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    <item>
      <title>Betrachtungen zur Fließdynamik beim Arme-Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037283</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037283</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <author>Okuno, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Armenien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuno, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Untersuchungen zur Hydrodynamik und den durch die Arme beim Schwimmen erzeugten Vortrieb führten zu folgenden Erkenntnissen:
Die Handfläche sollte sowohl im maximalen wie auch im minimalen Modus des Energieverbrauchs (den beiden optimalen Varianten der Vortriebskraft) immer senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung ausgerichtet sein. Im maximalen Modus der Vortriebskraft, wie z. B. im Wettkampf, sollte die Hand entlang der Körperachse in Vorwärtsrichtung der Widerstandskräfte bewegt werden, um voll genutzt zu werden. Für den minimalen Energieverbrauch beim Schwimmen ist es wichtig, dass die Hand nicht nur die Widerstands- sondern auch die Auftriebskraft ausnutzt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Immunität, Krankheit und Wettkampfleistung bei Elite-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037264</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037264</guid>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Belastung und Immunität untersucht. Damit sollten Erklärungen gefunden werden für Beeinträchtigungen von Gesundheit und Leistung, die Sportler immer wieder unter intensivem Training erleben. Insbesondere werden dabei beleuchtet Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege und Viruserkrankungen (z. B. EBV). Interventionsstrategien werden aufgezeigt.
Um das Risiko von Erkrankungen bei Schwimmern zu minimieren, wird ein 5-Punkte-Plan empfohlen:
1. Training:
Sorgfältige Planung von Belastungsumfang, -intensität und -inhalt zur Minimierung der Ermüdung; periodische Belastungssteigerung; Gewährleistung adäquater Erholungs- und Ruhephasen
2. Umfeld:
Vermeidung/Begrenzung des Trainings und der Wettkampfteilnahme unter ungünstigen Bedingungen wie z. B. Hitze, hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit, Höhe, Luftverschmutzung, Absicherung erforderlicher Akklimatisierung wo erforderlich
3. Psychologie:
Vermittlung spezieller psychologischer und selbst steuernder Fähigkeiten, Beobachtung der Reaktion der Athleten auf psychologischen und psychosozialen Stress in Training und Wettkampf
4. Verhalten:
Adäquate Ernährung, ausgewogene Aufnahme von Makro- und Mikronährstoffen, Verminderung der Ansteckungsgefahr bei Infektionskrankheiten durch entsprechendes Verhalten
5. Klinisch:
Medizinische und pathologische Untersuchungen, Immunisierung und Prophylaxe, Routinebehandlung von zu Erkrankungen neigenden Athleten]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktiver Widerstand im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037263</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037263</guid>
      <author>Wilson, B.</author>
      <author>Thorp, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorp, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wird der aktive Vortrieb im Freistilschwimmen beleuchtet. Es werden verschiedene Methoden der Bewertung des aktiven Widerstands als ein Hauptfaktor für die Unterschiede in den Untersuchungsergebnissen identifiziert. Außerdem wird der Einfluss von Oberfläche, Form und der Wellenwiderstandskomponenten des Wasserwiderstands auf den aktiven Widerstand dargelegt. Besonders herausgestrichen wird die Bedeutung des Wellenwiderstands bei submaximaler Geschwindigkeit. Es gibt nur wenige Studien mit einer quantitativen Beschreibung des Einflusses von Körpermorphologie oder Technik auf die Komponenten des aktiven Widerstands. Anliegen ist es, die Methoden zur Bestimmung des aktiven Widerstands und zur Verringerung des aktiven Widerstands im Schwimmen zu verbessern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neue Kombination von hydrodynamischen Konzepten im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037265</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037265</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Arbeit ist es zu zeigen, dass bei einer neuen, durch das Schmetterlingsschwimmen beeinflussten Variante des Brustschwimmens neue Kombinationen von an der Fortbewegung im Tierreich orientierten Vortriebskonzepten abgeleitet werden können. Es wurden von insgesamt 62 Brust- und 59 Schmetterlingsschwimmern der internationalen Klasse die jeweils fünf mit der ausgeprägtesten Wellenbewegung (Frauen) bzw. die fünf flachsten (Männer) analysiert. Dazu wurde ein Video-Digitalisierungs-Sytem eingesetzt, welches die Rekonstruktion der Beugung des Körpers ermöglicht.
In beiden Schwimmarten zeigen die am stärksten wellenförmigen Techniken die geringste Geschwindigkeitsvariation des Körperschwerpunkts. Die Geschwindigkeitsvariation wird abgeflacht durch die Streckung und Beugung des Oberkörpers, dank der in der Luft beschleunigten Trägheit der Körpersegmente sowie des Drucks des Wassers gegen den langsamer werdenden Körper, so wie man es bei Delphinen beobachten kann, sowie aufgrund der wellenförmigen Körperbewegung, wie sie bei Aalen zu finden ist.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3036145</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3036145</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2002</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Vorträge - Vollform - der auf dem  IX. Welt-Symposium Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen vom 21.-23. Juni 2002 an der Universität Saint-Etienne, Frankreich,  gehaltenen Vorträge.
(Inhalt siehe Feld "Abbildungen")]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Von "De arte natandi" zur Wissenschaft des Schwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037229</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037229</guid>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Between 153 8, date of the first book specifically dedicated to swimming written by Wynman, and 1970, date of the first International symposium on biomechanics and medicine in swimming [organised by J Lewillie and JP Clarys in Brussels], the art of swimming can be described as both the result of the swimmer experience and technical clues discovered by scientists. Hence, swimming has become an important cultural phenomenon where teaching is complex and differs in relation to biomechanical concepts ofthe same period. From 1538 to 1970, numerous written works (more than 500 before 1900) and swimming films have been analysed in relation to technical and teaching concepts. Moreover, the evolution of biomechanical knowledge and regulation constraints were put forward to explain balance, breathing and propulsion changes in the modern swimming strokes. The purpose of this historical review was to analyse the evolution of learning methods and stroke technique in relation to biomechanical concepts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Veränderungen der Schwimmtechnik und der Laktatkonzentrationen beim Freistilschwimmen mit Zusatzwiderständen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037245</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037245</guid>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, C.</author>
      <author>Hernando, E.</author>
      <author>Diaz-Rincon, J. A.</author>
      <author>Navarro, F.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hernando, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diaz-Rincon, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die Messung der Auswirkungen  zusätzlicher Lasten beim Freistilschwimmen (für 10 und 45 s) auf die Variablen des Bewegungszyklus (Zykluslänge, Zyklusfrequenz) sowie die Laktatkonzentration im Vergleich zum "normalen" Schwimmen. Testpersonen waren 16 männliche Schwimmer. Es wurde jeweils 10 und 45 s geschwommen, jeweils normal und halbangebunden mit Bremsfallschirm.
Der Einsatz des Bremsfallschirms als Zusatzwiderstand führte zu signifikanten Veränderungen der Schwimmtechnik und der mittleren Geschwindigkeit bei den Kurzzeitausdauertests von 10 und 45 s. Der Einsatz dieses Trainingsmittels sollte unter strenger Kontrolle der Schwimmtechnik erfolgen, um negative Technikanpassungen auszuschließen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bewertung der isometrischen Kraft und ihr Einfluss auf die maximale Geschwindigkeit von Schwimmern unterschiedlichen Leistungsniveaus</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037246</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037246</guid>
      <author>Marinho, P.</author>
      <author>Orival, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Orival, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study had as purpose to investigate the influence of the maximum isometric force (MIF) and the rate force development (RFD) on the performance of the swimmers velocity belonging to different levels of qualification.
The result demonstrated a meaningful correlation only on G1. The lack of meaningful correlation on G2 may be associated with a higher influence exerted by the technique on the performance of these swimmers. The G3 being exclusively constituted of swimmers with low level of qualification presented the highest values of correlation, though not meaningful. In the presence of the results we can conclude that only in the group with heterogeneous level of qualification the isometric force exerted influence on the performance of the velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kritische Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und kritische Zyklusfrequenz bei aerobem Intervalltraining</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037247</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037247</guid>
      <author>Clipet, B.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>intermittierend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clipet, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Critical swimming speed (CSScont) and critical stroke rate (CSRcont) in continuous exercises represent useful criteria to control intensity and technical training aerobic loads (Wakayoshi et al., 1992, Toussaint et al, 1997; Pelayo et al, 2000). Hence, the purpose of this study was to validate critical swimming speed (CSSint) and critical stroke rate (CSRint) concepts during intermittent swimming exercise.
The main finding of this study showed that CSSint and CSRint could be used as useful criteria to control intensity and technical aspects in aerobic intermittent training. Moreover, intermittent exercise was dependent upon the same amount of energy required than in the continuous one and the difference noticed in SI and RPE values highlighted interest of aerobic intermittent training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitlimit bei v VO2max und der VO2max-slow-Komponente im Schwimmen. Eine Pilotstudie mit Studenten.</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037248</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037248</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Billat, V.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Ascensao, A.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Demarle, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Billat, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ascensao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Demarle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to measure the TLimvVO2max and to verify the existence of an oxygen uptake slow component (O2SC) in swimming, on swimming-pool conditions, as it was observed for Demarie et al. (2001) in flume swimming for pentathletes.
