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    <item>
      <title>Beidseitige und vorder-rückseitige muskuläre Ungleichgewichte bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037426</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037426</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitude of bilateral and anterior-posterior differences in swimmers. Peak band force was measured during aquatic exercise (horizontal arm abduction and adduction in a Standing position) and swimming (freestyle and backstroke). The peak force values were significantly higher (p<.01) for exercise adduction than abduction and for the swim stroke with the arm in the adducted position (freestyle) rather than the abducted position (backstroke) . The magnitude of the anterior-posterior difference was large for both exercise (1.5o) and swimming (.8o). Bilateral differences were trivial (.1o, ns) in comparison. A training regimen that strengthens the arm abductors may not only decrease the incidence of injuries in all four strokes, but also increase hand force and, therefore, improve performance in backstroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mentale Vorstellung der Schwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037427</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037427</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antizipation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming strokes are mentally organised as motoric actions under the condition of (flow) physics and limited energy reservoirs. Action representation is imagined to be organised hierarchically in a tree-like structure as a network of so-called Basic Action Concepts (BACs) - in long-term memory. BACs correspond to functional and biomechanical demands in concert with the situational goals and constraints of motion. BAC's are integrated mentally in a different way per individual. The degree of Integration of BACs is detected via Structural Dimensional Analysis-Motoric (SDA-M). In this study SDA-M is applied to the underwater sequence of the upper limbs of two butterfly swimmers. The purpose is to give inside how a) this method can be applied in swimming, b) how the individual basis for action control in skilled voluntary motion is detected by dendrograms and c) it can be used for better communication.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion auf Widerstandstraining im Wasser und an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037428</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037428</guid>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Land</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of the study was to verify if the cardiovascular and metabolic demands of well-designed water resistance training are at least comparable to their land-based equivalents. Five trained men were evaluated similarly with a horizontal shoulder adduction movement in water with a Hydro-Bells and on land with an elastic band (EB). Previously in order to equate resistance of movement, a rhythm rate in water and on land was established as well as distance in the holding distance of the EB. Subsequently physiologic response was evaluated with both devices by means of a set of twenty-five repetitions until reaching muscular fatigue. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between both material resources concerning heart rate at exertion and the response of lactates. We conclude that if the resistance training in water is performed according to the methodological indications followed in this study will produce a similar physiological response to that produced by land-based exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung von Schwimmtraining auf Größe und Funktion des linken Ventrikels bei Jungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037429</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037429</guid>
      <author>Madeira, R.</author>
      <author>Trabulo, M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Gomes Pereira, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trabulo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of swimming training on left ventricular (LV) cardiac morphology and function in young boys. Antropometric measurements, body composition estimation and resting M-mode and Doppler echocardiography were performed in 24 boys (15/16 years), 12 swimmers and 12 age matched non athletes (control group). Swimmers had higher rest stroke volume, LV end-systolic volume and LV end-diastolic volume than the control group. Fifty percent of the swimmers exhibited end-diastolic LV internal chamber dimension above normal (> 54 mm). As showed by Parameters measured, adaptation to exercise mode induced a typical "athlete's heart" with dominance of volume and diameter (eccentric LV hypertrophy) and mild changes in LV mass. The results supported the concept of an influence of systematic swimming training on the diastolic function.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Vorstartangst bei Schwimmern und Wasserballern in Bezug zur Wettkampferfahrung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037430</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037430</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorstartzustand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This research aims at examining differences in the intensity of pre-competitive anxiety based on competitive experience between - a) the two sexes (male and female) and - b) the two sports (swimming and water polo). In the research participated 601 male and female athletes, aged 13-26 yrs old of which 425 were swimmers and 176 were water polo players? Their competitive experience varied from 1-13 yrs and according to this they were divided in five /S/ groups. As regards the sample sex it consists of 288 males and 313 females. The athletes completed, before the event the Greek Version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory questionnaire (CSAI - 2; Marthens at al., 1990; Kakkos & Zervas; 1996). The results show that in relation to gender, there is a statistically significant difference in three factors of anxiety. With respect to the competitive experience criterion, there is a significant statistical difference only with regard to the factor of self-confidence as well as to the criterion of competitive experience in relation to the sport regarding the all three anxiety factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse und Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Mader-Tests in unterschiedlichen Schwimmarten bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037412</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037412</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, M. G.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Pizzini, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pizzini, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies were performed to analyze both the blood lactate concentration after competitions and to set the optimal intensity level during the training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in lactate production between high level male and female four-strokes-swimmers and the differences in lactate concentrations among these strokes in swimmers of the same gender. Forty male and forty female swimmers performed a modified Mader test in their own discipline. The time for 200m at the threshold speed, the [La-] peak and the [La-]/time at the anaerobic threshold ratio were considered. Male athletes produced more lactate for each stroke than the female counterparts. The higher peak lactate concentration in the male athletes were found in breaststroke, whereas in females athletes the higher peak was found in butterfly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung und Anwendung der kritischen Intervallgeschwindigkeit und der kritischen Erholungszeit im 50-m-Intervalltraining</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037425</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037425</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Takano, C.