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    <item>
      <title>Stabilität und Vorhersage der 100-m-Brustschwimmleistung im Verlauf einer Karriere von Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020081</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bragada, J. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bragada, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to track and analyze the 100-m Breaststroke performance stability throughout elite swimmers` careers. 35 Portuguese male top-50 swimmers were analyzed for seven consecutive seasons between the ages of 12 and 18 years old. Best performances were collected from ranking tables. Longitudinal assessment was performed based on two approaches: (i) mean stability was analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA repeated measures for each season followed by a post-hoc test (Bonferroni test), (ii) normative stability was analyzed with self-correlation (Malina, 2001) and the Cohen`s Kappa tracking index (Landis and Koch, 1977). There was a 100-m Breaststroke performance enhancement from child to adult age. The overall career performance prediction was low. The change from 13 to 14 years can be a milestone, where the ability to predict the final swimmer`s performance level strongly increases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfsystematisierung bei Nachwuchsschwimmern: Eine Evaluierung der Leistungen, Reifebetrachtungen und internationale Paradigmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020080</guid>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Altersklasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The most appropriate method for grouping youth swimmers to assure fair competition has been debated for decades with little progress being made. The goals of this study were to evaluate the appropriateness of the age-groups at the 2nd FINA World Youth Swimming Championships and to discuss age-grouping systems used by swimming federations in the world as a means of gaining a better insight into the most appropriate age-group stratification paradigm. METHODS: All data were acquired from the official website of FINA (http://www.fina.org). The single age-grouping for each sex was composed of four CAs (ages 14-17 years for girls and ages 15-18 for boys). A relative frequency distribution of all competitors and the top 8 finishers in all 17 individual events as well as that of the relay finalists were examined for each of the four CAs. Chi-square tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukeyâ€™s post-hoc test, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were performed to test the research hypothesis that older swimmers within the multi-age-groups represent a greater proportion of participants and finalists. RESULTS: In girls, there were 66, 148, 218, and 322 swims by 14, 15, 16, and 17 year olds, respectively. In boys, there were 46, 152, 259, and 486 swims by 15, 16, 17, and 18 year olds, respectively. A significant difference was found between the observed and expected values in both sexes (p < 0.01). The mean relative frequencies (%) of the top 8 swimmers over 17 events were also significantly different among CAs in both sexes. The oldest CA in both sexes (age 17 for girls and age 18 for boys) had a significantly greater proportion compared with all other age categories (p < 0.05). The age-related differences were more evident in boys. DISCUSSION: Age classification systems clearly influence participation and competition outcomes in competitive youth swimming. The number of swimmers qualifying for competitive events and qualifying for finals at the Youth Championships is significantly greater for swimmers who are the oldest in their age-groups. Grouping swimmers by the use of broad CAs is not the optimal way to encourage younger competitors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der Laktatschwelle mittels vier verschiedener Analysemethoden für Tests im Becken bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020079</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, O. P.</author>
      <author>Pöyhönen, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, O. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pöyhönen, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Pool testing using blood lactate (BLa) versus swimming velocity (V) relationship is a standard in performance diagnostics of swimmers. We determined lactate threshold (LT) using common analysis techniques hypothesizing that the results will repeat with acceptable accuracy in both test-retest and analysis-to-analysis comparisons. METHODS: The subjects were 30 male and female swimmers. Mean±SD for age was 16.7±3.3 y, stature 1.70±0.08 m and body mass 61.8±6.6 kg. They performed n*100-m swims twice in three days. Four different approaches were applied to define the LT and analyzed from BLa / v curves by two experienced analysts. RESULTS: Linear regressions (R2), Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) connected with two-way ANOVA, and t-test showed that both test-retest reliability and comparability between Dmax and Linear Estimation modes was very high (R2 = 0.85-0.96; ICC = 0.96-0.99; t-tests = N.S.). Differences existed when comparisons were made between modes with fixed BLa. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the test-retest reliability of the n*100-m swimming test was high indicating that the method itself was repeatable and is a useful means of monitoring changes in indicators of physical fitness in swimming. Also the analysis methods were noticed to offer reliable results to be used for prescription of training. In analysisto-analysis comparisons some significant differences existed pointing out the necessity to understand their specific characters. The original speed at which the LT and or the LTind appear depends specifically on the pool test protocol being used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Talentprognose bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020078</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Seidel, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seidel, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Neural networks are able to predict the future success of talents by revealing distinct patterns in the individual setup of the sport specific disposition (Philippaerts, Coutts & Vaeyans, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to compare linear and nonlinear talent prognoses in the crawl sprint. METHODS: The Magdeburg Talent Study on Elite Sport Schools (MATASS) is a six year longitudinal study. The data were collected from 1997 to 2001 from a total of 729 male (age: M = 171.2 months, SD = 42.5) and female swimmers (age: M = 159.3 months, SD = 39.0). The final competition performance data were recorded in 2006 for all male (n = 130) and female swimmers (n = 113). RESULTS: 33 performance prerequisites were measured at three different time points, and reduced by factor analyses: (1) body stature, (2) maximum and explosive strength, (3) general and (4) sport specific speed strength, (5) technique and coordination, and (6) elementary speed. In a second step, the factor values of the six juvenile talent criteria, together with the (7) speed of performance development, (8) utilization of performance prerequisites, and (9) psychological stress stability were used to predict three final talent groups at adult age. For the cross-validated prognosis two methods were used: a linear discriminant analysis (DA), and a nonlinear operating Self-organizing Kohonen Feature Map (SOFM). The comparison of the real adult performance groups with the modeled outcome led to far better predictions in the SOFM. The percentages of correctly predicted cases (females = 87.9 percent; males = 68.3 percent) are much higher than those delivered by the DA (females = 69.0 percent; males = 50.0 percent). DISCUSSION: The quality of the predictions of the linear DA was comparably lower than that of the nonlinear SOFM. Thus, the results of the study show that neural networks are excellent tools to model and to predict future competitive performances on the basis of juvenile talent makeup. Besides that, the better results of the neural network modeling support the interpretation that the development of talented young athletes is a nonlinear complex problem that should be addressed by a dynamic systems approach.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der ventilatorischen und biomechanischen Reaktionen auf Trainingseinheiten mit kurzen vs. langen Intervallen bei Elite-Langstreckenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020077</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Nesi, X.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nesi, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is known that continuous exercises performed at the lactate threshold have the greatest effect upon the body`s oxygen transport system (Billat, 2001). This type of training enables swimmers to attain max by restoring the slow component of and by reducing the amplitude of the slow component after a period of training (Carter et al., 2000). Restoration of the slow component of appears to be more frequent among athletes having a high fractional at the lactate threshold (Billat, 2001) which is typical of ultra-endurance athletes (Billat et al., 2001). We hypothesized that in high-level long-distance swimmers, long interval training at LT, induce a large slow component of . METHODS: Seven elite male long-distance swimmers (Mean ± SD, age 21.4 ± 3.5 yrs; weight 71 ± 5 kg ; height 180 ± 5 cm) performed in a 6x300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion in order to determine lactate threshold (LT = 3.1 ± 1.2 mmols/l), and the velocity.  Secondly, the parameters of kinetics were calculated for the first 500m of one interval training set: 6 x 500-m using a double exponential model. RESULTS: The fit for the two-term exponential model was (r²= 0.62 ± 0.18). All seven subjects displayed a slow component of during the first 500m of IT6*500 with values measured at 401.7 ± 129.9  lO2/mn
and 5.69 ± 1.96 ml/mn.kg. DISCUSSION: Elite Long-distance swimmers exhibit exceptionally high levels of peak oxygen uptake and peak swimming velocity at the lactate threshold. All of the swimmers tested exhibited a large amplitude slow component of oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Empfundene Belastung bei unterschiedlichen Prozenten der kritischen Geschwinidgkeit im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020075</guid>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Diefenthaeler, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diefenthaeler, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to compare and correlate the perceived exertion (PE) behaviour at different percents of the critical velocity (CV) in front crawl. Ten trained male swimmers (19.4 ± 2.2 years) performed five trials of 200 m at different percents of the CV (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%), in random order, 90 s of passive rest. PE presented significant differences (p<0.05) among percents of the CV in front crawl. Significant correlation between PE with percents of the CV was observed (rho=0.785, p<0.01). Results suggest that PE increases as percent of the CV increase, but in a non-linear relationship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Wettkampfleistung, der Trainingsbelastung und der Kraft am Seil während des Taperings bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020074</guid>
