor in the perceptual responses. Conclusions: The increase in muscle temperature of +1°C and +2°C could not significantly alter performance in the 50m all-out crawl kick nor in the perceptual variables]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was beeinflusst die 400-m-Leistung? Ein schrittweiser Ansatz unter Verwendung mechanischer, physiologischer und körperzusammensetzungsbezogener Parameter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099465</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099465</guid>
      <author>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</author>
      <author>Campos, E. Z.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campos, E. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Muscular fitness and technical ability are key determinants of swimming performance. Several mechanical, physiological, and morphological factors have been associated with 400-m swimming performance. However, most previous investigations have focused on adult swimmers, limiting our understanding of the relative contribution of these factors to performance in young swimmers. Aim: To investigate the influence of mechanical, physiological, and body composition parameters on 400-m swimming performance in young swimmers using a stepwise multiple regression approach. Methods: Thirty-two swimmers (13 female; 347 ± 105 WA points; age: 15 ± 3 years) performed a maximal 400-m effort (t400). Stroke mechanical parameters (stroke frequency [SF] and distance per cycle [DpC]) were determined using kinematic analysis. Physiological parameters included peak oxygen consumption (VO*peak) and anaerobic contributions (alactic, and lactic [AnLa]), determined using the backward extrapolation technique and blood lactate concentrations. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (fat-free mass [FFM], fat mass, and bone mineral content and density). A backward stepwise regression model was used to examine the relationships between t400 (dependent variable) and the mechanical, physiological, and body composition variables. Results: The final model explained 79% of the t400 and included SF (0.8 ± 0.1 Hz; *s = *0.431), DpC (1.5 ± 0.3 m; *s = *0.603), VO*peak (3.3 ± 1.0 L·min*¹; *s = *0.260), and AnLa (1.1 ± 0.7 L; *s = *0.226). The model showed no evidence of multicollinearity (VIF < 2.224), heteroscedasticity, influential outliers, or biased residuals. Conclusions: These findings suggest that faster swimmers are characterized by the ability to maintain greater DpC at higher SF, combined with superior aerobic power and anaerobic lactic capacity. However, the relatively low performance level and high variability of the sample limit the generalizability of these findings to more competitive or homogeneous populations]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasserhören bei Schwimmern unter untergetaucht-stationären Bedingungen sowie beim Schwimmen am Zugseil und beim freien Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099466</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099466</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Narita, K.</author>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ohr</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Narita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Inspired by the development of a swimmer approaching detection system which emitted underwater alert sound (Ohgi, et al., BMS2023), we began conducting research on the physiology of swimmers` underwater hearing. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the auditory characteristics of swimmers underwater in different conditions. Methods: Two healthy collegiate competitive swimmers with normal hearing wore snorkels and performed the following tasks in the 25m indoor pool: a stationary seated position with their heads submerged, tethered and non-tethered front crawl strokes. The experiment was conducted with the swimmers not wearing swimming caps over their ears. We conducted an octave band test (128Hz to 8 kHz) underwater to determine the sound levels (around 70 to 180 dB (0dB re. 1*Pa/*Hz) at which each frequency could be heard. The underwater speaker was settled up positioned at 1m depth. As the volume was gradually increased and decreased, the swimmers reacted their perception of each pure tone by pressing a waterproof contact switch. As for the tethered and non-tethered swimming, the swimmers swam moderate tempo and speed with crawl stroke. Results: The study showed that the frequencies most easily heard by swimmers while sitting still shift toward higher frequencies when they switch to tethered front crawl stroke. Furthermore, it was found that during non-tethered front crawl stroke, sounds emitted directly from behind the swimmer could not be heard even at a distance of about 5 meters, whereas sounds emitted from the front can be heard even at a distance of 25 meters. Our non-tethered front crawl stroke was still preliminary experiment, so that we could not validate statistical differences between subjects. However, our results demonstrated that underwater hearing is strongly influenced by the relationship between the sound source location and the swimmer`s direction of travel. Conclusions: We conducted underwater octave band tests to assess swimmers` hearing underwater while both stationery, tethered and non-tethered front crawl swimming. The results showed a tendency for the lower limit of audibility to shift toward higher frequencies when transitioning to tethered swimming. We also confirmed that underwater hearing exhibits anisotropy during front crawl swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Besteht die bronchiale Hyperreaktivität bei Schwimmern nach Beendigung ihrer Spitzenkarriere fort? Eine Follow-up-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099467</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099467</guid>
      <author>Holmsve, M.</author>
      <author>Stang, J. S.</author>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wintersport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmsve, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stang, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is related to asthma and is common in elite swimmers, likely due to high ventilation and repeated exposure to trichloramine in indoor pools. Winter sport athletes also show high BHR prevalence and therefore represent a relevant comparison group. However, little is known about post-retirement changes in these athletes. Aim: To examine longitudinal changes in methacholine responsiveness and lung function from career to post-retirement in elite swimmers compared to winter sport athletes. Methods: We included 13 swimmers, 61 cross-country skiers, 16 biathlon skiers, and 12 speed skaters, all competing at international level. BHR was assessed by the provocation dose of methacholine causing 20% reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD**meth), and lung function by maximal expiratory flow-volume loops. Athletes were tested during active careers (1993-2016) and after retirement (2022-2024). BHR was defined as PD**meth < 6 µmol. Changes in BHR prevalence were analyzed using McNemar`s test, and lung function using paired t-tests. Absolute and relative changes, matched odds ratio, confidence intervals, and effect sizes were calculated for paired pre-post comparisons. Results: BHR prevalence decreased significantly in swimmers from 85% (11/13) to 23% (3/13), an absolute reduction of 62 percentage points (p=0.008). No significant changes were observed in winter cross-country skiing (41% to 34%; -7 percentage points), biathlon (56% to 50%; -6 percentage points), or speed skating (42% to 17%; -25 percentage points). Lung function remained unchanged across all sports. Confidence intervals were wide in the smaller sport groups and should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusion: BHR decreased markedly after retirement in elite swimmers, while remaining largely unchanged in winter sport athletes, suggesting reversibility after cessation of sport-specific environmental exposure. No significant lung function changes were observed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Labor- vs. sportspezifischer Provokationstest zur Beurteilung der Auswirkungen auf die belastungsinduzierte Bronchokonstriktion bei Elite- und Freizeitschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099468</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099468</guid>
      <author>Rosenfeldt, M.</author>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <author>Stang, J. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rosenfeldt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stang, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Indirect provocation tests such as eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge is recommended to objectively assess exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). A sport-specific field test with pre- and post-spirometry provides an alternative for assessing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction while replicating the conditions athletes typically experience. Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare the agreement of a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge and a one-hour intensive indoor swim training session to detect EIB in elite (>12 hours/week) and recreational (>1 hour/week) swimmers. Methods:70 athletes (45 elite/25 recreational) completed a six-minute eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge with pre- and 3, 6, 10 and 15 minutes post-measurements of forced expiratory volume in one second. Participants later completed a one-hour indoor swim training session followed by six maximal effort swim intervals of 75m or 50m with pre- and 3, 6, 10 and 15 minutes post-spirometry. Swim intensity was measured by lactate, interval time, and subjective symptoms using visual analogue scales. Results:19 of 70 (27.1%) had exercise-induced bronchoconstriction after the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge, defined as two consecutive spirometry measurements with a >10% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second, compared to 1 (1.4%) after swim training. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a systematic mean difference of *9.53% (95% CI: *11.44 to *7.62%) or equivalently *0.43 L (95% CI: *0.52 to *0.34 L), with wide limits of agreement (*25.19% to +6.13%) and a large effect size (Cohen's d = *1.19). Sensitivity was 5.3% and specificity 100% with the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge as reference. Conclusion:The eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge detected exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 27.1% compared to 1.4% after intensive indoor swim training, indicating greater diagnostic sensitivity. The sport-specific test may underestimate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, though results might differ with a different protocol.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chirurgische Korrektur einer pseudarthrotischen lumbalen Spondylolyse bei einem Wettkampfschwimmer im Freistil: ein Fallbericht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099469</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099469</guid>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Okuwaki, S.</author>
      <author>Tsukagoshi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuwaki, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsukagoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Lumbar spondylolysis is a fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebrae. Lumbar spondylolysis occurs due to repetitive flexion, extension, and rotation of the lumbar spine, so it is not uncommon in swimmers, whose occurrence rate is approximately 2.3%. Since swimmers are known to have lower bone mineral density compared to other athletes, this may contribute to their heightened susceptibility to spondylolysis. Once a stress fracture has resulted in pseudarthrosis, it cannot heal with conservative treatment; therefore, healing can only be achieved through surgical means. Pseudarthrotic lumbar spondylolysis results in a pars defect, which requires surgical intervention to address intractable pain. Aim: To report a case of lumbar spondylolysis that progressed to pseudarthrosis and ultimately required surgical intervention. Methods: A 28-year-old male competitive freestyle sprint swimmer presented with recurrent low back pain. Computed tomography at the initial visit revealed defects of the pars interarticularis at the fifth lumbar vertebra with cortical sclerosis at the fracture interface, consistent with pseudarthrosis. Conservative treatment was ineffective, and surgical repair of the pars defect using the modified smiley face rod technique was performed. Results: Postoperative imaging demonstrated bony continuity at the previously separated segment, confirming successful bone union. Conclusions: The modified smiley face rod technique is a surgical procedure that preserves intersegmental mobility and is associated with a high rate of return to daily and sporting activities. It is considered an effective surgical option for relatively young patients with spondylolysis and minimal intervertebral disc degeneration. Bone union is typically achieved approximately one year after surgery, although careful intraoperative technique is required to optimize outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Veränderungen bei Sarkopenie und die therapeutische Rolle von Training im Wasser: eine narrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099470</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099470</guid>
      <author>Bang, G. S. S.</author>
      <author>Mordjikian, A. G.</author>
