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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich subjektiver und objektiver Methoden der Bestimmung der Armzugphasen zur Analyse der Koordination der Arme beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037352</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037352</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y.</author>
      <author>Carter, M.</author>
      <author>Rourard, A.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rourard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the subjective method of determination of the arm stroke phases in front crawl 1) by studying the influence of the expertise level of the operator, and 2) by comparing the phases results deter-mined subjectively by an operator with data obtained from a digitizing process. These two methods were used to calculate an index of coordination (IdC) based on phases durations. The IdC values assessed by the novice operators were higher than those of the expert operators, due to a higher of the pull phase and to a smaller catch phase. Smaller Standard deviations of IdC were observed for experts compared to novices indicating a greater reproducibility in the phases determination. No significant differences of stroke phases and IdC were observed between the results obtained from the expert operators and the digitising process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsunterstütztes Schwimmtraining bei Nachwuchs-Freistlilschwimmern mit Zweier- und mit Sechserbeinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037353</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037353</guid>
      <author>Pretto, L.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>de Oliveira, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pretto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Oliveira, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to verify the effects of an assisted velocity training (AVT) on stroke rate (SR) and time to perform 25 m in front crawl stroke with 2 and 6 beats kicks in age group front crawl swimmers. Ten swimmers (13 to 15 years old) allocated in group 2 beats (TB; n = 5) and group 6 beats (SB; n = 5) performed, before and after 6 weeks of training, a 25 m maximal effort in front crawl. First 5 stroke cycles, after 10m, were recorded manually, to obtain SR and time to perform the 25 m. AVT was applied twice a week. It consisted of 8 trials of 20 m (1 min rest). A 7 m length and 203 mm thickness rubber band was fixed to the pool edge and to a belt around the swimmer's waist. Subjects were towed by the coach into the 20 m to perform back in high assisted velocity. Results showed increased values just on SR for TB after the AVT. This increase in SR values has not affected the time to perform the 25 m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Start im Brustschwimmern bei Spitzenschwimmern: Kinematische und koordinative Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037355</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037355</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Payen, V.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payen, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study used a video camera to compare the kinematics and coordination of the grab Start in one international and eight national breaststroke swimmers at the 100-m pace. The kinematical analysis assessed the durations of leave block, flight, entry and glide, pull-out phases, and the swim up to 15 m. The coordination analysis assessed the time spent with the arm close to the thigh after a complete arm pull-push and the time gap between the end of the arm recovery and the beginning of the leg propulsion. The international swimmer had a shorter 15-m start time than the national swimmers, which was explained by a shorter swim phase, more time in the underwater phase and more time with the arm close to the thigh after the pull-push of the arms. The whole population showed a superposition of two contradictory phases: leg propulsion began whereas the arms were not extended forward because their recovery was not finished]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der durch jedes Körperteil erzeugten Schübe beim Unterwasser-Delphinbeinschlag mittels "SWUM"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037356</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037356</guid>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is important to understand the dynamics of the entire human body during swimming, but measurement of the fluid force of a self-propelled human body is extremely difficult. A simulative model of human swimming "SWUM" (SWimming hUman Model) incorporates dynamics of the entire human body. This study is intended to use the Simulation model to calculate the thrust generated by each body part during under-water dolphin kick. First, an outline is described for the Simulation model. Second, the methods of measuring input data for the Simulation model are described. Third, methods to recreate dynamics on the Simulation are described. Consequently, the dynamics of the underwater dolphin kick were recreated through the Simulation. Results showed that the feet mainly generate thrust during the underwater dolphin kick. Furthermore, both increased thrust and drag are important for faster swimming because greater thrust generates greater drag.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Worin liegen die Unterschiede zwischen Greif- und Schrittstart?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037357</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037357</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to explain the difference in kinematic characteristics between a grab Start and a track Start in competitive swimming. The starting movement was modeled using a pendulum model. The take-off velocity (Vt) was resolved to a rotational component (Vrt) and an extensional component (Vet). The Vrt of the track Start was higher than that of the grab Start, although Vet of the grab start was higher than that of the track Start. A swirnmer with a track Start would be able to generate the high Vrt through the large moment of vertical force acting on the rear foot about the center of -gravity. In contrast, swimmers using the grab Start would be able to generate high Vet because the foot placement is in the same position on the front edge of the starting block. The take-off velocity of the grab Start is higher than that of track start because of the great Contribution of Vet to take-off velocity. In addition, the rotational displacement of the track start around the front edge of the starting block was small. Therefore, the track-start block time was shorter than that using the grab start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Geschwindigkeit auf die Zug- und Rückführzeiten sowie die mittleren Zugkräfte im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037358</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037358</guid>
      <author>Soultanakis, H.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soultanakis, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Twelve non competitive swimmers participated in this study. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of two different velocities on arm pull and recovery times, as well as to evaluate the average force applied. Force sensors, were positioned between the swimmers' fingers and were connected through cables to a Computer. Participants swam two 25-meter length trials, a slow swim trial (SS) and a. fast swim trial (FS), with a rest of 2 minutes in between swims. As velocity increased, stoke rate increased, stroke length decreased, and reductions in swimming (20%), arm pull (15.4 %) and arm recovery (45.7%) times (seconds) were recorded. A significant increase (62.3%) in average pull force (N) was recorded in the fast swim trial. As far as arm contribution to swimming speed is concerned it appears that pull and recovery times as well as forces exerted by the arms directly affect velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Würfe mit unterschiedlichen kinetischen Ketten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037359</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037359</guid>
      <author>Stirn, I.</author>
      <author>Strojnik, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stirn, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strojnik, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Overarm throw is determined by a so called proximal-to-distal principle (9). Our concept of studying kinetic chain was to gradually add the active muscles in the throwing kinetic chain, and measure the throwing velocity. Doing so, the contribution of the newly added muscles to the final velocity of the ball can be estimated. As kinetic chain was prolonged from P1 to P3 Position, the throwing velocities increased with both normal and heavy ball. However, in water throw (P4) normal ball velocity was additionally increased while in heavy ball decreased, very likely due to insufficient leg/pelvis stabilization in water during heavy ball throw. On individual basis, players playing in different positions (driver, center-forward, goalkeeper) had different velocity increase due to changed kinetic chain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innerzyklisches Geschwindigkeitssignal als Werkzeug zur Evaluierung der Dauer der Vortriebsphase</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037354</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037354</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper examines how intracyclic velocity Signals may be helpful in determining propulsive phase duration in front crawl swimming, serving, thus, as a basis for Index of Coordination (WC) calculation. Nine swimmers performed two experimental tasks: (i) swimming with one arm at maximal speed and (ii) swimming at eight individual swim paces. Video analysis was mixed with the intracyclic velocity signal. The duration of the propulsive phase was then determined visually and using the Inversion of acceleration as determined from the velocity Signal. The results indicated a gap between the beginning and end of the propulsive phase as determined visually and the same propulsive phase measured from the velocity signal. Thus, the visual method gave lower IdC values. However, the adoption of one or the other method has no significant impact on the assessment of the magnitude of coordination change within swim paces. It was concluded that IdC could be calculated with or without the help of the intracyclic velocity signal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Wende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037393</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037393</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S.</author>
