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    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeit und physiologische Reaktion im Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037441</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037441</guid>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Escudero, J.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Escudero, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The triatlon is characterized for being a lest of effort of long duration of pace of aerobic and anaerobic intensity. To deter-mine the variations before maximum and submaximum intensities in relation to the speed, it has been studied the behavior of the heart rate and of the lactate accumulation as physiological variables, the effort perceived as psychological variable and the frequency of movements as cinematic variable. The results have showed that the metabolic exigency before maximum intensities of mixed character aerobic/anaerobic in swimming is less than in cycling and in running. The intensity of 90% of the maximum speed, comes closer to the values of the Anaerobic Threshold in the tests of swimming and cycling, being higher in the test of running. In conclusion, the percent-age of Speed does not seem to be an equivalent indicator for three disciplines to discriminate the intensity of the effort.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stütztechniken bei Elite-Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037444</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037444</guid>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Homma, Ma.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Ma.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate support scull techniques in synchronized swimming based on three-dimensional motion analysis. The support scull movements of ten elite synchronized swimmers were analyzed using a three-dimensional \ DLT method. It was found that support scull is a lever movement made from the elbow that produces propulsive force by generating drag force during the outside transition phase and lift force during both out-scull and in-scull of the horizontal stroke phases. To scull in a smoother and more stable performance, swimmers should hold their elbows and upper arms stationary and keep their forearms horizontal during sculling. Palms should face downwards throughout sculling and hands should be held at the proper attack angle to produce an efficient lift force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isolierung und Körpertemperaturveränderungen durch das Tragen eines Wärmeschwimmanzugs bei niedriger bis mittlerer Belastungsintensität im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037447</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037447</guid>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yokoyama, S.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yokoyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated thermal swimsuit (TSS) effects on body temperature and thermal insulation during low-intensity and moderate-intensity water exercise. Nine male subjects were immersed in water (23°C) and pedalled on an underwater ergometer for 30 min with a TSS or a normal swimsuit (NSS) at two exercise intensities. Oesophageal temperatures CTCS) were maintained higher in TSS than in NSS at both intensities. Moderate exercise decreased the tissue insulation (Itissue) compared to low-intensity exercise. However, the increased metabolic heat production at moderate intensity and added suit insulation (Isuit) were sufficient to offset the decrement of Itissue and Tes. The proportion of Isuit to total insulation and skin-fold thickness showed a negative correlation, indicating that subjects with lower body fat can benefit more from wearing TSS. Results suggest that TSS in cool water was especially useful for subjects with low body fat.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Energieverbrauch, Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Geschwindigkeitsfluktuation in den Wettkampfschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037450</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037450</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Lima, F.</author>
      <author>Portela, A.</author>
      <author>Novais, D.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, R. F.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Portela, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novais, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, R. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to analyse relationships between total energy expenditure (Etot), energy cost (EC), intracycle Variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement of centre of mass (dv) and mean swimming velocity (v). 17 Portuguese elite swimmers (4 at Freestyle, 5 at Backstroke, 4 at Breaststroke and 4 at Butterfly) were submitted to an incremental set of nx200-m swims. Bioenergetical and biomechanical parameters presented significant interrelationships. For pooled data, the relationship between Eto, and v was r=0.59 (p<0.01), between EC and dv was r=0.38 (p<0.01) and the polynomial relationship, between dv and v was r=0.17 (p=0.28). Individual evaluation and identification of biomechanical critical points may help the swimmers to become more efficient at a certain swimming velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Schwimmen? Ein Platz für die kritische Zugfrequenz?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037451</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037451</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For any swimmer, a hyperbolic relationship links velocity (v) and stroke rate (SR) to time to exhaustion (t). The asymptotes of these relationships are called Critical Velocity (CV) and Critical Stroke Rate (CSR). Both could be maintained, at least in theory, indefinitely. This review presents the origins of these two concepts, their physiological / biomechanical underpinnings to emphasis their usefulness for training. Coaches should appreciate the ease in using the CV model to set training loads, monitor training effects, and predict performance. The CSR concept is very recent and should be further investigated. However, current available knowledge suggests there is merit in using the two parameters for training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037452</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037452</guid>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <author>Capelli, C.</author>
      <author>Craig jr. , A. B.</author>
      <author>Di Prampero, P. E.</author>
      <author>Minetti, A. E.</author>
      <author>Mollendorf, J.</author>
      <author>Termin, A.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Capelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Craig jr. , A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prampero, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minetti, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mollendorf, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Termin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Performance is the time (t) to cover a given distance (d), i. e. speed of swimming (v = d / t). In turn, v is the product of stroke rate (SR), and distance per stroke (d/S). Maximal v is set by maximal metabolic power (E'max) and energy cost of swimming (Cs). Drag (D), efficiency (n) and v set the metabolic requirements. D can be partitioned in friction (22%), pressure (55%) and wave (23%) drag. D reduction can be achieved by training and swim suit design. _ and Cs are influenced by D, by the energy wasted to water and by the internal work. E'tot is a combination of aerobic and anaerobic power: it increases monotonically with the speed, is highly variable and, it decreases with training. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic energy supply 38, 43, and 19% in 200 yd and 19, 54, and 26% in 50 yds. At competitive v, Cs is lowest in front crawl and higher in backstroke, butterfly and breaststroke (in that order). The above mentioned factors are highly variable, but even among elite swimmers each is highly trainable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitlimit an der minimalen Geschwindigkeit der VO2max und innerzyklische Geschwindigkeitsvariation des Körperschwerpunkts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037453</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037453</guid>
      <author>Balonas, A.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, P.</author>
      <author>Silva, J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Moreira, P.</author>