METHODS:
Ten physical education students participated in this study (23.1±3.3 years, 169.5±8.5 cm, and 61.9±9.3 Kg). Each subject performed a continuous incremental protocol for freestyle vVO2max assessment, starting at 0.9m/sec, with increments of 0.05m/sec per 200 m stages. VO2max was considered to be reached according to traditional physiological criterions, and vVO2max was consider as the swimming velocity correspondent to the first stage that elicits VO2max. 48h later, they swam to exhaustion at vVO2max to assess TLim-vVO2max. O2SC was calculated as the difference between the last VO2 measurement and the one measured during the 3rd minute of exercise (Demarie et al. 2001).
VO2 was directly measured using a Sensormedics 2900 oxymeter mounted on a special charriot running along the pool. Swimming velocity was controlled using a visual pacer (GBK-Portugal). [LA-] were measured before, immediately, and 3min after both tests, using a YSI1500 auto-analyser, and heart rate was monitored with a Polar advantage system.
RESULTS:
Results pointed out a mean VO2max of 3372.0±841.6ml.min -1 and 54.2±8.2ml.Kg -1.min -1 in the incremental test. Obtained vVO2max was 1.19±0.08 (m.sec-1). The mean duration of the TLim-vVO2max test was 325±76.5sec. No significant differences were noticed in VO2max and maximal heart rate between the two tests. Nevertheless, maximal blood lactate concentration was significantly different between the incremental and the rectangular tests (7.8±1.4 vs. 10.9±2.3mM.l-1, p=0.001). A slow component of VO2kinetics (O2SC) appeared in the all out swim at vVO2max (279.0±195.2ml.min-1), and it was found to be correlated to the TLim-vVO2max (r=0.744, p=0.014). In conclusion, O2SC is observed also in swimmingpool conditions, and it is correlated with TLim-vVO2max. Meanwhile, TLim-vVO2max is in accordance with typical formulations of aerobic power training sets for swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stoffwechselprofil bei erschöpfender Arm-, Bein- und Gesamtbewegung im Schwimmen über 15 s bis 10 min.</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037249</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037249</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Onodera, T.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H.</author>
      <author>Hollander, P.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[AIM:
This study aimed to measure the duration depending metabolic demands elicited by arm stroke (A), leg kick (K) as well as whole body stroke (S).
METHODS:
The subjects were 6 well-trained college male swimmers (21± 1 yrs). Experiments were carried out in a swimming flume. The subjects swam at six different water flow rates, which were estimated to cause exhaustion in 15 s, 30 s, 1 min, 2-3 min, 4-5 min, and 8-10 min, with each stroke.
Also, the accumulated O2 uptake (AOU) and the accumulated O2 deficit (AOD) were determined in
all bouts.
RESULTS:
The AOU increased linearly with exercise duration in all strokes, and the increase rate of AOU in A and K corresponded to 70, and 80 % in S, respectively. The AOD in A and S significantly increased until 2-3min exercise with the increase in duration, while the AOD in K more rapidly increased and the AOD at 30s was not significantly different from those at 1 min and 2-3min. The AOD gradually decreased when the exercise duration was a longer than 4-5min. The relative importance of anaerobic energy processes in three strokes decreased from 78-80 % for 15 s to 50 % for 1 min, 30 % for 2-3 min, 5 % for 8-10 min duration. The anaerobic importance in K was greater than those in A and S until 30 s duration.
DISCUSSION:
These results suggest that the metabolic demands of exhaustive bouts lasting 15 s to 10 min is comparable in A and S, but that the importance of anaerobic energy processes in K would be greater during bout shorter than 30 s when compared to A and S. Therefore, when the training is performed for the purpose of improving the anaerobic capacity, the swimmers and coaches should make the training program, considering that the exercise duration and thus the exercise intensity to give the maximal stimulus for anaerobic energy process in K are different from those in A and S.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung von Reliabilität und Validität des Lactate Pro-Laktatmesssystems</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037250</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037250</guid>
      <author>Psycharakis, S.</author>
      <author>Cooke, C.</author>
      <author>O'Hara, J.</author>
      <author>Siems, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Psycharakis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cooke, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O'Hara, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siems, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study assessed the reliability and repeatability of a portable hand held lactate analyser commonly used in swimming [Lactate Pro (LP)] against a well-established analyser [Analox analyser P GM7 (AN)].
The results of the present study indicated that the accuracy, reliability and validity of the LP device is questionable, whereas the AN was found to have good repeatability. In conclusion, the limitations of the LP device, in terms of validity and reliability, should be considered before it is used to measure BLa values during exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Zyklusparametern und physiologischen Reaktionen bei unterschiedlichen Schwimmgeschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037251</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037251</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[PURPOSE:
Present study was to investigate the relationship between stroke parameters and physiological responses, furthermore aim to find the best fitted swim speed at competition.
METHOD:
The subjects were 23 highly trained versity swimmers (Freestyle: n=12, Backstroke: n=3, Breaststroke: n=4, Butterfly stroke: n=4). Progressive swim tests were conducted using swim flume. Each test consisted of 3 min swim and 3 min rest. Swimmers were instructed to swim from 50 % of maximum speed (200m best record), and increased 5 % at each trial up to volitional effort. Stroke rate (SR) and Stroke length (SL) were measured at each speed using video camera (EVI-D30, Sony Inc.). Blood lactate was measured at the end of each swim and determined OBLA and LT.
RESULTS:
SR increased exponentially with increased swim speed in all strokes. SL increased with swim speed but started to decrease at the speed of 65-70 % of 200 m best record (Stroke Length Peak Point; SLPP) in all freestylers. This speed was well corresponded to OBLA and LT, respectively. However, the SLPP were not observed in other strokes (Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly stroke) because individual differences were seen in the stroke characteristic of swimmers. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship stroke parameter (SR, SL) and physiological responses of other strokes. The SLPP was highly correlated with endurance capacity such as OBLA and LT. 
Present findings suggested that SLPP would be corresponding to efficient and faster speed during training. Furthermore, from the results above, we could apply the non invasive SLPP data to OBLA training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Final- und Halbfinalteilnehmer in den 50-m-Disziplinen bei den 9. Schwimmweltmeisterschaften 2001 in Fukuoka</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037252</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037252</guid>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <author>Okuno, K.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2001</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuno, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the swimming performances between finalists and semifinalists in 50 m events at the 9th FINA World Swimming Championships FUKUOKA 2001.
RESULTS
Finalists were faster than semifinalists in the record and the time taken to perform each phase for all events. Significant difference between finalists and semifinalists were found in the record. In the starting phase, there were significant differences between finalists and semifinalists in freestyle and butterfly for men and breaststroke and butterfly for women. In the 1st swimming phase, finalists for the men`s freestyle were significantly faster than semifinalists. In contrast, there were significant differences between finalists and semifinalists in the other events except the men`s freestyle. For the men`s butterfly, the women`s freestyle and breaststroke, finalists were significantly faster than semifinalists in the finish phase.
These results were evident that there was not a common tendency from the comparison between finalists and semifinalists in 50 m events. However, it was suggested that the 1st half of the swimming race for the men`s freestyle and the 2nd swimming phase for all but the men`s freestyle were very important in the semifinal races to be qualified as the finalist of 50 m events for the world top level swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer kontrollierten Atemfrequenz auf die maximale Leistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037253</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037253</guid>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M.</author>
      <author>Robinson, J.</author>
      <author>Lakomy, H.</author>
      <author>Nevill, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lakomy, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nevill, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of CFB on sprint swimming performance and metabolism, using tethered swimming. It was hypothesised that tethered swimming performance would be compromised during CFB because of the detrimental changes in metabolism.
The main finding was that performance was not affected by restricting breathing during sprinting, despite lower V.E, V.O2, V.CO2 and respiratory exchange ratio, in the B10 trial. The impact of the breathing action under fatigue conditions during sprint swimming may compromise stroke mechanics and therefore performance. A reduction in breathing frequency may help to avoid this to some extent, although swimmers should employ restricted breathing during sprint training in order to familiarise themselves with this practice and perhaps learn to cope better with the effects of hypercapnia. The hypothesis that CFB would compromise sprint tethered swimming performance was rejected.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Finalteilnehmer über 100 m Brustschwimmen bei den Paralympics 2000</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037254</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037254</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Malone, L.</author>
      <author>Vanlandewijck, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2000</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Malone, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlandewijck, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTENT:
The intent of this paper is to examine race segment times and stroking variables in the 100 m breaststroke, see how these were related over the course of the race, determine how these contributed to the end-race results and how this differed among functional classes.
METHODS:
With the approval of the International Paralympic Committee and IPC Swimming, all swimming heats and finals were recorded at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. Five digital video cameras were suspended 16 m above the pool surface. Cameras were connected via time code generators to videocassette recorders and the official timing system. All 50 m split times, end-race result, and block reaction times were automatically downloaded. Start time (start to 15 m), finish time (last 5 m of race), turn times in and out (7.5 m in and out), swimming speed, stroke length and rate in 4 race sections were measured on the tapes for 46 male and 36 female finalists. Individual impairment data was collected. Means, SD and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. Simple and multiple correlations, Cluster Analysis and ANOVA were performed (p<.01).