      <author>Beu, P. L. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bang, G. S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mordjikian, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beu, P. L. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle mass depletion and strength impairment, causing severe biomechanical alterations in gait kinematics and static postural control. While conventional land-based resistance training is the gold-standard intervention, aquatic exercise emerges as a therapeutic alternative for patients with osteoarticular limitations. However, the specific kinesiological impact of this modality on reversing sarcopenia-associated deficits requires synthesis. Aim: This narrative review correlated functional biomechanical alterations secondary to sarcopenia and evaluated current evidence regarding the role of aquatic exercise and hydrotherapy in mitigating specific deficits in postural control and mobility. Methods: A structured search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE and the Consensus AI platform using MeSH terms and keywords: "sarcopenia", "hydrotherapy", "aquatic exercise", "resistance training", "biomechanics", and "physical function". The selection prioritized high-impact systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English within the last five years. Results: Sarcopenia-induced muscle depletion causes axial instability, increased center-of-pressure oscillation, and impaired kinematics during high-power movements, such as sit-to-stand transfers (evidenced by reduced Timed Up and Go and Chair Stand performance). Data demonstrate that aquatic training induces favorable hydrodynamic adaptations, promoting contractile strength increments and optimizing dynamic balance. However, a pronounced scarcity of direct comparative data was revealed: only one study isolated aquatic exercise as a primary sarcopenia intervention, and another utilized swimming merely as a control group, precluding head-to-head efficacy comparisons with dry-land protocols. Conclusions: Biomechanical alterations in sarcopenia critically compromise functional independence. Aquatic exercise and hydrotherapy possess solid biological plausibility and intrinsic efficacy in improving postural control and mobility. Nonetheless, the absence of direct comparative RCTs prevents determining superiority or equivalence relative to land-based training, establishing the aquatic modality as an excellent strategic alternative for patients with contraindications to mechanical impact.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Fall von Implantatversagen nach okzipitozervikaler Fixierung bei einem Masters-Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099471</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099471</guid>
      <author>Asai, R.</author>
      <author>Tatsumura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Asai, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatsumura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: As lifelong sports participation increases, degenerative cervical disorders are becoming more relevant in older athletes. However, postoperative implant-related complications in highly active elderly swimmers have rarely been reported. Aim: To report a case of implant failure following occipitocervical fixation for atlantoaxial subluxation in a masters swimmer and discuss possible contributing factors. Methods: An 80-year-old male masters swimmer presented with bilateral hand numbness, upper-extremity weakness, impaired dexterity, hyperreflexia, and spastic gait. Dynamic radiographs demonstrated atlantoaxial instability, and CT myelography revealed spinal cord compression at the C1 level. Because conservative treatment with a cervical collar failed and gait disturbance progressed, posterior occipitocervical fixation from the occiput to C3 with bone grafting was performed. Results: Postoperatively, neurological symptoms improved and the patient was discharged with a cervical collar. He resumed swimming within a few months after surgery despite instructions to avoid neck rotation. At 3 months postoperatively, bilateral C3 screw breakage was identified. However, he remained asymptomatic, and no alignment deterioration was observed. After discontinuing crawl swimming and limiting activity to water walking, he showed a favorable clinical course. At 2.5 years postoperatively, partial bony fusion was present, alignment was maintained, gait was independent, and upper-extremity symptoms had improved. Conclusions: In this case, implant failure was likely associated with stress concentration at the distal end of the fixation construct and repetitive cervical motion during swimming, resulting in metal fatigue. Even in elderly patients, high physical activity should be carefully considered when planning postoperative rehabilitation and return-to-sport guidance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugeffizienz und Kinematik bei Schwimmübungen mit kontrollierter Zugfrequenz bei einem sehbehinderten Schulschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099472</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099472</guid>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Understanding how arm-stroke efficiency (*p) and kinematics respond to stroke rate restrictions helps coaches prescribe effective, task-oriented training. Aim: To investigate the *p and stroke kinematics` responses to manipulated SR conditions in a visually impaired youth swimmer. Methods: This case study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the institutional Research Ethics Committee (No. 56016616.4.0000.5353). A 14-year-old competitive swimmer at the regional level (body mass: 43.1 kg; height: 1.58 m; arm span: 1.65 m; S12 classification) performed five 25m front crawl sprints at maximum intensity, with 20-minute rest intervals. The conditions included: (1) Free SR; (2) Fixed SR (100% of free SR); (3) Increased SR (110%); and (4) Reduced SR (90% and 80%). The 110%, 90%, and 80% trials were performed in a randomized order. SR was controlled via an underwater metronome (Tempo Trainer, Finis). The *p was estimated using a simplified model. Kinematic variables, as SR, stroke length (SL), swimming speed (SS), stroke index (SI), and 25m time (T25), were analyzed using Kinovea software (2D) at 60 Hz. Above and underwater images of the front crawl stroke were captured by two synchronized cameras (Nikon W300) in the sagittal plane. A manual timekeeper was used to identify the T25. Results: The results highlighted: (i) *p (24.42; 20.12; 17.99; 21.41; 25.11%), SR (69.23; 70.12; 75.72; 62.06; 52.94 cycles.min-1), SL (1.28; 1.25; 1.18; 1.33; 1.56 m), SS (1.47; 1.44; 1.42; 1.37; 1.37 m.s-1), SI (1.89; 1.80; 1.67; 1.83; 2.14 m2.s-1) and T25 (16.87; 17.38; 17.33; 17.83; 18.01 s) under free, fixed, increased, reduced (90% and 80%) SR conditions, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this case study indicate that a reduction in SR led to a compensatory increase in *p, SL, and SI, demonstrating a functional strategy to meet task demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines 12-wöchigen aeroben Trainings im Wasser und an Land auf Ermüdung, Lebensqualität und funktionelle Leistungsfähigkeit bei Brustkrebsüberlebenden: die randomisierte klinische Studie "WATERMAMA"</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099473</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099473</guid>
      <author>Xavier, B. E. B.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, V. H.</author>
      <author>Andrade, L. S.</author>
      <author>Alberton, C. L.</author>
      <author>Pinto, S. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xavier, B. E. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, V. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrade, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberton, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Physical exercise is widely recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy for breast cancer survivors. However, evidence directly comparing aerobic training performed in aquatic and land-based training in this population is still limited. Aim: To compare the effects of 12 weeks of aquatic and land-based aerobic training, compared with a health education intervention, on cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, and functional capacity in breast cancer survivors. Methods: Sixty women with stage I to III breast cancer were randomized into an aquatic training group (AG, n=21; 54.2±11.7 years), a land-based training group (LG, n=20; 50.7±10.2 years), or a control group (CG, n=19; 58.7±10.6 years). The exercise groups performed two supervised 45-min aerobic sessions per week for 12 weeks plus one weekly health education session, while CG received health education only. Cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, the six-minute walk test, and the chair sit-and-reach test were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle using GEE, with Bonferroni post hoc tests when significant group-by-time interactions were identified. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05520515). Results: Quality of life, cancer-related fatigue, and performance on the six-minute walk test improved over time, with no differences between groups. A significant interaction between group and time was observed in the chair sit-and-reach test (p=0.004), with improvement only in the aquatic training group (+4.1 cm; p<0.001). Conclusions: After 12 weeks of intervention, quality of life, cancer-related fatigue, and performance on the six-minute walk test improved over time, with no differences between the groups. Only the aquatic training group showed improvement in the chair sit-and-reach test. These results indicate that different care strategies can benefit breast cancer survivors, with a significant effect of the aquatic environment on flexibility.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Erholung, Wohlbefinden und der subjektiven Belastungswahrnehmung bei Schwimmtrainings im Freiwasser</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099474</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099474</guid>
      <author>Costa, R. M. R.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, M. C.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F. C. A.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <author>Adao, L. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, R. M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adao, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Open water swimming has shown growth in the sports context, with an increase in both federated and amateur competitions. In this way, monitoring the psychophysiological state in this modality is important to understand responses to training and to optimize recovery athletes`s processes. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between indicators of recovery, well-being states and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) across 10 open water swimming training sessions. Methods: Before each session, 10 amateur open water swimmers (45±8.75y) completed the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale and the Well-Being Scale (WBS), composed of fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood. The athletes participated in open water competitions and had been training 3 to 4 times per week for at least 5 years. Approximately 10 to 15 minutes after the training sessions, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. After testing data normality, Spearman`s correlation test was performed using JASP software. To better understand the magnitude of the correlations, effect size (Fisher`s z) was calculated. Results: TQR showed a moderate and significant correlation with fatigue (r = 0.559; p < 0.001), a weak to moderate correlation with sleep quality (r = 0.381; p = 0.002), and a weak correlation with mood (r = 0.266; p = 0.037). The variables of the well-being scale showed moderate and significant correlations among themselves (0.429 < r > 0.535; p<0.001). RPE showed a moderate and significant correlation only with stress (r = 0.322; p = 0.011). Conclusions: It is concluded that TQR mainly reflected fatigue and sleep states in these athletes. The well-being variables demonstrated an interdependent behavior, suggesting that the athlete`s psychophysiological state should be analyzed in an integrated way. RPE was correlated only with perceived stress, indicating that the pre-training state had little influence on athletes` perception of training load during the session.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Langstreckenreisen und Jetlag auf physiologische Parameter und Leistungsergebnisse bei Wassersportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099475</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099475</guid>
      <author>Benito, A.</author>
      <author>Santos, J. A. R.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Jetlag</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benito, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, J. A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Long-haul travel and jet lag can disrupt athletes` circadian, physiological, and performance systems, potentially impairing competition outcomes. Aim: This review aimed to examine the effects of long-haul travel on athletes` health and performance, differentiate travel fatigue from jet lag, and review mitigation strategies in aquatic sports. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies on jet lag, travel fatigue, and long-haul travel in aquatic athletes. Eligibility criteria included studies reporting physiological, hemodynamic, or performance outcomes in athletes of any level and sex. Data were extracted on travel characteristics, interventions, physiological and performance markers, and risk of bias. Results: A total of 12 studies were included, comprising athletes in swimming, rowing, sailing, and kite surfing. Travel distances ranged from 4 to 12 time zones, in both eastward and westward directions, although eastward travel was more frequently associated with performance decrements. Interventions reported in several studies mainly included melatonin, caffeine, light exposure, and hydration strategies. Common physiological changes included sleep disturbances (n=6), hormonal and metabolic alterations (n=2), changes in heart rate variability (n=3), and hydration-related issues (n=2). Reported travel effects included fatigue (n=6), impaired recovery (n=4), decreased physical performance (n=7), and cognitive or mood disturbances (n=3). Performance outcomes assessed included strength/power (n=4), neuromuscular performance (n=2), and sport-specific performance (n=3). In swimming, travel crossing 4 time zones showed minimal effects, whereas longer travel, especially eastward, led to sleep disruption and performance declines lasting up to 5-7 days. In rowing and sailing, fatigue and HRV alterations were most evident during the first days post-travel, with adaptation typically occurring within one week. Environmental stressors (heat, humidity) and dehydration during flights were additional factors influencing performance. Conclusion: Long-haul travel impairs sleep, recovery, and performance in aquatic athletes, with effects typically lasting up to 5-7 days and being more pronounced after eastward travel. Early post-travel periods are characterized by increased fatigue and altered heart rate variability, particularly in rowing and sailing, whereas swimming performance appears less affected after shorter travel. Evidence supports prioritizing behavioral strategies, especially sleep-wake scheduling, light exposure, and hydration, combined with early arrival and training load adjustments to accelerate adaptation and minimize performance decrements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der Dorsalflexion des Sprunggelenks und der Leistung beim modifizierten Star-Excursion-Balance-Test bei jugendlichen Surfern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099476</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099476</guid>