      <author>Lima, A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Balonas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v vO2max) and intracyclic variations of the velocity of the centre of mass (dv) in the four competitive swimming techniques. Twelve elite male swimmers swam their own best technique until exhaustion at their previously determined vVO2max to assess TLim-v v O2max. The test was videotaped in the sagittal plan and the APAS Software was used to evaluate the horizontal velocity of the centre of mass (Vcm) and its intracyclic Variation (dv) per swimming technique. Results pointed out that the strokes that presented higher intracyclic variations also presented larger values of TLim. Intracyclic speed fluctuations (dv) decreased during the TLim test in the four strokes studied, probably due to fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen akuter mittlerer Höhe auf physiologische und technische Parameter im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037360</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037360</guid>
      <author>Mercade, J. J.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse how acute moderate altitude exposure affects technique during a sub-maximal swimming protocol. Eleven subjects swam two steady-state test of 400 m front crawl, under normoxia (N, 690 m) and acute hypoxia (H, 2320 m). Stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL)' was recorded during each lap. Blood lactate concentration (BLa), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) t were also measured after each trial. Results showed a reduction in SL with an increase in SR by altitude effect (p<0.05). HR, BLa and RPE were increased during altitude test respect normoxia (p<0.05). The obtained results did not show relation between physiological and technical variables in N and H. Technical parameters, like physiological ones, should be considered in altitude training camps.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anfälligkeit der roten Blutzellen für Peroxidation bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037361</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037361</guid>
      <author>Monteiro, C.</author>
      <author>Santa Clara, H.</author>
      <author>Raposo, F.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, A.</author>
      <author>Limao, F.</author>
      <author>Alves, P.</author>
      <author>Rayssiguier, Y.</author>
      <author>Mazur, A.</author>
      <author>Coudray, C.</author>
      <author>Gueux, E.</author>
      <author>Coudray, C.</author>
      <author>Bicho, M.</author>
      <author>Laires, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antioxidans</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Enzym</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santa Clara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raposo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Limao, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rayssiguier, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mazur, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coudray, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gueux, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coudray, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bicho, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laires, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of training on red blood cells' (RBC) susceptibility to peroxidation induced in vitro by H2O2 and on RBC' antioxidant enzymes activities. Fiveteen high competition male swimmers and 16 active men not involved in any regular sport activity participated in the study. Nutritional Information was collected and body composition and physical condition were assessed. Blood was collected at rest. RBC peroxidation and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase and metha-haemoglobin reductase activities were evaluated by photometry. Swimmers showed higher RBC' resistance to oxidation even though antioxidant enzymes were not higher. This beneficial adaptation may result from an accelerated RBC' renewal, leading to more efficient O2 delivery to tissues and to lower RBC' intracellular oxidant stress.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Beurteilung der langsamen Komponente der VO2 bei Freistilschwimmern der Spitzenklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037364</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037364</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilar, S.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Cruz, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandeas, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandeas, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to compare different methods for the assessment of the Oxygen uptake Slow Component (SC) in elite swimmers in a time limit test at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption. Five females and two males participated in this study. VO2 was measured by a portable gas analyser connected to the swimmers by a respiratory snorkel. To describe the SC kinetics was used a mathematical model with three exponential functions. This model was compared with different methods of rigid time intervals defined as the difference between the final VO2 and that at the 2nd min (deltaVO2[end-2] or at the 3rd min of exercise (deltaVO2[end-3]). This study showed that the use of the VO2[end-3] underestimates the results since the SC usually begins earlier than the 3rd minute and that the use of the VO2[end-2] seems to be a good solution, being less accurate but more simple to use in a day-to-day basis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zyklusleistung beim Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen bei der niedrigst möglichen mit der VO2max korrespondierenden Geschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037365</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037365</guid>
      <author>Ramos, L.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Soares, D.</author>
      <author>Mota, J.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, J.</author>
      <author>Morouco, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mota, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morouco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse if TLim-v v O2max, tested for the first time in breaststroke and butterfly, is also influenced by stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke Index (SI). Ten elite swimmers (7 males of 19.58±2.9 yy, 176.±5.0 cm and 70.5±6.2 kg, and 3 females of 17.6±1.5 yy, 166.3±5.1 cm and 60.9±6.5 kg) performed, in their best simultaneous technique, an intermittent incremental protocol for vO2max assessment. 48 hours late, subjects swam until exhaustion at their predetermined velocity, to assess Tlim-v v O2max., SL=v.SR-1, SR (cycles.min-1) and SI=SL*v. Regarding the relationship between TLim- v v O2max and the different stroke parameters, it was not found any relationship for each technique. However, when both techniques were considered, it was observed an inverse relationship between TLim- vVO2max and SR and between TLim- vVO2max and vVO2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme an der Laktatschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037366</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037366</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Almeida, M.</author>