RESULTS:
In both men and women an R2 of .98 was achieved using only race section 3 speed to predict total race speed. The RMSE was, however, reduced to .0056m/s in men and .0055m/s in women by using speeds in sections 2, 3, and 4 and start speed. The changes in race segment speed between heat and final were also compared to changes in end-race result. The start speed was most responsible for changes in men (R2=.55), while changes in race section 3 were most responsible in women (R2=.59).
In men, adding changes in section 2 and 4 to the equation along with start speed increased R2 to .89 (RMSE = .006m/s). In women, R2 reached a plateau at .93 by including changes in section speeds 2, 3, and 4, and finish speed (RMSE= .003m/s). A Cluster analysis was done for 3 changes in speed between race sections. In men, Cluster 1 (n=12) showed an even loss of speed over the entire race (~6 %). Cluster 2 (n=16) lost a little speed (~3.3 %) at the beginning and end of the race but a large amount in the middle (8.12 %). Cluster 3 (n=8) had a flat race model losing only (~2.5 %) speed per section. In women, Cluster 1 (n=21) had a flat race model, with a 3 % loss of swim speed over the race (= men`s Cluster 3). Cluster 2 had a steeper model (n=13), losing 4 % at the beginning of the race and then 8.6 % and 7 % in the later sections. There were no differences in functional class or performance between clusters in either men or women. The race is thus won by swimming faster and, to a lesser extent, by improving start and finishing speed. No race section speed contributed more to the end-race result than any other. Apparently a variety of strategies are used to win the race and there is no obvious advantage to any of the race models isolated here.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsentwicklung von Brustschwimmern bei den Paralympics</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037255</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037255</guid>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Vanlandewijck, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlandewijck, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[PURPOSE:
The purpose of this paper is to track the evolution of Paralympic breaststroke performances from the 1996 Atlanta to the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. The fairness of using one selection procedure for all classes will be evaluated as well as the implications for the classification system in which the classes have been reduced from 10 to 9 in the last 4 years.
METHODS:
Paralympic end-race results were obtained for all Atlanta (71 men, 59 women) and Sydney (67 men, 61 women) 100 m breaststroke participants. Twenty four men and 21 women competed in this event in both Paralympics. Race analysis data was available for all Atlanta participants and Sydney finalists. World records (WR) were known for both periods in question and data on individual impairments was collected. Means, SDs and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. A point score for competitiveness, based on the class world record, was also given to performance. T-tests and ANOVA were used (p<.01).
RESULTS:
Women improved more than men. For men, in fact the winning times in 2 of the 6 classes competing was slower in Sydney than in Atlanta and the 1st place qualifying times hardly changed.
The 8th place qualifying times did improve and the CV for the heats decreased between the two Games. For women, the gold medal times improved in all classes (3.5 % to 12.8 %). The 1st place qualifying time also improved between Atlanta and Sydney, while the 8th place times improved only sporadically. Over the period between the two Games, the women`s WRs improved by a mean of 4.5 %, (Max=8.4 %, SB9). One record did not change (SB6). In men, the mean improvement was
only 1.69 % (Max=4.7 %, SB4) and 2 classes did not improve. Men`s class WRs were more in line with one another (RMSE = .029m/s vs .022m/s). For women, the records were more in line after Atlanta than after Sydney (RMSE=.017 m/s vs .021 m/s). Almost 60 % of the male gold and silver medalists in Sydney had also won a medal in Atlanta. In men, classes SB9, SB8 and SB4 were all significantly different from the other classes in swimming and turning speed. There were no differences in starting and finishing. In women, there were significant differences between classes in performance variables but classes SB7, SB6 and SB5 never differed from one another. The implication is that changes in the classification system may influence progress. Changes were in place more than 2.5 years beforehand. For some this may not have been soon enough nevertheless, to commit their training time entirely to breaststroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Koordination der Arme und Beine im Brustschwimmen: Analyse der 9. Schwimm-Weltmeisterschaften 2001 in Fukuoka</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037256</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037256</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Okuno, K.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Ikuta, Y.</author>
      <author>Wilson, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2001</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuno, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ikuta, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze stroke phases and arm-leg coordination during breaststroke in elite male and female 50, 100 and 200 m events.
The swimmers were participants of the preliminary, semifinal and final race in 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke events in the 9th FINA World Swimming Championships, Fukuoka 2001. The stroke phase and modes of arm and leg coordination were analyzed underwater with two video cameras. The stroke indices (swim velocity, stroke length and stroke rate) were calculated by using images filmed from above the pool. To compare features about the arm-leg coordination and the stroke indices among the events or between the sexes, the data at the approximate 25 m point were adopted. The arm stroke was divided into four phases (stretch, out-sweep, in-sweep and recovery) and leg kick three phase (stretch, kick backward and recovery). The proportion of each phase for total stroke duration and time synchronization of the arm-leg coordination were obtained.
RESULTS
Mean swimming velocity values were significantly reduced with increased event distance for both male and female. The lower swimming velocity was associated with a lower stroke rate. The stretch phase of the arm stroke and leg kick showed significantly longer duration as the event distance increased. Soares et al. (1999) also observed in national level breaststrokers, a progressive increment of the non-propulsive phase of the arm stroke as event distance increased. We also observed that lower velocities were are accompanied by longer leg-arm transition phases. In conclusion, although the time duration of the stroke cycle was increased as event distance increment, this was due to a proportional increment of nonpropulsive phase, so that a more efficient gliding technique was typical of the longer event.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich kontinuierlicher und Intervall-Stufentests zur direkten VO2-Bewertung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037257</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037257</guid>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Magalhaes, J.</author>
      <author>Santos, P.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Carmo, C.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>intermittierend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magalhaes, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carmo, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this project was to compare two triangular protocols for VO2max assessment and minimum swimming velocity that elicits VO2max (vVO2max), one continuous, and one other intermittent.
Result and Conclusion:
Continuous and intermittent protocols provided similar results, both for VO2max and for vVO2max. The only significant difference was found on [LA-], but results were, nevertheless, very similar. This differences can be attributed to a systematic prevalence of glycolisis after each rest interval during the intermittent test, which was showed by high R values found before VO2 rise. We can conclude that both protocols are suitable for VO2max and vVO2max assessment in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezifische leistungsrelevante Bewegungsmerkmale bei unterschiedlichen Arten des Brustschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037258</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037258</guid>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mittels Videoanalyse wurden 62 Schwimmer, die je nach Technik in vier Gruppen unterteilt wurden, untersucht. Es wurde für jede Gruppe die Geschwindigkeitsveränderung des KSP von einer Phase zur anderen ermittelt und verglichen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Sportler mit wellenförmiger Bewegung eine gleichbleibendere Geschwindigkeit des KSP umsetzen. Auch in dieser ausgewählten Population hohen Leistungsniveaus zeigten sich einige Bewegungsmerkmale als statistisch relevant für die Leistung.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mehrdimensionale Bewertung peripuberaler Schwimmer: Einsatz der multiplen Regression zur Talentauswahl</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037287</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037287</guid>
      <author>Saavedra, J.</author>
      <author>Escalante, Y.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saavedra, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Escalante, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The aim of this investigation was to analyse different somatic, physical fitness, technical and performance characteristics of peripubertal swimmers from a multidimensional perspective, to obtain statistically developed reference norms for various testing procedures, and to build multivariate models for performance prediction (Solanellas & Rodríguez 1996).
METHODS
133 young swimmers, 66 males (age 13.6±0.56 y) and 67 females (11.51±0,55 y) selected among the best national swimmers by the Spanish federation (R.F.E.N.) participated in the study. All subjects undertook the META-NAT test battery (Saavedra et al., unpublished), including: 1) sports background and training status questionnaire; 2) somatic evaluation (body composition, somatotype, and sexual maturation rating); 3) general fitness tests (including the Eurofit test battery); 4) specific swimming and pool tests (Vcrit, 30 min test, 6x50 m, 10 m maximal test, sliding and floating tests among others); and 5) technical analysis (Arellano 1993). Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed (stepwise selection), with competitive performance (L.E.N. scores in 3 best events) as the predicted variable.
DISCUSSION
Both models included age, as well as aerobic and mixed endurance indicators. These results suggest that swimming competitive performance can be predicted from a few somatic, fitness, and technical parameters in young peripubertal swimmers. This multidimensional valuation procedure can be applied to talent selection and development in younger swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines mentalen Trainingsprogramms auf die Vorstartangst bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037288</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037288</guid>
      <author>Zientek, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zientek, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The effect of competitive anxiety on sport performance has been researched in an effort to examine and control the negative effects of anxiety on sport performance. Instruments were developed to measure competitive anxiety, including the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) that measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and selfconfidence (Martens, et al. 1990). Results of previous studies have shown a negative linear relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance, a curvilinear relationship between somatic anxiety and performance, and a positive linear relationship between self-confidence and performance. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an eight-week mental training program on competitive state anxiety levels of swimmers.
