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    <item>
      <title>Validität eines Laktatprofiltests ohne Geschwindigkeitssteuerung für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037372</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine whether swimming with-out pace-lights affects lactate test results compared to swimming with pace-lights. Each of the 11 competitive swimmers per-formed, in a randomized order, on one day with paced workloads and one day without. The test protocol consisted of five 400m front crawl workloads with increasing velocity. Predetermined velocities for each swimmer were either paced using a set of 14 pace-lights moving below the swimmer or self paced. Mean velocities of paced or unpaced workloads at lactate values of 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM showed no statistical differences (p>0.05), and mean Standard deviation of lap times was 0.60±018 and 0.57±0.17s for the paced and unpaced trials respectively (p>0.05). This study shows that during lactate testing, competitive swimmers are able to hold an even pace and meet predetermined workloads without the use of external pacing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Funktion des nasalen Drucks für die Atmung im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037374</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037374</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, R.</author>
      <author>Hanaki, A.</author>
      <author>Shibata, Y.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, Y.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nase</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanaki, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to discuss the function of the Sensation of water touching the face and the effects of nasal pressure on breaststrokers. For examining facial Sensation, skin around the nose was covered with film. To study effects of nasal pressure, the nostril was covered with film. Then the pressure data and other data were analyzed using the Student T-test. There was no difference (t =0.40) in depth pressure with swimmers covered with film and not covered. When the nostrils were closed, face depth (average: 30.3cm) was shallower (t=0.006) than in the controlled setting (28.0cm). There were no significant differences (t=0.62) between the experimental and controlled settings with regards to face-sustaining duration above water surface and subjects' breathing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mischmodellanalyse der Beziehung zwischen Trainingsbelastungen und Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037375</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037375</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Cattaneo, S.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Schmitt, L.</author>
      <author>Barale, F.</author>
      <author>Lacoste, L.</author>
      <author>Rey, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cattaneo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmitt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barale, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacoste, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rey, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a well-recognized method to assess autonomic nervous System perturbations, and was shown to be influenced by the fitness and the fatigue in endurance athletes (6). The relationships between HRV and training loads were shown to be highly individualized (6), and dependent of several factors, including gender (G), training level (L) and specialty (S) (1). Indeed, the HRV responses could probably be influenced by long-term effects (LTE) (6). When only few repeated measurements are available for several subjects characterized by a large inter-individual variability, mixed models provide an attractive solution (2). Instead of constructing a personalized model for each subject, a model of common behavior is constructed, allowing parameters to vary from one individual to another, to take into account the heterogeneity between subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate and differed effects of training loads on HRV taking into account: (a) the mean structure of the covariates G, L, S; (b) individual profiles, and (c) subpopulation profiles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Struktur von Evaluationsindizes der vertikalen Schwimmleistungsfähigkeit von Top-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037348</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037348</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to define a simple method for assessing the level of basic fitness of water polo players (WPP) in the vertical swimming position (VSP). The sample consisted of 35 players, and each subject was tested four times in different training Session with four different weights (one weight per session) . The task of players was to stay in VSP as long as possible using the Standard vertical swimming technique until full exhaustion. On the basis of raw data for each subject the function of dependence Power-Time equation has been calculated for the following nine time intervals (three time intervals per energetic System): 5, 10, 15 seconds for CP , 30, 60, 120 seconds for glycolytic, and 300, 600, 1800 seconds for aerobic energetic System. From the bases of factorial analysis we can conclude that in the context of vertical swimming work ability of top WPP, it is advisable to do tests for VSP in relation to glycolitic and aerobic load realized within 30 seconds (23.95±3.90 kg), and 300 seconds (14.53±1.70 kg), respectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakteristika für den Erfolg bei Elite-Nachwuchs- und Erwachsenenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037349</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037349</guid>
      <author>Dunman, N.</author>
      <author>Morris, J.</author>