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takano, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine critical velocity (VcriIS) and critical rest time (tcri) for interval training at four velocities higher than anaerobic threshold. Eleven well-trained College male swimmers performed four to six sets of 50m interval swim test (Tint) at each given velocity. The relations between total time (tT) and the total swim distance (Dint) of Tim were expressed in the general form, Dint=a+b*tT in all subjects. Vcri-IS could be determined by the relationship between Dint and tT. and tcri could be calculated from Vcri-IS and swimming time (ts) at each velocity. Moreover, combination swimming velocity, rest time and total swimming distance direction could be determined. It was thought that the combinations of velocity and rest period which imply interval training fatigue threshold (ITFT) could be defined from the results of VcriIS and tcri.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training erzeugt Veränderungen der kritischen Geschwindigkeit und der Geschwindigkeit bei Laktat 4 bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037431</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037431</guid>
      <author>Reis, J.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between different methods of assessing aerobic capacity and the changes induced by a heavy aerobic training period in age group swimmers. It was found that critical velocity in front crawl, deter-mined using 50, 200 and 400 meters distances, is similar to velocity correspondent to lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1. Critical velocity determined using just 200 and 400 meters distances, however, was significantly different form the former but similar to the mean velocity of the 2000m lest. All variables increased significantly after a 9 weeks aerobic training phase, simultaneously with best performance at 400m front crawl. The results of this study confirm that critical velocity is sensitive to performance changes induced by aerobic training in young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einflussfaktoren auf die Geschwindigkeit an der Laktatschwelle bei gut trainierten Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037432</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037432</guid>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to investigate the factors affecting velocity at OBLA (V@OBLA) in well-trained male College swimmers. Continuous progressive swimming was evaluated at three times (pre-test, mid-test and post-test) to measure V02max and an intermittent progressive swimming for measuring V@OBLA and stroke length at various velocities. The subjects carried out endurance training for 6 weeks during those tests. The VO2max and V@OBLA values at mid-test and post-test were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those at pre-test. No significant differences in SL@ OBLA were apparent among the three tests. Rates of VO2max change correlated significantly (p < 0.05); the rate of SL@OBLA change was not significantly correlated with the rate of V@OBLA change. Increasing V@OBLA in this study might be caused not by stroke efficiency improvement but almost entirely by improved aerobic capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreijahresstudie mit Nachwuchsschwimmern:</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037433</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037433</guid>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes brought about both by this development and by training on anthropometrics, swimming, flexibility and CMJ force recordings variables over a period of three years (2000-2003) of swimming training in a sample of age-group swimmers. The improvement obtained in swimming times seems related to a combination of anthropometrics factors plus absolute and relative force development after ending this long-term period of swimming age-group training, but the growing changes seems to produce a masking effect on the force evolution observing the relative force results. Considering that we evaluated the general jumping force, not strictly related with the swimming needs, it is difficult to recommend, to this group of age-group swimmers, the application of a rigid and progressive strength-training program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Markierungspunkten auf die Wende im Brustschwimmen im Anfängertraining</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037434</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037434</guid>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, M.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of teaching points on turn motion by investigating the relationship between subjective sense and objective temporal information during breaststroke turn motions for novice swimmers. Eight non-skilled College swimmers participated in this study. They were taught the turn motion three times for 15 min. The times for T-turn (Pre, 1.71 s; Post, 1.84 s) and T-hand (Pre, 0.65 s; Post, 0.86 s) were significantly longer (P < 0.01) than those before teaching. Many positive comments were offered, such as "I learned to be able to turn my body with no trouble" and " I was able to kick the wall firmly", implying that these teaching points eased turning for beginning swimmers. Results suggest that the teaching program led swimmers to acquire good tips on turn motion and led them to turn confidently.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieverbrauch und Nahrungsaufnahme von Wettkampfschwimmern im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037435</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037435</guid>
      <author>Soultanakis, H.</author>
      <author>Mandaloufas, M.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soultanakis, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mandaloufas, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Poor dietary practices may accumulate and lead to deficiencies that may influence performance during training. The purpose of this study was to investigate weather the dietary intake of elite swimmers can match the energy and nutrient requirements of training.  Dietary habits were evaluated in 16 elite swimmers (6 male, 10 female). Diet content and energy expenditure were estimated by using 3-day weighed dietary and activity records. Their three day training averaged 7.568 m of swimming per day. The total energy cost averaged 3146.88±494.10 kcal/day. Diet records revealed that the swimmers consumed daily 2182.25 ± 964.14 kcal/day, approximately 800 kcal less than their daily requirements. Protein intake was approximately double their energy cost. The results demonstrated the inability of swimmers to maintain a balanced diet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Hydrationslevels nach einer Trainingseinheit auf die Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037436</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037436</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Christoforou, N.</author>
      <author>Laparidis, K.</author>
      <author>Tahtalis, T.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Christoforou, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laparidis, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tahtalis, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of two different levels of hydration after a training Session on subsequent performance. Eight swimmers performed a morning swimming training session, and 8 hours later a testing Session of 4x200m at an intensity of 95% of the critical velocity (4x200submax) and 200m maximum effort (200max). In two separate trials, swimmers consumed a fluid volume of either 150% (F150) or 50% (F50) of the morning post-training body mass (BM) loss. BM was reduced by 0.9±0.2% and 0.8±0.3% after the morning Session in F150 and F50 trials respectively (p>0.05). Eight hours later, BM had recovered in the F150 but not in the F50 trial (p<0.05). Heart rate showed a tendency to increase at the end of the 4x200submax (p=0.08). The 200max time was not different between trials (p>0.05). As a result dehydration of 1% might not be a critical factor in impairing performance during a 200max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der USA-Top-100-Zeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037437</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037437</guid>