METHODS
Prior to and after the intervention, university level swimmers (N=50) completed the CSAI-2 that measured cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence (Martens et. al., 1990). The intervention program consisted of three phases: 1) relaxation/arousal control and imagery, 2) individual goal setting, and 3) strategy planning (Hogg, 2000). 
RESULTS
Paired sample t-tests revealed significant decreases in cognitive anxiety (t = -4.27, p<.01) following the intervention, with mean scores being reduced from 22.00 to 18.94. Somatic anxiety scores were reduced from 20.04 to 15.47 (t = -7.76, p<.01). Self-confidence levels were high and remained unchanged. Multivariate analysis revealed significant gender differences. Prior to the intervention, females were more cognitively anxious [F (1,49) =4.42, p<.05] and less confident [F (1,49) =7.65, p<.01] than males, although no gender differences were found in cognitive anxiety. After intervention, no significant gender differences existed with regard to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, or self-confidence. 
DISCUSSION
Norms for both cognitive and somatic anxiety have been studied by Martens et al. (1990), and were 16.5 for both types of anxiety in previous studies. Swimmers in the present study were extremely high in both cognitive and somatic anxiety pre-intervention. The present study serves to demonstrate that cognitive and somatic anxiety scores can be controlled in an effort to eliminate the negative effects of high levels of anxiety.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Nutzung von Regressionsanalyse und neuralen Netzwerken in der Prognose der Wettkampfleistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037289</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037289</guid>
      <author>Bügner, J.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bügner, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Kinder, die für den Schwimmsport geeignet sind, sollten rechtzeitig und zum richtigen Zeitpunkt entdeckt werden. Ziel der Studie war es, in einem Talentetest über 50 m Rücken bei 6- bis 8-Jährigen die zukünftige Leistungsentwicklung im Schwimmen für die folgenden 2,5 Jahre vorauszusagen. Es wurde untersucht, ob die Auswahl effektiv und die eingesetzten Methoden probat waren.
Die Wettkampfleistung wurde mittels linearer Regressionsanalyse sowie dem Einsatz neuraler Netzwerke modelliert. Je länger der Analysezeitrahmen war, desto genauer konnte die spätere Wettkampfleistung prognostiziert werden. Beide Modelle waren zu einem signifikanten Aufzeigen des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Reihenfolge der modellierten Wettkampfergebnisse und der damit korrespondierenden Reihenfolge der realen Wettkampfergebnisse  in der Lage.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körpergewicht, Gewichtsveränderung und Hypotonie bei früheren Spitzen-Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037290</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037290</guid>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Pihl, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blutdruck</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pihl, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Health behaviour of former top athletes has not been studied extensively. Fogelholm et al. (1994) showed that former athletes had healthier lifestyle as compared to sedentary controls. Previous participation in top-level sports decreases prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors only in those subjects who maintain physically active lifestyle (Pihl et al. 1998). The present study evaluates health habits, overweight and hypertension of former top-level female swimmers to establish whether they differed from similar characteristics of the controls.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study was performed in 32 former 35-69-years-old top-level Estonian female swimmers and 38 female controls. The swimmers and controls were comparable in age and occupation. The anthropometric data, and health parameters (general health status, diseases, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, musculoskeletal symptoms) as well as previous and current physical activity (PA) were estimated using a questionnaire by Sarna et al. (1993).
RESULTS
The results of the questionnaire showed that 37,5 % of the female ex-swimmers and 26,3 % of controls stayed physically active during the current period. No statistically significant differences were found in smoking habits, alcohol consumption, dietary habits as well as in mean blood pressure between the physically active and sedentary group. There were 4 and 5 hypertensive (³140/90 mmHg) subjects among ex-athletes and controls, respectively. In swimmers, BMI was significantly related with age (r=.386) In controls, BMI associated with hypertension (r=.644). Weight change was associated with hypertension (r=.478) and this relationship was stronger in controls (r=.533). No significant associations were found in PA and hypertension between the groups.
DISCUSSION
Our study revealed that no statistically significant differences were found in lifestyle patterns, weight increase and hypertension between the ex-swimmers and controls. Correlation analysis showed significant associations between BMI, weight change and hypertension in all subjects. In conclusion, overweight values have significant relationships with hypertension.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Lordose und Kyphose im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037291</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037291</guid>
      <author>Höfling, I.</author>
      <author>Linnenbecker, S.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <author>Nicol, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Höfling, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnenbecker, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicol, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In the treatment of lower back pain backstroke swimming is frequently suggested as being particularly valuable whereas negative effects are ascribed to breaststroke swimming although there is no evidence in the literature, which supports the recommendation. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to analyse the spine during complete swimming cycles of different strokes in recreational swimmers.
METHODS
In 46 healthy subjects of three age groups (A: 13-14, B: 25-35, C > 50 years) the lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis were compared in breaststroke (BR) and two different types of backstroke swimming (BK I: simultaneous pull, BK II: alternating pull) as well as the standing position (ST). Sequences of each stroke were recorded with an underwater video camera allowing a lateral view of the back profile. Afer digitalization and evaluation further calculations were carried out to describe the lordosis and kyphosis using two methods: one based on a radius- and the other on an angle-model.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the two types of backstroke swimming (BK I and II). The lordosis tended to be less in BK than in BR, however, the values did not always differ significantly in all groups and both methods. Compared to ST the mean and the minimum values of the swimming cycle were lower in BR and BK, the maximum values tended to be higher than in ST. The kyphosis was significantly less in BR than in BK and ST. The mean values of BK did not differ significantly from ST, while the minimum values in BK tended to be lower and the maximum values were significantly higher. 
DISCUSSION
Potentially detrimenatal effects, which are sometimes ascribed to breaststroke swimming because of an increase of the lumbar lordosis, were not confirmed in this study.
The results suggested no greater bending of the spine in breaststroke swimming compared to the standing position. In contrast to a common assumption there was no clear evidence that the lordosis is significantly less pronounced in backstroke than in breaststroke swimming. The thoracic kyphosis was less in breaststroke than backstroke swimming or standing. Consequently, backstroke swimming should not be considered as being far more suitable in the prevention and rehabilitation of low back pain patients than breaststroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verlauf der glenohumeralen Arthrose in zwei Testfällen mit innerem Impingement am Ende des Aufrichtens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037292</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037292</guid>
      <author>Baeyens, J. P.</author>
      <author>van Roy, P.</author>
      <author>Declercq, G.</author>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baeyens, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Roy, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Declercq, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Without signs of anterior glenohumeral instability, throwers may present posterior shoulder pain at the end of the late cocking phase, related to articular side rotator cuff injuries and/or posterior-superior glenoid labral injuries. This clinical presentation was labeled `internal impingement`.
METHODS
This paper compares the arthrokinematic results obtained from two test-cases suffering from posterior shoulder pain at the end of late cocking with non-symptomatic throwers. Initially, these two throwers presented instability nor impingement signs. Within two years, these two problematic shouders had evolved into an articular side rotator cuff lesion (as confirmed by MRI) without instability signs. The experiment comprised an early stage measurement of the relationships of the glenohumeral joint in two poses. Related to the anatomical planes, the shoulder was first set in 90° abduction and 90° external rotation (pose 1). Subsequently, the late cocking position with the arm maximally externally rotated was assessed (pose 2). Helical CT-data of these discrete shoulder positions were three dimensionally reconstructed. Based on humeral and scapular sets of skeletal landmarks, rotation matrices and translation vectors were estimated and processed in a glenohumeral Euler convention and finite helical axes.
RESULTS
The arthrokinematic data between pose 1 and pose 2 demonstrated the following differences:
For the normal shoulders, the relative and absolute contribution of intra-articular external/internal rotation (nKG (+/-): external/internal rotation component of the direction vector; qKG (+/-): external/internal rotation magnitude) was minimal (nKG 0.05, -0.01 and -0.21 with qKG 0.27°, -0.18° and -1.67°). In contrast, a significantly different large external rotation component (nKG 0.83 and 0.85) together with a significantly different large external rotation magnitude (qKG 28.43° and 27.22°) were found in the symptomatic shoulders with internal impingement.
In the late cocking pose, the centre point of the humeral head of both the internal impingers and the normal shoulders translated into a posteriorly localized position on the glenoid cavity (related to the centre of the glenoid -7.54 and -7.73mm, resp. -7.63, -8.51 and -6.42mm).
DISCUSSION
Internal impingement has been associated in literature with excessive external rotation with or without anterior-inferior glenohumeral instability. The arthrokinematic data in this study support the impact of excessive external rotation without anterior instability in the development of an internal impingement syndrome. Preventive strategies will be discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines Triathlonanzugs auf die biomechanischen und physiologischen Parameter sowie die Leistung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037293</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037293</guid>
      <author>Tomikawa, M.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of triathlon wet suits on drag, physiological responses, stroke parameters and performance during swimming as compared with swim suits, additionally, the benefits with triathlon wet suits.