      <author>Nevill, M.</author>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dunman, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nevill, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to describe and compare key anthropometric, physiological and socio-demographic characteristics of junior and senior elite swimmers at two performance levels and to determine the importance of these attributes to successful swimming performance. Sixty-five (34 males and 31 females) senior and 561 (305 males and 256 females) junior elite swimmers undertook a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests, and additional family back-ground assessment. The combination of variables was able to differentiate between the two levels of senior performance in males (P<0.05). Significant predictors of swimming performance (P<0.05) differed from junior to senior level in both males and females. A longitudinal approach is required to track the importance of certain characteristics during growth and development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Energetik im Wettkampfschwimmen und ihre Anwendung im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037350</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037350</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimming events consist of different distances from 50m to 1500m. Since the exercise intensity and the relative irnportance of aerobic and anaerobic energy processes vary depending on the exercise time (and thus swimming distance), training regimen should be developed in accordance to time dependent metabolic profile. To understand the time dependent metabolic profile of arm stroke (A), leg kick (K) as well as whole body (S) swimming, the accumulated O2 uptake (AOU) and the accumulated O2 deficit (AOD) were determined at six different water flow. The AOU increased linearly with exercise time in all strokes, and the increased rate of AOU in A and K corresponded to 70, and 80% in S, respectively. The AOD in A and S significantly increased until 2-3min of exercise time, while the AOD in K more rapidly increased and the AOD at 30 s was not significantly different from those at 1 min and 2-3min. These results concerning time dependent metabolic profile in A, K, and S, would give a helpful Information to plan training successfully to improve the metabolic capacity for each stroke. Training effects of a moderate-intensity continuous training (CT) and a high-intensity intermittent training (IT), which are the most popular training regimens in competitive swimming, on VO2max and maximal accumulated O2 deficit (MAOD) were evaluated. After the training, VO2max increased significantly in both training modes. On the other hand, MAOD did not increase significantly in CT, but in IT. These results indicate that CT can improve only aerobic power but that adequate ET can improve both aerobic power and anaerobic capacity. Aerobic and anaerobic energy release in supramaximal swimming lasting 2-3 min were determined under different levels of hypobaric hypoxic condition. The exercise intensity (water flow rate) decreased with decrease in atmospheric pressure. During the exhaustive swimming, rate of aerobic energy release diminished with increase in hypobaric hypoxia, while not only AOD but also rate of anaerobic energy release throughout the exercise were unaffected despite the decreased O2 demand caused by diminished exercise intensity due to hypobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, the effects of high-intensity exercise training under a normal condition (C) and hypoxic conditions (H) on metabolic capacity were examined. After the training, VO2max significantly increased in both N and H, and no significant difference was observed in the increase ratio of VO2max between C and H. MAOD also significantly increased in both groups, however, the increase ratio of MAOD was significantly higher in H than C. The results suggest that the hypoxic training would be favorable for the improvement of the ability to supply anaerobic energy such as MAOD rather than VO2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung der "critical power" im Schwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037351</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037351</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Brickley, G.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brickley, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The concept of Critical Power (CP) has been extended to running, cycling, and swimming. However, applying the CP concept to cyclic activities imposes several assumptions (di Prampero, 1999) not always apparent to scientists and coaches. Their understanding would allow a better appreciation of the potential of this concept when applied as a tool for training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktat und Herzfrequenz beim Schwimmen bei 95 % und 100 % der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Kindern und jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037368</guid>
      <author>Filipatou, E.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Pilianidis, T.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filipatou, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pilianidis, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the lactate and heart rate responses of children (n=8, 11.5±0.6 yrs) and young swimmers (n=7, 16.0±1.7 yrs) when swimming at 95% (V95) and 100% (V100) of their critical velocity (CV). On a. series of 4x400m, blood lactate concentration [La] of young swimmers increased at V100 after the 3rd and 4th 400m repetition compared to the 1st (1st:5.55±0.65 vs. 3rd:7.27±1.01 and 4th: 8.02±1.47 mmol/1, p<0.05) but remained unchanged at V95 (p > 0.05). On a series of 4x300m, performed by children, [La] was unchanged after each 300m repetition in both trials (V95 and V100, p>0.05). Heart rate was higher in V100 compared to V95 trial (p<0.05, between groups p>0.05). Swimming at velocity equal to CV increased over time [La] in young swimmers but not in children. This may be attributed to different energetic responses or altered rates of lactate removal in children compared to young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung des Zeitlimits bei der niedrigsten mit VO2max korrespondierenden Geschwindigkeit in den vier Wettkampfschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037370</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Silva, J. A.</author>
      <author>Vilar, S.</author>