      <author>Sokolavas, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sokolavas, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of elite level swimmers based on the USA Swimming's All-Time Top 100 times. We analyzed participation of 17-18 years old swimmers at Top 100 from age 10-under until the age of 15-16 years in various events by girls and boys. The data shows that the older the elite swimmer, the more likely he/she will be ranked in the Top 100. About half of the elite swimmers in the Top 100 at age 17-18 were new swimmers who were never ranked in the Top 100 at any age. Most of the future elite swimmers swim slower than age group Champions, especially at ages until 15-16 years. Many participant ranked in the Top 100 as age groupers are not present in the Top 100 in the 17-18 age group. We speculate that the two reasons for losing these young Top 100 ranked Champions may be related to their early biological maturation and/or an inappropriate training volume at a young age.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Struktur der allgemeinen und spezifischen Schwimmfähigkeiten bei Top-Juniorenwasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037407</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037407</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Peranovic, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allgemein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peranovic, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Motor and tactical technical demands in playing water polo are increasing. The task of this research was to establish the most important factors which define the structures of general and specific swimming preparation of junior water polo players, Slovenian national team. 31 water polo players were tested: crawl 15, 25, 50 1500m, 25m crawl with head up 25m crawl with ball, 25m back, specific swimming by using legs 25m, crawl stroke kicking, breast kick and egg biter kicking and 10x50m crawl, and 15 variables were derived. Four factors were set describing 78.068% of joined variability. The results indicate the existence of four various areas of preparation of swimmers. The first factor indicates that the general and specific speed of swimming, the second factor recognizes coordination swimming abilities of players; the third indicates specific leg movement, while in the fourth one swimming efficiency singles out.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Herausforderungen bei der Verwendung der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit. Von den Wissenschaftlern zu den Trainern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037408</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037408</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Brickley, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brickley, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[So far, a few studies have been conducted on the Critical swimming velocity concept. The current available knowledge suggests there is merit in using CV for training. The model offers Potential to swimming in that it is non-invasive and easy to administer. The CV concept appears as a useful tool for setting training intensities, monitoring training effects, and predicting performances. All these applications are reviewed in the present article.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Veränderungen der Zyklusparameter auf die Zeit bis zur Erschöpfung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037409</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037409</guid>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Huot-Marchand, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Gorce, P.</author>
      <author>Lensel, G.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huot-Marchand, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gorce, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lensel, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to assess the technical modifications under constrained swimming during time to exhaustion tests (TTE). Ten swimmers performed a maximal 400-m front crawl test (V400), and 3 sets (S1, S2, S3) of 4 TTE at 95, 100, 105, and 110% of V400. In S1, swimmers had to sustain the velocities for the longest time as possible and the mean stroke rate (SR) was calculated (SRS1). In S2 and S3, velocities and SR were imposed (at SRS1 and SRs1-5%, respectively). TTE of S2 and S3 were shorter than those of S], During S3, an increase of the glide time was observed while propulsive time remained stable compared to S2. Swimming with a longer stroke length does not induce only a specific improvement of force production, but also the ability of the swimmers to adopt a more streamlined Position to reduce drag.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschied zwischen allgemeinen und spezifischen Schwimmfertigkeiten von Top-Wasserballern des Juniorenbereichs auf der Grundlage ihrer Position innerhalb der Mannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037410</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037410</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tactical, technical and functional demands of each position during game are a very significant factor for planning the training. The basic aim of this paper was to define the differences in basic and specific swimming characteristics of junior water polo players based on their position within the team. The sample of 31 players was divided into three groups: 1. players in wing positions (N = 19); 2. centers (N = 6); 3. backs (N = 6). 12 variables were the result of the following swimming tests: crawl 25m, 50m and 1500m, 25m crawl with ball, 25m back, specific swimming using legs 25m, legs crawl, breast and mixing and swimming 10x50m crawl. Cluster analysis has singled out five variables in which the observed groups differed. After the Student T-test, we obtained the difference between the groups. The players in wing positions are weaker then the others and that is not suitable for game.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit durch spezifisches Widerstandstraining bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037411</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037411</guid>
      <author>Mavridis, G.</author>
      <author>Kabitsis, C.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mavridis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kabitsis, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of a 12-week sprint-resisted training period on 10m sprint swimming time (T 10) and competitive performance (P). Eighty-two (n = 82) swimmers were assigned to an experimental (E, n = 53) and control (C, n=29) group and followed three sprint training sessions per week, with and without resistance respectively. Resistance was applied by a bowl tethered with an elastic rope to the hip of the swimmer. Post-training T10 was improved compared to pre-training (p<0.05). Group E displayed significant T10 improvement compared to group C (8.5±4.1% vs. 1.2±1.6%, p<0.05). Percent improvement of P on distances of 50-100-200m was higher in group E compared to C (p<0.05). The applied form of sprint-resisted training method is recommended for development of speed and may also be effective for competitive improvement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Problem des Peakings aus der Sicht der Olympischen Spiele von Athen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037413</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037413</guid>
      <author>Issurin, V.</author>