METHODS
The subjects were 8 male college triathletes. All testing were conducted with swim suits (SS) and wet suits (WS) respectively. Passive drag were measured by towing in a swimming flume. Measurements of active drag were using the perturbation method (Kolmogorov et al. 1992). To determine physiological responses, stroke parameters and swimming performance, each subjects completed continuous progressive swimming tests up to exhaustion in a swimming flume and maximal 400 m swimming trials in a 25 m pool. Oxygen uptake (VO2), stroke parameters, exhaustion time, blood lactate accumulation (La) and RPE were measured in the progressive tests. Total time, each 50 m's time and stroke parameters, La and RPE were measured in the 400 m trials.
RESULTS
Passive drag with WS were decreased by 26.7 % at 0.8m•s-1 (P<.001) and 4.3 % at 1.7m•s-1 compared with SS. As for active drag, there was no significant difference between SS and WS, however, higher (P<.001) velocity with WS were observed than that with SS. VO2 and stroke rate with WS tended to be lower than with SS during the progressive tests. Total time were reduced by 6.8 % (P<.001) with WS in comparison with SS during the 400m trials. These results suggested that the benefits with WS were to decrease drag and to improve submaximal swimming performance by increasing in stroke length and to improve maximal swimming performance by increasing in both stroke length and stroke rate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Programme im Synchronschwimmen bei den 9. Schwimm-Weltmeisterschaften 2001</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037294</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037294</guid>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Kubo, Y.</author>
      <author>Takamatsu, J.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Homma, Ma.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2001</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kubo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamatsu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Ma.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The Scientific Committee of Japan Swimming Federation carried out a routine analysis project at the 9th FINA World Championships 2001. The purpose of this project was to analyze routine performances qualitatively and quantitatively from biomechanical aspect.
METHODS
Routine performances were videotaped from the catwalk, pool deck and underwater. The items of data analysis were pool, the horizontal traveling speed, total distance traveled, the height above the water surface and three dimensional motion analysis of the underwater movements. These data were analyzed for all routines in the Solo, Duet and Team Technical Routines.
RESULTS
The mean total distance the swimmer traveled throughout a routine in the Solo, Duet and Team were 50.38±4.22 m, 54.04±4.85 m, and 71.18±4.74 m respectively. The mean maximum body heights above the water surface were 1.05±0.10 m, 1.03±0.08 m, and 1.10±0.08 m respectively. In a comparison of the top 12 routines and others in each item, the total distance traveled of the Solo and Duet top 12 routines were higher than those of the other routines. However, there were no significant differences between the top 12 routines and others. In peak height, there was a significant difference between the top 12 routines and others (Fig.1). This indicated that the top 12 routines in the Solo and Duet had a greater height than the other routines. In mean height, there was also significant difference between the top 12 routines and others in the Duet. From these results, it was clear that height is an important factor for the performances.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Voruntersuchung zu Kinematik und Dynamik der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037295</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037295</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The large surface of the single fin (0.5m2) is the main source of generating propulsive forces in fin swimming. The aim of this study was to introduce a diagnostic method based on measuring simultaneously dynamic and kinematic parameters of a single fin movement.
METHODS
On subject of national level swam 15 m under water at a maximum, average and low speed. Strain gauges were attached on both sides of the fin to record the changes of the fin sag in two points: close to the toes and in the middle of the fin. Dynamic parameters of the fin were recorded and analysed (Rejman 1999). The movement of the swimmer and fin was digitised on video (Colman e.a. 1998).
RESULTS
Thanks to the combination of the two methods, the evolution of some dynamic and kinematic variables during a stroke cycle could be confronted (Fig.). The forces generated on the 2 points of the fin corresponded well with the respective angles measured by digitising (Fig. a-b). By confronting these curves with the stick figures and with the curve of the corresponding velocity of the centre of mass of the body (Fig. c), interpretations on propulsion principles can be made.
DISCUSSION
A further kinematic analysis will be required to calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the propulsion. High swimming velocity is expected to be related to high values of horizontal components and small values of vertical components of the forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Unterschiede bei Belastung im Wasser und auf dem Fahrradergometer bei Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037296</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037296</guid>
      <author>Lobenius, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lobenius, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Synchronized swimming is a complex sport with a demand for several different capacities. The most important one for performance is unknown though. Knowledge about these capacities and how to test them, enhances the ability to understand the demands of the sport and to draw guidelines for training. The aims of this study were to; 1) establish physiological and physical characteristics, 2) compare maximal aerobic capacity on cycleergometer and during exercise in water (eggbeater), 3) evaluate the effect of two training models, and 4) investigate possible new test methods for exercise in water.
METHODS
The VO2max (named VO2peak due to problems to reach VO2max for some subjects) for eight synchronized swimmers was measured both during a cycleergometer test (CY) and in water by an eggbeater test (MEG). A submaximal eggbeater test (SEG) and a routinetest producing judges scores, was also  performed in the water. The tests took place before and after a 12week-training period consisting of 3x20 min/week replaced technical training with submaximal cycling (n=4) and swimming (n=4), according to an interval method.
RESULTS
VO2peak was higher during the MEG compared with the CY; 10.6 % when expressed in absolute values (3.24 vs 2.93 l/min, p<0.001) and 10.4 % when related to body weight (53.1 vs 48.1 ml/kgxmin, p<0.001). A correlation between VO2peak at the two tests was found. For l/min 0.87 and for ml/kgxmin 0.91 (p<0.001). To further study the agreement between the tests a Blend-Altmanplot was made. This shows that the range of differences between VO2peak for the two tests is quite large. Both models of training (cycle and swim training) resulted in similar effects. At a specific load at the SEG, the work economy improved 10.0 %, (a 10.0 % lower VO2 consumption), and the [La] was 41.6 % lower, (p<0.05). The judges scores were also higher (p<0.05). A difference in VO2peak neither for l/min nor ml/kgxmin could be shown. 
DISCUSSION
The higher VO2peak during the MEG could reflect a greater muscle mass involved and hence a greater oxygen demand (the arms were used for sculling). MEG could also be a specific test for SS which enables them technically, physiologically and psychologically to reach higher values during the MEG. The large range of differences between the two tests shows, despite the correlation between them, that the agreement between them is quite bad and that the tests should not be used interchageably. The relationship between them and the usefulness of the MEG, for example to predict a performance needs to be further investigated. The improvement of the work economy, La elimination and judges scores shows that the submaximal training together with ordinary training was sufficient to improve these variables but not VO2peak and that the submaximal variables could be more important for routineperformance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse des "Hochkurbelns" im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037297</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037297</guid>
      <author>Kubo, Y.</author>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Homma, Ma.</author>
      <author>Takamatsu, J.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Element</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kubo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Ma.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamatsu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The height of each body segment above the water surface during a routine is one of the most important factors to get higher score in a synchronised swimming. Although an element "boost" is required powerful and well-coordinated movement to raise the whole body highly, few studies have been done about the details of this movement from views of above the water surface and underwater. The purposes of this study were to compare the boost motion of the swimmers participated in the 9th FINA World Championships 2001 and to investigate the techniques, which could carry out higher boost.
METHODS
The height of each body segment above the water surface was calculated from the distances of the swimmers to a DV camera (60fps) set at the pool deck and the coefficients for the calibration of the longitudinal errors. The distances of the swimmers to a camera were calculated by a two-dimensional DLT method and the coefficients for the calibration of the longitudinal errors were calculated from the length of several control poles set up the water surface level. Additionally, a three-dimensional DLT method with two underwater cameras (60fps) was used for a motion analysis of underwater legs.