      <author>Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Corredoura, S.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredoura, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to identify, in terms of %VO2max, the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of blood [La-]. Twenty nine swimmers participated in the study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages. The individual kinetics of the [La-]/ velocity and VO2 / velocity curves were taken in account for the assessment of lactate threshold (LT). The value of the [La-] corresponding to LT was 2.99±0.80mmol.l-1. In %VO2max, LA was 73.54±0.8%. This result seems to confirm that the best single [La-] value to predict LT, when testing trained swimmers, should be lower than the usual value of 4 mmol.l-1]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit auf die Spielintensität bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037367</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037367</guid>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <author>Gelades, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gelades, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was designed to investigate the physiological responses that elicited in different competitive level players during water polo games. Specifically, the hypothesis that the players of International calibre (IA; Greek National Team) perform with higher intensity than the National level players (NA; 1st Greek National League) was tested. Thirty players, who had equally split to IA and NA, participated in this study. No differences were found with respect to the percentage of time spent with exercise intensity above and below the threshold between IA and NA. However, regardless of relative terms (%), IA swam with significantly higher velocity than NA throughout the game. Both groups preferred to compete with an intensity fluctuating around their lactate anaerobic threshold. It is concluded that the International level players performed at higher absolute exercise intensity than National level players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachweis der unzureichenden pulmonalen Ventilation beim Freistilschwimmen mit maximaler und supramaximaler Intensität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037446</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037446</guid>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Bednarik, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ph-Wert</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bednarik, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to establish whether limited pulmonary Ventilation due to biomechanical characteristics of front crawl swimming causes insufficient elimination of CO2 from the lungs during breathing, which induce hypercapnia. Twelve male swimmers performed 4 swims on 200 m crawl at intensities from 80%, 90%, 100% to 110% on separate days with a swimming snorkel. Respiratory parameters (VE, VCO2, VO2) and some parameters in the blood ([LA-], PCO2, PO2) were measured. From results we were able to demonstrate that limited VE during exercise in swimming occur and that is a possible influence on increased acidosis during maximal and supramaximal swimming. We found notable excess VCO2 after exercise at these intensities. We can also not conclude that hypercapnia was caused because values of PCO2 were similar to those during rest; however, it has to be considered that these values were obtained with significantly increased VE.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsdiagnostik mittels Einsatz von Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037448</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037448</guid>
      <author>Ruzbarsky, P.</author>
      <author>Turek, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruzbarsky, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turek, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Determining the level of preparedness, as a significant factor in training, represents the feedback information about the current condition of an athlete. It plays an important role since it provides the information about the changes of the athlete's conditions caused by the training load and other factors with the objective to regulate the impact the training process on the athlete. To monitor the level of both endurance and pace, a set of swimming tests has been compiled. Some of the tests used by the Slovak Swimming Federation have been taken into consideration. The paper deals with the 3000 meters crawl results, which have been carried out on sample of 105 swimmers aged 13-16 years, and the 4 x 50 meters freestyle test realized on the sample of 53 swimmers aged 13-16 respectively. The average blood lactate level, when using the 3000m test, was 5,67 mmol/l for boys aged 13-14 and 4,67 mmol/l for boys aged 15-16. The blood lactate level was lower when measured for girls; 4,50 mmol/l for 13-14 years old and 3,20mmol/l for 15-16 years old, respectively. When using the 4x50m test, the values were following: boys aged 13-14 were at 0,02 mmol/l, 15-16 years old at 11,22 mmol/l,  girls aged 13-14 at 10,20 mmol/l and finally, girls aged 15-16 at 10,58 mmol/l.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbessert die orale Kreatin-Langzeiteinnahme die Sprintleistung bei Spitzenschwimmern?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037449</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037449</guid>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreatin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of high-dose/long-term oral creatine supplementation on repeated sprint swimming performance in elite male swimmers. Twelve subjects, all swimmers, were separated randomly into creatine group (n = 6) and placebo group (n = 6). Swimmers of the creatine group were supplemented creatine (12 g/day) during 8 weeks. Supplementation was performed using double-blind method. Before and at the end of supplementation, 31P-NMR spectroscopy of the triceps muscle of the arm, blood analysis, and intermittent repeated sprint swimming tests were conducted. Eight-week creatine supplementation tended to increase the muscle PCr content (p = 0.055). However, no significant improvement was shown for repeated sprint swimming performance. These results suggest that high-dose/long-term creatine supplementation increased muscle PCr content with no disadvantage to physiological functions in elite male swimmers. However, it was difficult to prove an ergogenic effect on repeated sprint performance in elite male swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mathematische Modellierung der langsamen Komponente des Sauerstoffaufnahmeverlaufs im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037362</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037362</guid>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This work presents a mathematical method to model the VO2 kinetics during heavy exercise. This methods is able to discriminate between the different components of the oxygen uptake, including the basal, cardiodynamic, fast and slow components. Each of these components is fully characterized, not only in amplitude, but also in time of Start of that component. The method is applied to two swimmers, and the results are presented, resulting in both cases in a good description of the slow component for oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Größe des linken Ventrikels und der funktionellen und maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037363</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037363</guid>
      <author>Madeira, R.</author>
      <author>Trabulo, M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Gomes Pereira, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trabulo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between left ventricular (LV) dimensions/function and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in young swimmers. Twelve well trained swimmers (15.9±0.2years; 64.2±6.8kg; 1.75±0.06m) underwent anthropometric measurements, resting  M-mode/Doppler echocardiography and a treadmill running protocol. Allometric scaling of heart morphological characteristics by body dimensions was performed. Heart size was highly correlated with VO2max and end-diastolic LV internal chamber dimension was the main determinant factor. Ejection fraction and VO2max were uncorrelated suggesting that the systolic function at rest does not reflect cardiac function at maximal exercise. Conclusion is that VO2max determined by a non-specific maximal protocol can be an indicator of cardiac adaptations to aerobic exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle: das mathematische Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037373</guid>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Almeida, M.</author>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This work presents a mathematical method based on a fit to the observed velocity/[La-] data points for swimmers that allows the determination of the anaerobic threshold individually. In the present method a straight line is fitted to the lower velocity data points, while an exponential line is fitted to the higher velocity data points. The point of interception of both lines is considered as the point of beginning of the anaerobic threshold. Some practical examples are shown.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugfrequenzen in Korrespondenz mit der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit sowie der 30-min-Maximalgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichem Trainingsstatus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037369</guid>
      <author>Greco, C.</author>
      <author>Pelarigo, J.</author>
      <author>Perandini, L.</author>