      <author>Kaufman, L.</author>
      <author>Lustig, G.</author>
      <author>Tenenbaum, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>unmittelbare Wettkampfvorbereitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2004</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Issurin, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaufman, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lustig, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tenenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study tested the assumption that several crucial factors, such as duration of the final stage preparation (FSP), gender, age, selection procedures, swimmers' ranks, swimming stroke and distance account for swimming time variance in the 2004 Athens Olympic competition. A total of 424 events per-formed by 301 Olympic swimmers were analyzed to obtain the relative performance gain (RPG%) that was computed as the differences between the entry swimming results and swimming time in the Olympic competition. The average RPG% gain equaled 0.58% (SD = 1.13%), indicating performance decline, embracing 68.2% of all the swimming events. Only two categories of competitors, the medal winners and swimmers ranked 4-8, surpassed their previous entry time; one-way ANOVA revealed significant (p = .04) superiority of the swimmers who were selected rigorously over swimmers selected liberally.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Entwicklung der Schmetterlingsschwimmtechnik beim widerstandsbetonten Schwimmen mit Bremsfallschirm bei Verwendung unterschiedlicher Widerstände</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037414</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037414</guid>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Diaz, G.</author>
      <author>Navarro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to measure the effect on the stroke variables in speed (S), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) during swimming. Six tests were carried out. These tests consisted in swimming butterfly style 25 metres at maximum intensity using normal swimming (NS) and resisted swimming with parachute (RSWP) with a front span of 30cm and a back diameter of 30, 22.5, 15, 7.5 and 0cm. The study was carried out with 18 swimmers between 19 and 22 years of age. An intra-group design of repeated measures was used. The results obtained showed how the SF does not significantly vary with different diameter, but there are significant differences between NS and 0cm, 15cm and 30cm. Significant differences (p<0.000), are produced in SL, S, SI between NS and all other diameter. This Information will allow trainers to improve the mechanics of swimming butterfly style when performing RSWR]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weltstandsanalyse zu Schwimmphysiologie und Trainingspraxis: Überwindung der Lücke zwischen Theorie und Praxis</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037420</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037420</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltstandsanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present paper was to survey the state of the art on swimming physiology as related to coaching practice in order to help bridging the gap between theory and practice. Systematic literature searches were performed through the years 1990 - 2006 utilising EBSCOhost Research Databases and SportDiscus. Ovid Medline was used to scan materials for randomized controlled trials. The searches were done in three Steps using both key words and thesaurus decodes. In the first phase, "Swimming" without limitations was fed to the System and repeated with animals excluded, second, "Swimming" and "Physiology" were used and third, some subdivisions were connected to the precedents. One may conclude that the body of knowledge for the improvement of sports coaching and fitness training in Swimming is large and well represented in the subdivisions of Swimming Physiology.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliabilitätsuntersuchung eines Test zur Bestimmug des Laktatprofils beim Laufen im Wasser mit Schwimmweste</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037415</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037415</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Naess, G.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naess, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was a test-retest examination of the reliability of a test protocol for generating a blood lactate profile for running in the water with the wet vest. The protocol was a duplication of the protocol used in our laboratory for treadmill running except that \ load was controlled by continuous monitoring of HR. Blood lactate values were determined for HR levels of 120, 130, 140, 150,160 and if necessary, 170 and 180 BPM. Fifteen subjects performed test with 1-3 days between tests. Results demonstrated that a) 1 protocol was well suited to use with the wet vest under field conditions 2) the intra-test Variation in HR was minimal (mean SD for all tests, all subjects, 1.6 BPM) and c) the reliability of the repeated test was high (mean coefficient of Variation, 1.46; p>0.05).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliabilität eines VO2peak-Tests für das Laufen im Wasser mit Schwimmweste</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037416</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037416</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Naess, G.</author>
      <author>Vik, B.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naess, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vik, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study employed a T,-T2 format to examine the reliability of a peak VO2 test protocol for running in the water with the wet vest. Sixteen subjects 20-31 yrs of age participated. Classic Douglas bag respirometry was used. After a 10 minute warm up (HR 110-115 BPM), five 5 minute sub-maximal work loads were performed with a one minute rest interval. Thereafter, a final effort of 3.0-3.5 min. to exhaustion was performed. Work load was controlled by continuous HR monitoring. Blood samples were taken for blood La analysis before and after every work effort. Pearson Product Moment correlations for T1 to T2 were r = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.96 for peak VO2 (l/min), peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) and HR (BPM), respectively. The differences between T1 and T2 were not significantly different at the 0.001 level of confidence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung eines Feedbacktools unter Verwendung einer interaktiven Bilddatenbank für das Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037417</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037417</guid>
      <author>Shimizu, J.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine apposite quality conditions (movie format, bit rate, etc...) and apposite methods for visual feedback service via the Internet in synchronised swimming. Therefore we examined the most common movie formats (movie quality encoded at 1Mbps bit rate) and, examined efficacy of searching for movies in a database. We suggest that generally the Windows Media movie format is the most useful movie format. When users (athletes) browse movies via the Internet, they usually can not obtain any advices from their coaches, as a solution for this problem we suggest that users (athletes) should be able to browse annotation at the same time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsmerkmale eines 30s-Maximaltests im Schwimmen: Konsequenzen für die bioenergetische Beurteilung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037418</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037418</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Lima, A.</author>
      <author>Santos, I.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Correira, M.</author>