      <author>Waiczyk, H. S.</author>
      <author>Okubo, R.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Waiczyk, H. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okubo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Surfing requires coordinated lower-limb control to maintain postural stability on an unstable surface and imposes considerable mechanical demands on the ankle joint. Because ankle dorsiflexion contributes to forward tibial progression during dynamic balance tasks, we hypothesized that greater dorsiflexion would be associated with better modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) performance, particularly in the anterior direction. Aim: To investigate the association between ankle dorsiflexion and mSEBT performance in youth surfers. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between 2024 and 2025 and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (CAAE:86750325.7.0000.0118), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Twenty-six youth surfers (14 females, 12 males; 16.6±1.1 years) were evaluated. After standardized warm-up, active ankle dorsiflexion was assessed bilaterally in a weight-bearing lunge position using the Measure app on an iPhone as a digital inclinometer. Three trials were performed per limb by the same researcher, and the mean was used. mSEBT reach distances were assessed in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions and normalized to limb length; a composite score was calculated. Normality was verified using Shapiro-Wilk test. After confirming normal distribution, right-left comparisons were performed using paired t-tests. As no side-to-side differences were observed, bilateral mean values were used for the planned correlation analysis; front/rear-foot-specific analyses were not performed owing to sample size and study scope. Pearson correlations examined associations between dorsiflexion and mSEBT scores. Results: No significant right-left differences were found for ankle dorsiflexion or mSEBT scores (p>0.05). Dorsiflexion correlated positively with anterior reach (r=0.690,p<0.001), posteromedial reach (r=0.417,p=0.034), and composite score (r=0.429,p=0.029), but not posterolateral reach (r=0.292,p=0.148). Conclusions: Greater ankle dorsiflexion was associated with better mSEBT performance in youth surfers, especially anterior reach. These findings support including dorsiflexion assessment in functional screening, although future studies should examine stance-specific front- and rear-foot demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines vereinfachten 3-minütigen Schwimmtests mit maximaler Leistung am Zugseil ohne Dynamometer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099477</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099477</guid>
      <author>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kalva-Filho, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Previous studies have shown that parameters derived from the 3-min all-out test (3MT) are related to anaerobic capacity and 50-200 m free-swimming performance. However, these parameters are typically obtained from the force-time (F-T) relationship, requiring a dynamometer (i.e. load cell) and limiting practical applicability. It is plausible that swimmer displacement from the pool edge may reflect force production, allowing estimation of 3MT parameters using a distance-time (D-T) approach. Aim: To examine the validity of 3MT parameters derived from the D-T relationship. Methods: Ten young swimmers (age: 15±1 years) performed two 3MT trials separated by 3-7 days. Tethered swimming was performed using a 6-m elastic cord (Auriflex nº204, Brazil) attached between a dynamometer fixed to the start block and the swimmer`s waist. Swimmers were instructed to keep the cord as stretched as possible. F-T data were collected using a dynamometer (0.5 Hz; HOMIS 2100), while D-T data were obtained using a 25-m tape aligned with the pool. Distance was manually recorded based on head position every 10s. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV=typical error/total average x 100), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and minimal detectable change (MDC%). Pearson correlations were used to examine relationships between F-T and D-T parameters. Results: Reliability of most D-T parameters (CV<8%; ICC>0.80; MDC<15%) was comparable to F-T (CV<17%; ICC>0.60; MDC<15%). Strong correlations were observed between D-T (m or m.s) and F-T (N or N.s) parameters, including peak (r=0.97-0.98), mean (r=0.97-0.97), W* (r=0.93-0.97), and critical values (r=0.93-0.97). Conclusions: The D-T approach provides valid estimates of 3MT parameters. To enhance the generalizability of these findings, future studies should include larger samples encompassing a broader range of performance levels, including elite adult swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss einer 12-wöchigen Übergangsphase auf das Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profil und physiologische Parameter bei Schwimmern auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099478</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099478</guid>
      <author>Pereira, G. S.</author>
      <author>Silva, G. V.</author>
      <author>Cal-Abad, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vanzella, F. A.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, G. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cal-Abad, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanzella, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Competitive swimming seasons involve long training periods with short competition phases, making the planning of training and recovery essential for optimal performance. Aim: To examine the effect of a 12-week transition period, after the main competition, on propulsive and physiological characteristics of competitive swimmers. Methods: Eight national- and international-level swimmers (5 female, 3 male, 21.3±4.9 yrs, 784.7±57.5 WA Points) were evaluated one week after a main competition (November 2025) and after a 12-week inter-season period (5 weeks of retention training, 3 weeks of off-season, and 4 weeks of preparatory training). Swimmers performed a five-stage, 25-m incremental semi-tethered swimming test using a power tower. Load (L) and 10-20 m mean velocity (V) were recorded to derive the load-velocity relationship, from which theoretical velocity at zero load (V0) and load at zero velocity (L0) were determined. Anaerobic alactic (AnAlC), lactic (AnLC) contributions were assessed, respectively, at each stage from the fast component of 30-s post-exercise oxygen uptake and the net amount of blood lactate accumulated between the third minute after each stage and the baseline. Total anaerobic contribution (TotAnC) was calculated as the sum of AnAlC and AnLC. Pre- and post-interseason values were compared using paired Student`s t-tests. Results: No significant differences were observed for V0 (pre=1.45±0.28 m/s vs. post=1.42±0.25 m/s, p=0.51, d=-0.25) and L0 (pre=8.6±4.0 kg vs. post=8.6±3.6 kg, p=0,96, d=0.02). L and V across incremental stages were also unchanged (p>0.05). AnAlC significantly decreased in the second (p<0.01, d=2.27), third (p<0.01, d=1.08) and fourth (p=0.03, d=0.79) stages. AnLC decreased on the first stage (p=0.03, d=0.79). TotAnC was reduced in the second (p<0.01, d=1.79), third (p<0.01, d=1.26) and fourth (p<0.01, d=1.92) stages. Conclusion: A 12-week transition period preserved propulsive capacity despite reduction in anaerobic contributions during the incremental test, possibly due to the preservation of neuromuscular factors and strength-related capacities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interkulturelle Anpassung und Inhaltsvalidität eines integrierten Instruments zur Gesundheitsüberwachung von Wassersportlern für den brasilianischen Kontext</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099479</guid>
      <author>Miranda, D. R. M.</author>
      <author>Leite, J. C.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <author>Figueira, T. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leite, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueira, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Qualified health surveillance in aquatic sports is imperative for athlete care and training guidance. Several tools have been proposed for athlete health surveillance across different sports, including the questionnaire "Prospective aquatic athlete health surveillance throughout the season", developed by an expert committee from World Aquatics (former FINA). However, this tool had not been culturally adapted to the Brazilian context, which still lacks a validated health surveillance tool for aquatic sports. Mental health monitoring items, absent from several surveillance instruments, were later addressed by a supplementary questionnaire developed by the International Olympic Committee. Aim: To adapt and unify the questionnaires Prospective aquatic athlete health surveillance throughout the season and Mental health problems for the Brazilian context. Methods: A methodological study was conducted following established cross-cultural adaptation procedures, including initial translation, reconciliation, back-translation, expert committee review, and final adjustments. The supplementary Mental health problems questionnaire proposed by the International Olympic Committee was culturally adapted following the same procedure. Content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) for clarity, theoretical relevance, and practical relevance. Results: All items from the aquatic health surveillance questionnaire showed satisfactory content validity coefficients, with mean values ranging from 0.90 to 1.00. In the mental health supplementary questionnaire, most items also showed satisfactory coefficients, ranging from 0.88 to 0.96 after expert discussion and final semantic adjustments. Specific modifications were required to preserve conceptual equivalence in terms such as performance anxiety, alcohol misuse, and gender dysphoria. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the integrated aquatic athlete health surveillance tool showed satisfactory initial evidence of content validity and expands weekly health monitoring by incorporating mental health indicators]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selektive metabolomische Modulation durch akute hypoxische Erholung zwischen den Belastungsphasen bei trainierten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099480</guid>
      <author>Araki, E. Y. A.</author>
      <author>Miranda, D. R. M.</author>
      <author>Esequiel, G.</author>
      <author>Papoti, M.</author>
      <author>Figueira, T. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Araki, E. Y. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esequiel, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papoti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueira, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Intermittent hypoxic recovery has been proposed as a strategy to increase physiological demand during repeated high-intensity exercise while preserving external load. Its effects on metabolism remain poorly understood. Aim: To investigate the effects of acute inter-effort normobaric hypoxic recovery on metabolomic responses after repeated maximal swimming efforts. Methods: Fourteen competitive swimmers with regional to national-level experience completed two randomized crossover sessions separated by 48 h, each consisting of 10 × 50-m maximal preferred-stroke efforts with 4-min passive recovery under normoxia (FiO* = 20.9%) or hypoxia (FiO* = 13.3%) delivered through a mask. Venous blood samples were collected before and after each session for plasma metabolomic profiling. Fifty-seven plasma metabolites were included in the analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore global metabolic responses. Delta values (post minus pre) were calculated for each metabolite to isolate condition-specific effects. Linear mixed models were applied to test condition effects, with participant included as a random factor. Hypoxic dose was estimated from oxygen saturation data recorded during recovery intervals using integrated desaturation area below 98%. Results: PCA showed a clear pre- to post-exercise separation, indicating that exercise was the dominant source of global metabolic variance. PCA of delta values did not reveal clear separation between hypoxia and normoxia. Among metabolites contributing most strongly to multivariate structure, alanine showed a significant condition effect, with greater increases under hypoxia (p = 0.047; d = 0.51) and moderate associations with integrated hypoxic dose (r = 0.37; p = 0.20) and fatigue index (r = 0.35). Inosine and lactate showed smaller non-significant effects. Conclusions: Acute inter-effort hypoxic recovery selectively increased alanine response without inducing global metabolomic separation, suggesting greater metabolic stress during repeated swimming efforts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Programmdauer, Intensität und Alter auf die Kraftentwicklung nach 12 und 24 Wochen Wassergymnastik</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099481</guid>
      <author>Fail, L. O. B.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Neves, P. P.</author>
      <author>Dias, J. N. A.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. O. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neves, P. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dias, J. N. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Muscle strength is essential for maintaining functional capacity, particularly among aging populations, as it helps mitigate age-related declines in muscle mass. However, limited evidence exists regarding whether baseline characteristics - such as age, initial strength levels, body composition, and quality of life - or training program features like duration and intensity influence strength improvements following water aerobics. Aim: To investigate whether gains in muscle strength from a water aerobics program are associated with program intensity and duration, participant age, and baseline levels of strength, body composition, and quality of life. Methods: Data from two pragmatic randomized controlled trials were analyzed, comparing 12* and 24*week programs of moderate- versus high-intensity water aerobics in adult and older women. Forty-one women (66.20 ± 9.25 years) participated: 21 completed the 12*week program [moderate-intensity group (MIG), n=11; high-intensity group (HIG), n=10], and 20 completed the 24*week program (MIG, n=10; HIG, n=10). Assessments included muscular endurance, explosive strength, body mass index, fat mass, and general quality of life measured at baseline and post-intervention. Multiple linear regression analyses examined associations between training variables and strength outcomes. Results: Upper-limb explosive strength was influenced by baseline explosive strength, muscular endurance, and body mass index. Lower-limb explosive strength was associated with age and baseline levels of fat mass, quality of life, and lower-limb muscular endurance. Upper-limb muscular endurance was related to age and baseline lower-limb muscular endurance. Lower-limb muscular endurance was associated with training intensity and baseline lower-limb muscular endurance. Conclusions: Water aerobics intensity plays a significant role in enhancing lower-limb muscular endurance. Overall, improvements in strength derived from water aerobics appear predominantly influenced by participants` initial muscular endurance, body composition, and age. These factors should be carefully considered when designing and individualizing training programs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Programmdauer, Intensität und Alter der Teilnehmer mit kardiovaskulären Ergebnissen nach 12 und 24 Wochen Wassergymnastik</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099482</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Fail, L. O. B.</author>