RESULTS
There were two types of the boost motion above the water surface (Figure1). One type raised the head highly and kept the height of it, but the peak height of the hand was low (keep head type). Another type raised the hand highly and kept the height of it, but the peak height of the head was low (keep hand type). A swimmer of the keep head type showed two kicks like a breaststroke (whip flips) in the raising phase and in the falling phase, respectively. On the other hand, a keep hand type swimmer showed one whip flips in the raising phase and showed the kicks like a screw (egg beater) in the falling phase. Because a keep head type swimmer was required the greater force than a keep hand type swimmer to keep the height of the trunk and the head that have large mass, she showed the whip flips that could generate greater force in the falling phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einige Auswirkungen von Schwimmtrainingseinheiten auf wenig aktive ältere Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037298</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037298</guid>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Delecluse, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delecluse, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A group of 26 under-active elderly men (55 yrs or +) followed a swimming program for 5 months. Before starting, they all could swim continuously at least 5 min. Three experts, helped by 5 students specialising in this field, offered individual technical advice on the strokes and especially on various breaststroke variants. Their techniques were frequently video-taped from side and front view, above and below the water surface. Movement variables related to body balance, propulsion and drag were visualised and calculated using a specific video digitising system. Shoulder flexibility was measured on dry land, and in the water during the glide after a push-off from the wall and in the launching breaststroke variant. The performance improvements at the beginning of the program could be explained by improvements in technique and at the end by improvements in both technique and endurance. The main technique improvements in breaststroke were faster propulsive phases of arms and legs and a longer glide phase allowing a reduced drag section.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines eijährigen Schwimmkurses auf die Schwimmfertigkeiten von Studenten der Police Academy</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037300</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037300</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M. J.</author>
      <author>Milosevic, M.</author>
      <author>Blagojevic, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milosevic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blagojevic, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper aimed to improve the process of assessing the effects of the swimming syllabus within the Department of Special Physical Education (SPE) for the first-year students of the Police Academy, Belgrade, regarding the level and trend of the progress in swimming skills of students (N=51). The test was performed 4 times, at the beginning and the end of each semester of a bisemestral academic year. Each test measured the time at the distances of 25 m, 50 m, 100 m and 200 m swum at maximal intensity. Mathematical modeling was used to calculate the functions representing the ratios of distance-time and velocity-distance, which then yielded the critical velocity (V crit), the rates for the coefficients of energy efficiency (Eetlic), and the coefficients of intensity, capacity and overall power of the energy systems (abpower) required to swim those distances. Statistical analysis was done by MANOV A ( 4x I). The results showed a general trend of progress in students' swimming skills at a statistically significant p = 0.00028 (Wilks' Lambda = 0.171). The changes induced by swimming practice appeared at the VcritlOO and V cn1200, at the Eefficl 00 and Eeffic200 and the abpower2oo at p-level = 0.01. The results suggest a conclusion that it is possible to improve swimming skills in a population of young healthy individuals (noncompetitors) despite a short swimming distance (avg. of300-500 m) and unfavorable frequency of practice (a 45-minute session/week). Another finding was that the level of change that occurred in students' swimming skills follows a definite pattern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Respiratorische Reaktionen während und nach der Arbeit am Armzugergometer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037305</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037305</guid>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Neumann, G.</author>
      <author>Berbalk, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spirometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neumann, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berbalk, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In swimming spiroergometry cannot be used in routine tests. That´s why tests under special conditions in swimming flume or pool are used (e.g. Keskinen et al./ 2001). Also the application of the re-breathing method represents a possible alternative (Reer et al./ 1999). In our opinion the informative value of the re-breathing method is strongly limited by the absence of a strict coupling of respiration and movement because of the post load phase. Significant deviations in O2 and CO2 concentration in expired air during breath by breath-monitoring require an integration over several breathes. This is in contradiction to the high dynamics of the spirometric parameters in the post load phase.
In our study we simulated swimming arm movements in a dry-land arm ergometer (swim bench typ) test under semi-specific conditions. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate into the relation between spirometric parameters during and after pulling exercise.
METHODS
23 national team tri-athletes performed an all out test lasting five minutes on an arm pulling ergometer. During the test all spirometric data were registered online for the whole test and one minute during the post load phase. In addition the subjects performed two step tests in cycling and running and one VO2max-test in running. 
RESULTS
Athletes reached almost the same blood lactate concentration but lower oxygen consumption on the rope pulling ergometer when compared with the other tests. This is an indication of a high demand for the anaerobic metabolism. Large parts of relatively unloaded muscles cannot compensate acidosis any longer. However, a correlation between oxygen consumption during rope pulling and calculation of oxygen based on the post load phase if collection starts later than 10 s after the end of test was not found.
DISCUSSION
Problems in gas analyses in swimming make complicate comparative investigations in tri-athletes. According to these experiments a high correlation between breathing parameters and cyclic movements during semi-specific dry-land test as well as in pool swimming was found. This test procedure is suitable for the specific evaluation of upper extremities muscles` metabolism.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Trainig mittels Software apteval I.S.T. in der Vorbereitung auf die 50- und 100-m-Brustschwimmen der Masters C5</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037306</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037306</guid>
      <author>Eclache, J. P.</author>
      <author>Forest, M.</author>
      <author>Eclache, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eclache, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forest, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eclache, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The individual scientific training (IST) used to establish the world record of swimming with mannequin (21km, 12h36'23") was applied to the same athlete to establish the French master CS 50 and lOOm breaststroke records. Aerobic and technical training were coupled with feedback concerning links between performance, technical-tactical choices and energy expenditure thanks to the protocols of the electronic file "Apteval" and the mathematical model "Astrabio". Respect for economic options and recovery after active phases and sessions were the main reasons for success.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines Tharmal-Schwimmanzugs augf die Theroregulation bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037307</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037307</guid>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Sugano, A.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugano, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a thermal swimsuit (TS) on thermoregulatory responses of male subjects during water immersion at rest and water exercise. Five healthy male subjects performed two types of experiment (TS and nonnal swimsuit; SS). They sat at room temperature (5 min), immersed at rest in the water (29.1 'C, 10 min), performed water exercise (RPE 11-13, lOmin), and sat at room temperature (10 min). Esophagus temperature (T •• ), skin temperatures (Tsk), rating of thermal sensation (RTS), 0 2 consumption (V02), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during the experiments. Metabolic heat production (M) was calculated from V02 and RER. And total (tissue and swimsuit) insulation was derived from Tes, Tsk, water temperature and M. RTS was higher in TS, however no difference was found between TS and SS in the mean values of body temperature and insulation. Although higher RTS was observed, there were no significant effects of TS on body temperatures (T b) and insulation during water immersion at rest and water exercise at the T w of 29.1 'C for 20 min immersion time in healthy males.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines vereinfachten 2-Strecken-Testverfahrens zur Bestimmung der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037308</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037308</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F.</author>
      <author>Moreno, D.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to validate a simplified two-distance testing method for determining vcrit (based on performance times in 100 and 400 m maximal swims) in competitive swimmers.
Fifty-one competitive swimmers of national level aged 18-26 years performed a freestyle Aerobic-Anaerobic Standard Swimming Test (Rodríguez 1999) consisting of a two-speed test over 400 m, with 20-min rest, followed by a maximal 100 m swim after one hour rest.
Capillary blood samples for lactate analysis were obtained from the earlobe at min 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after each test. The average speed corresponding to 4 mmol·L-1 blood lactate (v4) was calculated (Mader et al. 1978). Critical velocity (vcrit) was computed as the slope of the linear regression equation between distance and average speed in 100 and 400 m (v100, v400).
The results clearly confirmed the validity of vcrit as a simple, non-invasive -although still controversial- indicator of swimming aerobic endurance (Wakayoshi et al. 1992). The simplified two-distance protocol (all-out 100 and 400 m swims in one testing session) used for determining vcrit compared favorably to other methods requiring a higher number of swims or longer distances, and can be proposed as an equally valid and more feasible procedure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verlauf der O2-Aufnahme beim freien Schwimmen: Eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037309</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037309</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K.</author>
      <author>Malvela, M.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Malvela, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to characterize the oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics during 100 and 400 m maximal swims in a group of elite athletes.
METHODS
Fourteen elite competitive swimmers aged 16-23 years (10 males; 4 females), performed two swims (100 and 400 m freestyle) at maximal speed. In both tests they breathed through the new respiratory snorkel connected to a BxB telemetric portable gas analyzer (K4 b2, Cosmed, Italy). VO2 data were averaged every 5 s and fitted to mono-exponential functions (iterative Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm). Unpaired t-test (or Mann-Whitney test) was used for inter-group comparisons. Correlation was tested using the Pearson coefficient (r).
RESULTS
In the whole group, peak VO2 significantly correlated with swimming speed (p < .05) both in 100 m (r = .787) and 400 m (r = .752), but the time constant (t) did not. VO2 kinetics was faster during the 100-m as compared with the 400-m swim (p = .01). No differences were observed in any of the parameters between male sprinters and non-sprinters.
DISCUSSION
The procedure using the respiratory snorkel and portable gas analyzer has proven to be a feasible method for analyzing VO2 kinetics during free swimming. The data clearly showed that VO2 kinetics depends on the swimming intensity, the response being faster in 100 m.
VO2peak showed to be a good predictor of swimming performance in 100 and 400 m. Further investigation is needed to better define VO2 kinetics in different groups of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Schwimmleistungsfähigkeit, der Schwimmausdauerleistungsfähigkeit und der Leistungsfähigkeit an Land auf die 100-m-Freistilleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037310</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037310</guid>
      <author>Shimonagata, S.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, M.</author>
      <author>Miura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allg. athlet. Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraftausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimonagata, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In previous studies, it was suggested that swimming power and dryland power were important to sprint freestyle performance1). We developed a new system of evaluating swimming power called equipment of estimating swimming power; hereafter referred to as EESP. The purpose of this study is to show the effect of maximum swimming power, swimming power endurance and arm stroke power on dryland to a 100 m freestyle performance.
The results suggested that the maximum swimming power was the most important factor for estimating a 100 m freestyle performance, and that the velocity reduction rate during 100 m performance was the second most important factor in this study. This shows that it is necessary for swimmers to obtain the highest maximum swimming power and to develop the speed endurance ability for improving the 100 m freestyle performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung anthropometrischer und kinematischer Parameter bei jungen Brust-, Rücken- und Schmetterlingsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037311</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037311</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Llana, S.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Navarro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llana, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Erhebung anthropometrischer und kinematischer Größen junger Schwimmer bei Wettbewerben über 100 und 200 m Brust-, Rücken- und Schmetterlingsschwimmen.
Es wurde eine Langzeitstudie mit 69 männlichen und 72 weiblichen Schwimmern im Alter von 12/13 Jahren (weiblich) und 14/15 Jahren (männlich) durchgeführt. Der Posttest fand im Abstand von zwei Jahren statt.