      <author>Araujo, L.</author>
      <author>Freitas, E.</author>
      <author>Gatti, R.</author>
      <author>Silveira, G.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatti, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of the dynamic and kinematic variables to the performance in freestyle. The turns of 38 swimmers were analyzing using an underwater force platform and two video cameras that sup-plied. Angle of knee flexion (AK), maximum normalized force peak (FPn) and contact time (CT) were measured as variables. Through investigation of the contribution of the variables AK, PMn and CT to the variable TT it was possible identify that PMn explains the greatest percentage of variance in turn performance (17,70%). The relation between AK and PMn indicated that larger values of AK (smaller flexions) tend to provide larger values of PMn (r = 0,38). Start from the results analysis, it can be suggested that angles of knee flexion between 110 and 120 degrees tend to provide larger force peaks, smaller contact times and smaller turn times, reaching the best performance of the crawl stroke turn execution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Abstands der Hüfte von der Wand beim Fußkontakt (Tuck-Index), der Fußaufsatztiefe und der Wandkontaktzeit auf die Geschwindigkeit beim Abdruck bei der Saltowende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037396</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037396</guid>
      <author>Prins, J. H.</author>
      <author>Patz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Effective turns play a critical role in the outcome of swimming competition. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of three variables on the velocity of the push-off during the freestyle flip turn. The variables are: (a) the distance of the hips from the wall at foot contact (Tuck Index); (b) the depth of the foot plant on the wall during push-off; and (c) wall-contact time (WCT). Twenty three collegiate swimmers participated in the study. Following underwater video-taping, 2D analyses in the saggital plane were made using Motion Analysis Software. Statistical analysis of the data found a significant, negative correlation between push-off velocity and Tuck Index. No significant correlations existed between push-off velocity and foot-plant or between "active" WCT and push-off velocities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der zeitlichen Verzögerung auf die innerzyklische Geschwindigkeit beim Schwimmen mit der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037397</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037397</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to analyze the temporal delay of the body segments and monofin movements while generating propulsion. Swimmers were filmed under water while covering 50m distance without breathing. Input data as time series of kinematics parameters of the points marked on the swimmers bodies and on the monofin were recorded on the basis of randomly filmed single cycles for each swimmer. The data showed inversely proportional relationship between the sum of vertical velocities of the reference points (SVVER) and the horizontal velocity of the swimmers' center of mass, indicating the significance of the SVVER in generating propulsion. Our study further indicated that the analysis of temporal delays of the time structure in the body segments and monofin tailored for swimmers according to the leg movements and equipment used will allow elimination of the hip and the lower thigh mistakes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse in der Unterwasserphyse des Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037398</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037398</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M</author>
      <author>Ruschel, C.</author>
      <author>Araujo, L. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruschel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzed, through kinemetry, the underwater phase of the swimming Start. The sample was composed by 4 swimmers of national and state levels. Three VHS video cameras (30Hz) and Signal synchronizer equipment were used. Analyzed variables: maximum depth achieved, time, distance and average velocity of the underwater phase and total Start time in 15 meters. The maximum depth achieved after the entrance in the water had influenced significantly the underwater phase. The average velocity during this phase seems to be the variable which most affects the total start time in 15 meters. Maximum depth achieved and average velocity are important factors to be observed by athletes and coaches, who should look forward to perform best values of those variables in order to improve the execution of swimming Starts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Renntempokontrolle mittels eines neuen Zeitmesssystems</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037399</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037399</guid>
      <author>Perez, P.</author>
      <author>Llana, S.</author>
      <author>Zahonero, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perez, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llana, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zahonero, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper describes a new chronometer System that provides feedback in real time and without interfering with the swimmer's execution. The System consists on a leds screen (water resistant) installed on the bottom of the pool, so that swimmers can see it every time they perform a turn. This System can be connected to a PC or PDA, which permits register lap times for further analysis. Feedback provided by the chronometer to control swimming speed was compared with the condition "traditional feedback" provided by the coach and with the condition "no feedback". Results show little dispersion on lap time with this new kind of feedback at aerobic swimming speed. At an anaerobic threshold swimming speed, dispersion was similar between "traditional feedback" and Chronometer feedback, and a little more dispersion in "no feedback" condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugfrequenzstrategien internationaler und nationaler Schwimmer in 100-m-Rennen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037380</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037380</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Haljand, R.</author>
      <author>Fjoertoft, O.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljand, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fjoertoft, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine stroke rate strategies of elite international and national junior level swimmers. Norwegian junior national (NOR) and European Short course championships (EUR) race analysis was performed by videography. Clean swimming velocity (Vclean) stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were analyzed for each lap. The frequency of use of five models for SR strategies during a race were identifled for finalists (rank 4th - 6th/8th) and the top 3 performers for all 100m races. The most common strategy was model D for the top 3 performers (decreasing SR at the beginning, and increasing SR in the end of the race) and model B (decreasing SR throughout the race) for the finalists. It seems that the strategies most often used by the best performers in 100m short course races are decreasing during the first part of the race, and increasing at the end, and is a compensatory mechanism for a decrease in SL.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die zeitliche Verteilung der Rennelemente bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037381</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037381</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Haljand, R.</author>
      <author>Fjoertoft, O.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljand, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fjoertoft, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine race element (start, turning and finishing) strategies of elite and national level swimmers in short course 100m races. For 56 finalists at the Norwegian junior national (NOR) and the European Short course Championships (EUR) race analysis was performed by videography. Start- (0-15m), turn- (5m in and 10 m out) and finishing time (last 5m) were analyzed for each race, and these times were normalized to the total race time. The results show that EUR swimmers spend less time in starting, turning and finishing together (p<0.001), starting (p<0.05) and during the first turn (p<0.02) compared to NOR swimmers. The top 3 performers of both groups were found to have a stronger finish normalized to their end performance compared to the other finalists.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Vortriebs beim Armzug mittels Zweikomponenten-Teilbild-Velocimetrie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037383</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037383</guid>