      <author>Figueira, T.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perandini, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueira, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to verify the effect of aerobic performance level on the relationship between stroke rates at critical speed (SRCS) and at maximal speed of 30 min (SRS30). Twenty-three male swimmers of 15 to 20 yr were divided by aerobic performance level (S30) into G1 (n = 10) and G2 (n = 13) groups. SRCS was determined by the slope of the regression line between the number of stroke cycles and time. SRS30 was determined trough the mean value of stroke rate obtained during 30 min test. CS was higher than S30 in G1 (1.30 ± 0.04 and 1.23 ± 0.06 m.s-1) and G2 (1.17 ± 0.08 and 1.07 ± 0.06 m.s-1). CS and SSO were higher in G1 than G2. There was no difference between SRCS and SRS30 in G1 (33.07 ± 4.34 and 31.38 ± 4.15 cycles.min-1) and G2 (35.57 ± 6.52 and 33.54 ± 5.89 cycles.min-1). In conclusion, SRCS can be used to predict the SRS30 irrespectively of the aerobic performance level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines Laktatprofiltests ohne Geschwindigkeitssteuerung für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037372</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine whether swimming with-out pace-lights affects lactate test results compared to swimming with pace-lights. Each of the 11 competitive swimmers per-formed, in a randomized order, on one day with paced workloads and one day without. The test protocol consisted of five 400m front crawl workloads with increasing velocity. Predetermined velocities for each swimmer were either paced using a set of 14 pace-lights moving below the swimmer or self paced. Mean velocities of paced or unpaced workloads at lactate values of 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM showed no statistical differences (p>0.05), and mean Standard deviation of lap times was 0.60±018 and 0.57±0.17s for the paced and unpaced trials respectively (p>0.05). This study shows that during lactate testing, competitive swimmers are able to hold an even pace and meet predetermined workloads without the use of external pacing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Funktion des nasalen Drucks für die Atmung im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037374</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037374</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, R.</author>
      <author>Hanaki, A.</author>
      <author>Shibata, Y.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, Y.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nase</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanaki, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to discuss the function of the Sensation of water touching the face and the effects of nasal pressure on breaststrokers. For examining facial Sensation, skin around the nose was covered with film. To study effects of nasal pressure, the nostril was covered with film. Then the pressure data and other data were analyzed using the Student T-test. There was no difference (t =0.40) in depth pressure with swimmers covered with film and not covered. When the nostrils were closed, face depth (average: 30.3cm) was shallower (t=0.006) than in the controlled setting (28.0cm). There were no significant differences (t=0.62) between the experimental and controlled settings with regards to face-sustaining duration above water surface and subjects' breathing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mischmodellanalyse der Beziehung zwischen Trainingsbelastungen und Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037375</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037375</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Cattaneo, S.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Schmitt, L.</author>
      <author>Barale, F.</author>
      <author>Lacoste, L.</author>
      <author>Rey, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cattaneo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmitt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barale, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacoste, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rey, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a well-recognized method to assess autonomic nervous System perturbations, and was shown to be influenced by the fitness and the fatigue in endurance athletes (6). The relationships between HRV and training loads were shown to be highly individualized (6), and dependent of several factors, including gender (G), training level (L) and specialty (S) (1). Indeed, the HRV responses could probably be influenced by long-term effects (LTE) (6). When only few repeated measurements are available for several subjects characterized by a large inter-individual variability, mixed models provide an attractive solution (2). Instead of constructing a personalized model for each subject, a model of common behavior is constructed, allowing parameters to vary from one individual to another, to take into account the heterogeneity between subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate and differed effects of training loads on HRV taking into account: (a) the mean structure of the covariates G, L, S; (b) individual profiles, and (c) subpopulation profiles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Struktur von Evaluationsindizes der vertikalen Schwimmleistungsfähigkeit von Top-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037348</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037348</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to define a simple method for assessing the level of basic fitness of water polo players (WPP) in the vertical swimming position (VSP). The sample consisted of 35 players, and each subject was tested four times in different training Session with four different weights (one weight per session) . The task of players was to stay in VSP as long as possible using the Standard vertical swimming technique until full exhaustion. On the basis of raw data for each subject the function of dependence Power-Time equation has been calculated for the following nine time intervals (three time intervals per energetic System): 5, 10, 15 seconds for CP , 30, 60, 120 seconds for glycolytic, and 300, 600, 1800 seconds for aerobic energetic System. From the bases of factorial analysis we can conclude that in the context of vertical swimming work ability of top WPP, it is advisable to do tests for VSP in relation to glycolitic and aerobic load realized within 30 seconds (23.95±3.90 kg), and 300 seconds (14.53±1.70 kg), respectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakteristika für den Erfolg bei Elite-Nachwuchs- und Erwachsenenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037349</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037349</guid>
      <author>Dunman, N.</author>
      <author>Morris, J.</author>
      <author>Nevill, M.</author>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dunman, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nevill, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to describe and compare key anthropometric, physiological and socio-demographic characteristics of junior and senior elite swimmers at two performance levels and to determine the importance of these attributes to successful swimming performance. Sixty-five (34 males and 31 females) senior and 561 (305 males and 256 females) junior elite swimmers undertook a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests, and additional family back-ground assessment. The combination of variables was able to differentiate between the two levels of senior performance in males (P<0.05). Significant predictors of swimming performance (P<0.05) differed from junior to senior level in both males and females. A longitudinal approach is required to track the importance of certain characteristics during growth and development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Energetik im Wettkampfschwimmen und ihre Anwendung im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037350</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037350</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimming events consist of different distances from 50m to 1500m. Since the exercise intensity and the relative irnportance of aerobic and anaerobic energy processes vary depending on the exercise time (and thus swimming distance), training regimen should be developed in accordance to time dependent metabolic profile. To understand the time dependent metabolic profile of arm stroke (A), leg kick (K) as well as whole body (S) swimming, the accumulated O2 uptake (AOU) and the accumulated O2 deficit (AOD) were determined at six different