      <author>Drosou, E.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Thomaidis, S.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.1</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drosou, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomaidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.1</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During a four-week training period closing with a two-week taper before a National competition (NC) the training load (TL) of twelve young swimmers (age: 14.2±1.3 yrs) was calculated by the product of the session-RPE score with the training duration. Tethered swimming force (TF), hand-grip strength (HG) and body fat (BF) evaluated 34, 20 and 6 days before the NC were unchanged (p>0.05). The TL difference of week 4 vs. week 1 before the NC was related to percent performance change (0.11±1.6%, p>0.05; r=0.63, p<0.05). The TF, HG and BF changes were not related to performance changes (p>0.05). The TL changes alone accounted for 40% (r2=0.4, SEE=1.37%, p<0.05) of the variation of percentage performance changes. The session-RPE training load calculation may be useful for effective taper planning.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsanzeiger bei Schwimmerinnen und Schwimmern vor und in der Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020047</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020047</guid>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Georgiou, C.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgiou, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers should be in a good body shape and need muscular force in order to achieve a successful performance. For example, arm-span appear to be important determinant of front-crawl swimming performance in young swimmers1 and swimming force is related to sprint swimming velocity2. The purpose of this study was to identify the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and strength as predictors of performance of the 50 m front-crawl swimming in pre-pubertal and pubertal male and female swimmers. METHODS: Seventy-two swimmers (n=72), were divided into two groups, pre-pubertal (n=30) aged 10.5±0.5yrs and pubertal (n=42) aged 13.7±1.5yrs. They underwent a battery of anthropometric, body composition and muscle strength measurements. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) extracted three components, Component-1: Anthropometric-Tethered Swimming Force (TSF), Component-2: Body Composition and Component-3: Body Dimension. These components were then used in a simultaneous multiple regression procedure to determine which components best explain the variance in swimming performance. RESULTS: Based on the PCA, the Component-1 explained 65.1% of the total variance, Component-2 the 14.6% and Component-3 the 8.2% respectively. In total sample, the anthropometric and TSF were significantly correlated with performance (r=-0.71, p<0.001). When the multiple regression models were applied to the pre-pubertal swimmers (y=27.242-0.420*TSF+1.01*c-arm), 90.9% of the variation was explained by the average TSF (83.7%) and arm circumference (7.2%) while in pubertal swimmers (y=-38.661-0.111*TSF), the 70.4% of the variation was explained only by the average TSF. CONCLUSION: Selected anthropometric characteristics and strength are important determinants of successful performance. Although morphological characteristics composed one dimension of successful performance, muscle strength may be useful in explaining differences in swimming score. These findings may have practical implication for both training and talent identification in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung spezifischen Trainings auf die Schwimmstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020046</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020046</guid>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The swimming start is a significant performance component for success in competitive swimming, especially in short events. The purpose of the study was to determine how the swimmers start improvement could be related to a specific training providing accurate information about the start duration at different distances (10 and 15m). METHODS: Differences between manual timing and times obtained through video analysis were previously set. Results highlighted the importance of an accurate evaluation. The system developed allowed swimmers and coaches to know the starting times as they know in competitions. The system consisted in an electronic touchpad placed on the pool`s lateral lane. A group (n=42) of regional swimmers and P. E. students participated on the study. The group was divided equally into experimental and control groups. Each group practiced during 10 sessions. The experimental group (EG) received accurate information about their starting times (Terminal Knowledge of Results [TKR]). Meanwhile, control group (CG) did not receive any information after each trial. RESULTS: We did not find statistical differences in start times measured at 10 and 15m, between groups. Nevertheless, both groups significantly improved their starting times. However, greater improvements were produced within the EG (more than 5% vs less than 2% at the CG). To check the significance of the improvement within each group, a related samples t-Test was performed. Results showed greater significance levels in the EG than in the CG (p<0.001 vs p<0.005). In addition, when an individual intra-subject analysis was applied, performance tended to be more consistent within the EG (differences between best trial and average time were reduced up to 0.05s in some subjects). DISCUSSION: Due to the short start times, accurate evaluation must be performed, to avoid false improvements due to erroneous measurements. Results suggested that the systematic and controlled repetition of the swimming starts, leads to performance improvement. This should be taken into account to increase the start practicing time within a whole year`s planning. In addition giving the swimmers accurate KR produces greater performance improvements than only systematic repetition with manual timing (not accurate enough). Moreover, the system seems to be individually more effective, making the start performance more consistent. This is important when considering the anticipated performance at
important competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Korrelation zwischen Kraftmessungen an Land und der Krafterzeugung im Wasser bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020045</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020045</guid>
      <author>Carl, D. L.</author>
      <author>Leslie, N</author>
      <author>Dickerson, T</author>
      <author>Griffin, B</author>
      <author>Marksteiner, A</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carl, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leslie, N</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dickerson, T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Griffin, B</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marksteiner, A</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: USA-Swimming supports the use of a specific dry land force measurement (Vasa Trainer) relative to in-water force generation. Imbalances between the measurements indicate the need to increase strength or enhance efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine if two standard measurements of dry land strength would correlate with the ability to generate force in water as measured by a timed 22.9m swim or tethered swimming. METHODS: Subjects: N=25 (10 M, 16.6 y; 15 F, 16.3 y). Resistance Training: Bench Press - Subjects completed a barbell chest press with light weight for 10 repetitions. Following a 2 minute rest period, the weight was increased 10 % and another set of 10 repetitions completed. Subjects continued until they were unable to complete ten repetitions. 1RM was estimated using the following equation: Body weight/(1.0278-(.0278 x #reps)). Leg Press - Subjects completed a bilateral seated leg press following the same protocol as the BP. Swim Training: 22.9m Swim - Subjects completed two, 22.9m maximal swims from the starting block. Each swim was separated by 2 minutes. Times were recorded to the 100th of a second and averaged for best time. Tethered swim - Subjects completed two in-water tethered maximal swims (Digital Force Gauge, IMADA, Inc). Each trial was separated by1 minute. Force was recorded in N`s and the trials averaged for best effort. Statistics Analysis: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (R > 0.80). RESULTS: A significant correlation existed between BP strength and both the 22.9m swim and TeS for both sessions tested (R = -0.85 & -0.87; R = 0.82 & 0.80). A minor correlation existed between LP and 25 yard swim time (R = -0.70 & -0.77). No significant correlation existed between LP and TeS force generated. DISCUSSION: BP strength significantly correlated with both in-water force measurements. In addition, LP strength was significantly correlated with 25y swim time. Although LP was not  correlated with TeS there was a significant difference when males were separated from females. For all measurements taken, males demonstrated a higher level of correlation. The differences observed between males and femalescould be due to the amount of muscle mass in males. Also, within this age range, males may have had more dry land weight training experience than females. In conclusion, BP strength may be an appropriate alternative to the Vasa Trainer as an indicator of discrepancy between strength and in water force generation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Allgemeine Indizes der Geschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen bei Junioren-Wasserballspielern in einem Spiel</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020007</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020007</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, F. Z.</author>
      <author>Perisic, S. M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, F. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perisic, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to define crawl swimming velocity realized by junior water polo players during a match. Over a four year period, 35 water polo players have been observed at the age of 16 years. It was established that there is no statistically significant difference of crawl technique swimming velocity between the quarters of a match (F=1.903, p =0.127). It was also determined that there are no differences of swimming velocity distribution with regard to quarters (F=5.269, p = 0.153). The given fact can be a consequence of adaptation to the applied training load of dominantly aerobic type, but also to the tactical choices during play. The obtained results should not be generalized and it does not mean that the same results would be obtained if this category were to be observed on the international level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Reaktionen und Leistungsmerkmale bei 200 m kontinuierlichem Schwimmen und 4x50 m "unterbrochenem" Schwimmen mit unterschiedlichen Intervallen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020006</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020006</guid>
      <author>Beidaris, N.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dauermethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Beidaris, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses and performance characteristics of ``broken`` swimming (4x50m) with different rest intervals (5, 10 and 20s) compared with those of continuous swimming (200m) during maximum intensity free-style swimming. Twelve voluntary swimmers of competitive level (aged: 14-17 years) were tested. Significant differences were observed in performance time and heart rate between continuous and «broken» swimming with resting interval of 20s (F=4.27, P=0.009 and F=3.31, P=0.03, respectively). However, no differences were found in blood lactate and oxygen consumption. In conclusion, it seems that even if the physiological responses were similar between conditions, the performance characteristics were higher in the condition of broken swimming
with 20s resting interval.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedliche Methoden der Bestimmung der anaeroben Schwelle bei Triathleten im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020005</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020005</guid>
      <author>Zoretic, D.</author>
      <author>Wertheimer, V.</author>
      <author>Leko, G.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoretic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wertheimer, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leko, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The goal of this research is to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between three various methods for determining the anaerobic threshold, i.e. differences in heart frequencies with regard to the anaerobic threshold (FSanp-1, FSanp-2, FSanp-3) pertaining to a swimmers` progressive test. The variable sample consisted of basic anthropometric variables, as well as a set of variables for the evaluation of functional abilities in 13 Croatian triathletes: maximum heart frequency, maximum speed, maximum lactates, anaerobic threshold FS (intersection method "4mmol/l", "D-max method"), anaerobic threshold lactates (intersection method "4mmol/l""D-max method").The subjects swam a progressive discontinuous test of 7 x 200 meters, the same being used to measure cardiovascular and metabolic responses to swimming speed increase applying the front crawl technique. In order to determine statistically significant differences between various methods used to establish the anaerobic threshold of the subjects, the t-test was used for dependent samples. In the course of this research, the "Intersection" method and the "D-max method" have proven to be a reliable means in assessing the anaerobic threshold.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung und Validität der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen und beim Arme- und Beineschwimmen als Index der Ausdauerleistung bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020004</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020004</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Kitajima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kitajima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to determine critical velocity (Vcri) in swim, pull and kick tests, and also to examine whether Vcri correspond to the exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) for each stroke. Fourteen male trained college swimmers volunteered for this study. A regression analysis of swimming distance on time calculated for each swimmer showed linear relationships (r2=0.998, p<0.010) for all strokes. In MLSS test, all subjects could maintain the Vcri for 20 min in the respective strokes. In addition, no significant differences were found in BL measured among swim, pull and kick. These data suggest that Vcri can be determined by the relationship between distance and time, not only in swimming but also in pull and kick, and Vcri obtained by each stroke would correspond