      <author>Kamata, E.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kamata, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The flow field around a human body during swimming presents a very unsteady condition. This study analyzed the flow field around the hand using particle image velocimetry method. A male subject participated in this study, and the flow field around the hand during the sculling motion was visualized. The results indicate that a pair of vortices and the jet flow occurs around hand during sculling motion. The swimmer generated a great propulsive force as a reaction force of the jet flow. The theoretical value of the jet flow of a vortex ring and the experimental value were indicated as nearly equal. This measurement is expected to become an index for evaluating propulsive force in unsteady conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Atmung auf die Geschwinidgkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037392</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037392</guid>
      <author>Pedersen, T.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ten competitive, national level adult swimmers (age 25 ± 3 years (mean ± SD) swam three 25m freestyle sprints with different breathing patterns in randomised order to examine how breathing actions influence velocity during a 25m front crawl sprint. Velocity measurements were carried out using a computerized swimming speedometer and data from mid-pool free swimming (10-20m) was extracted. There was no significant difference in mean (±SD) velocity (v) between sprinting with one breath (v=1.74±0.14 m_s-1) compared to no breath (v=l.73+0.14 m_s-1). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduc-tion in velocity when breathing every stroke cycle (v=1.70±0.14 m_s-1), compared to both no breath and one breath trials. Swimmers should breathe as little as possible during 50m freestyle races and breathe no more than every 3rd stroke cycle during a 100m freestyle race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss wiederholter Sprints auf die Kinematik des Schmetterlingsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037394</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037394</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C.</author>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of repeated sprint performance and fatigue on the kinematics of butterfly swimming. Six experienced national youth male butterfly swimmers undertook a maximal effort repeated sprint test set, during which swimmers were filmed with two under-water and two above water cameras (oblique plane) at 50Hz. The whole body was digitised during a full stroke cycle for each view, with the three-dimensional coordinates being obtained using a DLT algorithm. The results of this study indicate that as swimming speed decreased (i) stroke rate decreased while stroke length remained relatively constant, (ii) hand movement patterns remained similar while changes in elbow angle suggested that the effectiveness of joint flexors and extensors may have been reduced, (iii) the Upsweep, Recovery and Catch appear to the critical stroke phases when swimmers become fatigued.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innerzyklische Geschwindigkeitsfluktuationen bei einseitig armamputierten Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037395</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037395</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <author>Wilcox, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilcox, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimmers with an arm amputation at elbow level are deprived of an important propelling surface. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which unilateral arm amputee front crawl swimmers are able to generate swimming speed with their sound and with their affected limbs. Eight trained swimmers (2 male, 6 female) performed front crawl trials (without a leg-kick) at middle distance pace, while attached to a velocity meter (100 Hz). Trials were simultaneously videotaped underwater. Mean intra-cyclic speed fluctuation was 35 ± 5% of the mean swimming speed. Peak swimming speed achieved during the push phase of the sound limb (1.30 ± 0.17 m.s-1) was significantly higher than that found during the push phase of the affected limb (1.14 ± 0.11 m.s-1). This indicates that the swimmers were able to use their affected limb to increase their swimming speed, but not as effectively as with their sound limb.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fließvisualisierung des Fließfeldes um eine Monoflosse mittels Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037400</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037400</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Hashizume, T.</author>
      <author>Nakazawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hashizume, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers swimming with monofins are much faster than without although the human power is the same. To predict how fast they can swim we have to know the complex flow field which is extremely unsteady. The study of the flow field was executed in a flume using a kind of swim manipulator equipped with a monofin. We set the fin in a flume and drove it by a motor. Flow fields around a monofin in a pitching motion was measured by means of a recently-developed technique called the Particle Image Velocimetry (PPV). Time variations of velocity and vorticity fields were calculated from the image captured by PIV System. Unsteady flow characteristics such as a vortex formation and the movement of vortices were investigated in detail. Information on unsteady flow and vortex motion serves the understanding the mechanism of propulsion in aquatic motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Parameter des Kraulsprints in einer Trainingseinheit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037401</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037401</guid>
      <author>Minghelli, F.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingseinheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Minghelli, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming velocity (SV) is the product of stroke length (SL) by stroke rate (SR). The purpose of this study was to verify training influence on front crawl SR, SL, SV and stroke index (SI) in sprinting trials. Nine competitive swimmers (7 males and 2 females; age = 14.78 ± 1.48 years) participated. The protocol consisted on the evaluation of SR, SL, SV and SI in a 25 m maximal effort test, every ten weeks, before (M1), during (M2), and after (M3) five months of training. Measurements were obtained from manual counting of cycles and time from 10 to 25 m of the trials. Anthropometric data were collected. Intensity and distance during the training season were controlled. Kinematics data showed stability along the training season. There were improvements (p < 0.05) on anthropometric data throughout the training season. In this age group, anthropometric characteristics seem to be more important than kinematics adaptations due to training for sprinting.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der "Schneebesen" beim Torhüter im Wasserball: Kinematik, Dynamik und Muskelkoordination</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037402</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037402</guid>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <author>Daniel, K.</author>
      <author>Bayat, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spezialsportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bayat, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[By using a Doppler-Ultrasound-Velocimeter System yielding the vertical speed of a goalkeeper's head during different actions in waterpolo the kinetics of the total body could be determined approximately. Synchronous measurements of the electrical activity of Mmi. glutaeus maximus, vastus medialis and adductor longus were taken to study the muscular coordination during the execution of the eggbeater kick. This leg kick could produce climbing heights up to 0,7 m; the vertical speed varying from +/- 0,8 m/s to 2 m/s. The muscle activation pattern showed a clearly defined order of appearance in time, announcing a high potential of muscular fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik und Dynamik der Starttechnik im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037403</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037403</guid>
      <author>Krüger, T.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Kirsten, R.</author>