      <author>Maia, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correira, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to characterize the velocity curves corresponding to 30 sec maximal front crawl swimming, and to establish eventual relationships with metabolic path-ways related to the anaerobic energy production. 72 swimmers of different maturational Status were studied. The mathematical procedures for data treatment, including a continuous wavelet analysis, are described. Results revealed a tendency to an inverse relationship between the number of fatigue thresh-olds found on the velocity curves and the maturational Status. The large number of the velocity curves studied presented two fatigue thresholds. The first threshold was found between 8 and 12 sec. This time interval well fits the alactic-lactic threshold enounced in the literature and leads us to speculate about the possibility of using the velocity curves to assess individual alactic-lactic thresholds in order to better plan and control anaerobic swimming training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vortriebswirksamkeit beim Sprint im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037419</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037419</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>van der Meer, S.</author>
      <author>de Niet, M.</author>
      <author>Truijens, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van der Meer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Niet, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Truijens, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming not all of the total mechanical power (P") generated by the swimmer is available to overcome drag. The propulsive efficiency (ep) is defined as the ratio of power to overcome drag (Pd) relative total mechanical power. The System to Measure Active Drag provides fixed push of pads below the water enabling propulsion generation without loss of energy to the water. Therefore, all-out sprints performed on the M.A.D.-system enabled faster swimming than all-out sprints swimming free. Assuming that Pd relates to swimming speed cubed (v3) and assuming equal power Output in two 25 m sprints (free and MAD), the ratio of v3 sprinting all-out 'free' relative to v3 on the M.A.D.-System reflects ep. For 13 elite swimmers ep of 75% (range 68 - 84%) for v = 1.64 m*s-1 were found. The determination of ep based on sprints free and on the M.A.D. System, is fast and is used to evaluate changes in performance with training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der spezifischen Kraft bei gut-trainierten Sportlern beim angebundenen Schwimmen im Strömungskanal</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037421</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037421</guid>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <author>Popov, O.</author>
      <author>Binevsky, D.</author>
      <author>Dyrko, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popov, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Binevsky, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dyrko, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eighteen well-trained male swimmers were tested during tethered swimming in swimming flume at nine different flow velocities and in selected strength tests on land. The questions to answer were: how does the value of pulling Force during tethered swimming change with changes in flow velocity in the flume and how closely related that force is to competitive swimming results in comparison to other strength tests? A significant correlation was found between values of pulling force in the flume and competitive swimming velocity in 100 m freestyle. This correlation was stronger than correlation of swimming performance with pulling force at zero velocity or with strength measured in land tests. The strength of relation-ship increased with an increase of flow velocity in the flume.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Multimediasystems zur kinesiologischen Beurteilung des Schwimmens durch Experten in allen Becken</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037422</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037422</guid>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Multimedia</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A long term strategy is presented to develop a kinesiological evaluation System in breaststroke, useable by any expert, based on movement variables relevant for performance. Because relations were found between physical characteristics as well as velocity Variation of the centre of mass, on the one hand, and body cambering and waving, on the other hand, these two undulating characteristics were chosen as style criterions. For the different style groups, and in women and men separately, a series of movement variables in various phases of the stroke cycle were also relevant for performance. Movement deviations can be specified by overlaying average stick figures of the most corresponding style group on video instants, but also by refer-ring to the average stick figures of the gender group.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitative Analyse alternativer Wendentechniken spanischer Junioren- und Jugendschwimmer: Analyse der Fehlerhäufigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037455</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037455</guid>
      <author>Sanchez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Maanon, R.</author>
      <author>Mon, J.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, S.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maanon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mon, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study is a compilation of the analyses developed over four years of the Spanish Junior National Team. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of observed errors while front crawl and back crawl turns are performed. 176 junior and pre-junior male and female elite swimmers performed the front crawl turn and 43 performed the back crawl turn. The videorecord was made through an underwater window while a 50 m front crawl or back crawl trial was performed at competitive speed. It was employed an 8mm video cassette recorder. 78% of the group performed an anticipated turn on the longitudinal axis previous to contact with the wall; differences between categories were found. Starting the turn far from the wall and the lack of support for hands during the turn were problems found in over 40% in crawl. The biggest frequency found in backstroke turn was localized in glide and push-off phases (53%).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Lernens der Freistiltechnik durch Einsatz oder Nicht-Einsatz von Auftriebshilfen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037458</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037458</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A current methodological problem for Italian swimming teachers is the suitability of the instructional flotation devices as a useful tool for the learning process of swimming. In literature, there are several studies reporting contrasting results in the use of these aids. The present study analyses the results of the front crawl stroke learning process in Italian children aged 8-9 years after a 10 lessons program developed by the use or non-use of instructional flotation devices. Both a qualitative (by MERS-F scale) and a quantitative (armstroke cycles, breathings, stroke rate, stroke length, efficiency index) analyses were performed. No significant differences between the two methods were found.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittuntersuchung räumlich-zeitlicher und koordinativer Parameter: Vorbereitung des Bronzemedaillengewinners von Athen 2004 im 100 m Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037459</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037459</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Papparodopoulos, C.</author>
      <author>Guerniou, Y.</author>