approximately to the exercise intensity at MLSS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einflussfaktoren auf Blutlaktatakkumulation und -abbau bei Spitzenschwimmern im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020003</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020003</guid>
      <author>Wells, G. D.</author>
      <author>Falenchuk, O.</author>
      <author>Gannon, G.</author>
      <author>Vescovi, J. D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wells, G. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falenchuk, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gannon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vescovi, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Blood lactate accumulation [BLa] occurs during competitive swimming events and may be influenced by demographic features as well as the characteristics of the swim race. Active recovery after high intensity exercise enhances blood lactate removal, which is beneficial for sports like swimming where multiple events are commonly performed on a single day. The objectives of this field-based observational study were 1) to examine how sex, age, race distance, and swim stroke influenced [BLa] after competitive swimming events and 2) to develop a practical model based on recovery swim distance to help optimize blood lactate disappearance. One hundred swimmers (n=50 males and females) competing in the Canadian National Swim Championships participated in this study. Post-race [BLa] was determined after completing the finals race. Blood lactate concentration was also assessed repeatedly during the warm-down. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between post-race [BLa] with age and sex of the swimmers as well as the swim stroke and race distance. To evaluate the influence of warm-down distance on blood lactate disappearance an exploratory model building approach was used. The highest postrace [BLa] were observed following 100 and 200 metre events, the lowest after 50 and 1500 metre races. A sex effect for post-race [BLa] was observed for freestyle events, but not for any other swim strokes. There was a negligible effect of age on post-race [BLa]. The following model was developed to estimate an expected change in [BLa] during warm-down: [BLa] change after warm-down = -3.374+1.162(male=0; female=1)+0.789*post-race [BLa]+0.003*warm-down distance. These findings indicate that elite male and female swimmers competing at an elite level (approximately 900 FINA points) display similar post-race [BLa] and that there is little effect of age on post-race [BLa] in competitive swimmers 14-29 years old. Additionally, 50 metre events, regardless of swim stroke, appear to place less emphasis on anaerobic glycolysis compared to 100-400 metre events. Finally, a convenient equation was developed that can help coaches individualize warm-down protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Laktatkonzentration beim 100-m-Freistilschwimmen und beim angebundenen Schwimmen gleicher Dauer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019994</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019994</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Maximum capacity of anaerobic lactic mechanism is proportional to the production of lactic acid. One of the most common test is the 100 meters freestyle. Many researchers have used tethered swimming to measure aerobic and anaerobic capacity (Maglischo, 2003). The question created is with which test of 100m freestyle or the tethered swimming, both at the same time, can achieve maximum accumulation of lactic acid in blood. The aim of this research is to compare lactic acid production in both tests of maximum effort and equal time: a) in 100 meters freestyle and b) in tethered swimming. METHODS: In this study participated 12 swimmers of national level (age=21.5±0.67 years, Body stature =181.8±7.24 cm and Body mass=80.75±7.99 ). At the beginning, they swam 100 meters freestyle with maximum intensity and time performance and blood lactate accumulation were measured. Afterwards, in two days time the same athletes were tested in tethered swimming, in equal time to that they achieved in 100 meters (Bonen et al.,1980). In order to determine maximum concentration of lactic acid in the two different tests, samples of blood were taken in 3rd, 5th, and 7th minute of recovery time. RESULTS: The average maximum accumulation of lactic acid in 100 meters freestyle was 11.09 ±4.22 mmol/l, while in tethered swimming 10.27 ±3.29 mmol/l. The average time performance in 100 meters freestyle as well as in tethered swimming was 58.74 ±2.33sec. There was statistical significant correlation between performance time of 100m freestyle and mean strength in tethered swimming (r= -0.63, p< 0.05), while no significant correlation was found between performance time in 100m freestyle, mean strength in tethered swimming and maximum accumulation of lactic acid. DISCUSSION: From the results it is obvious that both tests are adequate for the evaluation of maximum capacity of anaerobic lactic mechanism, with a difference as far as it concern the maximum accumulation of lactic acid. The tethered swimming test comes behind the 100 meters freestyle test in lactic acid production, probably because it influences the technique of legs in freestyle and as a result the rhythm and the intensity of the effort are reduced.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einige Faktoren, die die Energieversorgung im 200-m-Freistilschwimmen begrenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019993</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019993</guid>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, N.</author>
      <author>Bednarik, J.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bednarik, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research was to establish whether any measured factors could limit energy supply on 200 m front crawl swimming. Twelve male swimmers performed 4 swims of 200 m crawl at intensities of 80%, 90%, 100% and 110% (until exhaustion) on separate days with a  swimming snorkel. Respiratory parameters (VE, Vo2), blood parameters (pH, [LA-]) and heart rate (HR) were measured. The results demonstrate that limitations in VE, Vo2 and HR during swimming occur during supramaximal swims (no further increase of measured maximal parameters and time constant parameters) in comparison to maximal swims. Limitations in obtained maximal [LA-] and minimal pH values were found. It is possible to conclude that individual limitations in VE, Vo2, HR and consequently acidosis could be limiting factors of individual performance on 200 m front crawl because of energy supply limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eins Gummi-Schwimmanzugs auf den Schwimmer - gemessen mittels eines Laktatkurventests</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019992</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019992</guid>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Hata, H.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Tomikawa, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Neopren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hata, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The rubber swimsuit was one of the causes of the record rush in 2009. Similar to wetsuit, the rubber swimsuit was made from Neoprene rubber. The effects of wearing a wetsuit on swimmers were widely reported. Tomikawa et al. suggested that the benefits of wearing a wet suit were not only the improvement in swimming propulsion efficiency, but the reduction in energy consumption. This study verified the influence of wearing the rubber swimsuit on the swimmer`s exercise load by using a lactic acid curve test. METHODS: Eight female university swimmers participated in this study. They performed the lactic acid curve tests with four different suits. They wore three types of rubber swimsuits and a cloth swim suit with water-repellent. All swimsuits were full-length type covering from shoulder to ankle. The lactic acid curve test consisted of 4 times 200m swimming. The speed of four stages in the test was set from the best record of each 200m freestyle race (80%V200, 85% V200, 90% V200, 95% V200). The speed was controlled by pace maker. Blood from the fingertip was taken 0 min and 3 min (5min) after each trial and the blood lactate was determined. RESULTS: The blood lactate concentration after 90% V200 and 95% V200 trials with rubber swimsuits tended to be lower than those with a cloth swimsuit (90% V200; rubber swimsuits 3.01±1.42 mmol/L, cloth swimsuit 3.89±1.37 mmol/L, 95% V200; rubber swimsuits 8.73±2.57 mmol/L, cloth swimsuit 10.46±2.57 mmol/L), but not significant. An examination of the trials revealed that the number of arm strokes decreased due to the use of the rubber swimsuits. DISCUSSION: It is suggested that the rubber swim suits improved propulsion efficiency and decreased swimmer exercise load same as wearing wetsuit, indicating that the rubber swimsuit may improve the race performance of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kann die Blutglukoseschwelle bei Schwimmern früh in der Saison bestimmt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019991</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019991</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, K.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Nabekura, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Glukose</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nabekura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A recent study reported that blood glucose threshold (GT) could be observed during an incremental exercise test and that GT was correlated with blood lactate threshold (LT) (1). The relationship between GT and LT during a running exercise was discussed, however, no study has investigated GT during swimming. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether GT could be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season. METHODS: Seven university swimmers participated in this study and performed an incremental swimming test in a swimming flume. The test was conducted at 4-5 weeks after the beginning of the winter swimming season. Swimming velocity was increased incrementally from 55% to 85% of the individual`s 400 m freestyle average swimming speed. Each stage included swimming for three minutes with two minutes rest for blood sampling. Blood glucose (Glu) and blood lactate (Bla) was measured after each swimming stage, and the velocity corresponding to GT and LT was analyzed. The subjects were instructed to finish their last meal 3 h before testing. RESULTS: LT was determined in all swimmers (1.24±0.05 m/sec). Glu did not increase during the high intensity stage and GT was not determined. DISCUSSION: The present study investigated whether GT could be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season. Our results showed that GT could not be determined during an incremental swimming test. GT is thought to occur by the elevation of catecholamine and glucagon activity during running, thus, a difference in hormonal response during swimming may explain the present result. Flynn et al. (2) reported that Glu and Glucagon:Insulin ratio reacted differently between continuous 45 min (75%VO2max) swimming and running. The low Glu observed during high intensities may be due to high glucose uptake by the working muscle. However, since the experiment was conducted early in the swimming season, the low endurance capacity of the swimmer may also affect the Glu response in this study. Further study investigating the hormonal responses and carbohydrate oxidation rate during an incremental swimming test is warranted.