water flow. The AOU increased linearly with exercise time in all strokes, and the increased rate of AOU in A and K corresponded to 70, and 80% in S, respectively. The AOD in A and S significantly increased until 2-3min of exercise time, while the AOD in K more rapidly increased and the AOD at 30 s was not significantly different from those at 1 min and 2-3min. These results concerning time dependent metabolic profile in A, K, and S, would give a helpful Information to plan training successfully to improve the metabolic capacity for each stroke. Training effects of a moderate-intensity continuous training (CT) and a high-intensity intermittent training (IT), which are the most popular training regimens in competitive swimming, on VO2max and maximal accumulated O2 deficit (MAOD) were evaluated. After the training, VO2max increased significantly in both training modes. On the other hand, MAOD did not increase significantly in CT, but in IT. These results indicate that CT can improve only aerobic power but that adequate ET can improve both aerobic power and anaerobic capacity. Aerobic and anaerobic energy release in supramaximal swimming lasting 2-3 min were determined under different levels of hypobaric hypoxic condition. The exercise intensity (water flow rate) decreased with decrease in atmospheric pressure. During the exhaustive swimming, rate of aerobic energy release diminished with increase in hypobaric hypoxia, while not only AOD but also rate of anaerobic energy release throughout the exercise were unaffected despite the decreased O2 demand caused by diminished exercise intensity due to hypobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, the effects of high-intensity exercise training under a normal condition (C) and hypoxic conditions (H) on metabolic capacity were examined. After the training, VO2max significantly increased in both N and H, and no significant difference was observed in the increase ratio of VO2max between C and H. MAOD also significantly increased in both groups, however, the increase ratio of MAOD was significantly higher in H than C. The results suggest that the hypoxic training would be favorable for the improvement of the ability to supply anaerobic energy such as MAOD rather than VO2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung der "critical power" im Schwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037351</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037351</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Brickley, G.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brickley, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The concept of Critical Power (CP) has been extended to running, cycling, and swimming. However, applying the CP concept to cyclic activities imposes several assumptions (di Prampero, 1999) not always apparent to scientists and coaches. Their understanding would allow a better appreciation of the potential of this concept when applied as a tool for training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktat und Herzfrequenz beim Schwimmen bei 95 % und 100 % der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Kindern und jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037368</guid>
      <author>Filipatou, E.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Pilianidis, T.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filipatou, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pilianidis, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the lactate and heart rate responses of children (n=8, 11.5±0.6 yrs) and young swimmers (n=7, 16.0±1.7 yrs) when swimming at 95% (V95) and 100% (V100) of their critical velocity (CV). On a. series of 4x400m, blood lactate concentration [La] of young swimmers increased at V100 after the 3rd and 4th 400m repetition compared to the 1st (1st:5.55±0.65 vs. 3rd:7.27±1.01 and 4th: 8.02±1.47 mmol/1, p<0.05) but remained unchanged at V95 (p > 0.05). On a series of 4x300m, performed by children, [La] was unchanged after each 300m repetition in both trials (V95 and V100, p>0.05). Heart rate was higher in V100 compared to V95 trial (p<0.05, between groups p>0.05). Swimming at velocity equal to CV increased over time [La] in young swimmers but not in children. This may be attributed to different energetic responses or altered rates of lactate removal in children compared to young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung des Zeitlimits bei der niedrigsten mit VO2max korrespondierenden Geschwindigkeit in den vier Wettkampfschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037370</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Silva, J. A.</author>
      <author>Vilar, S.</author>
      <author>Colcao, P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colcao, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Time limit at lowest speed of maximal oxygen consumption (Tlim-vV O2max) was characterized in the 4 swimming strokes, and related with V O2max and anaerobic threshold (AnT). 23 elite swimmers performed an incremental protocol for vV O2max assessment. 48 hours later, Tlim-vV O2max was assessed. V O2 was directly measured BxB (K4 b2, Cosmed, Italy) and AnT was assessed individually (YSI 1500L Sport, USA). Tlim-vV O2max values were 238.8±39.0, 246.1±51.9, 277.6±85.6 and 331.4+82.7 s in crawl, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke (no differences observed). No correlations were found between Tlim-vV O2max and V O2max, and AnT. However, inverse relationships were observed between Tlim-vV O2max and vV O2max (r=-0.63, p<0.01) and vAnT (r=-0.52, p=0.01), pointing out that the higher the velocities commonly related to aerobic proficiency, the lower the TLim- vV O2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme und Ventilationsschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037371</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Faria, V.</author>
      <author>Rocha, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faria, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to identify, in terms of percent-age of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of minute Ventilation (Ve), also described as ventilatory threshold (VT). Twenty nine trained swimmers participated in our study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages, with increases of 0.05m.S-1, and 30s intervals between each stage. VT was assessed by Ve/VO2 curve modelling method (least square method). It was assumed VT to be the intersection point, at the maximal fit Situation, of a combined pair of regressions (linear and exponential). The analysed values of VO2 and Ve were cropped by direct oximetry. The present study demonstrated that the non linear increase of Ve corresponding to VT in a specific swimming Situation seems to happen at 84.3±8.7 %VO2max]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Gleiten in Rückenlage auf die Aktivität des kardialen autonomen Nervensystems nach Laufbandbelastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037328</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037328</guid>
      <author>Kazuki, N.</author>
      <author>Kazutoshi, S.</author>
      <author>Daisuke, N.</author>
      <author>Takeshi, O.</author>
      <author>Eri, O.</author>
      <author>Kumikol, O.</author>
      <author>Sho, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kazuki, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazutoshi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eri, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumikol, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sho, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the effects ofsupine floating on rectal temperature and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity after treadmill exercise in the water. Six healthy males volunteered for this study. Subjects were placed in a supine position for 30 minutes in both a water condition (W-condition) and control condition (C-condition) after treadmill exercise in the water. And subjects were measured for recovery while sitting for 15 minutes. During supine floating after treadmill exercise in the water, log HF was significantly increased (p< 0.05) under theW-condition, as compared to the C-condition, during the recovery process. These data suggest that supine floating after treadmill exercise in the water could increase cardiac parasympathetic nervous system activity. Also, the increase in cardiac parasympathetic nervous system activity continues for recovery while sitting after supine floating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss kardiovaskulärer Reaktionen auf die Sauerstoffversorgung im Gewebe in Ruhe und bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037329</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037329</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Okura, M.