      <author>Colcao, P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colcao, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Time limit at lowest speed of maximal oxygen consumption (Tlim-vV O2max) was characterized in the 4 swimming strokes, and related with V O2max and anaerobic threshold (AnT). 23 elite swimmers performed an incremental protocol for vV O2max assessment. 48 hours later, Tlim-vV O2max was assessed. V O2 was directly measured BxB (K4 b2, Cosmed, Italy) and AnT was assessed individually (YSI 1500L Sport, USA). Tlim-vV O2max values were 238.8±39.0, 246.1±51.9, 277.6±85.6 and 331.4+82.7 s in crawl, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke (no differences observed). No correlations were found between Tlim-vV O2max and V O2max, and AnT. However, inverse relationships were observed between Tlim-vV O2max and vV O2max (r=-0.63, p<0.01) and vAnT (r=-0.52, p=0.01), pointing out that the higher the velocities commonly related to aerobic proficiency, the lower the TLim- vV O2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme und Ventilationsschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037371</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Faria, V.</author>
      <author>Rocha, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faria, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to identify, in terms of percent-age of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of minute Ventilation (Ve), also described as ventilatory threshold (VT). Twenty nine trained swimmers participated in our study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages, with increases of 0.05m.S-1, and 30s intervals between each stage. VT was assessed by Ve/VO2 curve modelling method (least square method). It was assumed VT to be the intersection point, at the maximal fit Situation, of a combined pair of regressions (linear and exponential). The analysed values of VO2 and Ve were cropped by direct oximetry. The present study demonstrated that the non linear increase of Ve corresponding to VT in a specific swimming Situation seems to happen at 84.3±8.7 %VO2max]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Gleiten in Rückenlage auf die Aktivität des kardialen autonomen Nervensystems nach Laufbandbelastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037328</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037328</guid>
      <author>Kazuki, N.</author>
      <author>Kazutoshi, S.</author>
      <author>Daisuke, N.</author>
      <author>Takeshi, O.</author>
      <author>Eri, O.</author>
      <author>Kumikol, O.</author>
      <author>Sho, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kazuki, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazutoshi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eri, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumikol, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sho, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the effects ofsupine floating on rectal temperature and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity after treadmill exercise in the water. Six healthy males volunteered for this study. Subjects were placed in a supine position for 30 minutes in both a water condition (W-condition) and control condition (C-condition) after treadmill exercise in the water. And subjects were measured for recovery while sitting for 15 minutes. During supine floating after treadmill exercise in the water, log HF was significantly increased (p< 0.05) under theW-condition, as compared to the C-condition, during the recovery process. These data suggest that supine floating after treadmill exercise in the water could increase cardiac parasympathetic nervous system activity. Also, the increase in cardiac parasympathetic nervous system activity continues for recovery while sitting after supine floating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss kardiovaskulärer Reaktionen auf die Sauerstoffversorgung im Gewebe in Ruhe und bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037329</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037329</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Okura, M.</author>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Esaki, K.</author>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esaki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated how cardiovascular responses affect tissue oxygenation at rest and during exercises in water. Nine healthy men performed cycling exercises on land (LE) and in water (WE) at xiphoid levels of 40 and 60% V02 ,peak. The V02, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured. The oxy-haemogbloin (Hb02) and total-haemoglobin (THb) were also measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). At rest, the CO and stroke volume (SV) increased (p<0.05) with immersion. A correlative increase in the Hb02 level was noted. These results indicate that the oxygen supply to the muscles increased on immersion. Contrarily, the MBP during WE was higher (p<0.05) than that of LE at both intensities. The Hb02level during WE was lower than that of LE at both intensities The water pressure seems to restrict the blood flow, thereby increasing MBP through activation of a muscle metaboreceptor or mechanoreceptor.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Biomechanik des Schleppens bei guten und weniger guten Lebensrettern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037330</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037330</guid>
      <author>Juntunenl, P.</author>
      <author>Leskinen, T.</author>
      <author>Louhevaara, V.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Juntunenl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leskinen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louhevaara, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Successful and safe lifesaving operation depends on the effectiveness and skill of the lifesaver. The objective was to study lifesaving towing and to identify biomechanical differences in the performances. Eight lifesavers towed an unconsciously acting victim in a swimming pooL Skilled lifesavers towed the victim faster and with longer strokes than the less-skilled. Lessskilled lifesavers had a more upright body position leading to higher drag force. They also had difficulties in keeping the victim's head above the water surface. The victim also travelled