      <author>Wick, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kirsten, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wick, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The investigation is the lack of complex biomechanical analysis of this starting technique based on kinematic, and dynamic data. Nine male backstroke Sprinters performed four back-stroke Starts over a distance of 7.5 m. During the Start the over all Start time, and split into reaction time, wall time, flight time, and glide time was recorded. Dynamic data were measured as 3-dimensional ground reaction forces. The correlation of the resultant take off force and the final over all Start time (7.5 m) turns out to be significant (r=-.83, p<.01; [n=9]). Correlations were found between the times of hands off and take off (r=.71, p<.05; [n=9]) and hands off and hip entry (r=.93, p<.01; [n=9]). The influence of the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the overwater phase (wall and flight activity) of the backstroke Start technique is clearly shown by the analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"SWUM" und "SWUMSUIT" - Eine Modellierungstechnik eines sich selbst vorwärts bewegenden Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037404</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037404</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The author proposes a Simulation model "SWUM" (SWimming hUman Model) and a Simulation Software "Swumsuit" (SWimming hUman Model with Synthetic User Interface Tools) as its implementation. This modeling technique is developed to analyze various problems in the mechanics of a self-propelled swimmer. The overview of SWUM and Swumsuit are firstly described. Next, the validity of the model is examined by comparing the Simulation results of swimming speed with the actual values for the four strokes. A sufficient agreement between the actual and Simulation was obtained, indicating the validity of SWUM.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Musterangepasste Anwendung für die Schwimmtechnik-Erkennung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037405</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037405</guid>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the field of sports biomechanics, we have been quantifying the similarity between subjects using their kinematics. Many studies applied the normalisation in this procedure. On the other band, in the field of speech recognition, in Order to distinguish a phoneme by different Speakers or voices, the dynamic time warping (DTW) method have been applied. In this study, it was quantified the similarity of the swimmers' stroke motion, which depends on their skill level and swimming speed using dynamic time warping.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung des unregelmäßigen Flusses der Delfinbeinbewegung in der sagittalen Ebene mittels Zweikomponenten-Particle Image Velocymetrie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037406</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037406</guid>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Kamata, E.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamata, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study presents a method to visualise and to analyse the wake of a swimmer's dolphin kick in a sagittal plane viewed from the side of a swimming flume using two-component PIV (2C-PIV). One trained male swimmer was instructed to maintain a swimming position with dolphin kicking. Results showed a pair of vortices and jet flow between them. The value of the jet flow velocity showed good agreement with the value of the induced velocity that was predicted by assuming that the pair of vortices represented sections of a vortex ring. It was plausible that the dolphin kicking motion performed in this study generated a propulsive force by generating the vortex ring. The vortex pair confirmed in the present study is likely of a part of this larger structure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Umgekehrte dynamische Modellierung des Impulses beim Greifstart im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037376</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037376</guid>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Taiar, R.</author>
      <author>Marchand, F. H.</author>
      <author>Rey, J. L.</author>
      <author>Boissiere, E.</author>
      <author>Lecat, S.</author>
      <author>Quievre, J.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Impuls</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taiar, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marchand, F. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rey, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boissiere, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lecat, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quievre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Under race conditions, the Start directly influences an athlete's performance. Taking into account the difficulties coming from the specific parameters relative to the start, comparing the swimmer's movement with the kinematic data stays the best approach to understand the motion. The model of the present work was developed through this approach allowing us to pre-dict the swimmer's performance (trajectory, velocity) and the joint moment of each articulation during the impulse phase of the grab Start. This model defines kinematical and dynamical data with the following mean dispersions: 9 % for horizontal and total speed at the instant of take off, l % for the swimmer's internal joint power. By means of this model, it becomes possible to analyze and understand the joint moment of each articulation and the segmental coordination for each swimmer performing a grab start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsvariationsanalyse vor und nach dem Beginn der Schwimmbewegung bei Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037377</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037377</guid>
      <author>Hubert, M.</author>
      <author>Silveira, G. A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, E.</author>
      <author>Pereira, S.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Currently, few biomechanics studies have been conducted to examine the transition from the underwater phase to the stroke phase in swimming Starts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the speed before and after the beginning of the stroke in front crawl and its relationship to the time to 15 meters in order to determine the importance of the underwater phase and transition phase in the entire performance of the swimmer. The transition speed of four athletes was recorded with video cameras and signal synchronizer. According to the results, the majority of swimmers reduced speed after the beginning of the stroke. There was a negative correlation between the difference in speed before and after commencing the stroke and the time at 15 meters. Therefore, attention should be paid to the underwater phase of Starts to improve performance in front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMG-Modell der Starttechnik im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037378</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037378</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Fehr, U.</author>
      <author>Kirsten, U.</author>
      <author>Krüger, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fehr, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kirsten, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study researched in more depth a 6-phase model that describes die time pattern and die activity level of die muscles while executing the backstroke Start. Five male backstroke Sprinters of die German national swim team performed four backstroke Starts over a distance of 7.5 m. EMG-data were recorded by a water protected 8-channel EMG from eight arm, shoulder, trunk and leg muscles. To compare die quality of muscular activity patterns, die IDANCO-system served as a quantitative method. The EMG recordings in die 5 swimmers indicated a medium repetition consistency and reproducibility of die identified patterns of muscle activity. In die initial hang phase, and the final glide phase die EMG recordings of die first dolphin kick demonstrated an identical and analogue movement behaviour. During the flight phase, and especially during die water entry the number of different muscle activation patterns grew signifkantly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3-D-Analyse des "Schneebesens" im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037379</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037379</guid>
      <author>Homma, Ma.</author>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Ma.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[One of the fundamental techniques in synchronized swimming is the eggbeater kick. The purpose of this study was to examine the kind of kinematic parameters that are reflected in an excellent eggbeater motion and, in particular, to evaluate the rotational angle of the hip. Nine Japanese elite synchronized swimmers served as subjects. The kinematics of the lower limbs and the hip rotational angle of each subject were quantified using three-dimensional video analysis. The hip almost rotated internally during the eggbeater kick. It was considered that the internal and external rotation movements of the hip were reflected in the foot abduction and adduction movements. This was because the phase of the angle curve between the hip rotation and foot abduction was almost identical in the reverse direction.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grundlegende flüssigkeitsdynamische Untersuchungen der Konfiguration des Handtellers im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037382</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037382</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In synchronized swimming, the hands usually describe a "figure 8" or an egg-shaped oval during sculling motion. Various types of sculling movements are employed depending upon the actions and purposes, although the function of all sculling motions is to produce lift force through reciprocating motion. Optimal band configurations for sculling are not standardized     among athletes and are instead determined empirically by coaches and athletes. In this research, the hydrodynamic characteristics of five band configurations are investigated in a basic study in a steady-state flow field to determine the configuration that produces maximum resultant force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen technischer Fehler auf die Armkoordination im Rückenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037388</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037388</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Carter, M.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study quantified the influence of two technical mistakes, the band entry outside of the shoulder axis and head flexion on the thorax, on arm coordination in backstroke, with increases in velocity. Sixteen national level swimmers simulated these two mistakes, often observed in non-expert swimmers, individ-ually and in combination at fbur race paces. They also swarn with a traditional technique at the four paces. An adaptation of the Index of Coordination (IdC) (3) allowed the inter-arm coordination to be quantified in backstroke. In each swim con-dition, the negative values of IdC confirmed a catch-up coordination. This coordination was influenced by the mistakes adopted by the swimmers because, when the two mistakes were associated, the arm coordination was most disturbed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simultane Aufzeichnung von Geschwindigkeit und Video beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037389</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037389</guid>