      <author>Binet, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papparodopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guerniou, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Binet, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study shows how a model of arm to leg coordination in the breaststroke was used to prepare the 2004 French national champion in the 50-m, 100-m and 200-m breaststroke for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. His coordination was periodically evaluated and the detailed Information provided by this model served to guide the subsequent training decisions. Seven evaluations were made over a two-year period and assumed a parallel with the competitive performances during this period. At each evaluation, the swimmer swam 25-m at his 100-m race pace and the spatial-temporal parameters (velocity, stroke rate and stroke length) and coordination (temporal gaps between the stroke phases of the arm and leg: T1a, T1b, T2, T3 and T4) were calculated over three stroke cycles identified from under-water cameras with lateral and frontal views.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Stabilität des Koordinationsindex beim maximalen und submaximalen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037460</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037460</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study used video analysis to examine how similar the coordination values obtained in a submaximal protocol were to those obtained in maximal testing. This three-part experiment examined the effect of relative intensity, the distance swum and expertise (during maximal 400-m testing) on the Index of Coordination (IdC) as defined by Chollet et al. (2000). The results showed that IdC increased with increased relative intensity during 300-m freestyle testing and that it did not vary significantly with the distance swum, whatever the level of expertise, during maximal 400-m freestyle testing. These findings suggest that the IdC adaptations can be assessed at all swimming speeds on the basis of a short-distance protocol, as proposed by Chollet et al. (2000).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Koordinationsindex zur Beurteilung optimaler Anpassung: Eine Falluntersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037461</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037461</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This communication examines the feasibility of assessing the inter-arm coordination of individual swimmers to determine the optimal adaptation. Two highly-trained swimmers of different skill levels (95.3% vs. 87.9% of the world record for speed in 100-m freestyle swimming) swam at eight paces corresponding to the speeds adopted during competitive events (from V3000-m to maximal speed on 25-m). The Index of Coordination (IdC) was calculated for each swim pace. A velocity device was used to calculate the intra-cyclic speed variability (IVV). The results showed that the better swimmer was characterized by higher IdC at all swim paces. Moreover, the IVV of this swimmer did not significantly vary across swim paces, whereas it increased in the less skilled swimmer. It thus seems that IVV stability could be an interesting criterion to assess the optimal adaptation of coordination with swim pace increase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Perfektionierung des Freistilschwimmens bei nicht versierten Schwimmern: Vergleich zwischen Verringerung des Widerstands und Verbesserung des Vortriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037442</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037442</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Pizzini, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pizzini, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming results as a compromise between propulsive actions and gliding through water. This research observed the improvements in non-skilled swimmers taught by two specific training programs. The first aimed to have a drag reduction and a better glide (improving the balance, the position in the water and the breath control). The second program aimed to improve the efficiency of the propulsive actions (with respect to continuity and length of the armstroke, rhythm of the actions). The two perfection methods were proposed to 97 non skilled subjects. In the pre-post analysis within each group an improvement of the efficiency index in all male subjects and in the females working on propulsion were found. Moreover and an improvement of long distance swim was recorded in all subjects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen und Training: Vergleich zwischen heuristischem und präskriptivem Lernen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037443</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037443</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Different opinions are given about the approaches of learning methods in swimming. Some supporting the prescriptive-cognitive theory, others the ecological-dynamic method, also called heuristic learning. Two groups of children attending a swimming school were taught by a prescriptive (subdivided) and by a heuristic methods. It seems that, in the swimming teaching, an ecological dynamic approach in the learning of the technique results to be more effective than a more rigid and defined prescribed method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Armgelenkwinkelverschiebung beim Freistilschwimmen unter Verwendung eines Akzelerometers</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037445</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037445</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to estimate arm joint angular displacements, such as shoulder extension and elbow flexion angle during front crawl swimming using an accelerometer that was attached to the swimmer's wrist. The arm joint angles were formulated and wrist acceleration was identified mathematically. A well-trained swimmer, as the subject, performed front crawl swimming with a wrist-mounted accelerometer. Shoulder extension and elbow flexion angle were estimated from the measured acceleration corresponding to the calculated acceleration. The estimated angles corresponded well with the angles obtained by videography. The desirable results demonstrated the possibilities of its practical use as a methodology to measure swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitative Bewertung der Starttechnik international startender spanischer Junioren- und Jugendschwimmer: Eine Analyse der Fehlerhäufigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037454</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037454</guid>
      <author>Sanchez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Manon, R.</author>
      <author>Mon, J.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, S.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mon, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This is a 4 year study compilation of the analyses developed with the Spanish Junior National Team during their summer training camps before their participation in the European Junior Championships. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of errors observed in the start phases to the entry. 177 junior and pre-junior male and female elite swimmers performed the pike start. The most frequent problem found in the pike start is the incorrect head position at the moment of the entry in the water. 66% of the swimmers keep their heads up and 55% flexed knees. The push is not supported by the lack of force application of the hands on the pool block (45%) considering this a more evident problem in women. The frequencies of the mistakes found in the pre-junior swimmers were reduced in the junior group indicating an enhancement in the observed start technique after this period of development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037456</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037456</guid>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <author>Santos, J.</author>