considerably low in relation to the water surface with lessskilled lifesavers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme und Ventilationsschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037331</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037331</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Faria, V.</author>
      <author>Rocha, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faria, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to identify, in terms of percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%V0 2max), the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of minute ventilation (V e), also described as ventilatory threshold (VT). Twenty nine trained swimmers participated in our study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages, with increases of 0.05m/s, and 30s intervals between each stage. VT was assessed by Ve!V0 2 curve modelling method (least square method). It was assumed VT to be the intersection point, at the maximal fit situation, of a combined pair of regressions (linear and exponential). The analysed values of V02 and Ve were cropped by direct oximetry. The present study demonstrated that the non linear increase ofVe corresponding to VT in a specific swimming situation seems to happen at 84.3±8.7 %V02max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer computerassistierter Instruktions-Website für das Schwimmen auf die Lernmotive und Lernstrategie von Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037332</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037332</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Internet</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study was intended to identify the effect of a CA! web site for swimming to elementary school children's learning motives and learning strategy. Fifth-grade children participated in this study. Subjects were classified into two groups that learned with the CA! web site throughout the swimming class and a control group that merely participated in the ordinary swimming class inside the pool. Learning motives, a learning strategy and 25 m swimming performance were investigated before and after the swimming class. The superiority orientedmotive and aim learning strategy decreased significantly (p<0.05) after the swimming class in the control group. Using the CA! web site, it was indicated that the motivation to achieve higher swimming performance was kept high through the swimming class and that students were able to achieve a clear objective for their swimming class.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivität der unteren Extremitäten beim Tiefwasserlaufen und Interventionswirkungen auf die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit bei Älterern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037333</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037333</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to investigate thigh-muscle activity during deep-water running (DWR) (Exp. 1), along with the effects of intervention with upright-floating (UF) exercise on balance ability in elderly (Exp. 2). Exp. 1: Nine healthy males (25.0 ± 0.5 yrs) performed DWR and water walking (WW). The surface electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were placed on the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF). The mean electromyogram (mEMG) of the BF during the DWR showed significantly higher values than that during the WW Exp. 2: Fourteen healthy elderly persons (60.8 ± 5.3 yrs) participated in a once-a-week water exercise program of 12 weeks. They were separated into a normal and an UF group. The UF group improved the body-sway area (30 s, eyes open) and tandem walk time (10 steps). It was constdered that the htgh stimulus of the BF during DWR affected the improvement of the balance ability in UF.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung eines Verfahrens zur Wahrnehmung der Belastungsintensität bei Personen mit Multipler Sklerose bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037334</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037334</guid>
      <author>Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Beato, P.</author>
      <author>Lozano, M.</author>
      <author>Dfaz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lozano, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dfaz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Acute physical fatigue (APF) is one of the most common problems related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as the perception of fatigue is a very subjective and individual matter which can be different among subjects. Usually water activities are adopted as a healthful treatment to improve MS affected subjects' quality of life, but sometimes not respecting intrasubject variability or exercise capability. The aim of this study was to examine if CRlO scale for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) could be useful to manage with exercise intensity and effort perception in 4 subjects suffering different grades of MS. The results showed that subjects could improve their exercise intensity perception
(production of intensities of 3, 6, and 9 grades in CRlO scale) after a three week treatment. Due to the results, it can be argued that RPE can be a useful tool when prescribing exercise intensity with subjects suffering MS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewgeungsanalyse bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037335</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037335</guid>