      <author>Neves, P. P.</author>
      <author>Dias, J. N. A.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. O. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neves, P. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dias, J. N. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Water aerobics has gained increasing attention due to its effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. However, it remains unclear whether training program characteristics - such as intensity and duration - and participants` baseline measures, including blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile, influence the magnitude of cardiovascular adaptations to water aerobics. Aim: To examine whether changes in BP and lipid profile following a water aerobics program are associated with program intensity and duration, participant age, and baseline values of BP, lipid profile, anthropometric measures, and quality of life. Methods: Data were obtained from two randomized controlled trials involving 41 women. Twenty*one participants (65.29 ± 9.38 years) completed a 12*week program [moderate*intensity group (MIG), n=11; high*intensity group (HIG), n=10], and twenty (67.10 ± 9.14 years) completed a 24*week program (MIG, n=10; HIG, n=10). Pre* and post*intervention assessments included systolic BP, diastolic BP, triglycerides, total cholesterol, body mass index, fat mass, and quality of life. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between training*related and baseline variables and cardiovascular outcomes. Results: Baseline systolic BP and total cholesterol significantly predicted post*intervention systolic BP. Post*intervention diastolic BP was associated with baseline diastolic BP, baseline total cholesterol, and program duration. Final triglyceride levels were strongly related to program intensity and baseline triglycerides, systolic BP, and diastolic BP. Post*intervention total cholesterol was associated with program intensity, as well as baseline total cholesterol and body mass index. Conclusions: The results indicate that: (i) baseline total cholesterol levels may influence BP responses to water aerobics; (ii) training intensity can play a key role in lipid profile improvements; and (iii) program duration appears to be particularly relevant for diastolic BP outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of considering both program characteristics and participants` baseline health profiles when prescribing water aerobics for cardiovascular health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vortriebskraft von Para-Schwimmern beim Schwimmen am Zugseil mit und ohne Atmung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099483</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099483</guid>
      <author>Rucinski, P. A.</author>
      <author>Santos, K. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rucinski, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, K. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Swimming for people with physical disabilities has gained prominence over the years, particularly at the competitive level. Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyze the force applied by swimmers with physical-motor disabilities during tethered swimming between breathing and non-breathing stroke cycles. Methods: Five para-swimmers (3 men and 2 women, competing at regional to international levels), aged between 13 and 25 years and classified between S4 and S9, participated in this pilot study. To measure propulsive force (mean force, peak force, and impulse), a 30-second maximal tethered-swimming test protocol (4th-order Butterworth filter, 15 Hz) was used with bilateral alternating breathing every three strokes. The parameters of mean force, peak force, and impulse were obtained from the force-time curve, followed by a descriptive analysis (due to the small sample size), comparing the breathing and non-breathing stroke cycles (identified through video recording synchronization). Results: On average, the parameters analyzed in the non-breathing stroke cycle showed slightly higher values than in the breathing stroke cycle, with mean force differing by 12% (39.25 versus 34.73N). Peak force (57.04 versus 54.22N) and impulse (31.19 versus 29.91N.s) differed by approximately 5% and 4%, respectively, between the analyzed conditions. Conclusion: It appears that non-breathing stroke cycles allow greater application of propulsive force, particularly mean force, likely due to a more horizontal body position (i.e., improved hydrodynamic alignment). However, the effects on force are not uniform across individuals, possibly due to differences in the degree of functional impairment among para swimmers. In fact, functional impairment may affect the balance of stroke force.  Although this is a pilot study and the influence of breathing on subsequent stroke was not controlled, these results reinforce the importance of individualized analysis in establishing breathing strategies during swim training for swimmers with physical disabilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Umgebungsvariablen und Leistung beim Ultramarathon-Schwimmen im Freiwasser: Ein Vergleich zwischen Schwimmern mit und ohne Neoprenanzug</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099484</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099484</guid>
      <author>Costa, R. M. R.</author>
      <author>Vigario, P. S.</author>
      <author>Palma, A.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, F. C. A.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, A. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, R. M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vigario, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palma, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, F. C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Open-water swimming performance is influenced by environmental conditions and wetsuit use. However, little is known about how environmental variables affect ultramarathon performance and whether wetsuits modify these relationships. This study investigated associations between environmental variables and performance in an open-water ultramarathon, comparing swimmers with and without wetsuits. METHODS: Secondary data from 29 master swimmers who completed the 36-km Leme to Pontal Open-Water Swim were analyzed according to wetsuit use (n = 12) or non-use (n = 17). Group comparisons were performed using Student`s t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests with effect sizes, and network analysis was used to examine relationships among performance and environmental variables. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between groups (p > 0.05). However, swimmers using wetsuits presented lower total race time (598.8 ± 155.5 vs. 651.1 ± 148.2 min; d = 0.34), faster mean pace (1.7 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3 min·100 m*¹; d = 0.28), greater distance covered per hour (3642.8 ± 785.7 vs. 3440.0 ± 768.0 m; r = -0.15), and higher stroke rate (62.1 ± 6.3 vs. 57.8 ± 6.1 cycles·min*¹; d = 0.68) than non-wetsuit swimmers. Network analysis revealed greater connectivity between environmental and performance variables in the non-wetsuit group, whereas the wetsuit group exhibited stronger associations among performance variables. CONCLUSIONS: Although no significant differences were observed, wetsuit use was associated with favorable performance trends. Network analysis suggested greater environmental influence in non-wetsuit swimmers and stronger associations among performance variables in wetsuit users]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erste Ergebnisse zu Last-Geschwindigkeits-Profilen beim Delfinbeinschlag unter Wasser bei jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099485</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099485</guid>
      <author>Degenhardt, K. K.</author>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Holscher, J.</author>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Degenhardt, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holscher, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The underwater phase after the start and turns are relevant sections of a swimming race. During this phase, underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) is performed to generate propulsion and maintain speed. Expanding the UUS diagnostics to include a load-velocity-profile (LVP) could provide further information about individual performance. Until now, LVP have not yet been applied to UUS. Aim: The aim of this work is to develop LVP for UUS in youth swimmers and to examine the relationship with the 15 m UUS performance. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving young athletes from the national swimming association's squad system (n = 24 (10 females, 14 males); age: 16.5 ± 1.1 y). The swimmers performed UUS against three different loads and without additional load. The loads were applied using the electronic resistance device "1080 Sprint". The theoretical maximal velocity (V0), maximal absolute and relative load (L0, rel. L0) and the slope of the regression line were analysed from the LVP. Stroke cycle frequency was analysed from the raw data. Results: The individual load-velocity relationships showed a linear fit with an average R2 of 0.98 (0.88-1.00). The following average LVP parameters were obtained for the pooled sample: V0: 1.44 ± 0.21 m/s, L0: 10.12 ± 4.58 kg, rel. L0: 0.14 ± 0.05 kg/kg BW. The 15 m UUS performance was 7.82 ± 0.73 s. There were significant (p < .05) sex differences for these parameters. In the pooled sample, 15 m UUS performance showed significant negative correlations with V0 (-0.91; p < .001) and L0 (-0.74; p < .001). The correlations between 15 m UUS performance and LVP parameters were higher in male swimmers (V0: -0.88; p < .001; L0: -0.53; p = .05) than in female swimmers (V0: -0.22; p = .54; L0: -0.09; p = .81).  Conclusion: The initial results indicate that LVP can be applied to UUS and may provide relevant information of the UUS performance of youth swimmers. The high significant correlation between V0 and 15 m UUS performance in the pooled sample suggests that theoretical maximal velocity is closely related to UUS performance in a pooled sample. However, because sex differences were observed for all LVP parameters, future analyses should consider sex-specific interpretation of LVP outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beeinflussen Parameter der Zugasymmetrie die Leistung beim 50-, 100- und 200-m-Freistilschwimmen unterschiedlich?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099486</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099486</guid>
      <author>Djurovic, M.</author>
      <author>Gracanin, I.</author>
      <author>Trajkovic, N.</author>
      <author>Zoretic, D.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Djurovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gracanin, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trajkovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zoretic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Swimming stroke asymmetry represents a potential determinant of the generation of propulsive forces that affect the maintenance of swimming speed. Tethered-swimming has been a reliable test, which is highly correlated to the freestyle swimming speed. Tethered swimming can assess the propulsive forces generated in front crawl (i. e., left and right stroke), and it can be a helpful tool to measure freestyle stroke asymmetries. Aim: This study aimed to examine whether the influence of stroke asymmetry parameters (dominant and non-dominant arm peak force, mean force and asymmetry index) on performance differs across 50, 100, and 200 m freestyle swimming events (official results). Methods: Twenty international male swimmers (age, 15 ± 2 years; height, 1.72 ± 0.18 m; body mass, 61.23 ± 4.68 kg, 601 ± 63.3 World Aquatics points) volunteered to take part in this study. Swimming stroke asymmetry was tested by the method of tethered swimming (30 s maximal effort tethered front crawl swim; force-time data were sampled at 1*kHz). Results: Backward regression analysis shows a statistically significant influence of stroke asymmetry parameters on 50, 100, and 200 m freestyle swimming events (50 m: F = 25.99, p < .001; 100 m: F = 25.68, p <.001; 200 m: F = 15.04, p <.001) with high explanatory power (R² = 0.83-0.84). Mean peak force of the non-dominant arm was the strongest predictor across all distances (* = *0.79; * = *0.80; * = *1.15; p < 0.01) indicating that greater force was associated with better performance, as well as asymmetry index (* = .36, p = .003; * = .33, p = .006; * = .36, p = .010) indicating that greater asymmetry was associated to lower performance. Conclusions: We can conclude that greater stroke asymmetry is associated with slower results, as well as higher values of mean peak force of non-dominant arm stroke emerge as a key predictor across all distances]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Schulterschmerzen und Trainingsumfang bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099487</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099487</guid>
      <author>Herrmann, R. M.</author>
      <author>Martins, G. S.</author>
      <author>Rucinski, P. A.</author>