</author>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Esaki, K.</author>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esaki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated how cardiovascular responses affect tissue oxygenation at rest and during exercises in water. Nine healthy men performed cycling exercises on land (LE) and in water (WE) at xiphoid levels of 40 and 60% V02 ,peak. The V02, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured. The oxy-haemogbloin (Hb02) and total-haemoglobin (THb) were also measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). At rest, the CO and stroke volume (SV) increased (p<0.05) with immersion. A correlative increase in the Hb02 level was noted. These results indicate that the oxygen supply to the muscles increased on immersion. Contrarily, the MBP during WE was higher (p<0.05) than that of LE at both intensities. The Hb02level during WE was lower than that of LE at both intensities The water pressure seems to restrict the blood flow, thereby increasing MBP through activation of a muscle metaboreceptor or mechanoreceptor.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Biomechanik des Schleppens bei guten und weniger guten Lebensrettern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037330</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037330</guid>
      <author>Juntunenl, P.</author>
      <author>Leskinen, T.</author>
      <author>Louhevaara, V.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Juntunenl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leskinen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louhevaara, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Successful and safe lifesaving operation depends on the effectiveness and skill of the lifesaver. The objective was to study lifesaving towing and to identify biomechanical differences in the performances. Eight lifesavers towed an unconsciously acting victim in a swimming pooL Skilled lifesavers towed the victim faster and with longer strokes than the less-skilled. Lessskilled lifesavers had a more upright body position leading to higher drag force. They also had difficulties in keeping the victim's head above the water surface. The victim also travelled
considerably low in relation to the water surface with lessskilled lifesavers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme und Ventilationsschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037331</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037331</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Faria, V.</author>
      <author>Rocha, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faria, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to identify, in terms of percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%V0 2max), the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of minute ventilation (V e), also described as ventilatory threshold (VT). Twenty nine trained swimmers participated in our study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages, with increases of 0.05m/s, and 30s intervals between each stage. VT was assessed by Ve!V0 2 curve modelling method (least square method). It was assumed VT to be the intersection point, at the maximal fit situation, of a combined pair of regressions (linear and exponential). The analysed values of V02 and Ve were cropped by direct oximetry. The present study demonstrated that the non linear increase ofVe corresponding to VT in a specific swimming situation seems to happen at 84.3±8.7 %V02max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer computerassistierter Instruktions-Website für das Schwimmen auf die Lernmotive und Lernstrategie von Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037332</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037332</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Internet</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study was intended to identify the effect of a CA! web site for swimming to elementary school children's learning motives and learning strategy. Fifth-grade children participated in this study. Subjects were classified into two groups that learned with the CA! web site throughout the swimming class and a control group that merely participated in the ordinary swimming class inside the pool. Learning motives, a learning strategy and 25 m swimming performance were investigated before and after the swimming class. The superiority orientedmotive and aim learning strategy decreased significantly (p<0.05) after the swimming class in the control group. Using the CA! web site, it was indicated that the motivation to achieve higher swimming performance was kept high through the swimming class and that students were able to achieve a clear objective for their swimming class.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivität der unteren Extremitäten beim Tiefwasserlaufen und Interventionswirkungen auf die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit bei Älterern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037333</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037333</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to investigate thigh-muscle activity during deep-water running (DWR) (Exp. 1), along with the effects of intervention with upright-floating (UF) exercise on balance ability in elderly (Exp. 2). Exp. 1: Nine healthy males (25.0 ± 0.5 yrs) performed DWR and water walking (WW). The surface electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were placed on the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF). The mean electromyogram (mEMG) of the BF during the DWR showed significantly higher values than that during the WW Exp. 2: Fourteen healthy elderly persons (60.8 ± 5.3 yrs) participated in a once-a-week water exercise program of 12 weeks. They were separated into a normal and an UF group. The UF group improved the body-sway area (30 s, eyes open) and tandem walk time (10 steps). It was constdered that the htgh stimulus of the BF during DWR affected the improvement of the balance ability in UF.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung eines Verfahrens zur Wahrnehmung der Belastungsintensität bei Personen mit Multipler Sklerose bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037334</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037334</guid>
      <author>Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Beato, P.</author>
      <author>Lozano, M.</author>
      <author>Dfaz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lozano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dfaz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Acute physical fatigue (APF) is one of the most common problems related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as the perception of fatigue is a very subjective and individual matter which can be different among subjects. Usually water activities are adopted as a healthful treatment to improve MS affected subjects' quality of life, but sometimes not respecting intrasubject variability or exercise capability. The aim of this study was to examine if CRlO scale for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) could be useful to manage with exercise intensity and effort perception in 4 subjects suffering different grades of MS. The results showed that subjects could improve their exercise intensity perception
(production of intensities of 3, 6, and 9 grades in CRlO scale) after a three week treatment. Due to the results, it can be argued that RPE can be a useful tool when prescribing exercise intensity with subjects suffering MS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewgeungsanalyse bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037335</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037335</guid>
      <author>Schega, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schega, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Changes in movement parameters under various load conditions during breaststroke swimming were assessed in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients. Kinematic analysis of time-discrete and time-continuous characteristics, and timing of the swim-movement was made during a breaststroke "load-steptest" in a flume for 26 male CAD-patients. Factor analysis was applied. The path of hands, feet and hips, the pause between propulsive phases and the angle of attack of hip-shoulder-water surface are of crucial importance in patients with CAD. These findings are supported by the factor analysis where comparable parameters were found to be of relevance. Results did indicate large individual variations in time-continues characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen nach Kurzzeitbelastung im Wasser auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Älteren aus kalten schneereichen Regionen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037336</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037336</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Hatakeyama, T.</author>