      <author>Craig, A. B.</author>
      <author>Termin, B.</author>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Craig, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Termin, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A method is described for the recording a swimmer's velocity and synchronizing these records with the underwater video. Examples of these records during pushing off from the side of the pool, breaststroke, butterflystroke, backstroke, and crawlstroke are presented. These records demonstrate to swimmers and coach the biomechanics of swimming, and they are useful for immediate feedback.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmtechnikanalysen: Zustandsanalysen: Anwendungen und Folgen.</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037384</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037384</guid>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <author>Psycharakis, S.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <author>Naemi, R.</author>
      <author>Connaboy, C.</author>
      <author>Li, Shuping</author>
      <author>Scott, G.</author>
      <author>Spence, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Psycharakis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naemi, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Connaboy, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Shuping</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scott, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spence, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[CONCLUSION
This paper described how 'state of the art' video equipment and videobased methods are being applied to assist analysis and research in swimming at the Centre for Aquatics Research and Education. Applications ranging from qualitative analysis for immediate feedback to 3D analysis to advance knowledge of how performance is optimized were presented.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Ermüdung auf die kinematische Handsymmetrie beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037385</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037385</guid>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y. A.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an exhaustive test on the symmetry of right and left hands trajectories. Eight male international swimmers performed 25 m in 1/2 tethered swimming at maximal velocity to calculate power before and after an exhaustive test of 4*50m freestyle. Right and left fingertips were digitised frame by frame from underwater views (50Hz). The trajectories were characterised by different points in the frontal plane (O), (I) and the sagittal plane (F),(D) et (B) to calculate the symmetry index.(SI) based on the differences right-left coordinates. The spatial symmetry and the temporal asymmetry observed for all the points was maintained after the exhaustive test. The stable spatial symmetry with fatigue could be related to the high level of the population. The temporal asymmetry was not associated to the breathing side or to the dominant hand and could reflect the individual force-time patterns within the stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grundlegende hydrodynamische Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Vortriebs im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037387</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037387</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Terres-Nicoli, J. M.</author>
      <author>Redondo, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terres-Nicoli, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Redondo, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose will be to describe the different methods applied in swimming research to visualize and understand water movements around the propulsive limbs and their application to improving swimming technique. A compilation of flow visualization methods applied in human swimming research is presented. Simple propulsive actions will be analyzed combining the kinematic analysis with the flow visualization: underwater undulatory swimming and sculling propulsion. The analysis of vortices generated and 3D analysis of the pulling path seems the most adequate method to develop a new understanding of swimming propulsion. The development of flexible and portable laser Systems such as the recently incorporating fiber optics and fiberscopes, will enable the applicability of PIV in real swimming conditions to quantify the wake momentum and vorticity. New and attractive ideas are emerging: the possible use by the swimmer to bis advantage of the vorticity if it is produced by an external source, such äs the environment, another swimmer or the reuse of his own vortices during the stroke or after the turn will be topics for research in the near future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeit-Frequenz-Parameter des Handgelenkmuskel-EMG nach einem ermüdenden Freistil-Test</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037390</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037390</guid>
      <author>Caty, V.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Hintzy, F.</author>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y. A.</author>
      <author>Molinary, F.</author>
      <author>Knaflitz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Caty, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hintzy, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Molinary, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Knaflitz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an exhaustive test on the EMG frequencies of 2 wrist muscles. Seven male international swimmers (22.6 ± 2.7 years, height 191 ± 4 cm, weight 82,7 ± 5,3 kg, 1.92 ± 0.09 m/s for the velocity on 100m) performed an exhaustive test of 4*50m freestyle. An EMG System was used to record the electrical activity of 2 wrist muscles: the M. flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and the M. extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU). The time-frequency treatment was done according to the Knaflitz'method. The instantaneous mean frequency (IMNF) was obtained for each stroke of each 50m. The mean IMNF was calculated for each 25m of each 50m. Results indicated for both muscles, a decrease of IMNF at the end of the intensive test indicating the attempt of fatigue and the high recruitments within the crawl stroke. Subjects' differences were observed which could support the individualization of the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Freistilschwimmen: Akutwirkungen von Atmung und Renntempo</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037391</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037391</guid>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>Guimaraes, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guimaraes, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to verify the effects of breathing and no breathing and pace on stroke length (SL) and rate (SR) and swimming velocity (SV). Ten Sprinter males performed 6 front crawl trials of 25 m (rest interval: IminSOs). SL, SR and SV were measured under two breathing conditions: breathing to the preferred side every cycle (B) and no breathing (NB), and three paces representatives of: warm up pace, 1500 m freestyle race pace, and 50 m freestyle race pace. Each trial was fllmed with a motion analysis System (60 Hz) from sagital view. A reflective marker was fixed to the swimmer's right wrist to quantify SL and SR. SV was obtained by the SL and SR prod-uct. Under NB conditions, SR and SV increased independent of the pace. The increase of pace was related to decrease of SL and increase of SR and of SV, whatever the breathing condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Veränderung von Höhe und Neigung des Startblocks auf die Startzeit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037231</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037231</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S.</author>
      <author>Araujo, L.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konstruktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das internationale Regelwerk im Schwimmen erlaubt Variationen in der Höhe der Startblöcke um 25 cm und in der Neigung von 10°. Vor diesem Hintergrund bestand das Anliegen der Studie in der Verifizierung des Einflusses dieser Veränderungen auf die Startzeit (15-m-Zeit) von Schwimmern.
Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mittels zweier Unterwasser-Kraftplattformen. Die untersuchten Startblock-Einstellungen waren wie folgt: a) Höhe 0,50 m ohne Neigung, b) Höhe 0,50 m mit einer Neigung von 10°, c) Höhe 0,75 m ohne Neigung und d) Höhe 0,75 cm mit 10° Neigung. 
Drei Schwimmer absolvierten je drei Starts unter jeder der vorgegebenen Bedingungen. Die maximale registrierte Differenz zwischen den Mittelwerten betrug  2,5/10 s. 
Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass Höhe und Neigungswinkel des Startblocks Einfluss auf die Leistung im Schwimmen haben.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von 100-m-Rücken-, Brust-, Schmetterlings- und Freistilschwimmern bei den European Youth Olympic Days 2001</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037234</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037234</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Sanchez-Molina, J. A.</author>
      <author>Navarro, F.</author>
      <author>de Aymerich, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltstandsanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez-Molina, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Aymerich, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die Analyse der Einflussfaktoren  auf die 100-m-Rennen bei den European Youth Olympic Days 2001.
Analysiert wurden 128 Schwimmer aus 26 europäischen Ländern, die in den 100-m-Wettkämpfen starteten (16 Finalisten je Geschlecht und Schwimmart). Die Schwimmer waren im Alter von 15 und 16 Jahren, die Schwimmerinnen 13-14.
Ergebnisse:
Die Untersuchungen ergaben längere Zeiten in allen gemessenen zeitlichen Variablen im Vergleich mit Studien aus dem Erwachsenenbereich auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene. Es wurden geringere Zykluslängen und höhere Frequenzen gegenüber den Erwachsenen gefunden. Die Korrelationsdaten zeigten signifikant hohe Korrelationen zwischen fast allen zeitlichen und geschwindigkeitsbezogenen Variablen. Keine Korrelation wurde zwischen den meisten zyklusspezifischen Variablen gefunden. Die Schwimmer waren im Vergleich zu den Schwimmerinnen in jeder Phase des Rennens schneller und zeigten eine längere Zykluslänge und einen höheren Zyklusindex, während die Zyklusfrequenz bei den männlichen und weiblichen Probanden gleich war. Der Unterschied im Vergleich der Zeit aus der ersten und der zweiten Bahn war in allen Schwimmarten im Geschlechtervergleich gleich.
Die Ergebnisse können als Referenzwerte für Zeit- und Rennverlaufskomponenten für Schwimmerinnen und Schwimmer dieses Altersbereichs dienen, was in diesem Altersbereich im europäischen Maßstab ein völliges Novum darstellt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der 200-m-Disziplinen bei den Olympischen Spielen in Sydney</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037235</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037235</guid>
      <author>Chatard, J. C.</author>
      <author>Girold, S.</author>
      <author>Caudal, N.</author>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <author>Mason, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2000</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chatard, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girold, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caudal, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurden die Leistungen der Finals und Semifinals der jeweils fünf 200-m-Wettbewerbe der Frauen und Männer (Rücken, Brust, Schmetterling, Freistil und Lagen) bei den Olympischen Spielen 2000 untersucht. Zum Einsatz kamen dabei 12 Videokameras.
Mittels eines speziellen Wettkampf-Analyseprogramms wurden jeweils die vier 50-m-Geschwindigkeiten, die Zyklusfrequenzen, Zykluslängen sowie die Start- und Wendengeschwindigkeiten berechnet.
Ergebnisse:
Die meisten Goldmedaillengewinner schwammen auf der 4. Bahn (7/10) und auf der 3. Bahn (6/10) schneller als die anderen Medaillengewinner. Starts (2/10) und Wenden (2/10) erwiesen sich nicht von großer Bedeutung für das Endergebnis. Im Durchschnitt schwammen auch die drei Medaillengewinner auf der 3. Bahn (7/10) und der 4. Bahn (7/10) schneller als die anderen 5 Finalteilnehmer. Für die gesamte Untersuchungsgruppe (n=16) gilt, dass die 200-m-Geschwindigkeit hauptsächlich in Korrelation zur Geschwindigkeit auf der 2. und 3. Bahn und der Geschwindigkeit der 3. Wende stand. Die Startgeschwindigkeit spielte mit Ausnahme 200 F Männer und 200 S Frauen keine entscheidende Rolle. Bezüglich Zyklusfrequenz und Zykluslänge wurden 3 verschiedene Strategien umgesetzt, die jedoch nicht in Bezug zur Endleistung standen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Messung der Wenden-Kräfte im Schwimmen mittels Unterwasser-Kraftplattformen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037236</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037236</guid>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Verf. beschreibt einige Tests, die am Aquatic Biomechanics Laboratory bezüglich der Messung von Wenden-Kräften im Schwimmen mittels Unterwasser-Kraftplattformen und Kinemetrie durchgeführt wurden.