      <author>Schega, L.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schega, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Changes in movement parameters under various load conditions during breaststroke swimming were assessed in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients. Kinematic analysis of time-discrete and time-continuous characteristics, and timing of the swim-movement was made during a breaststroke "load-steptest" in a flume for 26 male CAD-patients. Factor analysis was applied. The path of hands, feet and hips, the pause between propulsive phases and the angle of attack of hip-shoulder-water surface are of crucial importance in patients with CAD. These findings are supported by the factor analysis where comparable parameters were found to be of relevance. Results did indicate large individual variations in time-continues characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen nach Kurzzeitbelastung im Wasser auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Älteren aus kalten schneereichen Regionen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037336</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037336</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Hatakeyama, T.</author>
      <author>Hareyama, S.</author>
      <author>Morita, N.</author>
      <author>Okitai, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatakeyama, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hareyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morita, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okitai, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of short term water exercise on the physical fitness of elderly subjects from cold snowy region. Balance, reaction time and strength are important elements to prevent slips and falls on the frozen streets during winter season. Eleven subjects of the water exercise group (W-group, mean age: 59.4±9.2yrs) participated in a water exercise class for 6 weeks (twice a week for 90 min session). Eight subjects also served as a controlled group (mean age: 62.1 ±8.5yrs). As a result, systolic blood pressure, sitting trunk flexion and reaction time was significantly improved in W-group despite of the short term water exercise protocol. It was suggested that short term water exercise was beneficial to improve systolic blood pressure, flexibility and reaction time of elderly subjects from cold snowy region.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dauer einer Einheit (80 kcal) beim Gehen auf dem Laufband</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037337</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037337</guid>
      <author>Onoi, K.</author>
      <author>Nishimural, K.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diabetes</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onoi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimural, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The number of Japanese people diagnosed with diabetes has been increasing. Epidemiological and intervention studies of endurance exercise training strongly support its efficacy for improving diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to make clear the difference of duration per expended one unit (80kcal) during treadmill walking in water between younger and older people. We would get the standard data by using non diabetes people. Ten healthy young men and eight healthy women participated in this study. Subjects walked at 1, 2 and 3km/h (30.3°C). The duration of exercise that expended one unit of energy was calculated from V02. Younger and older people's calculated results were 41'39" and 39'44" (I km/h), 33'22" and 31'56" (2km/h) and 24'51" and 24'56" (3km/h). There was no difference due to the difference of the age in one unit. It might be suggested that it becomes possible to prescribe underwater exercise for older diabetes patients by using the young's one unit index.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Metabole und mechanische Merkmale einer Olympiasiegerin</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037338</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037338</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <author>Wagatsuma, A.</author>
      <author>Hamaoka, T.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wagatsuma, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamaoka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To clarify metabolic and mechanical characteristics of a superior swimmer, an Olympic gold medalist was compared to 16 elite Japanese college swimmers who belonged to an inter-college champion team. Maximal oxygen uptake (V02max), maximal blood lactate concentration (LAmaxl), a drag coefficient, a drag exponent, drag-swimming speed relationship and maximal propulsive power (MPP) were determined. In the comparison ofv02max, LAma" and MPP, no marked differences were observed between the gold medalist and the other swimmers. On the other hand, the drag-swimming speed relationship revealed lower drag for the gold medalist, especially at higher swimming speed (near race pace). Taken all, it is suggested that mechanical (technical) factors, such as propelling efficiency and the stroke technique to reduce drag, should be considered as more significant determinants of superior swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropometrisches Profil von Mastersschwimmern des Spitzenbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037339</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037339</guid>
      <author>Gattai, G.</author>
      <author>Benelli, P.</author>
      <author>Ditroilo, M.</author>
      <author>Giacomini, F.</author>
      <author>Del Sal, M.</author>
      <author>Fernandez, E.</author>
      <author>Freddo, A.</author>
      <author>Grassi, E.</author>
      <author>Stocchi, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gattai, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benelli, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ditroilo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Giacomini, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Sal, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freddo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grassi, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stocchi, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In order to define a functional model of Master Swimmer, anthropometric data and upper and lower limb strength were assessed in 54 men and 61 women participants to the 10<h Fina World Master Championships. ANOVA showed age-related significant differences (p<0.05), just in male subjects, concerning Fat Mass (FM%) percentage-increasing and thigh (TV) and forearm (FV) muscle-bone volume decreasing, which may be explained by decreasing of whole muscle mass. Different statistic tendencies among men and women might be due to i) lower muscle mass in females, whereupon the loss is reduced with aging and ii) different loss rate in muscular mass which is gender associated. Significant (p<0.05) strength progressive decrease came up to evidence, for both sexes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen des Durchmessers der unteren Hohlvene bei Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037340</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037340</guid>