      <author>Santos, K. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Herrmann, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martins, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rucinski, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, K. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: In competitive swimming, a high incidence of shoulder pain resulting from the repetitive movements characteristic of the sport is observed. Aim: To investigate the relationship between weekly training volume and the incidence of shoulder joint pain in swimmers in the youth and junior categories. Additionally, the study sought to identify physical exercises adopted to prevent the onset of this pain. A qualitative-quantitative approach with a descriptive design was used. Methods: Twenty-seven swimmers, aged 15 - 19 years, who competed in the Paraná State Championship in Curitiba/Brazil, participated in the study. The research was conducted by measuring pain using the Numerical Pain Scale and a questionnaire on weekly training volume (determined by the coaches) and pain prevention practices. Results: The pain averaged 4.52 ± 2.24 points, and the weekly volume varied between 9 and 50 km (24 ± 13.61km). A weak to moderate, insignificant, negative correlation was observed between the variables (r = -0.30, p>0.05), suggesting no consistent relationship between total weekly swimming distance and shoulder pain. The most frequently reported preventive actions involved joint mobility exercises (51.9%), followed by weight training (11.1%) and combinations with other exercises, such as Pilates (3.7%) and physiotherapy (3.7%).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfteilnahme brasilianischer Spitzenschwimmer: eine deskriptive und retrospektive Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099488</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099488</guid>
      <author>Raposo, R. W.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, T.</author>
      <author>Paz, M.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, F.</author>
      <author>Tucher, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raposo, R. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paz, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucher, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Participation in competitive events is an strategy for the physical, technical, and psychological development of swimmers throughout their athletic development pathway. However, the characteristics, purpose, and frequency of competition should be appropriate to the swimmer`s stage of development and maturation. Aim: This study aimed to describe the frequency of participation in competitive events among Brazilian swimmers who reached national senior championship finals in the 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m freestyle events throughout their athletic development. The findings are expected to contribute to understanding these swimmers` competitive experiences and support discussions regarding the organization of competitive calendars during athlete development. Methods: Twenty-four high-level Brazilian swimmers completed an adapted version of the Sports Participation History Questionnaire. This instrument has been used in previous studies and underwent validity and reliability testing through a test-retest procedure. The questionnaire enabled the quantification of annual participation in competitive events (did not compete; 1-3 competitions; 4-6 competitions; or 7 or more competitions) throughout the athletes` developmental years. Age groups were organized according to the Brazilian competitive structure. Data were analyzed using descriptive cross-tabulation statistics. Results: At ages 6-8 years, most swimmers did not participate in competitions (41.7%). Among swimmers aged 9-10 years (37.5%), 11-12 years (45.8%), 13-14 years (66.7%), 15-16 years (79.2%), 17-19 years (87.5%), and 20 years or older (95.8%), the majority participated in seven or more competitive events per season. Conclusions: Brazilian swimmers who reached national senior championship finals demonstrated a high frequency of competitive participation throughout their athletic development. From ages 9-10 years onward, most swimmers participated in seven or more competitions annually, a pattern that remained consistent across subsequent age groups. Future studies should investigate the relationship between early competitive participation and long-term athlete development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trockentraining für die oberen und unteren Gliedmaßen: lokalisierte und nicht lokalisierte Effekte bei jungen Leistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099489</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099489</guid>
      <author>Arsoniadis, G.</author>
      <author>Tsoukos, A.</author>
      <author>Nikitakis, I.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arsoniadis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsoukos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikitakis, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Swimmers perform dryland muscular endurance (ME) sessions targeting upper or lower limbs before swimming sessions, potentially inducing localized or non-localized muscular fatigue. Aim: To examine the effects of ME applied with either the upper or lower limbs on subsequent sprint swimming performance using arms-only or legs-only swimming and physiological responses during whole-stroke submaximal swimming. Methods: Twelve competitive swimmers (15.1 ± 1.1 years) completed five experimental conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Swimmers performed a 20-minute ME session for the upper limbs (MEarm) or lower limbs (MEleg) before in-water testing, which included 2x50 m front crawl arms-only (SWarm; pullbuoy) or legs-only (SWleg; kickboard), followed by a 400 m front crawl at 94% of maximal speed. The conditions were: (a) MEarm-SWarm, (b) MEleg-SWleg, (c) MEleg-SWarm, (d) MEarm-SWleg, and (e) control (CON). Performance time, kinematics, blood lactate (BL), handgrip strength (HG), countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were assessed before and after sessions. A two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Performance time in the 2x50 m and 400 m tests (p = 0.72 - 0.82), kinematic variables (p = 0.91 - 0.99), and HG (p = 0.79) did not differ between conditions. BL was higher after dryland training in lower compared to upper limb sessions (9.3 ± 2.6 vs. 6.1 ± 1.8 mmol/l, p = 0.01). Compared to baseline, CMJ was decreased following MEarm, MEleg, and CON  (MEarm: 2.5 ± 3.5%, MEleg: 6.6 ± 4.6%, CON: 4.8 ± 3.1%, p = 0.01), while MBT increased following swimming (MEarm-Swarm: 1.4 ± 4.2%, 95%CI [-0.9, 3.8], MEleg-SWleg: 1.1 ± 6.4%, 95%CI [-2.5, 4.7], MEleg-Swarm: 1.5 ± 6.7%, 95%CI [-5.3, 2.3], MEarm-SWleg: 1.2 ± 5.9%, 95%CI [-2.1, 4.6], CON: 0.9 ± 3.2%, 95%CI [-2.8, 0.9], p = 0.04). Conclusions: Dryland ME sessions targeting the upper or lower limbs may be performed before a sprint swimming session in adolescent swimmers. However, these findings should be confirmed in other swimming populations]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines hochfrequenten Trockentrainings der oberen Extremitäten auf Leistung, muskuläres Gleichgewicht der Schultern und Kinematik im Sprintschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099490</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099490</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Papadopoulos, K.</author>
      <author>Arsoniadis, G.</author>
      <author>Paschalis, V.</author>
      <author>Donti, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papadopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsoniadis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paschalis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donti, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Stroke rate (SR) is a key determinant of swimming performance and may be influenced by shoulder muscular balance. Aim: To investigated whether a dryland training program focusing on high frequency arm swings could improve SR and performance, without affecting shoulder muscular balance. Methods: Twenty-eight swimmers (16.2±3.3 years) were randomly assigned into experimental (EXP, n=13, males n=5, females n=8) and control (CON, n=15, males n=9, females n=6) groups and participated in the same swimming training over a six-week period. Before and after the intervention, swimmers were assessed in: i) dryland upper-limb movement frequency (SRdry) during 2 × 10 s maximal trials, ii) a single 50-m sprint to record performance time (s50) and SR, iii) a series of 8-12×25 m front crawl repetitions with progressively increasing intensity to calculate the maximum speed (maxS) and maximum SR (maxSR). Isokinetic flexion-extension peak power ratio (PPR) was calculated in each upper limb, at 60o/s and 180o/s. In addition to swimming training the EXP group completed 2-3 weekly dryland sessions consisting of two sets of 10-20 s arm swings at 70-100% of individual SRdry. Results: SRdry was improved following the training period in both groups (EXP: 117.67±9.05 vs. 125.79±11.31, CON: 121.26±7.54 vs.123.70±11.74 cycles.min-1, p<0.01). However, s50, SR, maxS, maxSR and PPR of each upper limb were no different after training compared to baseline or between groups (s50, pre: 30.69±3.26, post: 30.62±3.21 s; maxSR, pre: 63.8±8.3, post: 64.6±7.7 cycles.min-1; PPR-average of both upper limbs, 60 o/s, pre: 0.81±0.17, post: 0.84±0.18, 180 o/s pre: 0.70±0.13, post: 0.69±0.13, p>0.05). Conclusions: While SRdry improved, no changes were observed in performance, SR, and shoulder muscular balance. While a six-week high-frequency dryland protocol appears ineffective for performance gains, it remains a safe implementation for shoulder muscular balance in competitive swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Analyse der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Schwimmen: 3-Minuten-Maximaltest und offizielle Zeiten über 100, 200 und 400 Meter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099491</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099491</guid>
      <author>Scussiatto, A. C.</author>
      <author>Del Vecchio, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scussiatto, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Vecchio, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Critical speed (CS) represents the asymptote of the speed-time relationship and is considered an estimate of the highest metabolic steady-state intensity. It is an important physiological parameter for training prescription in swimmers. Traditional determination requires multiple maximal trials, increasing testing time and athlete burden. The 3-minute all-out test (3MT) has been proposed as a practical single-session alternative to estimate CS. Aim: To evaluate whether the CS obtained from 100, 200, and 400 m performances corresponds to the CS derived from the 3MT. Methods: Fifteen adolescent competitive swimmers (16.0 ± 2.3 years; 6 males and 9 females) completed four testing sessions separated by 48 hours. Protocols included the 3MT and maximal 100, 200, and 400 m swimming tests. Time was recorded using electronic stopwatches and confirmed by video. CS was calculated as: (1) CS3MT, the mean speed during the final 30 s of the 3MT; and (2) the linear regression method using 100 m (72.0 ± 7.8 s), 200 m (163.8 ± 18.0 s), and 400 m (363.6 ± 37.2 s) performances. Statistical analyses included the Two One-Sided Test (TOST), Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: CS3MT was 1.09 ± 0.11 m·s*¹, whereas the linear regression method yielded 1.04 ± 0.12 m·s*¹. TOST indicated that the methods were not statistically equivalent (p = 0.44). The ICC was 0.46 (p = 0.026), indicating modest correlation. Bland-Altman analysis showed limits of agreement from *0.30 to +0.19 m·s*¹ and a systematic bias of *0.057 m·s*¹. Conclusions: CS derived from the 3MT was not equivalent to CS obtained from the distance-time model. The modest correlation and wide limits of agreement suggest caution when using these methods interchangeably for training prescription. CS3MT tended to provide slightly higher values than the traditional linear regression method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakterisierung von Schwimmtrainingseinheiten gemäß der Wahrnehmung von Trainern aus den Regionen Süd und Südost Brasiliens hinsichtlich der Intensität in der Vorwettkampfphase</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099492</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099492</guid>
      <author>Pereira, H. C.</author>
      <author>Veiga, R. S.</author>
      <author>Del Vecchio, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, H. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Vecchio, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: In swimming, training intensity is a fundamental component for the organization, distribution, and monitoring of training load throughout the training process. From a scientific perspective, its characterization stems from the need to induce physiological adaptations (metabolic and neuromuscular), which generally require 4 to 12 weeks to produce meaningful training-related changes. Aim: To characterize the distribution of swimming training session intensity during the pre-competitive period, based on the perception of coaches from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional observational descriptive study involved 29 male swimming coaches competing at the national level from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. These regions were included because coaches from other regions did not respond to the survey invitation. Data were collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire (Google Forms) containing open and closed ended questions regarding training organization during a typical 15-week period preceding the main competition of the season. This time frame was established based on previous scientific literature employing similar observation windows. Coaches retrospectively characterized the intensity of their own training sessions throughout the 15-week pre-competitive period. Therefore, the study did not aim to examine the effects of these training practices on athletes performance in the subsequent competition. Both in-water physical conditioning sessions and land-based strength training sessions were considered. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee with Human Beings of the Federal University of Pelotas (Protocol. 82402924.1.0000.5313). Coaches quantified session intensity using the 10-point Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, which was already part of their regular coaching practice. Weekly frequencies of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity sessions were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey`s post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A significant difference was identified among session frequencies (F = 9.85; p < 0.001). Coaches reported 2 ± 1 low-intensity sessions per week (RPE * 4 AU), 3 ± 1 moderate-intensity sessions (RPE 5-6 AU), and 3 ± 1 high-intensity sessions (RPE * 7 AU). The frequency of low-intensity sessions was significantly lower than that of both moderate- and high-intensity sessions (p < 0.005). Conclusions: There is a predominance of moderate and high-intensity sessions during the pre-competitive period, which may be related to the distribution of training load during this specific phase of training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von drei Protokollen für hochbelastendes Krafttraining auf die 25-m-Freistil-Leistung bei College-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099493</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099493</guid>