Es wurden erhoben: Körpermasse, Körperhöhe, Armspannweite, Hand- und Fußlänge sowie die Zyklusparameter Frequenz, Zyklusweg, stroke index und Schwimmgeschwindigkeit.
Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch aufbereitet.
Die größten Veränderungen konnten für die Körpermasse und die Fußlänge nachgewiesen werden. Alle anthropometrischen Parameter zeigten signifikante Veränderungen, ausgenommen die Handlänge und das Gewicht der 200 m Brustschwimmerinnen. Bei den kinematischen Parametern wurde eine Vergrößerung bei der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit, den Zykluswegen und beim stroke index beobachtet, während sich die Frequenz tendenziell reduzierte (außer im 100 m Brust- und Rückenschwimmen der Jungen und 100 Brust- und 100 sowie 200 m Delfinschwimmen der Mädchen. Prozentual erhöhte sich eher der stroke index (Anmerkung des Übersetzers: dies lässt sich mathematisch herleiten). Statistisch signifikant ist die Frequenzreduzierung beim 200 m Rückenschwimmen und die Erhöhung des stroke index´ außer im 200 m Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen der Mädchen.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie stimmen mit den Angaben von Legler/1983 und Pelayo/1997 überein. Die jugendlichen Schwimmer erreichen Leistungssteigerungen auf der Basis der Veränderung ihrer anthropometrischen Voraussetzungen und durch die Erhöhung des Zyklusweges und des stroke index´. Außerdem wurden Veränderungen in der Struktur der kinematischen Parameter zwischen den beiden Altersgruppen beobachtet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Energiestoffwechsel beim 400- und 100-m-Freistilschwimmen: Computersimulation auf der Grundlage von Messungen beim freien Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037312</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037312</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F.</author>
      <author>Mader, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mader, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to approach the relative contribution of the energy delivery systems during 400 and 100-m events by simulating the dynamic behaviour of the energy metabolism during swimming on the basis of field metabolic measurements in young competitive swimmers.
Ten swimmers of national level (5 M, 5 F) performed a series of five unimpeded 400-m swims (ca. 75-100 % Vmax) and a maximal 100-m swim in a 50-m pool. Oxygen uptake was measured breath by breath (CPX II, Medical Graphics, USA) during the immediate recovery period (Rodríguez 1999). Blood lactate was analysed in serial capillary samples (Boehringer-Mannheim, Germany). Averaged metabolic measurements for every swim were introduced into a computer simulation model (CS) based on a system of differential equations to simulate the dynamics of energy muscle metabolism (Mader & Heck 1994).
The dynamic CS estimations showed that the aerobic energy supply clearly exceeds values commonly found in the literature for 400 m (ranging from ca. 25-60 % Etot), as well for 100 m events (ca. 5-20 % Etot). The relatively high maximal aerobic and low glycolytic power of the subjects (most of them middle-distance swimmers) partially accounts for high contribution of the oxidative sources. However, the relevance of the aerobic contribution to total energy demands should not be underestimated, particularly in young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine vereinfachte Methode zur Bestimmung der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit als ein Ermüdungsindex für Freistilsprinter und -langstreckler</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037313</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037313</guid>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Nagasawa, S.</author>
      <author>Sakaguchi, Y.</author>
      <author>Kitagawa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nagasawa, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kitagawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION and PURPOSE:
Critical swimming velocity (Vcri) is recognized to be the swimming speed corresponding to the maximal lactate steady state, and is expressed as the slope of a regression line between swimming distances and their sustained times. In a previous study, we investigated a simpler method to determine Vcri for freestyle sprinters and distance swimmers. As a result, both sprinters and distance swimmers showed significant relationships between Vcri and the swimming velocity for a distance of 300 m at maximal effort (V300), and the Vcri of sprinters and distance swimmers corresponded to the swimming velocities of 88.8 % and 91.3 % (V300). These results suggested that V300 was an appropriate swimming velocity as an endurance index from the shortest swimming distance to estimate Vcri. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm that Vcri estimated by V300 shows the maximal lactate steady state.
METHODS:
Eight sprinters (50 m and 100 m freestyle) and eight distance swimmers (400 m and 1500 m freestyle) participated in this study, covering distances of 300 m and 2000 m at maximal effort in a 25-m swimming pool. Moreover, in the maximal lactate steady state test, the subjects were instructed to swim 2500 m(5 x 500 m) freestyle at three constant velocities (98.0 %, 100 %, 102 % of Vcri) interrupted by three short rest periods from 30 to 45 s used for blood sampling.
RESULTS:
Both sprinters and distance swimmers showed significant relationships between the swimming velocity for a distance of 2000 m and Vcri estimated by V300. In the maximal lactate steady state test, 100 % of Vcri showed a higher steady state than 98 % of Vcri, but 102 % of Vcri did not show the steady state for sprinters and distance swimmers. In conclusion, one timed 300 m maximal effort swimming test is believed to be a simpler, more rational method to determine Vcri for both sprinters and distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wiederholtes Höhentraining für die Olympischen Spiele in Sydney</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037314</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037314</guid>
      <author>Tachi, M.</author>
      <author>Okuno, K.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2000</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tachi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuno, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Today the advantage of high altitude training on swimming performance at sea level is widely known. The Japanese national swimming team has carried out high altitude training camps for about 20 years. Toward the Sydney Olympic Games, the national team also trained in high altitude (2134 m). Although they used to train at high altitude only once before each competition, this time they underwent two camps at an interval of a month between the Japan swimming championship (Olympic selection) and the Olympic Games. The first high altitude training camp was held to enhance the efficiency of the second training camp. The purpose of this study is to discuss the effects of repeated high altitude training from the results of competitions, swimming tests and blood samplings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungen beim Wingate-Test für die unteren Extremitäten bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037315</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037315</guid>
      <author>Zohra, T.</author>
      <author>Nabila, N.</author>
      <author>Kherbache, Ch.</author>
      <author>Mansri, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zohra, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nabila, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kherbache, Ch.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mansri, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ziel der Studie war die Bestimmung der Auswirkungen von Alter und Trainingsstatus auf die anaerobe Leistungsfähigkeit bei jungen Schwimmern.
Im Vergleich mit einer nicht sportlich aktiven Vergleichsgruppe zeigten sich bei 9-12-Jährigen große Unterschiede zu den Schwimmern. Unter den Schwimmern spielte die Altersabhängigkeit bei den 13- bis 16-Jährigen eine geringere Rolle, insbesondere bezüglich der relativen Variablen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Regressionsverlaufs der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Junior-Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037316</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037316</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The critical velocity (CV) regression line its an equation type Y = ax + b. The a value (line sloop) has been used and accepted as an indicator of swimmers aerobic capacity. The b value (y-intercept) as been pointed out for Wakayoshi et al. (1993) as a possible indicator of individual swimmers anaerobic potential, but studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Knowing that the oxygen consumption and anaerobic potential are physiological parameters that rises with the growing child, it will be expected that a and b values rises from the infant to junior swimmers. Its our issue to study the variation of the a and b values in different age group swimmers.
METHODS
The study has been performed upon 64 Portuguese swimmers divided in four age groups with 8 males and 8 females each. The age groups, in years, of the male and female groups were, respectively: 12 and 11 (A group), 13/14 and 12/13 (B), 15/16 and 14 (C) and 17/18 and 15/16 (D). The regression line between competition distance and time was obtained using the official results of each swimmer, obtained in the same competition, for the following freestyle events: 50 m and 400 m (A group), 100 m and 800/1500 m (B and C) and 50 m and 800/1500 m (D). Mean values were compared through a ANOVA test (a=0.05).
RESULTS
The CV values seem to rise progressively with age, but statistical significant differences were only noticed between A and B groups in both genders. Gender differences were not significant. The mean b values for males were: A = 10.65±1.18m, B = 16.15±2.64m, C = 17.07±2.16m and D = 13.45±2.28m; for females: A = 11.29±1.52m, B = 14.31±1.06m, C = 12.84±3.24m and D = 9.55±0.78m, with statistical differences only between A and B male groups. The b values for female swimmers tended to be lower than those obtained for males, with statistical significant differences only for C groups.
DISCUSSION
The behaviour of CS with age, and gender differences can be explained by developmental physiology knowledge (Rowland, 1996). The b value don`t follow the same linear growth pattern, although several works describe a progressive increment of the anaerobic capacity with age (Rowland, 1996). This could be due either to maturation or methodological causes.
In conclusion, the b variation with age seems to do not follow a expected behaviour,
justifying further research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Azidose beim maximalen Schwimmen über Strecken von 100 bis 400 m</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037317</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037317</guid>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <author>Bednarik, J.</author>
      <author>Kapus, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ph-Wert</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bednarik, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
During competition in the front crawl swimming energy production is derived from the aerobic system and from anaerobic glycolyisis. The amount of anaerobic glycolysis is dependent upon the distance and velocity at which the swims are performed. Acidosis in the organism causes several effects associated with fatigue: inhibition of phosphofructokinase and slow glycolysis, H+ may act do displace Ca2+ from troponin, low pH may stimulate pain receptors and H+ can inhibit the combination of O2 with hemoglobin in the lung. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if a change experinced by a swimmer exerting maximal effort in a competition, visible in what is probably a limiting acidosis, is the factor which prevents the swimmer going faster.