      <author>Sho, O.</author>
      <author>Kazuki, N.</author>
      <author>Kumiko, O.</author>
      <author>Kazutoshi, S.</author>
      <author>Daisuke, N.</author>
      <author>Takeshi, O.</author>
      <author>Eri, O.</author>
      <author>Natuki, S.</author>
      <author>Hirosi, K.</author>
      <author>Futoshi, O.</author>
      <author>Toussaints, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefäß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sho, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazuki, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kumiko, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazutoshi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daisuke, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eri, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Natuki, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirosi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Futoshi, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaints, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cross sectional area of inferior vena cava changes during exercises in water. Six subjects voluntarily participated in this study and performed an arm cranking exercise program under the four experimental conditions (20% V02max, 40% V02max, 60% V02max and control). Water temperature was 30 degrees C. Water depth was axilla. Heart rate and cross sectional area of inferior vena cava were measured by radiotelemetric electrocardiography and B-mode echocardiography, respectively. The cross sectional area of inferior vena cava decreased during the exercise program, and there was a significant relationship between the cross sectional area and intensity of the exercise program (p< 0.05). The findings of the study indicated that venous return had been keeping the volume during the low intensity exercise program and that had been changing the treatment from volume to velocity during the high intensity exercise program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuglänge, Zugfrequenz und Zuggeschwindigkeit bei Sportstudenten und ihr Einsatz als pädagogisches Mittel</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037341</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037341</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the relationship between stroke length, frequency and velocity among non-competitive young adult swimmers. In a test -retest design, the stroke length, frequency and velocity triad was examined for a 50 meter crawl maximum effort. A focus on stroke length as a pedagogical tool was examined for its effect over a 12 week period. The elementary back stroke was introduced early to initiate the subjects in the concept of stroke length and TLT2 sub-maximal trials were also conducted. Fifty university students participated. Results of a paired t-test analysis showed a significant improvement in time, a significant increase in stroke length and a less significant decrease in frequency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erfolg in Freistilwettbewerben bei Schwimmern mit geistiger Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037342</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037342</guid>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <author>Einarsson, I.</author>
      <author>Van de Vliet, P.</author>
      <author>Vanlandewijck, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van de Vliet, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlandewijck, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes with intellectual disability (ID) competing at international level show lower levels of explosive strength and cardiovascular fitness when compared to age matched trained persons. Behavioural characteristics such as motivation, and ability to deal with stress are more difficult to examine. In the 100-m freestyle race Paralympic competitors with loco-motor disability all use similar race speed and stroking strategies. But do trained and experienced swimmers with ID also generally adapt these patterns? Video race analysis data was collected on 81 elite male swimmers including ID athletes, loco-motor disabled, visually impaired as well as able bodied. In long course races there is a typical race pattern used by all swimmers with sufficient race experience regardless of absolute performance level. Individual race tactics do not generally determine the outcome.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse und Vergleich einiger motorischer Verhaltensweisen Kleinkinder im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037343</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037343</guid>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies considered aquatic motor sequences in young children and their relations with some aspects of aquatic psychomotor development. The aim of this study was to understand if spontaneous swim movements of the child can evolve into an effective action, after a "keep doing" and a "free exploration" based methodological approach. Three groups of ten children, different in age (4-12 months, 12-24 months, 24-36 months), were studied. The presence of some motor skills pre and post a period of 10 events of free experience in a swimming pool were detected. No differences were found in the prepost comparison within each group. Differences resulted in the comparison of the children aged 4-12 versus 24-36 months and in the children aged 12-24 versus 24-36 months.