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Blutlaktatkonzentration nach zwei spezifischen Tests im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019990</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019990</guid>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Lactic acid constitutes a useful tool for the determination of anaerobic capacity for researchers and trainers. The highest lactate levels have been recorded following the swimming distances of 100 and 200 meters (Avlonitou 1996). The rate of lactic acid production in muscle fibres depends on swimming speed, rate of oxygen consumption and type of muscle fiber (Maglischo 2003). There is no much information for the comparison of different maximum events in order to determine the most adequate training method for maximal accumulation and tolerance of lactic acid. METHODS: In this study participated 8 swimmers (4 males and 4 female). The following variables were examined: Age (in years), Body Stature (BS in cm) , Body Mass (BM in kg), At the beginning, they swam 2x100 meters freestyle with maximum intensity and 10 sec stop. Afterwards, in two days time the same athletes were tested in 4x50m and 10 sec stop. Time performance and blood lactate accumulation were measured in both tests. In order to determine maximum concentration of lactic acid, samples of blood were taken in 3rd, 5th and 7th minute of recovery time and analysed using the the Lactate Scout. RESULTS: The average time performance of swimmers in 2x100 meters freestyle was 120,79±5,67sec and 146,32±5,26sec while in 4x50m was 120,43±5,96sec and 139,64±5,44sec in male and female respectively. Maximum accumulation of lactic acid in 2x100 meters freestyle was 11,3±2,6 and 10,3±2,1 mmol/l, in relation to the test of 4x50 that was 12,1±2,3 and 12,5±3,9 mmol/l in male and female respectively. Significant correlation was found between the two tests only in female (r=0.871; p<0.05). DISCUSSION: The main finding of the present study was that the blood lactate values measured in 3rd, 5th and 7th min post-exercise demonstrated significantly greater correlation between the two tests in female in 4x50m. From this occurs a definition of a test for the swimmers at 4x50m free-style, which will be further used to improve the technology of swimmers` sport training (Avlonitou 1996). The results obtained showed that the tested female swimmers swam at 4x50m more efficiently than their male counterparts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinetik bei maximalem Arme-, Beine- und Gesamtschwimmen über 100 m Freistil</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019989</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019989</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Lätt, E.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, J.</author>
      <author>Mäestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Rämson, R.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lätt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mäestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rämson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Arms and legs are often trained separately to obtain specific muscle adaptations along with whole body training. However, studies of VO2 kinetics have been conducted only in whole stroke (Rodriguez et al., 2003). This study examined VO2 on-kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. METHODS: 36 swimmers (26 M, 10 F) performed three all-out 100-m swims in random order (A: arms stroke, L: leg kicking, S: whole stroke). Breath-by-breath VO2 values were measured using a swimming mask attached to a portable gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, Cortex). Phase I (cardiodynamic component) was computed as a time delay (TD) for Phase II (primary component) and the latter was then described using single [VO2 (t) = A0+A1(1.e.(t-TD)/ )] and double exponential models. VO2 parameters were compared using paired (A/L/S) and unpaired (M/F) t-tests (p. =0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between single and double exponential curve fitting convergence parameters. Mean SD values for main parameters during A, L, and S, respectively, were as follows. TD (Phase I): 13.7+/-4.2, 14.0+/-4.2, 13.8+/-4.7 s (M), and 15.9+/-5.1, 19.5+/-5.3, 15.1+/-4.9 s (F). Total amplitude: 2.506+/-0.613, 2.681V0.538, 3.084+/-0.712 mL/min (M), and 1.817+/-0.229, 2.161+/-0.161, 2.431+/-0.2512 mL/min (F). Time constant ( ): 12.6+/-4.4, 9.9+/-2.8, 9.0+/-2.9 s (M), and 11.9+/-5.4, 10.6+/-4.1, 9.7+/-4.0 s (F). DISCUSSION: In either sex, VO2 kinetics attained higher amplitudes at S, followed by L and A. M reached higher amplitudes in all swims as compared with F. Time constants for S were lower than in a previous report (Rodriguez et al. 2003), although in that study the cardiodynamic  component was not isolated. During A and L, 81 and 87% (M) and 75 and 89% of VO2 (F) of respective S amplitude was attained, similar to previously reported values during a 6-min flume swim (Ogita et al. 1996), thus confirming that the aerobic energy release in the active muscle groups involved in A plus L cannot be fully reached during S because of cardiorespiratory limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hormonelle, immunologische, autonome und Stimmungsveränderungen in der frühen Vorbereitungsphase der Wintersaison bei portugiesischen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019988</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019988</guid>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In this study we aim to analyse the variation of hormonal, immune autonomic and mood states after the first mesocycle of a winter swimming season, through the behav-iour of well established fatigue markers markers. METHODS: The sample of this study is constituted by 13 male swimmers of national Portuguese level (17,2± 1,3 years old, 174,9 ±5,8 cm, 65,8±6,8 kg of height and weight respectively). Training volume and intensity were registered Blood and saliva samples were collected in the beginning of the winter season, and after 7 weeks of training, by venopuncture, at the same time of the day (between 15 and 17h). A 48 hours rest after the last training session was respected. Serum cortisol and free testosterone were de-termined by Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and salivary cortisol e testosterona and salivary IgA determined through ELISA. The HRV assessment analysis was done with the Kubios HRV Analysis Software (Kuopio, FIN). The Portuguese version of the Profile of Mood States POMS short form was used for psychologic assessment of the impact of training. RESULTS: The volume of training increased gradually until it doubled the week distance swum with a mean increasing rate of 17,5% per week. Significant higher values of serum and salivary cortisol were found. Although the free testosterone remained stable during this period the testosterone / cortisol ratio decreased significantly. The HRV analysis in the frequency domain revealed an elevation of LF / HF due to the large increment of LF and the decrease of HF. The total score of POMS also showed an alteration towards significant worst score. DISCUSSION: Our results highlight the interest of the use of cortisol as a marker of the impact of chronic training effect, showing higher sensibility when compared to testosterone.. Autonomic imbalance associating increased sympathetic activity and reduced vagal tone has been proposed as a marker of excessive fatigue and impaired performance. The higher LF / HF ratio found in this study seems to confirm this. The results of the POMS demonstrate as reported previously, first signs of the training stress were of psychological nature. CONCLUSION: The sudden increase of the volume of training induced significant alterations the stress hormone cortisol, in the autonomic balance and a deterioration of mood states.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinematik am respiratorischen Kompensationspunkt beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019986</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019986</guid>
      <author>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</author>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breathby-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml/min beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml/min), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Herzfrequenz und Wassertiefe beim Stehen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019928</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019928</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, N.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Hirao, M.</author>
      <author>Seki, K.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Baik, W.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Murakawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirao, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baik, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murakawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: We already clarified that heart rate of young and old persons significantly decreased during standing in water, and that the decreases of heart rate depended on the water depth (Onodera S. 2001, 2006). We speculated that the changes in heart rate could agree with same water depth, not only increase of water depth but also decrease of water depth. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the heart rate and the water depth during increase and decrease of water depth. METHODS: Seven volunteers participated in this study (Age: 23 yrs old).All subjects had an informed consent. A posture was standing in a test tank. It was nine conditions of water depth (on land, knee joint, greater trochanter, xiphoid process, under the collarbone, xiphoid process, greater trochanter, knee joint, on land). Each condition of water depth was kept for a minute. Heart rate was always measured using waterproof electrocardiograph. Water temperature was thirty-four degrees Celsius. Room temperature was twenty-eight degrees Celsius. RESULTS: Heart rate was significantly decreased during increase of water depth (on land: 80 (SD: 9) bpm, knee joint: 73 (SD: 7) bpm, greater trochanter: 70 (SD: 7) bpm, xiphoid process: 63 (SD: 7) bpm, under the collarbone: 62 (SD: 9) bpm). On the other hand, heart rate was significantly  increased during decrease of water depth (xiphoid process: 62 (SD: 4) bpm, greater trochanter: 64 (SD: 9) bpm, knee joint: 68 (SD: 5) bpm, on land: 77 (SD: 8) bpm). The changes in heart rate were like a U-curve and were statistically difference (ANOVA, P<0.05). DISCUSSION: It was considered that the main factor of decrease of heart rate was the increase of stroke volume and venous return induced by water pressure. The increase of venous return could be interpreted in imported cell sap from cell to blood. However, as the heart rate did not agree with the same water depth, it could be another functional mechanism of the human body. It could estimate that the autonomic nervous system participated in this phenomenon.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der jüngst entwickelten Schwimmbekleidung auf den Widerstand beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019927</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019927</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect on active drag of 3 new types of swimwear compared to conventional wear was investigated in 8 male subjects swimming at different velocities to establish the drag-velocity relationship. The active drag force was directly measured during front crawl swimming using a system of underwater push-off pads instrumented with a force transducer. When mean drag values were estimated for a range of swimming speed (1.2 to 1.8 m•s-1), statistically non-significant drag reduction effects of 1-5 N (2-6%) were observed for the new types of swimwear. Even if no major differences in drag were found among swimwear, our results suggest that the observed reduction, even if non significant, could indeed explain the observed competitive advantage.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen und Atemmuskulaturausdauertraining: Eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019926</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019926</guid>