METHODS
Six swimmers (average age 22±9yrs, height 184±8cm and weight 72± 6kg), participated in this study. Each swimmer performed a maximal front crawl swim on the distances of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m and 400 m on separate days. Arterialysed blood samples (20 ml) were collected from the hear-lob after warm up, at 1,3, 5 and 7 minute of recovery from swimming and analysed for blood lactate [LA], pH and Pco2. Means and standard deviations were computed for all variables. The results were analyzed using paired t-test for small samples.
RESULTS
For the model of maximal swims we can observe that the mean velocity was on 100 m very high and with increasing distance signifficantly decreased. [LA] signifficantly increased only from warm up to 100 m and from 300 m to 400 m. On the distances between 100 m and 300 m we found no signifficant differences in [LA] (Picture 1.). Simmilar results were obtained for pH. The values of Pco2 slightlly increased in comparision with valu es after warm up on all the distances from 100 m to 400 m however not signifficantly.
DISCUSSION
In comparision with other studies which compared data of [LA] obtained on the various distances with different subject sample, were signifficant differences between various disciplines were found (Bonifazi et al. 1993), we found that if we compare individual values of [LA] a certain individual [LA] exists which probably limits maximal performance. This [LA] values are obtained alredy on the distance of 100 m freestyle and are very different from subject to subject.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Notations-Spielanalyse der Wasserball-Weltmeisterschaften der Frauen 2001</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037318</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037318</guid>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, M.</author>
      <author>Komori, Y.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <author>Fujimoto, H.</author>
      <author>Saito, M.</author>
      <author>Suzuki, T.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2001</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komori, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujimoto, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
The notational match analysis has been very popular not only in soccer and basketball but also in water polo. It will show the quality of a team or player by converting performance into statistics. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the construction of knowledge about elite women`s water polo matches by using notational match analysis.
METHODS
The 48 games of the FINA 2001 Women`s Water Polo World Championships, in which 12 teams participated, were analyzed with a computerized match analysis system. The quantitative measures of performance collected were as follows: attacks, shots, results of shots, personal fouls, mistakes with the ball, mistakes without the ball, and attacking time.
These variables were calculated for each team for offense and defense. The qualitative variables (percentage of appearance) were derived from these collected data for each team.
RESULTS
The higher-ranked teams (1st to 8th) and the lower-ranked teams (9th to 12th) were compared for qualitative variables. For situations in offense, percentage of shots taken (54.1 ± 4.7 % vs 45.2 ± 4.6 % for higher teams vs lower teams) and percentage of mistakes with the ball (17.3 ± 1.4 % vs 24.7 ± 4.6 %) showed significant differences. For situations in defense, percentage of personal fouls (16.8 ±  1.3 % vs 13.6 ± 2.0 %) and percentage of goalkeeper saves (54.7 ± 7.0 % vs 40.8 ± 10.4 %) differed significantly (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION
These results show that: 1. On offense, the higher-ranked teams shot more frequently and made fewer mistakes than the lower-ranked teams. 2. On defense, the higher-ranked teams had more personal fouls and more goalkeeper saves than the lower-ranked teams. Thus, aspiring women`s water polo teams must bring the ball to shot situations without missing the ball, they should not hesitate to commit personal fouls, and they must have an exceptional goalkeeper.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Anforderungen in Wasserballspielen bei unterschiedlichen Wettkampfsituationen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037319</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037319</guid>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <author>Nikolopoulos, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Literature review shows limited information available regarding the actual energy demands of water polo games. Former studies have examined the energy demands of water polo, without taking into consideration the specific characteristics of each game as for example, the level of difficulty. 
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to present the intensity of the water polo games with vigorous competition (i.e. two goals difference) and without vigorous competition (i.e. more than two goals difference). In addition, to examine the hypothesis that players rely more on anaerobic metabolism in the former than in the latter condition.
METHODS
For the duration of sixteen games (eight with two goals difference and eight with more than two goals difference), heart rate was continuously monitored in 24 players. In addition capillary blood samples were collected at the end of each period, for lactate concentration determination. Before the games, the maximum heart rate (HRmax) was determined during a tethered swimming test. Finally HR at anaerobic threshold, as determined by blood lactate concentration, was recorded.
RESULTS
The average heart rate during the games with two goals difference was 158±18 beats/min, slightly higher than the HR at the anaerobic threshold (155±12 beats/min) and significantly greater (p< 0.001) than the average heart rate of the games with more than two goals difference (154±17 beats/min). Likewise, blood lactate accumulation after the games with two goals difference was 4,4±2,2 mmol/l, again slightly higher than blood lactate at the anaerobic threshold (4,0±1 mmol/l) and significantly greater (p< 0,001) than the average lactate in the games with more than two goals difference (3,4±1,5 mmol/l). In addition, during the games with two goals difference players played most of time at high exercise intensity limits (85-100 % HR max), compared with the games with more than two goal difference.
DISCUSSION
It seems that the different level of the opponents significantly affects the energy demands of water polo. Actually, games energy demands depend on the goal difference between the teams. The anaerobic metabolism is mostly used during the games with two goal difference. However, during the games with more than two goals difference the percentage of contribution of anaerobic energy system is significantly lower and the aerobic metabolism takes place.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelcharakteristika der Bewegungen von Wasserballspielern in aufrechter Position während des Wettkampfs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037320</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037320</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Matkovic, I.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matkovic, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
During a match, a water polo player spends approximately 63 % of the total time in vertical position (1). This indicates that vertical position, with the structure of technical-tactical activities derived from it, is the most dominant in comparison with other activities. The task of this research was to define model activities realized during a match by a player in vertical position.
METHODS:
By means of using video-taped matches, 10 players of international level were analyzed. The following characteristic activities were observed and the time was measured in: vertical position (tvert), duel (tduel) , arm up (tarm), basic position (near the opponent) (tbasic), passive position (farther from the opponent) (tpassive), and ball possession (tball). Variables were presented in % of the total time spent in vertical position for each quarter of the match separately. The results were subjected to multivariant statistical method MANOVA, and the differences between the observed variables in the function of quarters were established by the model of repeated measures 4x5 (2).
RESULTS:
There was a statistically significant difference in the observed variables in the function of the quarters of the game (F=12.081, p-level=0.000). Separate variables varied in the function of quarters (F=6.597, p-level=0.002), as between the % of the presence of the observed elements in the function of quarters (F=6.892, p-level=0.000). In its structure of elements of the game
realized from vertical position, the 3rd quarter differed the most, and the position arm up (tarm) among the elements of the observed positions. In relation to % of the observed game elements of vertical position, the following were present: (tbasic) with 38.39 %, (tduel) with 25.21 %, (passive) with 24.18 %, (tball) with 8.68 %, (tarm) with 3.36 % out of the total time spent in vertical position. 
DISCUSSION:
The results are the consequence of what happened during the game. The most stable elements (in relation to % of presence) were duel (tduel) and vertical basic poss. (tbasic), while defensive play, i.e. arm up position (tarm), was the most variable element. Considering the structure of motor activities and the time spent in vertical position, it is necessary to restructure the training in favor of the situation elements of the game. Future researches should define model characteristics of players` activities in vertical position in relation to various positions in a team on larger sample.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Berechnung der mechanischen Parameter von Monoflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 10:46:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037321</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037321</guid>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Colobert, B.</author>
      <author>Fusco, N.</author>
      <author>Cretual, A.</author>
      <author>Multon, F.</author>
      <author>Delamarche, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colobert, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fusco, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cretual, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Multon, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delamarche, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, finswimming is a recognised sport in full expansion. Equipment and technology evolution enables to improve swimmers performance. Russian swimmers during European championship in 1972 at Moscow were the first to employ monofins rather than twins-fins. Once again, it was Russians who were the first to use fibre-glass. Finswimming kinematic has been studied [1, 2] to optimise technique but the conception of monofins remains in great part empirical. The aim of this study is to show how monofins mechanical parameters could be computed.
METHODS
To study monofins` mechanical parameters, we have developed a device that allowed a quick release of monofins. A force plate was recording the force applied on the monofins. Simultaneously the Vicon system analysis (Vicon 370), made up of seven infrared cameras cadenced at 60 Hz, was able to record the three dimensional position of twenty markers stuck on the monofin. In this preliminary study, the monofin was considered as a rigid solid and characterised as damped harmonic oscillatory system. In this way the displacement of one marker was chosen to represent the solid. Also the system was characterised with a
differential equation , x" + a.x` + b.x = 0, where a is the damping coefficient and b the rigidity coefficient.
RESULTS
The results showed a vertical displacement of the marker which represents the angular displacement of a monofin as a solid. The damping coefficient of this monofin was 0.75 and the elasticity coefficient was 0.31.
DISCUSSION
This preliminary study shows that it is possible to characterise monofins with two parameters. This way it seems possible to help a swimmer to choose a fin. As monofin can be evaluated, it appeared important to define the relationship between the swimmer and the fin. Moreover, an important population of monofins should be tested in order to optimise the conception of the monofin. Indeed, this kind of study could reveal the importance of the fibre employed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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