      <author>Hareyama, S.</author>
      <author>Morita, N.</author>
      <author>Okitai, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatakeyama, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hareyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morita, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okitai, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of short term water exercise on the physical fitness of elderly subjects from cold snowy region. Balance, reaction time and strength are important elements to prevent slips and falls on the frozen streets during winter season. Eleven subjects of the water exercise group (W-group, mean age: 59.4±9.2yrs) participated in a water exercise class for 6 weeks (twice a week for 90 min session). Eight subjects also served as a controlled group (mean age: 62.1 ±8.5yrs). As a result, systolic blood pressure, sitting trunk flexion and reaction time was significantly improved in W-group despite of the short term water exercise protocol. It was suggested that short term water exercise was beneficial to improve systolic blood pressure, flexibility and reaction time of elderly subjects from cold snowy region.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dauer einer Einheit (80 kcal) beim Gehen auf dem Laufband</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037337</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037337</guid>
      <author>Onoi, K.</author>
      <author>Nishimural, K.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diabetes</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onoi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimural, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The number of Japanese people diagnosed with diabetes has been increasing. Epidemiological and intervention studies of endurance exercise training strongly support its efficacy for improving diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to make clear the difference of duration per expended one unit (80kcal) during treadmill walking in water between younger and older people. We would get the standard data by using non diabetes people. Ten healthy young men and eight healthy women participated in this study. Subjects walked at 1, 2 and 3km/h (30.3°C). The duration of exercise that expended one unit of energy was calculated from V02. Younger and older people's calculated results were 41'39" and 39'44" (I km/h), 33'22" and 31'56" (2km/h) and 24'51" and 24'56" (3km/h). There was no difference due to the difference of the age in one unit. It might be suggested that it becomes possible to prescribe underwater exercise for older diabetes patients by using the young's one unit index.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metabole und mechanische Merkmale einer Olympiasiegerin</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037338</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037338</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <author>Wagatsuma, A.</author>
      <author>Hamaoka, T.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wagatsuma, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamaoka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To clarify metabolic and mechanical characteristics of a superior swimmer, an Olympic gold medalist was compared to 16 elite Japanese college swimmers who belonged to an inter-college champion team. Maximal oxygen uptake (V02max), maximal blood lactate concentration (LAmaxl), a drag coefficient, a drag exponent, drag-swimming speed relationship and maximal propulsive power (MPP) were determined. In the comparison ofv02max, LAma" and MPP, no marked differences were observed between the gold medalist and the other swimmers. On the other hand, the drag-swimming speed relationship revealed lower drag for the gold medalist, especially at higher swimming speed (near race pace). Taken all, it is suggested that mechanical (technical) factors, such as propelling efficiency and the stroke technique to reduce drag, should be considered as more significant determinants of superior swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropometrisches Profil von Mastersschwimmern des Spitzenbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037339</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037339</guid>
      <author>Gattai, G.</author>
      <author>Benelli, P.</author>
      <author>Ditroilo, M.</author>
      <author>Giacomini, F.</author>
      <author>Del Sal, M.</author>
      <author>Fernandez, E.</author>
      <author>Freddo, A.</author>
      <author>Grassi, E.</author>
      <author>Stocchi, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gattai, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benelli, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ditroilo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Giacomini, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Sal, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freddo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grassi, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stocchi, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to define a functional model of Master Swimmer, anthropometric data and upper and lower limb strength were assessed in 54 men and 61 women participants to the 10<h Fina World Master Championships. ANOVA showed age-related significant differences (p<0.05), just in male subjects, concerning Fat Mass (FM%) percentage-increasing and thigh (TV) and forearm (FV) muscle-bone volume decreasing, which may be explained by decreasing of whole muscle mass. Different statistic tendencies among men and women might be due to i) lower muscle mass in females, whereupon the loss is reduced with aging and ii) different loss rate in muscular mass which is gender associated. Significant (p<0.05) strength progressive decrease came up to evidence, for both sexes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen des Durchmessers der unteren Hohlvene bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037340</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037340</guid>
      <author>Sho, O.</author>
      <author>Kazuki, N.</author>
      <author>Kumiko, O.</author>
      <author>Kazutoshi, S.</author>
      <author>Daisuke, N.</author>
      <author>Takeshi, O.</author>
      <author>Eri, O.</author>
      <author>Natuki, S.</author>
      <author>Hirosi, K.</author>
      <author>Futoshi, O.</author>
      <author>Toussaints, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefäß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sho, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazuki, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumiko, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazutoshi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eri, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Natuki, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirosi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Futoshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaints, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cross sectional area of inferior vena cava changes during exercises in water. Six subjects voluntarily participated in this study and performed an arm cranking exercise program under the four experimental conditions (20% V02max, 40% V02max, 60% V02max and control). Water temperature was 30 degrees C. Water depth was axilla. Heart rate and cross sectional area of inferior vena cava were measured by radiotelemetric electrocardiography and B-mode echocardiography, respectively. The cross sectional area of inferior vena cava decreased during the exercise program, and there was a significant relationship between the cross sectional area and intensity of the exercise program (p< 0.05). The findings of the study indicated that venous return had been keeping the volume during the low intensity exercise program and that had been changing the treatment from volume to velocity during the high intensity exercise program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuglänge, Zugfrequenz und Zuggeschwindigkeit bei Sportstudenten und ihr Einsatz als pädagogisches Mittel</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037341</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037341</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the relationship between stroke length, frequency and velocity among non-competitive young adult swimmers. In a test -retest design, the stroke length, frequency and velocity triad was examined for a 50 meter crawl maximum effort. A focus on stroke length as a pedagogical tool was examined for its effect over a 12 week period. The elementary back stroke was introduced early to initiate the subjects in the concept of stroke length and TLT2 sub-maximal trials were also conducted. Fifty university students participated. Results of a paired t-test analysis showed a significant improvement in time, a significant increase in stroke length and a less significant decrease in frequency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erfolg in Freistilwettbewerben bei Schwimmern mit geistiger Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037342</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037342</guid>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <author>Einarsson, I.</author>