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Folgen unsteter Fließwirkungen für die funktionelle Beschreibung von Schwimmzügen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037344</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037344</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose is to direct attention to the relation of unsteady approach and functional attribution of strokes. Swimming strokes can be executed with different modes per action, which require an answer what for is the function of a mode? The functional attribution of modes is closely related to the idea about flow conditions and its effects. Here flow is characterised by a mixture of steady and unsteady effects. In front-driven locomotion the momentum-transfer is related to effects from bound vortex (rotating water), shed vortex and the interaction between bound and shed vortex, called jet-flow which does not exist in stationary flow. Based on this, the functional attribution of actions are rechecked placing emphasis on common goals of motion mutual to all four swimming strokes, showing that appropriate flow-forms are created and organised by similar actions of the hand/arm]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsanalyse der Hände im Freistilschwimmen und Visualisierung der Fließfelder mittels PIV</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037345</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037345</guid>
      <author>Yamada, K.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Sakakibara, H.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakakibara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Flow fields around a swimmer are extremely unsteady. Top swimmers are expected to swim by using effectively unsteady flow force. A motion analysis can evaluate the unsteady motion quantitatively. In addition, PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) can visualize the unsteady flow field. With this method, the vortex motion around a hand can be evaluated quantitatively. Our study is to clarify the relationship between the vortex behavior and the motion of a hand in crawl swimming by using the motion analysis combined with PIV. The analysis is made for two subjects; one is a male with no competitive career (subject 1) and the other a female Olympic swimmer (subject 2). It was found that the hand motion in swimming was closely related to the vortex generation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die innerzyklische Geschwindigkeit und Koordination vs. Ermüdung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037346</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037346</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <author>Jorda, J.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jorda, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Intracycle speed variations have been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the fatigue effect on such intracycle speed in freestylers. The aim of this study was to analyse such effects. Hence, a synchronized speedmeter connected with a video camera was used and 17 swimmers were recorded with and without fatigue conditions. A complete cycle, four phases average speed and arms coordination were analysed in both conditions. There is a correlation of the average speed with phases l and 3-speed in both genders with and without fatigue. Also phase 2 speed in male and phase 4 in female swimmers are related to the average speed with fatigue. Coordination is related to the phase 4 in female swimmers with fatigue. Summarizing, the whole analysis of the partial speed and the coordination index gives us relevant information about intracycle kinematic responses of freestyle swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen anthropo-morphologischen Merkmalen von Kraulsprintern beiderlei Geschlechts und der kritischen Geschwindigkeit über 50 und 100 m</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037347</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037347</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Nikolopoulos, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this work is to establish a relationship between the various anthropomorphological (AnthMorph) characteristics of crawl sprint swimmers of both genders in relation to critical speed at 50 and 100 meters (sprint distances). The research has been carried out over a sample of 13 male and 12 female swimmers in sprint crawl style. The given value of the critical speed at 50 and 100 meters was obtained by applying the mathematical modelling of Distance - Time ratio, calculated from the 15, 25, 50 and 100m distances covered in crawl style. The AnthMorph characteristics of swimmers are evaluated over a set of eight variables: BMI, LBM, and percentage of fat, leg-length and arm-length index, the shape of the chest, the trunk and the body. With regards to men, a higher level of critical speed had those with a more pronounced rectangular shape of trunk (the same proportion of the width of shoulders and hips in relation the the body height) and a higher level of lean body mass - LBM. With regards to women, a higher level of critical speed had swimmers with a shorter arm length in relation to body height and a higher LBM.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich subjektiver und objektiver Methoden der Bestimmung der Armzugphasen zur Analyse der Koordination der Arme beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037352</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037352</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y.</author>
      <author>Carter, M.</author>
      <author>Rourard, A.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rourard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the subjective method of determination of the arm stroke phases in front crawl 1) by studying the influence of the expertise level of the operator, and 2) by comparing the phases results deter-mined subjectively by an operator with data obtained from a digitizing process. These two methods were used to calculate an index of coordination (IdC) based on phases durations. The IdC values assessed by the novice operators were higher than those of the expert operators, due to a higher of the pull phase and to a smaller catch phase. Smaller Standard deviations of IdC were observed for experts compared to novices indicating a greater reproducibility in the phases determination. No significant differences of stroke phases and IdC were observed between the results obtained from the expert operators and the digitising process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsunterstütztes Schwimmtraining bei Nachwuchs-Freistlilschwimmern mit Zweier- und mit Sechserbeinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037353</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037353</guid>