      <author>Gomes, P.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The construction of models aiming the identification of the best predictors of swimming performance at each age level is one of the most pursued issues of swimming research. In this study, different approaches have been used, including Data Mining algorithms and multi-regression analysis. Anthropometric, strength, flexibility, metabolic, hydrodynamic and experience of training data of 494 young national level swimmers (13 to 16 years old boys and 12 to 14 years old girls) were measured. Best predictors were mean velocity in "T30" aerobic test for all age groups, plus height and maximal isometric elbow extension strength for older female swimmers, and glide after start for younger male swimmers. The explanation of performance reached almost 70%. The most predictable variables were similar when using different algorithms like Decision Tree, K-Means (5-clusters) and Kohonen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isometrische Kraft, angebundene Kraft und Kraftverhältnisse als Mittel der Bewertung der technischen Fertigkeit von Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037457</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037457</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y. A.</author>
      <author>Hintzy, F.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hintzy, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between isometric force, tethered force and force developed during maximal power test. Eighth international swimmers realised maximal isometric forces for 3 arm-trunk angles (Fiso30°, Fiso90°, Fiso120°). Then, a 5s full tethered swim allowed the measure of the maximal propulsive force in water (Fpmax). Finally, a 25m maximal power test was realised in a 1/2 tethered condition. Isometric forces were not significantly different for the 3 angles. Large individual variations were observed for the ratio Fpmax/Fiso30° as for the ratio Fp/Fpmax reflecting different technical abilities and/or different compromise force-velocity. Fiso30° was significantly correlated to Fpmax and to Fp. The technical ability appeared determinant to transform strength capacity in specific swimming force. These results could be useful to determine the swimmer's insufficiencies, i.e., low isometric force and/or bad technical ability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der numerischen Strömungsmechanik zur Technikbeschreibung der Unterwasser-Beinbewegung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037462</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037462</guid>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was developed to provide answers into problems which have been unobtainable using physical testing techniques. This study sought to discriminate between the active drag and propulsion generated in underwater dolphin kicking. A 3D Image of an elite swimmer was animated using results from a kinematic analysis of the swimmer performing large/slow and small/fast dolphin kicks underwater. The CFD model was developed around this input data. Changes were also made to the input kinematics (ankle plantar flexion angle) to demonstrate the practical applicability of the CFD model. The results demonstrated an advantage in using the large, slow kick over the small, fast kick over the velocity range that underwater dolphin kicks are used. This highlights the potential benefits of using CFD models in technique prescription.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung des Kabelspeedometers für die Diagnostik im Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037463</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037463</guid>
      <author>Morouco, P.</author>
      <author>Lima, A. B.</author>
      <author>Semblano, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, D.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, P.</author>
      <author>Sousa, F.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Correira, M. V.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morouco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Semblano, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correira, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Getting fast results from the evaluation of swimmers is one of the most important goals to achieve with technological development in the field. The purpose of this study was to validate a real-time velocimetric device (speedometer) through the comparison of their results with Computer assisted videogrametry. The sample included 7 international level swimmers (3 females and 4 males). Each swimmer performed four 25m trials, two at 200m race pace and two at 50m race pace. For each trial, two stroke cycles were studied, resulting on a total of 28 cycles analysed. Hip v(t) curves obtained from speedometer and videogrametry were compared, as well as the speedometer hip curve with the one of the centre of mass (CM). The higher mean correlation obtained was between vhip1 and vhip2 (0.955±0.028), followed by vhip1 with vCM (0.920+0.049). The lower correlation was vhip2 vs. VCM (0.878±0.053). It was concluded that the speedometer is a reliable, fast and Interactive tool for training advice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Atemfrequenz beim Schwimmen mit Atemventilen ind -schläuchen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037464</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037464</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the influence of a respiratory valve and tubes (RV) during three different swimming tests (submaximal and maximal 200-m front crawl swim and front crawl swimming to exhaustion) on a breathing frequency and selected biomechanical parameters. Twelve former competitive male swimmers performed each swimming test twice: first, with RV, and second, without RV. Swimming with RV induced slower maximal 200-m front crawl swim and shorter front crawl swimming to exhaustion in comparison with swimming without RV. Furthermore strategies of the breathing frequency during submaximal and maximal swimming tests were also differed between swimming with RV and swimming without RV. Therefore, it may be concluded that when RV is used for measuring respiratory parameters during swimming, a different pattern of breathing (comparing to swimming without RV) may occur.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Schwimmleistungstest mit angebundenem Schwimmen ist hoch zuverlässig</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037465</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037465</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Thorsvald, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorsvald, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to investigate test-retest reliability, diurnal variations and effects of performance level and familiarization of a tethered maximal swimming force (Fmax) test. Test and retests were conducted on separate days, either at the same time of day, or as a morning and afternoon pair, and repeated on two more occasions. 22 competitive swimmers and 10 university sport students performed 3 tethered trials where Fmax was registered by a load cell connected to the subject by a rubber tube. The reliabilities were found to be high, both from day to day, from morning to afternoon and within the test protocol (Cronbach's a = 0.99). Mean coefficient of Variation for the familiarised swimmers was as low as 1.6 (±1.4)%. Effects of familiarization were significant for swimmers but not for students, and the test-retest Variation was lower for the swimmers. Diurnal variations were not higher than for test-retest on the same time of day.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aufdeckung der Echtzeitmuster im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037466</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037466</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, C.</author>