      <author>Tonomura, S.</author>
      <author>Suito, H.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Moriyama, S.-I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tonomura, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suito, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moriyama, S.-I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Conditioning activities such as high-load resistance exercise (RE) are sometimes used with the aim of acutely and temporarily enhancing subsequent sports performance in the context of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE)-informed warm-up strategies. However, although such effects have been reported in land-based movements, findings in swimming remain inconsistent. Aim: This study aimed to examine the acute effects of three RE-based warm-up protocols on short-distance swimming performance. Methods: Fifteen male collegiate swimmers completed four conditions: tube pulling on land, band-resisted squats, medicine ball slams, and a no-exercise control condition. Each RE protocol consisted of three 10-second sets with 1 minute of rest between sets. After 8 minutes of rest, participants performed a maximal 25-m front-crawl swimming trial. Outcome variables, calculated from GoPro video recordings, were 25-m front-crawl swim time, 15-m and 20-m split times, start variables including block time (s), hand-release time (s), flight distance (m), take-off speed (m/s), horizontal take-off velocity (m/s), and average horizontal flight velocity (m/s), and stroke variables, including stroke frequency (Hz), stroke length (m/stroke), and index of coordination (%). A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted for each variable, with the significance level set at 5%. Results: No significant main effects of condition were observed for 25-m time, split times, start variables, and stroke variables. However, descriptive individual responses suggested that some participants showed reduced swim times under specific RE conditions. Conclusions: The three RE protocols did not significantly improve 25-m front-crawl swimming performance on average, but descriptive individual, condition-specific responses suggest that the optimal PAPE-informed high-load warm-up protocol may differ among swimmers. These findings should not be interpreted as evidence that potentiation was induced.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Blutflussrestriktionsdruck moduliert die neuromuskuläre Aktivierung und die Wahrnehmungsreaktionen, ohne die Leistungsabgabe zu beeinträchtigen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099494</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099494</guid>
      <author>Lisboa, F. D.</author>
      <author>Pereira, K. L.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, A. S.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Durchblutung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lisboa, F. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-intensity endurance exercise has been proposed as an effective strategy to induce neuromuscular and perceptual stress with reduced mechanical load. However, the acute effects of different BFR pressures, particularly at or above arterial occlusion pressure (AOP), on neuromuscular activation, perceptual responses, and performance remain unclear. Aim: To investigate the acute effects of increasing BFR pressures on electromyographic activity, perceptual responses, and maximal power output during low-intensity interval swim ergometer exercise. Materials and Methods: Eleven trained swimmers completed five interval training sessions at lactate threshold intensity under different BFR conditions applied to the upper limbs: 0%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of AOP. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi, and root mean square (RMS) values were analyzed. Perceptual responses included rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain (VAS). Maximal power (PMAX) was assessed pre- and post-exercise using a 5-second maximal effort test on a swim ergometer. Results: Increasing BFR pressure significantly elevated perceptual responses. RPE was higher in all BFR conditions compared to control, with the greatest values observed at 140% AOP. Pain perception increased progressively with pressure, with 100%, 120%, and 140% AOP showing significantly higher values than lower pressures. EMG results demonstrated a reduction in triceps brachii RMS during the second set at 100%, 120%, and 140% AOP, while latissimus dorsi activity remained unchanged across conditions. No significant differences were observed in maximal power output either within or between conditions. Conclusions: Higher BFR pressures increase perceptual strain and reduce neuromuscular activation in the occluded muscle without impairing maximal power output. Among the tested conditions, 100% AOP appears to provide a balance between neuromuscular stress and tolerability, while supramaximal pressures further increase discomfort without additional performance impairment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Kraft- und Ausdauertraining auf die Schwimmleistung von Nicht-Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099495</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099495</guid>
      <author>Prado, A. K. G.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, A. S.</author>
      <author>Francisco, P. S.</author>
      <author>Alves, J. C.</author>
      <author>Masiero, M. P. B.</author>
      <author>Schmidt, E.</author>
      <author>Raguse, G. C.</author>
      <author>Kruel, L. F. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prado, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Francisco, P. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Masiero, M. P. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raguse, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kruel, L. F. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Little is known regarding the effects of adding strength training into swimming training (ST) programs on swimming performance of recreational swimmers. Aim: To analyze the effects of ST and combined strength and ST (CT) on the swimming performance of adults (*18 years). Methods: Twenty-five subjects of both sexes, with previous swimming experience, but who had not participated in regular swimming training for at least three months prior to the intervention, were randomly assigned into two groups: ST (n=14; 34.5 ± 9.8 years) and CT (n=11; 30.71 ± 9.38 years). The intervention period lasted 12 weeks, three times per week. In each ST session, participants performed as many 100-m repetitions possible within 30-minute period. Throughout four mesocycles, intensity increased progressively from 80-85% to 95-100% of critical velocity, while recovery interval between repetitions decreased from 30 to 15 s. In the CT group, the ST was performed immediately following the strength training session. The strength protocol involved eight exercises targeting major muscle groups (back, biceps, quadriceps, chest, hamstrings, triceps, and shoulders), consisting of 2-3 sets of 18-20 maximum repetitions in the initial weeks and 6-8 maximum repetitions in the final weeks. The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (CAAE: 42981315.7.0000.5347). To compare the different training types (independent) on the dependent variables [Total time (TT), Stroke Frequency (SF) and Stroke Length (SL)], generalized mixed models were used. Results: A significant reduction (p<0.001) in TT was observed across 25, 50, and 100 m, with no significant difference between the groups. Observed reductions to the 25 m were: ST 10.61% and CT 11.29%; 50 m: ST 8.63% and CT 13.40%; and 100 m: ST 11.11% and CT 17.38%. Significant increases (p<0.005) in SF (ranging from 13.43% to 16.73%) were observed at 50 and 100 m for both groups. The SL was not affected by either training modality. Conclusions: Strength training did not provide additional improvements beyond ST alone]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Protokoll zum Paddeln am Zugseil zur Beurteilung der Ausdauerfitness bei Surfern: Validierung anhand eines 400-m-Tests</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099496</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099496</guid>
      <author>Raimundo, J. A. G.</author>
      <author>Corvino, R. B.</author>
      <author>Schiochet, R. P.</author>
      <author>Silva, L. M.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, I. C.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corvino, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schiochet, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, I. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: When sea conditions are not suitable for surfing, training paddling-specific endurance fitness becomes challenging. Traditional approaches require large pools, limiting their applicability. In this context, tethered paddling in small residential pools may provide a practical alternative for evaluation and training. Aim: To propose a new protocol to assess paddling-specific aerobic fitness and to validate it against a commonly used 400 m paddling test. Methods: Seven recreational surfers (five men and two women; 29 ± 10 years) completed: familiarization, 400 m paddling time trial, and tethered incremental test based on a lactate minimum protocol in randomized order. Tests were performed in a 25 m pool. The 400 m test consisted of a 5 min warm-up followed by a maximal effort. For the lactate minimum protocol, participants performed a 30 s maximal effort (adapted Wingate), with blood lactate measured during recovery. After 8 min, an incremental tethered paddling test started at 30% of the final force, with 10% increments every 2 min and 45 s intervals between stages for blood sampling. Tethered paddling used elastic cords and a load cell. Lactate minimum force was determined by polynomial fitting, and maximal endurance force as the highest intensity reached during incremental test. Pearson correlations assessed relationships. Results: The 400 m performance was 422 ± 62 s. Maximal endurance force and lactate minimum force were 58.2 ± 19.3 N and 40.7 ± 14.9 N, respectively. Very large negative correlations were observed between 400 m performance and maximal endurance (r = -0.96) and lactate minimum force (r = -0.93). Conclusions: The tethered protocol showed strong associations with 400 m performance, supporting its use as a practical alternative to assess aerobic fitness in surfers. This approach allows sport-specific evaluation in limited spaces, facilitating monitoring and training prescription. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einsatz von Schwimmanzügen in Jugendklassen: Steigerung der sportlichen Leistung oder Förderung der Schwimmkultur?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099497</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099497</guid>
      <author>Chaves Junior, M. A.</author>
      <author>Amaral, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, L. R.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, G. H.</author>
      <author>Souza, G. P.</author>
      <author>Chaves, A. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chaves Junior, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Amaral, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, G. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Souza, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaves, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Competitive swimwear encompasses multiple characteristics that extend beyond the optimization of athletic performance, incorporating cultural elements of the sport and symbolizing the athlete`s affiliation with a particular social group. Aim: This study aimed to examine the perspectives of youth swimming coaches regarding the factors that lead young swimmers to adopt technological swimsuits. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 swimming coaches working with children`s and youth categories, including 3 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 35 ± 12 years. The average duration of experience in competitive swimming was 12 ± 8.16 years. Data were collected through online interviews, and the responses were analyzed using the Content Analysis method. Results: The results found show that 6 coaches identified "performance" and 4 identified "the influence of other swimmers" as the main reasons for the use of technological swimsuits. They further reported that the use of these garments promotes a sense of "empowerment" (n = 4), although without adequate "training" (n = 3), no substantial advantages are observed. Additionally, the suits were perceived to contribute to "performance" (n = 2) through drag reduction and, in some cases, to provide benefits primarily in the "psychological" domain (n = 1). Regarding purchasing criteria, "cost" (n = 3) and "brand" (n = 2) were the most frequently cited factors. All participants indicated that the competitive environment significantly influences the desire to use such suits. Notably, one coach highlighted that athletes who do not possess them may feel at a disadvantage compared to their peers, even when better prepared physically and psychologically. Conclusions: The results suggest that the use of technological suits in youth swimming is influenced by perceived performance, peer influence, and the competitive context, indicating that their adoption involves technical, psychological, and sociocultural aspects beyond the pursuit of performance improvements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung einer Übung zum Erleben des Auftriebs von Schwimmwesten in der Wassersicherheitserziehung an Flüssen: eine Untersuchung auf der Grundlage der Schutzmotivationstheorie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099498</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099498</guid>