      <author>Lemaitre, F.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this case study was to investigate whether respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) would increase performance in a long-distance swimmer. An expert long-distance swimmer trained for 10 weeks in a RMET program (30 minutes a day, 5 days a week) plus his usual swim training. Maximal swim time trials, ventilatory function tests, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP and MEP), and respiratory endurance tests (RET) were done. Ventilatory function parameters were not improved post-training, but MIP, MEP, RET and swimming performance were increased (+19%, +33%, +7 minutes; 50 m: -5.4%; 200 m: -7.2% respectively). RMET may be thus a useful technique to improve performance in long-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Vortriebswirksamkeit und Schwimmleistung bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019925</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019925</guid>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Nishiwaki, M.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishiwaki, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The propelling efficiency (ep) has been suggested as a important determining factor of competitive swimming (Toussaint, 1990). However, although there are several studies that investigated with respect to the metabolic capacity and drag in elite swimmers, propelling efficiency of elite swimmers has not been examined, and the relationship between propelling efficiency and swimming performance in elite swimmers has not been clarified, either. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between propelling efficiency and swimming performance in elite swimmers. METHODS: The subjects were 9 elite Japanese swimmers (age: 23±1 yrs) including a gold medalist and a finalist in Olympic Games. By the use of an extended version of the measurement of active drag which was developed by our laboratory, Pd was measured directly. Simultaneous measurement of oxygen uptake (VO2) enabled the establishment of the relationship between the rate of the energy expenditure (PVO2) and Po (since when swimming on the MAD system, Po=Pd). These individual relationships describing the mechanical efficiency (eg) were then used to estimate Po in free swimming from measurements of VO2. Since Pd was directly measured at each velocity studied by use of the MAD system, ep could be calculated according to the equation ep= Pd/(Pd+Pk)=Pd/Po. Also, a swimming performance of each subject was evaluated by swimming velocities which were calculated from the performance time of 50m, 100m, 200m and 400m maximal swimming. RESULTS: Mean value of swimming velocity of each distance was 1.82±0.05m/s in 50m, 1.70±0.04m/ in 100m, 1.58±0.06m/s in 200m and 1.52±0.06m/s in 400m, respectively. The mean values of eg and ep were 10±1% (range; 6 to 11%), and 71±6% (range; 56 to 80%), respectively. The individual ep values were significantly related to individual swimming performance in 200m and 400m (200m; r=0.72, P<0.05, 400m; r=0.80, P<0.01), but not to those in 50m and 100m. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study indicated that that ep observed in elite swimmer exceeds 70%, which is comparably higher than those reported previously. Also, the results suggest that ep is more important factor to determine swimming performance for middle and long-distance event rather than for short-distance event.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Anspannung der abdominalen und lumbalen Muskulatur bei Schwimmern auf die Ventilations- und Herz-Kreislauf-Funktionen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019924</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019924</guid>
      <author>Henrich, T. W.</author>
      <author>Pankey, R. B.</author>
      <author>Soukup, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ventilation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Henrich, T. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pankey, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soukup, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary function does not appear to place a limit on maximal exercise in most physical activities. However; in competitive swimming, the postures and movements that are required to properly execute many different strokes often impedes the ventilatory muscles and the ability of the body to properly ventilate the lungs and consume oxygen. Some theorists have proposed that contracting abdominal muscles and other lower trunk muscles will reduce resistance on the swimmer`s body and increase performance while swimming the Crawl Stroke. METHODS: Thirteen participants involved in swimming activities (8 Males, 5 Females) ages 22-60 years of age volunteered for evaluation of their VC, MVV, FVC1 and resting VO2 and VCO2 under the two differing postural conditions. The participants were studied under both conditions, which were with muscles at rest Control Condition (CC) and participants with their abdominal muscles and erector spinae statically contracted Experimental Condition (EC). Each participant was measured on a Spirometrics Flowmate III Spirometer for pulmonary functions and a metabolic cart for RVO2 and RCO2. There was a 3 minute rest between counter-balanced trials for all measurements. All participant pulmonary functions and resting RVO2 were expressed relative to their age, body weight and height. RESULTS: An ANOVA revealed significantly lower differences in VC, MVV and FVC1 during EC compared to CC. The EC also resulted in significantly higher oxygen consumption values for these participants. There were no significant differences observed in CO2 between EC and CC. DISCUSSION: Since there is no proof that these muscle contractions actually decrease resistance on the swimmers` body and that ventilatory functions were significantly diminished while oxygen utilization requirements were significantly increased, we suggest these alterations in body mechanics are not conducive to improving performances during Crawl Stroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der langsamen Komponente bei Elite-Langstreckenschwimmern bei Laktatschwellengeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019923</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019923</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Nesi, X.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nesi, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is known that continuous exercises performed at the lactate threshold have the greatest effect upon the body`s oxygen transport system (Billat, 2001). This type of training enables swimmers to attain max by restoring the slow component of and by reducing the amplitude of the slow component after a period of training (Carter et al., 2000). Restoration of the slow component of appears to be more frequent among athletes having a high fractional at the lactate threshold (Billat, 2001) which is typical of ultra-endurance athletes (Billat et al., 2001). We hypothesized that in high-level long-distance swimmers, long interval training at LT, induce a large slow component of . METHODS: Seven elite male long-distance swimmers performed in a 6x300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion in order to determine lactate threshold (LT = 3.1 ± 1.2 mmols/l), and the velocity Secondly, the parameters of kinetics were calculated for the first 500m of one interval training set: 6 x 500-m using a double exponential model. RESULTS: The fit for the two-term exponential model was (r²= 0.62 ± 0.18). All seven subjects displayed a slow component of during the first 500m of IT6*500 with values measured at 401.7 ± 129.9 mlO2/mn and 5.69 ± 1.96 ml.mn/kg. DISCUSSION: Elite Long-distance swimmers exhibit exceptionally high levels of peak oxygen uptake and peak swimming velocity at the lactate threshold. All of the swimmers tested exhibited a large amplitude slow component of oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kritische Geschwindigkeit und die Geschwindigkeit beim maximalen Laktat-steady-State im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019922</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019922</guid>
      <author>Espada, M. A.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The number of studies directly determining velocity at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSSv) in swimming is quite limited and its correspondence to critical velocity (CV), implied by well accepted physiological models, has not been proven, contrarily to what has been found for other types of human locomotion. The purpose of this study was to compare CV to the MLSSv in swimming. METHODS: Eighteen male national and international level competitive swimmers performed a maximal 400 m front crawl in order to estimate maximal aerobic velocity (V400). CV was calculated from the slope of the regression analysis between the averaged velocity of the 400 m trial and a 200 m front crawl maximal trial performed for this purpose. All swimmers completed, in random order and in different days, 30-min swims at constant intensity (85, 90 and 85% of V400) for the determination of MLSSv and also of stroke parameters and rate of perceived exertion at MLSS. RESULTS: MLSSv corresponded to 89.7±1.2% and CV to 94.0±1.5% of V400. Only one swimmer achieved MLSS at 85% of V400. Extreme values of 2.6 and 7.8 mmol.L-1 were found associated to MLSSv. CV was significantly faster than MLSSv (p<0.01) and both expressed velocities significantly different from V400 (p<0.01). MLSSv and CV were highly correlated (r=0.94; p<0.01). Both were associated with V400 (r=0.97, p<0.01 and r=0.95, p<0.01, respectively). Linear regression of MLSSv on CV (MLSSv=0.78 CV + 0.25; SSE=0.02 m.s-1) revealed that the latter can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the 200 m / 400 m swim trials CV. Stroke cycle parameters were unrelated to performance, MLSSv or CV. DISCUSSION: MLSS can be achieved using two to three 30- min constant velocity swims. Our results confirm the finding of previous studies that CV overestimates MLSSv in swimmers showing that this parameter does not represent a steady metabolic rate in long distance swimming. Therefore, it appears that CV in swimmers does not demarcate the transition from heavy to severe exercise and may not provide a direct noninvasive measure of MLSSv. However, our data also indicates that MLSSv could be estimated from CV with enough accuracy to be used in training exercises prescription. This has important practical implications, since CV still seems to be a useful tool for aerobic conditioning evaluation, due to the simplicity of its determination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modelle der vertikalen Schwimmfähigkeiten bei erwachsenen Elite-Wasserballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019921</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019921</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>vertikal</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[(VSA) in elite female senior water polo (WP) players with regard to all three energetic systems of swim effort. The study included 30 female WP players, members of the Serbian senior national team. On the basis of raw data obtained through testing (four different test loads: 10, 12, 13.5 and 16 kg) the function of Power-Time equation was calculated for each subject applying the general equation y=a·bx. All data are presented in absolute terms as Absolute Vertical Swim Abilities Model (ABSvswim), in relative terms as Relative Vertical Swim Abilities Model (RELvswim), and in terms of reached biological capacity as Capacity Vertical Swim Abilities Model (CAPvswim). The raw data were used to define the following models of VSA in female WP players: ABSvswim, y = 30.4868x-0.2087, RELvswim, y = 47.8754x-0.2127, CAPvswim, y= 91.9195x-0.1846, respectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Schwimmen mit aus dem Wasser gehobenem Kopf im Wasserball: Ein Vergleich mit dem Freistilschwimmen bei jungen Spielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019785</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019785</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Falco, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falco, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In water polo, when swimming forward, players keep the elbows high (in order to stop opposing players from gaining possession of the ball) and this probably decreases the arm stroke efficiency ( p); moreover they keep their head out of the water (to see the rest of the pool and make the appropriate play) and this probably increases the trunk incline (TI) and the hydrodynamic resistance (Wd). Both factors, are expected to increase the energy demands of head out swimming (HOS) in comparison with front crawl swimming (FCS). METHODS: Two groups of young female water polo players (G-12, N = 11, 11.9 ± 1.4 years; 3.3 ± 0.5 years of practice and G-16, N = 10, 16.5 ± 1.3 years; 4.8 ± 0.6 years of practice) participated to the study, they were requested to swim with the two styles (HOS and FCS) at 4 self selected speeds (V, m . s-1: slow, moderate, fast and maximal) while their stroke frequency (SF, Hz), kick frequency (KF, Hz) and stroke length (SL, m) were assessed. The arm stroke efficiency ( p) was calculated according to the simple model proposed by Zamparo et al. (2005). During the experiments video records were taken in order to measure trunk incline (TI, degrees); the subjects were equipped with a waterproof heart rate monitoring system to record their heart rate (HR, bpm). RESULTS: The comparison between styles indicates that all parameters are significantly different in the two conditions (HOS and FCS). Swimming with the head out leads to a small (2%), albeit significant, reduction of the self select speed in comparison to FCS. During HOS the players have a larger (32%) TI and a higher HR (7%) compared to FCS. Moreover, in HOS, SL and  p are significantly reduced (21% in both cases) whereas SF is increased (17%) in respect to FCS. Finally, KF is 10% lower during HOS than during FCS. DISCUSSION: HOS is characterized by relevant differences in the biomechanics of swimming in comparison with FCS. The need of keeping the head out of the water does indeed lead to an increase of TI whereas the need of keeping the elbows high does indeed lead to a reduction of  p. Finally, both needs determine, as hypothesized, an increase of the energy requirement of this peculiar "form of locomotion in water" as confirmed, albeit indirectly, by the higher HR in HOS than in FCS at any given speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Unterwasser-Gleitbewegung bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019784</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019784</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Sato, T.</author>