Es wurden zwecks Registrierung der Kräfte bei der Salto-Wende zwei Plattformen nebeneinander am Beckenrand montiert. Es wurden mehrere Versuche zur Minimierung des Wassereinflusses auf die Plattform unternommen. Die Markierungen am Beckenboden wurdenüberdeckt, sodass der Schwimmer keinen Unterschied durch die Dicke der Plattform spürte. Eingangs wurden die Wenden von drei Schwimmern  mit unterschiedlichem technischen Niveau gemessen. Anschließend wurden neun Wendenkräfte von fünf Schwimmern mit gutem technischen Niveau gemessen. Abschließend erfolgte die Messung von Leistungs- und dynamischen Variablen bei 12 Wenden eines Sportlers.
Die Variablen der Kontaktzeit und der maximalen Peak-Kraft erwiesen sich als gute Indikatoren der Saltowende. Die Variable des Gesamtimpulses dagegen bestätigte sich nicht als guter Indikator.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse ventraler Schwimmstarts: Vergleich des Greifstarts mit zwei Schrittstart-Varianten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037237</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037237</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Cruz, J.</author>
      <author>Sousa, F.</author>
      <author>Conceicao, F.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die Charakterisierung  und der Vergleich zweier Schrittstart-Varianten vom Block mit dem häufiger angewandten Greifstart.
Es wurden unter anderem simultane und synchronisierte dynamometrische und kinematische Daten für den Vergleich herangezogen. Die dynamometrischen Daten wurden mittels einer Bertec 4060-15-Kraftplattform ermittelt, die mit Hilfe einer speziellen Vorrichtung an der Beckenwand montiert war. Die kinematischen Daten wurden aus einer 2D-Analyse (Peak-5) ermittelt.
Ergebnisse:
Die Ergebnisse gleichen sich mit denen vorangegangener Untersuchungen und stimmen im Wesentlichen mit der Literatur überein. Es wird deutlich, dass trotz einiger biomechanischer Unterschiede zwischen den drei untersuchten Starttechniken alle gleichermaßen einzuschätzen sind, da alle über Wasser gefundenen Unterschiede in der Gleitphase verschwanden. Es wird spekuliert, dass unterschiedliche Geschwindigkeiten nach dem Eintauchen unterschiedliche hydrodynamische Widerstände erzeugen sollten, die proportional schneller eintauchende Schwimmer verlangsamen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein kinetischer und kinematischer Vergleich des Greif- und Schrittstarts im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037230</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037230</guid>
      <author>Miller, M.</author>
      <author>Allen, D.</author>
      <author>Pein, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pein, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die kinetische und kinematische Charakteristika von Greif- und Schrittstarts im Wettkampfschwimmen.
An der Studie nahmen 8 Schwimmerinnen und 7 Schwimmer mit ähnlichem Trainingsalter teil. In ihrer sportlichen Karriere haben die Probanden beide Start-Techniken eingesetzt. Die zweidimensionalen kinematischen Verläufe auf sagittaler Ebene wurden aus je 14 Starts der Probanden in beiden Techniken ermittelt. Die Kraftkomponenten wurden über eine Bertec-Kraftmessplattform registriert, die an einem speziell präparierten Startblock im Winkel von 5° montiert war.]]></content:encoded>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Biomechanik von Greif- und Schrittstart</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037232</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037232</guid>
      <author>Krüger, T.</author>
      <author>Wick, D.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>El-Bahrawi, M.</author>
      <author>Koth, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wick, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>El-Bahrawi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koth, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Für die vorl. Studie absolvierten sieben Schwimmerinnen (A-, B- und C-Kader des Deutschen Schwimm-Verbandes) zwei Testversuche mit Greif- und Schrittstart bis zur 7,5-m-Marke. Es wurde die Gesamtstartzeit gemessen, ebenso die Teilzeiten für die Startreaktion (Signal bis zum Lösen der Hand), die Blockzeit (Signal bis Absprung), die Flugzeit (Absprung bis Eintauchen der Hüfte) sowie die Gleitzeit (Eintauchen der Hüfte bis zur 7,5-m-Marke). Es wurden mittels Bewegungsanalyse-Software kinematische Parameter berechnet.
Ergebnisse:
Die statistische Analyse der Teilzeiten beim Greif- und beim Schrittstart zeigte keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Lediglich die Gesamtzeit für die ersten 7,5 m war bei Greifstart signifikant besser. Dynamische Daten wurden als dreidimensionale Bodenreaktionskräfte mittels einer am Startblock montierten Kraftplattform gemessen. Obwohl die Kurven für die horizontale (Fx) und resultierende (Fr) Kraft gleich waren, führt ein höherer Impuls am Startblock zu einer größeren Beschleunigung und Absprunggeschwindigkeit beim Greifstart.
EMG-Daten wurden über ein wassergeschütztes 8-Kanal-EMG unter Einbeziehung von 8 Muskeln erhoben. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Vermutung, dass eine Präferenz von Greif- oder Schrittstart von individuellen physischen Voraussetzungen und den technischen Fertigkeiten abhängig ist.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Freistilwenden nach Technikintervention im Training von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037233</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037233</guid>
      <author>Maanon, R.</author>
      <author>Sanchez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Eiroa, J. J.</author>
      <author>Brana, S.</author>
      <author>Mon, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maanon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eiroa, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brana, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mon, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Autoren untersuchten den Einfluss einer Technikintervention auf das Bewegungsmuster in einzelnen Phasen der Freistilwende. Es wurden die Bewegungsphasen Anschwimmen, Drehung, Abstoß, Gleiten und Übergang (nach Maglischo/1993) auf einem Abschnitt 7,5 m vor und nach der Wand während eines 50-m-Sprints aus dem Wasser untersucht (offensichtlich wurden 93 Merkmale bewertet!). Der Beaobachtungszeitraum betrug 11 Tage, ab dem 6. Tag wurde interveniert (7 x jeweils 20 min) schwerpunktmäßig in den Phasen Abstoß und Gleiten.