      <author>Inagaki, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inagaki, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Drowning prevention education has often relied on fear appeals. However, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) suggests that protective behavior is determined by two cognitive pathways: Threat Appraisal (fear, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility) and Coping Appraisal (perceived response efficacy and self-efficacy). From a PMT perspective, effective safety education should strengthen coping processes in addition to raising threat awareness. This study examined whether incorporating a life jacket buoyancy experience into inquiry-based river safety education differentially influences PMT constructs. METHODS:  Participants were first-year Japanese junior high school students (Grade 7) who attended a river-based safety lesson as part of their school curriculum. Students engaged in group-based inquiry activities in which they predicted and investigated river characteristics, including water depth, flow velocity, water temperature, and riverbed conditions, through direct observation and measurement. One cohort (2025) received inquiry-based learning combined with a structured life jacket floating experience (Experience group, n = 34), whereas the previous cohort (2024) received the same inquiry-based lesson without the floating activity (Inquiry-only group, n = 48). Self-report measures corresponding to PMT variables were collected at three time points: before the lesson (Pre), immediately after (Post 1), and 100 days later (Post 2). A 2 (instructional condition) × 3 (time) mixed-design ANOVA was conducted. RESULTS: Significant main effects of time were found for fear and perceived susceptibility, indicating short-term increases after the lesson. However, these effects diminished over time and did not differ by instructional condition. In contrast, perceived response efficacy showed a significant interaction between condition and time, suggesting that the buoyancy experience selectively strengthened coping-related cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide theoretical support for PMT-informed safety education that emphasizes coping appraisal rather than relying primarily on fear arousal. Threat-related cognitions increased immediately after the lesson but were less clearly maintained after 100 days, suggesting that coping-related cognition may play an important role in supporting longer-term safety awareness]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysik bei der Beurteilung der Wasserkompetenz: ein Scoping Review zu bestehenden Instrumenten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099499</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099499</guid>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, M. M.</author>
      <author>Gomes, N. L. S. O.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, A. C.</author>
      <author>Neto, C. B. S.</author>
      <author>Jesus, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, N. L. S. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neto, C. B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aquatic competence is a multidimensional construct that extends beyond swimming skills and plays a central role in drowning prevention. Aquatic performance is shaped by biomechanical, energetic, and hydrodynamic interactions that determine body-water interaction and movement efficiency. Although several aquatic competence assessment instruments have been developed, there is limited clarity regarding how biophysical aspects are incorporated into these tools. This scoping review aimed to describe how instruments incorporate biophysical indicators related to performance in aquatic environments. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI Collaboration guidelines and reported following the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. Searches were performed across eight international databases and two sources of grey literature. Studies involving children and adolescents (approximately 5-15 years) assessed using instruments of real or perceived aquatic competence were included. Data extraction focused on assessed contexts and dimensions, instrument general characteristics, and biophysical indicators. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were included. Most instruments (80.0%; 36/45) were applied in controlled pool environments, whereas only 20.0% (9/45) included assessments conducted in natural aquatic settings or comparative designs. Biophysical aspects were primarily represented indirectly through task demands rather than through direct biomechanical or physiological measurements. Environmental variables such as temperature, depth, and current were infrequently incorporated, with limited use of assessments conducted in natural aquatic environments. CONCLUSIONS: Existing instruments mainly incorporate biophysical elements as functional manifestations of body-water interaction, with limited integration of environmental and hydrodynamic constraints. The predominance of controlled settings suggests restricted ecological validity for natural aquatic environments, indicating the need for assessment approaches that better integrate biophysical and contextual factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen zunehmender Komplexität auf Selbstrettungsfähigkeiten: Ein Weg vom Babyschwimmen bis zum Fortgeschrittenenniveau</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099500</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099500</guid>
      <author>Madureira, F.</author>
      <author>Marchetti, A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, B.</author>
      <author>Trindade, A.</author>
      <author>Lima, W. U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madureira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marchetti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trindade, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, W. U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The swimming instructor is the greatest barrier to protection against childhood drowning, and among their potential are: I- daily and systematic contact with guardians, reverberating knowledge to raise awareness of prevention mechanisms; II- teaching reactive skills (cognitive and motor) of action and prevention; III- conducting interventions such as practical and theoretical events - lectures, which favor the multiplication of information through awareness of other layers of the guardians' family members - uncles, grandparents, etc. However, it is the intervention program that guides the professional in empowering the learner at different swimming levels to acquire reactive drowning skills with progressive and specific degrees of complexity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of a program on learning reactive skills for the prevention of childhood drowning at five swimming levels; to detect the magnitudes of the program's effects at each swimming level; to analyze the frequency of domains in each of the five sub-skills at each level. METHODOLOGY: The results of 5,427 children were analyzed, including 1,016 babies_3; 2,001 at the adaptation level, 1,467 at the initiation level, 719 at the improvement_1 level, and 224 at the improvement_2 level, all participants for more than one year in a swimming program - Gustavo Borges Methodology, applied in 380 educational institutions in Brazil. Each swimming level consisted of five distinct reactive sub-skills related to drowning prevention, distributed in the pedagogical calendar with different practice frequencies managed according to the magnitudes of the learners' domains. The time interval between the pre- and post-condition was six months. In each of the levels, the following skills were determined: babies_3 Jumps and swimming with clothes; Adapted - Combined movements and swimming with clothes (5); Introductory - Aquatic Safety, activities with clothes (5); Impr_1 - Aquatic Self-Competence with clothes (5) and Impr_2 - Collective Aquatic Competence with clothes and socks (5). After confirming the normality of the data through the Shapiro-Wilks test, the Student's t-test for paired measures was chosen in the analysis of the program's effect on the investigated sub-skills. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the intervention program proved efficient for the acquisition of reactive skills with varying degrees of complexity at different swimming levels, and the skills with inter-level complexity progression appear to have allowed for progressive and consistent domain development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine integrierte Untersuchung von Reifung und Leistung bei der Identifizierung motorischer Talente im Jugendwasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099501</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099501</guid>
      <author>Vasques, D. M.</author>
      <author>Paixao, D. A.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <author>Aguiar, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vasques, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paixao, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aguiar, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Talent identification in youth water polo is complex, with traditional methods often neglecting biological maturation, leading to biases. This research proposed an innovative methodological framework for a more equitable and evidence-based talent identification, moving beyond chronological age. Aim: To investigate the interrelationship among anthropometric variables, biological maturation status (PEAK HEIGHT VELOCITY - PHV), and multiple motor performance parameters, applying Network Analysis to unravel the systemic structure of talent in youth water polo, comparing age categories and enhancing identification strategies. Methods: Sixty-nine male water polo athletes (U12, U14, U16) underwent a set of assessments, including anthropometric measurements, maturational status (PHV), and sport-specific motor performance tests (HGS, UHV, VJ, AGIL, TS, TA, MSST). These tests are crucial for evaluating strength (HGS), explosiveness (UHV, VJ), agility (AGIL), throwing speed (TS), tactical awareness (TA), and overall motor skills (MSST). Comparative analyses (ANOVA/ANCOVA) and Network Analysis (Machine Learning) were employed to contrast categories and map interconnections. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, revised in 2013) and was approved by the research ethics committee (36758920.3.0000.5347). Results: PHV directly influenced anthropometric parameters and motor performance, acting as a crucial confounding factor, especially in U12 and U14. Significant differences were observed among categories, with U16 generally showing higher values in anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength (HGS), and throwing velocity (TS). For instance, U16 athletes had an average height of 178.4 cm and a TS of 19.03 m/s, compared to U12 athletes, who had an average height of 155.5 cm and a TS of 12.98 m/s. However, when controlling for PHV, skills such as HGS, VJ, AGIL, and TA became more homogeneous across groups. Network Analysis identified throwing velocity (TS) and PHV as variables of high centrality, highlighting their importance in the interconnected structure of talent. Conclusions: This investigation provides a deeper understanding of how biological maturation and an integrated approach of multiple performance parameters, combined with systemic analyses, are fundamental for accurate and fair talent identification in water polo. It reinforces the need for individualized, maturation-adapted development programs, aiming for sustainable athlete growth.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Festlegung normativer Referenzwerte für die Bewertung taktischer Fähigkeiten im Wasserball mit TACSIS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099502</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099502</guid>
      <author>Paixao, D. A.</author>
      <author>Vasques, D. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>taktische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Paixao, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasques, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Tactical skills are a key determinant of performance in water polo, a sport requiring rapid perception, decision-making, and execution. Although a validated instrument exists to assess these skills, the absence of sport-specific normative benchmarks limits the interpretation and applied use of tactical assessment outcomes. Aim: To develop a normative classification for tactical skills in water polo by establishing percentile-based cut-off points using the Tactical Skills Inventory for Sports (TACSIS). This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, revised in 2013) and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (65204422.3.0000.5347). Methods: A total of 182 water polo players (16.7 ± 4.6 years old) from different competitive categories participated in the study (U16, n = 92; U18, n = 35; Adult, n = 55). Tactical skills were assessed using the water polo-specific adapted and validated version of the TACSIS, comprising 34 items across four domains: positioning and deciding, acting in changing situations, knowing about ball actions, and knowing about others. Players completed a self-assessment using a six-point Likert scale, anchored according to item characteristics. Percentile cut-off points (20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th) were calculated and used to define five normative categories: Learning (<20th), Developing (20th-40th), Good (41st-60th), Very Good (61st-80th), and Excellent (>80th). Results: The established thresholds were determined for each category: Learning * 3.9 (3.4 ± 1.1; CI: 3.3-3.5); Developing 4.0-4.3 (4.1 ± 0.4; CI: 4.1-4.2); Good 4.4-4.7 (4.5 ± 0.1; CI: 4.5-4.6); Very Good 4.8-5.1 (4.9 ± 0.0; CI: 4.9-5.0); and Excellent 5.2-6.0 (5.4 ± 0.7; CI: 5.3-5.5). Conclusions: The proposed normative classification provides evidence-based reference values for tactical skill assessment in water polo, supporting talent identification, player development, individualized training, and longitudinal monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hängt deklaratives taktisches Wissen im Wasserball vom Alter ab?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099503</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099503</guid>
      <author>Paixao, D. A.</author>