      <author>Ohishi, K.</author>
      <author>Tago, T.</author>
      <author>Izumi, T.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohishi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tago, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The underwater gliding motion during start and turn phases are important for the total race time in modern swimming [1]. The purpose of this study was to analyze the underwater gliding motion in collegiate competitive swimmer. METHODS: Twelve healthy male collegiate swimmers volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed underwater gliding motion as fast as possible after the start wall kicking. During the underwater gliding motion, the swimmers were to hold the streamlined position. The subjects were monitored with an underwater video camera (SK-2130, SONY, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz in the sagittal plane to measure the angular displacement of their different joints. In this study, the subjects were asked to wear two different models of swimsuits: one is made of the conventional fabrics; the other is a newly developed, so-called high speed swimsuit (Fastskin LZR racer, Speedo, England). RESULTS: The swimming velocity of the subjects wearing a conventional swimsuit decreased when the flexion-extension movement in the knee and the hip joints were performed during underwater gliding motion. On the other hand, the swimming velocity of those wearing an LZR swimsuit showed that the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from the start to 0.8sec. DISCUSSION: During the underwater gliding motion, the swimmers have to hold a streamlined posture. To stay in the best streamlined position, and to minimize the hydrodynamic resistance, the return to the water surface should rather be initialized by a progressive and synchronize action of the three joints [2]. The result of this study was that the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from the start to 0.8sec. In other words, during the underwater phase such as a start and a turn, it was clearly important that the swimmer maintained his body in a streamline posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Validität eines Verfahrens zur Wettkampfanalyse im Schwimmen auf der Grundlage individueller Distanzmessungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019783</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019783</guid>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Cala, A.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez Frutos, P.</author>
      <author>Navarro, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cala, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez Frutos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: During competition analysis, individual distance swam during different race segments have been scarcely measured in competition (Pai et al., 1984). The aim of the study was to check the accuracy and reliability of a system for competition analysis in swimming based on individual distance measurements, comparing it with the most commonly used scaling technique. METHODS: 128 swimmers participants in 100 meters events of all four strokes were filmed in the 50x25 meters pool. Two competition analyses were performed simultaneously, based 1) on a linear scale system and 2) on 2D-DLT photogrammetry. RMSE accuracy of the position and intra-control point`s distance was assessed. Repeated digitization of hand entry and head emersion was checked for consistency by mean of the coefficient of variation. Race segment times using both procedures were compared with Bland and Altman`s 95% limits of agreement. RESULTS: RMSE when reconstructing the 2D-DLT position of 32 control points was 0.050 meter, less than 0.5% of control space in x axis. The reconstruction of intra-control point`s distance showed RMSE=0.046 meter, less than 1.2% of the total distance. The repeated digitization of the freestyle turn`s total distance in each lane of the pool showed coefficients of variation less than 1%. Maximum systematic differences between 2DDLT and scaling technique occurred during freestyle and backstroke turn time (0.05 s). Maximum random error occurred always in breaststroke being 0.17 s during start time, 0.21 s during swim time and 0.23 s during turn time. DISCUSSION: 2D-DLT showed great accuracy values in the present study with errors similar to other studies utilizing the same technique (Challis, 1998). Two technical actions successfully tested during the digitization process allow measurements of any variable during competition. However, no other studies had previously applied DLT techniques to swimming competition analysis. Differences between 2D-DLT and scaling technique (no longer than a frame of standard-speed video (0.04 s.) could be acceptable for its practical use in competition analysis; however, precautions must be taken when measurements are made during underwater parts of the race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Art des Schwimmstarts auf Biomechanik und Winkeldrehmoment</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019780</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019780</guid>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Mc Lean et al. in 2000 calculated kinetic momentum generated during block phase for relay`s starts to analyze the quantity of rotation. It was shown that use steps before leaving the block make more steeper takeoff and entry angles. Pike trajectory or arms swing during flight phase can thus have an incidence on body rotation and by consequence on aerial part of the start. The aim of this study was to make a relationship between angular momentum generated during the start and the different start styles. METHODS: Elite swimmers performed 3 times a 25-m at 50-m race pace with preferential start technique. Durations of the block and flight phases, the body angles at take-off and entry, kinetic momentum and standard deviation of it, kinetics and 15m time, were assessed. The sample was classified according to Seifert et al.. Correlations between variables and 15-m time were calculated and ANOVA tests assessed differences between start styles. RESULTS: Performance to 15m were similar between groups. Concerning start variables, take off angle, flight distance, total and standard deviation of angular momentum were significantly lower for flat start by report to the two other start styles. Entry angle was significantly greater for pike start. Vertical impulse was significantly negatively correlated with time to 15m (r=-0.507) and ÄH was positively (r=0.461). DISCUSSION: Lower angular momentum and shorter flight phase for flat start suggest a strategy of reducing aerial phase to go more quickly in the water. Swimmers in flat style reduced temporal deficit instead of trying to travel a higher distance in the air and store higher velocity at water entry for following phases for other styles. Expertise can`t thus be reduce to the accession to a unique technique but optimising with own personal characteristics. Different ways were used: reduce temporal deficit and start to swim early (flat style) or generate high velocity and go farer in the air to travel longer distance and compensate the relative loss of time in following parts of the start (pike and Volkov starts).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Schwimmwende, Unterwassergleitphase und Schwimm-Wiederaufnahmephase bei Toplevel-Schwimmern mittels eines mobilen Trägheitssensorgeräts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019779</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019779</guid>
      <author>Vannozzi, G.</author>
      <author>Donati, M.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Cappozzo, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vannozzi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donati, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappozzo, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Improving swimming performance is a difficult task especially for élite athletes. A possibility is to investigate how optimising the timing of turning, underwater gliding and stroke resumption phases (Lyttle et al, 1999) by studying the relevant kinematics. Common video analysis is often inadequate to investigate motor tasks such as the swim turning. Swimming research recently started to include wearable accelerometers in their experimental setups (Slawson et al, 2008). This work aimed at describing the mentioned phases in top division swimmers using a wearable inertial device composed of a triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope. METHODS: Eight élite swimmers (4M, 4F) volunteered to participate in the study; they were part of a top division Italian team and were selected so as to cover all the four styles. A wearable inertial device (Sensorize, Italy) was used to measure 3D accelerations and angular velocities. The device was positioned on the lower trunk and a 50m trial at the maximum velocity was executed. Only angular velocities  L,  S and  V about the three axes of the device frame of reference (lateral, L; sagittal, S, vertical, V) were post-processed. Phase durations, angular velocity peaks, stroke rate "sr" and the ratio "r" between gliding and stroke duration were analysed. RESULTS: Highest  L (565 deg/s) was found in freestyle, highest  V (354 deg/s) in backstroke flip-turn. Highest  S (330 deg/s and 260 deg/s), conversely, were found in both breaststroke and butterfly. The sign of the rotation depended upon the turning technique. Sr was 62±3 and 54±6 for M and F; both sr and r lowered in the last lap. Consistently, higher r were found for backstroke (0.7±0.1), the lower for freestyle (0.3±0.1). DISCUSSION: The feasibility to use inertial sensors to characterise turning, gliding and stroke resumption in swimming was verified. Strength points of the approach are: simple description of the turning kinematics; possibility to extract performance-related parameters; simplicity of use for the operator; the minimal encumber for the athlete. Future steps are the inclusion of further athletes, the definition of further parameters, eventually specific for each swimming styles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktivitäten im Wasser - Theorie der praktischen Notwendigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019679</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019679</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimming is an aquatic activity of long history and so is the swimming research. The cause for being moved by selfinduced propulsion is traditionally confined to flow physics with experiments under steady conditions assuming that the flow velocity is constant and the moving body is a) rigid and b) fully submerged. In human swimming this is not and was never the case. Fact is, in all aquatic space activities limbs change motion of water mass which cause unsteady flow conditions. METHODS: A surway was done concentrating on chapters of some swimming text books related to biomechanical background of activities in aquatic space. Emphasis was placed on examples referring to studies presented in the congress series of biomechanics and medicine in swimming. In addition, attention was paid to which extend those hydrodynamic features examined by researchers of fast swimming animals were considered and how practical advice and biomechanical knowledge was connected. RESULTS: Most textbooks on swimming prefer simple drag approach. The authors emphasize the intuition about flow condition, e.g. a hand is moving the same block of water either back or moving new blocks by changing hand motion, ignoring that in a current flow, according to the law conservation of mass, water cannot be pushed away in relation to the surrounding water mass. This means among others, hands` actions are not most effective if water resistance is at a maximum. Even when the effect of hand motion has been jugded by analyzing the lift and drag components of hand the connection to known intracyclic changes of the swimming velocity is not mentioned. The question, where the mass of water displaced by the body and its actions is going to is not considered. CONCLUSION: Reactions to induced water mass set into motion have some contra-intuitive features. Studies of flow physics of swimming animals suggest that water mass displaced by the body is potentially supporting thrust production of the action of the feet. In aquatic space it is important to know the relation of peaks between added forces and accleration of body. When water mass is displaced by the hand in form of a vortex ring thrust will surely be enhanced remarkably. Momentum variations or flow unsteadiness due to hand motion generate efficient resultant propelling force. A change