Es zeigte sich eine Verbesserung in Phase 1 (Anschwimmen, Abstand zur Wand). Hier erfolgte die Orientierung der Handflächen nach unten zur besseren Einleitung der Drehung. In der Phase 2 (Drehung) verschwinden alle Probleme, die in Verbindung mit der Armhaltung stehen. Das enge Hocken verbesserte sich, jedoch blieb die Überstreckung des Nackens am Ende der Phase erhalten. In der Phase 3 (Abstoß) konnten alle anfänglichen Probleme behoben werden, außer der zu engen Kniebeuge. Es gab zwei neue Fehler: zu viel Kniebeugung beim Setzen der Füße und das Fehlen der Körperlängsachsendrehung. Auch in Phase 4 konnten alle anfänglichen Fehler behoben werden, ein neuer trat auf, und zwar eine Neigung des Körpers im Vergleich zur Vortriebsrichtung. Die Phase 5 (Übergang) ist die einzige Phase, in der sich alle Fehler stabil zeigten.
Es zeigten sich Fehler, deren Bedeutung zuerst unterschätzt wurde, die sich jedoch als bedeutsam für bestimmte Positionen und ein besseres Endergebnis herausstellten. Es ist eine Individualisierung notwendig.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmgeschwindigkeit, Zyklusfrequenz und Zykluslänge während 100-m-Freistilschwimmens 11-16-jähriger Jungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037239</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037239</guid>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <author>Binevsky, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Binevsky, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die Etablierung einer Altersdynamik für Zyklusfrequenz (SR), Zykluslänge (SL) und Schwimmgeschwindigkeit (v) beim maximalen 100-m-Freistilschwimmen 11-16-jähriger Jungen. Probanden waren 225 Schwimmer aus 3 Schwimmschulen sowie des Staatlichen Colleges der Olympischen Reserve (Moskau). Alle Probanden absolvierten einen 100-m-Freistil-Maximaltest. Der Versuch wurde über Videokamera und VHS-VCR aufgezeichnet, die am Beckenrand entlang mit dem Schwimmer "mit fuhren". Die Videoaufzeichnungen mit den elektronischen Zeitdaten wurden weiter verarbeitet und die reine Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf vier verschiedenen Abschnitten des Rennens wurde berechnet. Außerdem erfolgte eine Berechnung von SR und SL für jede Bahn des reinen Schwimmens.
Ergebnisse:
Es wurden keine altersbezogenen Unterschiede in den Werten der Zyklusfrequenz gefunden, weder für die Mittelwerte noch für die Werte der einzelnen Bahnen. Es wurde in allen Altersgruppen eine Verringerung der Zyklusfrequenz von Bahn zu Bahn festgestellt. Die Zykluslänge veränderte sich während des Rennens nur insignifikant. Der in allen Altersgruppen festgestellte Geschwindigkeitsrückgang gegen Ende des Rennens wird in erster Linie der Verringerung der Zyklusfrequenz zugeschrieben.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Stehen die vertikalen Kräfte beim Sprung mit einleitender Gegenbewegung der Arme in Beziehung zu den Kräften beim Schwimmstart?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037242</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037242</guid>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Garcia, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Ziel der Untersuchung bestand in einem Vergleich der vertikalen Kräfte beim counter-movement-jump mit den horizontalen Kräften beim Schwimmstart.
Als Versuchspersonen fungierten 44 männliche Sportstudenten und 21 Studentinnen. Es wurden die Kräfte sowie die vertikale und horizontale KSP-Geschwindigkeit bei beiden Sprungformen erfasst. Es fanden sich lediglich geringe Korrelationen zwischen der horizontalen Geschwindigkeit und der Startzeit.
Das Fehlen des Zusammenhanges zwischen der vertikalen Geschwindigkeit beim counter-movement-jump und der maximalen Kraft beim Startsprung kann auf die unterschiedlichen Anforderungen der beiden Übungen zurückgeführt werden. Die Autoren schlussfolgern, dass die Unterwasserphase beim Start entscheidender ist.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Schrittstart vs. Greifstart: Analysen von den Olympischen Spielen in Sydney</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037243</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037243</guid>
      <author>Issurin, V.</author>
      <author>Verbitsky, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2000</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Issurin, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verbitsky, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Studie untersuchte die beiden gängigen Starttechniken Greifstart und Schrittstart anhand der Wettkämpfe der Olympischen Spiele 2000 in Sydney. Ziel war die Analyse der Start-Reaktionszeit und der Start-Effektivität (Zeit an der 15-m-Marke) in Bezug zur jeweils praktizierten Startform. Dazu wurden alle Final- und Semifinalteilnehmer (außer Rückenschwimmen)  analysiert und statistisch aufbereitet (t-Test mit Bezug zu Starttechnik, Geschlecht und Streckenlänge).
Ergebnis:
Die Untersuchungen bestätigten Besonderheiten der Starttechniken bezüglich Reaktion und Effektivität, Streckenlänge und Geschlecht. In der Mehrzahl der Wettkämpfe erwies sich der Schrittstart bezüglich der Reaktionszeit als vorteilhaft. Die Effektivität lag in der Mehrheit der Events unter Einsatz des Schrittstarts höher, in 5 Events davon signifikant höher.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Kinematische und dynamografische Untersuchung verschiedener Schwimmwenden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 17:49:05 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037244</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037244</guid>
      <author>Daniel, K.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <author>Bieder, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bieder, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Autoren nutzten eine Unterwasserplattform und eine Videoaufzeichung mit einer Frequenz von 200 Hz zur Analyse von Schwimmwenden. Die Größe der ermittelten Kraftwerte stimmt mit Werten aus der Literatur überein. Ein Vergleich der Parameter in verschiedenen Testsituationen (Abstöße mit und ohne Wende) zeigte grundlegende Unterschiede in einzelnen Teilen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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