      <author>Van de Vliet, P.</author>
      <author>Vanlandewijck, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van de Vliet, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlandewijck, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes with intellectual disability (ID) competing at international level show lower levels of explosive strength and cardiovascular fitness when compared to age matched trained persons. Behavioural characteristics such as motivation, and ability to deal with stress are more difficult to examine. In the 100-m freestyle race Paralympic competitors with loco-motor disability all use similar race speed and stroking strategies. But do trained and experienced swimmers with ID also generally adapt these patterns? Video race analysis data was collected on 81 elite male swimmers including ID athletes, loco-motor disabled, visually impaired as well as able bodied. In long course races there is a typical race pattern used by all swimmers with sufficient race experience regardless of absolute performance level. Individual race tactics do not generally determine the outcome.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse und Vergleich einiger motorischer Verhaltensweisen Kleinkinder im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037343</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037343</guid>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies considered aquatic motor sequences in young children and their relations with some aspects of aquatic psychomotor development. The aim of this study was to understand if spontaneous swim movements of the child can evolve into an effective action, after a "keep doing" and a "free exploration" based methodological approach. Three groups of ten children, different in age (4-12 months, 12-24 months, 24-36 months), were studied. The presence of some motor skills pre and post a period of 10 events of free experience in a swimming pool were detected. No differences were found in the prepost comparison within each group. Differences resulted in the comparison of the children aged 4-12 versus 24-36 months and in the children aged 12-24 versus 24-36 months.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Folgen unsteter Fließwirkungen für die funktionelle Beschreibung von Schwimmzügen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037344</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037344</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose is to direct attention to the relation of unsteady approach and functional attribution of strokes. Swimming strokes can be executed with different modes per action, which require an answer what for is the function of a mode? The functional attribution of modes is closely related to the idea about flow conditions and its effects. Here flow is characterised by a mixture of steady and unsteady effects. In front-driven locomotion the momentum-transfer is related to effects from bound vortex (rotating water), shed vortex and the interaction between bound and shed vortex, called jet-flow which does not exist in stationary flow. Based on this, the functional attribution of actions are rechecked placing emphasis on common goals of motion mutual to all four swimming strokes, showing that appropriate flow-forms are created and organised by similar actions of the hand/arm]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsanalyse der Hände im Freistilschwimmen und Visualisierung der Fließfelder mittels PIV</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037345</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037345</guid>
      <author>Yamada, K.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, H.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Flow fields around a swimmer are extremely unsteady. Top swimmers are expected to swim by using effectively unsteady flow force. A motion analysis can evaluate the unsteady motion quantitatively. In addition, PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) can visualize the unsteady flow field. With this method, the vortex motion around a hand can be evaluated quantitatively. Our study is to clarify the relationship between the vortex behavior and the motion of a hand in crawl swimming by using the motion analysis combined with PIV. The analysis is made for two subjects; one is a male with no competitive career (subject 1) and the other a female Olympic swimmer (subject 2). It was found that the hand motion in swimming was closely related to the vortex generation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die innerzyklische Geschwindigkeit und Koordination vs. Ermüdung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037346</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037346</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <author>Jorda, J.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jorda, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Intracycle speed variations have been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the fatigue effect on such intracycle speed in freestylers. The aim of this study was to analyse such effects. Hence, a synchronized speedmeter connected with a video camera was used and 17 swimmers were recorded with and without fatigue conditions. A complete cycle, four phases average speed and arms coordination were analysed in both conditions. There is a correlation of the average speed with phases l and 3-speed in both genders with and without fatigue. Also phase 2 speed in male and phase 4 in female swimmers are related to the average speed with fatigue. Coordination is related to the phase 4 in female swimmers with fatigue. Summarizing, the whole analysis of the partial speed and the coordination index gives us relevant information about intracycle kinematic responses of freestyle swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen anthropo-morphologischen Merkmalen von Kraulsprintern beiderlei Geschlechts und der kritischen Geschwindigkeit über 50 und 100 m</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:04 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037347</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037347</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Nikolopoulos, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this work is to establish a relationship between the various anthropomorphological (AnthMorph) characteristics of crawl sprint swimmers of both genders in relation to critical speed at 50 and 100 meters (sprint distances). The research has been carried out over a sample of 13 male and 12 female swimmers in sprint crawl style. The given value of the critical speed at 50 and 100 meters was obtained by applying the mathematical modelling of Distance - Time ratio, calculated from the 15, 25, 50 and 100m distances covered in crawl style. The AnthMorph characteristics of swimmers are evaluated over a set of eight variables: BMI, LBM, and percentage of fat, leg-length and arm-length index, the shape of the chest, the trunk and the body. With regards to men, a higher level of critical speed had those with a more pronounced rectangular shape of trunk (the same proportion of the width of shoulders and hips in relation the the body height) and a higher level of lean body mass - LBM. With regards to women, a higher level of critical speed had swimmers with a shorter arm length in relation to body height and a higher LBM.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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