in teaching strokes is recommended.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zur 3D-Beschleunigung im Freistilschwimmen und ihr Bezug zur Wettkampfleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019678</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Mateu, J.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to analyze the acceleration of the hip generated during front crawl. The swimmers (n=71) performed 25 meters at maximum speed. 3D acceleration was registered. Swimming time domain acceleration signal was analysed. Root Mean Square (RMS) parameter was calculated in the three directions. Also, RMS indexes were calculated to relate the directions in twos. The results showed differences between the different parameters. Speed correlated positively with the RMS values: anterior-posterior (X), medium-lateral (Y) and superior-inferior (Z) directions (p<0.01). Also, statistical relations were found among the indexes that relate the X and Y (p<0.01) acceleration directions and the X and Z (p<0.01). To conclude, 3D acceleration analysis may indicate the efficiency during front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich dreier Staffelstarttechniken im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019677</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019677</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of no-step, single-step and double-step relay starts for swimmers. Eight male collegiate swimmers participated in the present study. For each type of start, each swimmer performed six trials of relay starts with maximum effort. Ground reaction forces were measured using a Kistler force plate to calculate the take-off velocity and take-off angle from the force data. Relay times were measured by counting the number of video frames obtained by a high-speed camera. No significant difference in the horizontal take-off velocity was observed. The relay times decreased significantly in the order nostep, single-step and double-step starts (P < 0.05). Eight trials among all the trials for the step starts resulted in incorrect foot placement on the edge of the block. No-step starts resulted in better performance than step starts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermüdungsanalyse eines maximalen 100-m-Freistilsprints mittels Oberflächen-EMG</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019676</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019676</guid>
      <author>Stirn, I.</author>
      <author>Jarm, T.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <author>Strojnik, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stirn, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jarm, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strojnik, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to estimate fatigue in arm propelling muscles by analyzing electromyographic (EMG) signal. Eleven male competitive swimmers performed a 100 meters all-out front crawl. Trials were recorded to obtain kinematical data, lactate concentration after the swims were measured. EMG signals of latissimus dorsi (LD), pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) were recorded, also. Average lactate concentration was 14.1 ± 2.93 mmol.l-1. Stroke length, stroke rate and swimming speed decreased. The EMG amplitude (ARV) for the lower part of LD and for TB increased and the mean frequency (MNF) decreased for 20.5 ± 9.1 to 24.6 ± 8.4 % for all muscles under observation (P<0.05). No differences in relative MNF decrease between the muscles were found. The progression of fatigue monitored by the surface EMG parameters during swimming was clearly shown.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines Blueseventy™-Schwimmanzugs auf die räumlich-zeitlichen und koordinativen Parameter beim maximalen 50-m-Freistilsprint</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019674</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019674</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Kanefuku, J. Y.</author>
      <author>More, F. C.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanefuku, J. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>More, F. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to establish the effects of using a shoulder to ankle bodysuit (BlueseventyTM) on spatial-temporal and coordinative parameters during an all-out 50m front crawl swim. Six subjects (16.6 ± 2.0 yrs) performed two all-out 50m trials (with and without bodysuit). The arm stroke parameters and index of coordination were determined by videography. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed, with main effects verified using LSD post-hoc for an á < 5 %. Using the bodysuit, swimming speed and stroke length were higher. The duration of the entry and catch phase and non-propulsive phase were shorter in the second 25 m split. No statistical differences in index of coordination were found. Wearing the bodysuit significantly improves the swimming performance, mostly on the second half of the test.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Gleitfähigkeit eines Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019673</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019673</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Reducing resistance is probably the fastest way to improve performance and the most efficient to reduce energetic cost. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) to give advice to coaches to re-orient their training sessions towards reduction of resistance forces and suggest exercises for its improvement and, (ii) to develop and apply a new test for the evaluation of gliding. The proposed gliding test evaluated the maximum speed reached by the swimmer after push-off and the passive hydrodynamic resistance when gliding through the water. A well-balanced solution between accuracy, validity and applicability for the evaluation of underwater glide was found.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indentifizierung determinierender Bewegungssequenzen der Schwimmtechnik mit der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019671</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019671</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Staszkiewicz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staszkiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to identify errors in leg and monofin movement structure, lowering the effectiveness of swimming. With this information on errors, the crucial sequences in monofin swimming were identified. METHODS: Six high level monofin swimmers conducted a progressive trial (900m at increasing speeds). One cycle of each swimmer was filmed and analyzed (SIMI). Results were obtained in the form of time dependent series for: angle of foot bending in relation to the shank and proximal part of the fin in relation to the foot and for angle of attack: the distal part and entire fin surface. The choice of parameters was based on a devised monofin swimming model (Rejman, 2009). The errors were quantified by calculating the difference of the fields estimated by registered and model series. The range of errors were illustrated by the movement sequence registered, which were compared with sequences that accomplished the model or were slightly different. RESULTS: Based on information related to the scale and structure of errors committed by swimmers the following suggestions were formulated: the errors in angular displacement studied mostly exceeded the pattern of model, with the exception of the dorsal flexion of feet in the upbeat, performed by the slowest swimmer; the most difficult element of monofin swimming is the proper range of motion in the ankle joints; the parameter most differentiating the swimmers, is the angle of bend of the feet: the errors estimated were high correlated to swimming velocity. The information related to errors creates a basis for isolating crucial sequences of leg movements and monofin, which allows the description of key elements in the swimming technique. DISCUSSION: Controlling foot movement allows use of the torque of transfer to initiate propulsion through the bending of the tail and changing of the structure of waterflow over the of the fin. Correct crucial sequences allow for use of the monofin to achieve maximum swimming speed. That is why the identification and of key elements in the movement structure, and the quantification of their quality, is justified within the aim of anticipating and eliminating errors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Armkoordination im Kraul- und Rückenschwimmen bei Schwimmern mit Downsyndrom</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019670</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019670</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Marques-Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Corredeira, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques-Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have shown that the evaluation of arm coordination provides new information to the classic analysis (Chollet et al., 2008). Studies focusing specifically on swimmers with Down syndrome (DS) are very scarce. In that perspective, the aim of this study was to characterize the Index of Arm Coordination (IdC) in swimmers with Down syndrome. METHODS: Six international level swimmers with DS participated in this study (age: 20.2 ± 4.8 years, height: 154.3 ± 12.1 cm, weight: 58.4 ± 14.1 kg and fat mass: 16.4 ± 11.6 %). All swimmers performed 2 x 20 m swims at maximal intensity. The IdC was considered as the time gap between the propulsion of the two arms and expressed as a percentage of the duration of the complete arm stroke cycle. The level of significance was established at 5%. RESULTS: The IdC for the front crawl was -11.3% ± 5.2% and for the backstroke -13.5 ± 4.8%. For front crawl, a significant relationship was found between IdC and the relative duration of the push phase (r = 0.88), as well as with the propulsive phase (r = 0.92). An inverse relationship was found between IdC and the non propulsive phase (r = -0.92). In backstroke, there was a significant inverse relationship between IdC and velocity (r = -0.89). DISCUSSION: The international level swimmers with DS of this study presented a catch-up arm coordination mode in front crawl, which may be associated with less proficient arm coordination (Seifert et al., 2008). Trained swimmers usually change from catchup to superposition with increasing velocities. The catch-up coordination mode was also found in all swimmers for the backstroke, which is in concordance with the literature on less skilled swimmers and for skilled swimmers at low velocities (Chollet et al., 2008). This instrument can be very helpful to coaches in better understanding underwater stroke phases. The findings also emphasize the importance of augmenting the propulsive phases of the arms and, with this, diminishing the lag time of the swimmers. Technical mistakes can also be detected through the study of the arm coordination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Einflussfaktoren auf die Wendenleistung von Kraulschwimmerinnen bei der Rollwende</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019530</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019530</guid>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Morlier, J.</author>