      <author>Vasques, D. M.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>taktische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Paixao, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasques, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Normative classifications facilitate the interpretation of tactical skill assessments by providing reference values for performance-related constructs. During adolescence, chronological age may not fully reflect developmental status, given substantial inter-individual variability in cognitive and perceptual maturation. Aim: To verify if there is an association between declarative tactical knowledge levels and age groups. Methods: This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (1975, revised in 2013) and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (65204422.3.0000.5347). A total of 182 water polo players (16.7 ± 4.6 years) U14 (n = 47), U16 (n = 67), U18 (n = 34), U20 (n = 11), and Adult (n = 23) age categories participated in the study. Tactical skills were assessed using the water polo-specific version of the Tactical Skills Inventory for Sports (TACSIS). Based on previously established percentile cut-off points, players were classified into five normative categories: Learning, Developing, Good, Very Good, and Excellent. To verify the association between age categories and declarative tactical knowledge categories, a chi-square test (5 X 5) was applied, with alpha < 0.05. Results: A significant association was found between the variables (chi-square = 32.85; p = 0.008). That is, the older the individual, the higher the expected knowledge. Conclusions: In water polo, as players get older, they likely acquire more practical experience (matches and training) which leads to a greater mastery of tactical knowledge. Furthermore, normative classification appears to be appropriate when analyzing age groups.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Auswirkungen des Aufwärmens auf die Leistung und die Erholung nach dem Training bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099504</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099504</guid>
      <author>Dias, J. N. A.</author>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Fail, L. O. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dias, J. N. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. O. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sex-specific recovery responses following high-intensity intermittent exercise in aquatic sports remain poorly understood. Warm-up configuration may differentially influence performance and post-exercise autonomic and metabolic recovery. Aim: To compare performance and post-exercise physiological responses between male and female water polo players following dryland (DL), in-water (IN), and combined (integration of both protocols) warm-ups. Methods: Twenty international-level water polo players (10 males: 22.4 ± 3.5 years; 10 females: 21.0 ± 2.0 years) completed three randomized warm-up conditions, each lasting approximately 20 minutes. The warm-ups included phases of activation (e.g., shoulder and hip mobility; 200m mixed swimming), specific preparation (e.g., squats and lunges; eggbeater kicking, technical drills, and 1vs1 situations), and final preparation (e.g., burpees; passing and shooting exercises). Each condition was followed by a Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST). Performance (distance covered), tympanic temperature, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La*]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed 5 min post-test. Results: In females, combined increased performance (315.0 ± 142.1m) compared to DL (241.5 ± 93.9m; p=0.02; d=0.90; *=73.5m) and IN (259.5 ± 111.4m; p=0.04; d=0.75; *=55.5m). HR was lower after combined (84.5 ± 8.4 bpm) vs. DL (92.0 ± 6.7bpm; p<0.001; d=1.52; *=*7.5 bpm). RPE showed a moderate reduction vs. IN (p=0.068; d=0.66; *=*0.9). In males, DL reduced performance vs IN (p<0.001; d=2.00; *=105m) and combined (p<0.001; d=1.53; *=132m), with no physiological differences across protocols. Conclusions: Combined enhances performance in both sexes, but only female athletes show lower HR and RPE with this warm-up strategy, suggesting that physiological, thermoregulatory, or anthropometric factors may contribute to cardiovascular efficiency and effort perception among female athletes. From a practical perspective, it is important to consider combined warm-up for elite female and male water polo athletes before competition. Future research should investigate the physiological mechanisms underlying these differences and the potential benefits of individualized warm-up strategies in elite water polo athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Aufwärmstrategien im Wasser und kombinierten Aufwärmstrategien auf physiologische Reaktionen und Leistung bei Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099505</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099505</guid>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Dias, J. N. A.</author>
      <author>Fail, L. O. B.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dias, J. N. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fail, L. O. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Warm-up strategies are widely used to enhance performance in aquatic sports, particularly in intermittent activities such as water polo, where rapid physiological readiness is required before exercise. Although combined warm-up approaches are frequently recommended, it remains unclear whether the greater physiological activation induced by these strategies translates into superior subsequent performance. Aim: To compare the physiological responses induced by in-water (IN) and combined warm-up strategies, and to determine whether these responses influence subsequent intermittent swimming performance in elite male water polo players. Methods: Ten international-level male water polo players completed two randomized warm-up conditions separated by 48 h. Both protocols lasted approximately 20 min and included mobility, activation, and water polo-specific exercises, while combined additionally incorporated dryland strength activation exercises. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La*]) were assessed 5 min post-warm-up and 5 min following a Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST). Performance outcomes were determined by total distance covered and mean swimming velocity. Comparisons were conducted using paired t-tests with Cohen`s d, with significance set at p * 0.05. Results: No significant differences were observed between warm-up conditions in total distance covered (p=0.381, ES=0.29) and mean swimming velocity (1.42 ± 0.05 vs 1.43 ± 0.05 m·s*¹; p=0.302, ES=0.35). However, combined elicited higher physiological activation 5 min post-warm-up than IN, reflected by greater HR (p=0.034, ES=0.78) and [La*] (p=0.031, ES=0.82). Conversely, no significant differences were found 5 min post-WIST for HR (p=0.270, ES=0.37) or [La*] (p=0.969, ES=0.01). Conclusions: Combined induces greater physiological activation before exercise, as demonstrated by higher HR and [La*]. However, these responses do not seem to lead in improved performance or post-exercise physiological outcomes. The similar physiological responses observed following performance test may suggest that both warm-up strategies can adequately prepare athletes for subsequent high-intensity intermittent exercise. Thus, coaches can choose between different strategies according to logistical constraints and competition demands. While combined may be advantageous for maximizing pre-exercise physiological readiness, future studies should investigate whether these responses vary based on competitive level, sex, or specific match demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelkontraktionseigenschaften und ihr Zusammenhang mit der Schussgeschwindigkeit bei Elite- und Sub-Elite-Wasserballspielern, gemessen mittels Tensiomyographie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099506</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099506</guid>
      <author>Zoretic, D.</author>
      <author>Samardzic, T. S.</author>
      <author>Djurovic, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoretic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samardzic, T. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Djurovic, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Water polo performance depends on efficient neuromuscular coordination and biomechanical interaction within the kinetic chain, where muscle contractile properties play an important role in force production and transfer during shooting. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine differences in muscle contractile properties between elite and sub-elite water polo players and to examine their relationship with 5-meter shot velocity. Methods: The sample consisted of 22 male water polo players from the same club, divided into elite (n=12; *19 years) and sub-elite (n=10; 16-19 years) groups. Contractile properties of 11 muscles were assessed using tensiomyography, including contraction time, delay time, sustain time, relaxation time, maximal displacement, and symmetry. Shot velocity was measured in a swimming pool using a radar device. Differences between groups were analysed using t-tests, while relationships were examined using correlation analysis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb (approval number: 31/2025). Results: Statistically significant differences were found between elite and sub-elite water polo players in several tensiomyographic parameters, particularly in contraction time (Tc), with sub-elite players showing shorter reaction times in most upper-body muscles. Elite players achieved significantly higher shot velocity than sub-elite players (77.41 ± 3.32 vs. 72.24 ± 4.63 km/h; mean difference = 5.17 km/h, corresponding to 7.16%; 95% confidence interval = 1.46-8.88; p = 0.006; Cohen`s d = 1.30, large effect). Statistically significant correlations were found between shot velocity and parameters of m. deltoideus anterior (r = -0.464), m. deltoideus posterior (r = 0.570-0.610), m. erector spinae (r = 0.424-0.559), m. gastrocnemius medialis (r = 0.434), m. latissimus dorsi (r = -0.457-0.664), m. pectoralis major (r = 0.437), m. rectus abdominis (r = -0.495 to 0.473), m. tibialis anterior (r = 0.441), and m. triceps brachii (r = 0.509), with the highest number of significant associations observed for m. erector spinae. Conclusions: Muscle contractile properties are significantly related to shot velocity in water polo. Neuromuscular efficiency and coordination of the kinetic chain are key factors in shooting performance, and tensiomyography represents a valuable tool for performance assessment and training optimization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanischer deskriptiver Ansatz im Wasserspringen: 1-m-Kunstspringen der Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099507</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099507</guid>
      <author>Peterson-Silveira, R.</author>
      <author>Carrara, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peterson-Silveira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrara, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Diving rules determine that each one of the five groups of movements must be performed in competitions: forward, back, reverse, inward and twisting. Aim: To verify the dive group distribution of women`s 1-meter springboard. Methods: Videos and results from the 2025 World Aquatics Championship were analysed. Five dives from each of the 12 finalists performed a total of 60 dives. Results: The dives more present inside each group were: Forward 2½ Somersaults pike (92%), Back 1½ Somersaults pike (100%), Reverse 1½ Somersaults pike (50%) and Reverse 2½ Somersaults tuck (50%), Inward 1½ Somersaults pike (83%) and Reverse 1½ Somersaults 1½ Twists free (75%). None inward or backward twisting where found. Backward rotations were performed more (Back + reverse = 55%) than Forward rotations (Forward + inward = 45%). Predominant body pike (66%), followed by free (18%) and tuck position (15%) were found. Pike position causes the diver to rotate more slowly than in the tuck position, leading to improved control of water entry. Moreover, divers can adjust their somersault rotation speed while airborne by changing their body shape, which includes transitioning from a piked or tucked posture, to maximise air time and control distance for a smooth water entry. While the tuck is faster for spinning, the pike often allows a diver to slow down their rotation slightly better, making it easier to see the water and align for a more precise, vertical entry with a smaller splash. Divers are more limited in the number of somersaults and dive position in reverse dives than in forward dives. Conclusions: A small variation of dives found makes them representative for specific dive research. Also, dive types performed by finalists may help coaches to guide their work through divers` development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute kardiorespiratorische Reaktionen auf eine Intervall-Wassergymnastik-Einheit: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:34:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099508</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4099508</guid>
      <author>Faganello, M. P.</author>
      <author>Alves, L. L.</author>
      <author>Capellari, L.</author>
      <author>Delevatti, R. S.</author>
      <author>Santos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J. O.</author>
      <author>Martinez, F. G.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Faganello, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, L. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Capellari, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delevatti, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, F. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Aquatic exercise, particularly water aerobics, is widely used to promote health and physical fitness due to its capacity to induce important physiological responses. However, evidence describing cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during a full interval water aerobics session remains limited. OBJECTIVE: To characterize cardiorespiratory responses and energy expenditure during an interval water aerobics session in young adults. METHODS: This pilot, descriptive cross-sectional study included three physically active young women (27.33 ± 10.12 years). Participants completed a 30 minute interval water aerobics session with alternating intensities based on perceived exertion. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO*) were continuously measured using an optical heart rate sensor and a portable gas analyzer, respectively. Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated from VO*. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: The session elicited an average HR of 128.86 ± 6.83 bpm and peak HR of 161 ± 9 bpm (68.37 ± 6.02% of HRmax). The average metabolic demand was 6.55 ± 0.37 METs, indicating moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Mean EE was 7.61 ± 0.94 kcal·min*¹, with a total EE of 254.28 ± 33.03 kcal. All physiological variables increased compared to rest and followed the interval structure of the session. CONCLUSION: An interval water aerobics program seems to promote relevant cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses, supporting its effectiveness as a strategy to improve fitness and increase energy expenditure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