      <author>Santos, J.</author>
      <author>Companico, J.</author>
      <author>Jonsson, G. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Companico, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jonsson, G. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to search for a particular type of repeated behaviour patterns in swimming movement cycles. The search used a new data analysis approach based on a process known as T-Pattern detection of the temporal and sequential structure of a given data set. The temporal patterns can be related to performance specific actions (e.g. comparison intracycle movement patterns similar to the one described by Coleman at al., 1998). Theme can be used for the analysis by using the relevant types of swimming T-data files created with ThemeCoder or other qualitative codification set. Certain breaststroke patterns of swimmers were detected, demonstrating the changes the swimmer had introduced in each swimming cycle. Coaches could possibly use this kind of structural information's when in need of optimizing the swimmer performance or find the particular hidden patters in swimming behaviour.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostik, Training und Umsetzung des Krafttrainings von Schwimmern unter Einsatz des diagnostischen Feedbacksimulators "ART"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037467</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037467</guid>
      <author>Petriaev, A.</author>
      <author>Kleshnev, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petriaev, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kleshnev, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper describes opportunities of use of the Computer diagnostic exerciser in diagnostic, training and realisation of sports-men's strength potential. The researches were held using the diagnostic exerciser "ART", allowing to simulate water conditions in "force-velocity" parameters. The provided visual feed-back allow "controlled variations" in absolute parameters of force, power, stroke rate, length and dynamical structure of stroke. Results showed the high efficacy of the use of "ART" in:
(i) quantitative and qualitative analyses of sportsman's power potential, (ii) prognosis of athletes' achievements, (iii) correction of speed and power components of stroke movement of swimmers, (iv) correction of the dynamical structure of stroke, and (v) transfer of sportsman's power potential to real swimming ability using training modes, in which the stroke velocity will correspond the record velocities of athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der Bahnen-Zeit über 200 m Freitsil aus dem Alter und der Endzeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037468</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037468</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation aimed at the estimation of the lap time of 200m freestyle races from age and event time on national level swimmers. Subjects were 1759 swimmers that selected by D'Agostino-Pearson lest of each age from 1857 swimmers that participated in 200m freestyle of the Japanese national level competitions in 2002. The lap time in every 50m and the event time were used for analysis. Exponential function approximation of the event time by aging was carried out. Furthermore, the linear regression between a lap time and event time for , every age was calculated respectively. It seems that the competitive time of 200m freestyle reach the maturity about 20 years | old for men and/or 18 years old for women. The estimation formula applied to international level swimmer has high validity (0.904 to 0.987, n=118 and 86) on condition that the age factor should fix at 22 for over 22 years old male swimmer and/ or at 21 for over 21 years old female swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimentieren mit verschiedenen Techniken zur Optimierung der Leistung in den Freistildisziplinen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037438</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037438</guid>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, one disabled world record holder in crawl sprint is taken as a test case. In trying out various styles to optimize his performance, a rotating arm action style appeared to be the fastest on 50m sprint and a glide stroke with high elbow on longer distances. Movement analyses of the swimmer and observation of co loured water, displaced by the arm pull, were combined.  During the downward movement of the hand in the stroke with high elbow, propulsion could be generated. In the two fastest styles, water appeared to be better displaced backward than in the other styles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausmaß der Auswirkung von Instruktionen auf die Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037439</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037439</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude the effect of an instructional Intervention on technique (as measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) and perfon (swimming velocity, SV). The subjects (12 male and 6 female competitive swimmers) were pretested with Aquanex+Video. A one-week Intervention included three classroom and five poolside instructional sessions with technique feedback and specific visual and kinesthetic cues designed to improve the Cd and SV. The subjects were then posttested. There was an over-all significant improvement in both Cd and SV. The Cd decreased by .31o (p<.05) and the SV increased by .26o (p<.05). The results demonstrate that even a relatively short duration of carefully targeted instruction can make a meaningful improvement in technique and performance and will hope-fully encourage coaches to reconsider training time allocation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technologieeinsatz zur Optimierung des Trainings zur Leistungsverbesserung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 17:49:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037440</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037440</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Peak performances in swimming require the full deployment of all powers a swimmer possesses. The development of those powers require years of hard training. Developments of measurement technology (e.g. MAD-system (16)) have aided the sport scientist in identifying several factors as determinants of performance. These include drag, propulsion technique, and mechanical power (20) . The development of this knowledge provides the modern swimming coach with some guide-lines how to design training programmes. However, it may be argued that training-time will be especially efficient when devoted to the enhancement of those performance factors that are weak links in the individual performance chain. This implies that on an individual level it is necessary to identify in what phase of the process the performance System first becomes insufficient. In the training process it is rather challenging for coaches to determine which training load is sufficient to induce the required adaptation without risk of overtraining. More insight in the individual relation between training dose and adaptation response is necessary to optimise this training process. Training dose and changes in swim performance capacity can be modelled (2). In this model performance is a Systems Output varying over time according to the Systems input; the training dose or training Impulse (TRIMP), quantified from exercise intensity and volume. Thus the swimmer is represented by a System with a daily amount of training as input and performance capacity as Output. It is possible to use heart rate recordings as training dose indicator while simple time trials monitor performance capacity development. A sketch will be given how technological developments leading to instrumented swimming wear could be put to use to optimise the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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