      <author>Cid, M.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morlier, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cid, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Turns represent an important factor in determining the final performance of a swimming race. A successful turn results from a multitude of factors. The freestyle tumble turn can be divided into the approach, rotation, wall contact, glide, underwater propulsion, and stroke resumption phases. The aim of this study was to analyse relations with both kinematic and dynamic factors of each phases and the 3mRTT as measure of turning performance. METHODS: Eight elite female swimmers participated in this study (22.3 ± 4.1 years, 62.2 ± 6.2 kg, 174.7 ± 5.8 cm). They were monitored during a crawl tumble turn at maximum speed. 5 stationary video cameras were located underwater on a semi-ellipse centred on the calibrated turn place. An underwater 3D force platform was mounted on the turning wall. Every interesting anatomical reference point was digitized manually at a frequency of 50 Hz. Image coordinates were transformed to 3D object-space coordinates using the DLT algorithm. The principal kinematic data were horizontal velocities of the head (e.g. VGUP at the end of the glide) and the duration of each phase (e.g. glide duration GD). The major dynamic data was the time between the beginning of the push-off and the maximum horizontal force peak (%PFHM in % and PFHM in s). The tumble turn performance criterion (PERF) was the time taken to swim from 3 m in to 3 m out the turning wall (3mRTT in s). RESULTS: High correlation coefficients values were observed between PERF and %PFHM (r = 0.84, p = 0.017), PFHM (r = 0.82, p = 0.024) and GD (r = 0.79, p = 0.035). The best model was PERF = 0.741 x %PFHM + 0.842 x GD + 0.334 x VGUP + 1.532 (F = 49.9, r²adj = 0.95, p = 0.001). PFHM explained 80 % of PERF, GD explained 12 % and VGUP 3 %. DISCUSSION: The major result of this study was that best female swimmers were able to develop soon her maximal horizontal force during the push-off phase. The time of peak force and the glide phase were preponderant. Further studies with an extended population (elite male and less-skilled female swimmers) would analyse the effects of more dynamic factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer kinematischen "Multi-2D"-Analyse des Freistilschwimmens mit gestrecktem vs. gebeugtem Arm mittels Hochgeschwindigkeitsvideografie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019482</guid>
      <author>Prins, J.</author>
      <author>Murata, N. M.</author>
      <author>Allen, J. S. III.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allen, J. S. III.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Synchronized, high-speed digital cameras were used for underwater videotaping of swimmers, each of whom were required to perform a series of trials with both bent-arm and straight-arm pull patterns. The resulting video footage was digitized and processed using "Multi 2-D" motion capture software. Results demonstrated (1.) The advantages of using high-speed videography for quantifying swimming stroke mechanics. (2) The resulting data provided insight into the relationship between the varying degrees of elbow-bend during the pull cycle, and fluctuations in linear hip and wrist velocities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausweitung des Modells der kritischen Kraft zur Annäherung an die kritische Leistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen und ihr Zusammenhang zu den Indices im maximalen Steady-State</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019481</guid>
      <author>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steady-State</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Critical force (Fcrit) was defined as the tether force at full-tethered conditions that could be maintained without fatigue (Ikuta et al, 1996). The purposes were to access tether-power from critical force model (CPTeth), and to compare CPTeth and power at maximal lactate steady state (PTethMLSS), critical velocity (CV) and velocity at MLSS (vMLSS). METHODS: Ten male swimmers (16.6+/-1.4 years, 69.8+/-9.5kg, 175.8+/-4.6cm) were submitted to the measurements of the CPTeth (plotting impulse against time by linear and non-linear two parameters equation), CV (linear adjustment between time and velocity performance in the 200, 400 and 800-m), PTethMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 95 to 105% of non-linear Fcrit), and vMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging 85-95% of the 400-m crawl performance). A range of 75-100% of the active drag force (Fr) was applied to manager load in the full-tethered swimming conditions. Fr was evaluated according Toussaint et al. (1998). The MLSS was considered the greatest fractions that did not elicit a lactate accumulation above 1mmol/L between 10th and 30th minutes. The measure of CPTeth and PTethMLSS was approached to the tether force equation times hydrofoil velocity. Pearson's coefficient did correlate the variables, and the difference between two means was checked by paired t-test. Significance was set at p . 0.05. RESULTS: The slope of tether-force vs. time adjustments given a mean value (5.63+/-0.80kg) closed to that (6.87+/-1.02kg) reported to Ikuta et al. (1996). But, neither CV (1,195+/-0,116m(s) nor the CPTeth (98.49+/-21.63W) or Fcrit (55.14+/-7.82N) matches the statements for MLSS, once differences were observed to the vMLSS (1.174+/-0.109m/s), PTethMLSS (89.21+/-15.11W) and force (51.74+/-5.63N) at MLSS, respectively. A strong positive relationship was observed between all endurance variables. DISCUSSION: The steady-load/time to exhaustion model in tethered swimming provided a reliable way to estimate CPTeth, and thus modelling critical power. Despite the good relationship between all variables, the interchangeable use of them seems unreliable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grafische Beseitigung des Auftreffens der Wasserwelle an der Beckenwand bei der Flip-Wende</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019480</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: When the swimmer approaches the wall for the turn, part of the water volume displaced hits the wall before the swimmer`s contact, causing the acquisition of an "anticipatory" force curve (Lyttle, 2000; Roesler, 2002). The aim of the present study was to develop a graphical technique to remove the wave that precedes the contact of the swimmer with the wall during the front-crawl flip turn, characterizing and quantifying it. METHODS: A extensometric underwater force platform was used, and two video cameras were attached to record the contact and monitor the contact time of the swimmer`s feet on the wall. A male swimmer held 8 turns with maximum speed, but without touching the platform to characterize the wave kinetics. Afterwards, a sample of 17 swimmers performed 154 valid flip turns. To eliminate the wave signal interference in the force signal produced by the swimmer at the wall, a graphical solution was used during the signal processing performed using the Matlab software. Based on the trend of symmetry of the wave around its peak value, the program eliminated the water wave effect out of the original signal by reconstructing the curve from the time of the initial contact. RESULTS: The comparison of the impulse (time integral of the force / time curve) with and without the water wave effect showed, respectively, values of 314.48 ± 62.75, and 288.57 ± 51.79 Ns, pointing out a reduction of 10.87 % of the original force to time curve after the wave effect was removed. DISCUSSION: The comparison of the characteristics of the force to time curve of the wave produced by a swimmer during a flip turn, with and without touching the wall, support satisfactorily the solution proposed to remove the water wave effect from the swimmers` kinetics. It is accepted that the error associated with the wave data elimination with this procedure is not relevant, ensuring data integrity and increasing accuracy of the swimmer`s kinetics evaluation at the wall contact.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koordinationsveränderungen beim maximalen 100-m-Brustschwimmen auf der Kurzbahn</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019479</guid>
      <author>Oxford, S. W.</author>
      <author>James, R.</author>
      <author>Price, M.</author>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oxford, S. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Price, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: There are three general patterns of co-ordination used in breaststroke swimming known as continuous, glide and overlap. Investigation of co-ordination changes during a race could provide a better understanding of the swimmer`s personal co-ordination and how changes in that co-ordination relate to stroke rate, stroke length and swimming speed (Pelayo et al., 2007) The aims of this study were to: (1) investigate co-ordination changes during a 100 m short course breaststroke swim and (2) compare kinematic variables between each of the four laps as the swimmers progresses through the100 m swim. METHOD: With institutional ethical approval trained breaststroke swimmers (females n=8; males n=18) performed a maximal effort 100 m swim from a water start, in a 25 m pool. Each lap was recorded underwater using three 50Hz video cameras (1 at each end of the pool and a 3rd mounted to a trolley [sagittal plane]). The last three strokes of each length prior to the turn were analysed to determine the duration of arm recovery, arm propulsion, leg recovery, leg recovery and transition phases. Stroke rate, stroke length and clean swim speed were analysed within a 10 m section of the pool that was not affected by starting, turning or finishing. RESULTS: Twenty four of the swimmers showed a decrease in clean swim speed from the 1st to the 4th lap with an overall significant mean decrease in clean swim speed of 8.3% (P=0.002). There was no significant (P>0.05) change in either mean stroke rate or mean stroke length from the 1st to the 4th lap. Changes in transition time from the 1st to 4th lap approached statistical significance (p=0.06) DISCUSSION: As swimmers became fatigued they decreased the transition time between the end of the leg kick and the start of arm pull phases in an attempt to maintain clean swim speed. A better understanding of the changes in co-ordination could assist coaches in the design of training interventions to delay the effects of fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf die betroffenen und nicht betroffenen Armzugphasen bei einseitig armamputierten Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019478</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019478</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C. D.</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Presently, no examination of arm stroke phases has been undertaken for swimmers with a single-arm amputation. It is likely that the roles of their affected- and unaffected-arm within the stroke cycle may differ. Understanding these would be of great practical importance. The aim of this study was to determine if the arm stroke phases used by competitive unilateral arm amputee crawl swimmers differed between their affected and unaffected sides and whether these phases altered with an increase in speed. METHODS: Thirteen (3 male & 10 female) highly-trained swimmers (age 16.9 ± 3.1 yrs) consented to participate. All were elbow level, single-arm amputees. Mean 50 m crawl best time was 32.7 ± 3.1 s. Participants completed five 25 m crawl trials, counterbalanced from slow to maximum swimming speed (SSmax). Trials were video-taped underwater from both sides using tracking camera systems. Three consecutive, non-breathing stroke cycles were analysed. Arm stroke phases for both the unaffected- and affected-arm were determined at 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 100% of SSmax. General linear modelling tests were used to compare the changes in arm stroke phases between the affected and unaffected arms across swimming speeds. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS: Across swimming speeds, the affected-arm spent relatively longer (p < .05) in all arm stroke phases, with the exception of the Pull phase, compared to the unaffected-arm: Entry and Glide (38.3 ± 9.5% vs. 23.2 ± 8.0%); Pull (10.9 ± 2.8% vs. 23.1 ± 5.9%); Push (18.4 ± 6.4% vs. 13.8 ± 2.7%); Recovery (39.9 ± 3.5% vs. 35.9 ± 3.2%). With increasing speed: 1) the affected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase decreased significantly (p < .05), while the unaffected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase remained unchanged; 2) the unaffected-arm`s Pull phase decreased significantly (p < .05), while the affected-arm`s Pull phase remained unchanged; 3) both arms` Push phase increased significantly (p < .05). DISCUSSION: With an increase in swimming speed the stroke phases of the affected and unaffected arms differed significantly. Such differences might be linked to how these swimmers organised the motor skills necessary to swim crawl. As swimming speed increased the relative durations of certain arm stroke phases changed. The single-arm amputees used a coordination strategy that asymmetrically adjusted their arm movements to maintain the stable repetition of their overall arm stroke cycle when swimming at different speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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