      <author>Pretto, L.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>de Oliveira, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pretto, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Oliveira, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to verify the effects of an assisted velocity training (AVT) on stroke rate (SR) and time to perform 25 m in front crawl stroke with 2 and 6 beats kicks in age group front crawl swimmers. Ten swimmers (13 to 15 years old) allocated in group 2 beats (TB; n = 5) and group 6 beats (SB; n = 5) performed, before and after 6 weeks of training, a 25 m maximal effort in front crawl. First 5 stroke cycles, after 10m, were recorded manually, to obtain SR and time to perform the 25 m. AVT was applied twice a week. It consisted of 8 trials of 20 m (1 min rest). A 7 m length and 203 mm thickness rubber band was fixed to the pool edge and to a belt around the swimmer's waist. Subjects were towed by the coach into the 20 m to perform back in high assisted velocity. Results showed increased values just on SR for TB after the AVT. This increase in SR values has not affected the time to perform the 25 m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Start im Brustschwimmern bei Spitzenschwimmern: Kinematische und koordinative Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037355</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037355</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Payen, V.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payen, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study used a video camera to compare the kinematics and coordination of the grab Start in one international and eight national breaststroke swimmers at the 100-m pace. The kinematical analysis assessed the durations of leave block, flight, entry and glide, pull-out phases, and the swim up to 15 m. The coordination analysis assessed the time spent with the arm close to the thigh after a complete arm pull-push and the time gap between the end of the arm recovery and the beginning of the leg propulsion. The international swimmer had a shorter 15-m start time than the national swimmers, which was explained by a shorter swim phase, more time in the underwater phase and more time with the arm close to the thigh after the pull-push of the arms. The whole population showed a superposition of two contradictory phases: leg propulsion began whereas the arms were not extended forward because their recovery was not finished]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der durch jedes Körperteil erzeugten Schübe beim Unterwasser-Delphinbeinschlag mittels "SWUM"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037356</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037356</guid>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is important to understand the dynamics of the entire human body during swimming, but measurement of the fluid force of a self-propelled human body is extremely difficult. A simulative model of human swimming "SWUM" (SWimming hUman Model) incorporates dynamics of the entire human body. This study is intended to use the Simulation model to calculate the thrust generated by each body part during under-water dolphin kick. First, an outline is described for the Simulation model. Second, the methods of measuring input data for the Simulation model are described. Third, methods to recreate dynamics on the Simulation are described. Consequently, the dynamics of the underwater dolphin kick were recreated through the Simulation. Results showed that the feet mainly generate thrust during the underwater dolphin kick. Furthermore, both increased thrust and drag are important for faster swimming because greater thrust generates greater drag.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Worin liegen die Unterschiede zwischen Greif- und Schrittstart?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037357</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037357</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to explain the difference in kinematic characteristics between a grab Start and a track Start in competitive swimming. The starting movement was modeled using a pendulum model. The take-off velocity (Vt) was resolved to a rotational component (Vrt) and an extensional component (Vet). The Vrt of the track Start was higher than that of the grab Start, although Vet of the grab start was higher than that of the track Start. A swirnmer with a track Start would be able to generate the high Vrt through the large moment of vertical force acting on the rear foot about the center of -gravity. In contrast, swimmers using the grab Start would be able to generate high Vet because the foot placement is in the same position on the front edge of the starting block. The take-off velocity of the grab Start is higher than that of track start because of the great Contribution of Vet to take-off velocity. In addition, the rotational displacement of the track start around the front edge of the starting block was small. Therefore, the track-start block time was shorter than that using the grab start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Geschwindigkeit auf die Zug- und Rückführzeiten sowie die mittleren Zugkräfte im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037358</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037358</guid>
      <author>Soultanakis, H.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soultanakis, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Twelve non competitive swimmers participated in this study. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of two different velocities on arm pull and recovery times, as well as to evaluate the average force applied. Force sensors, were positioned between the swimmers' fingers and were connected through cables to a Computer. Participants swam two 25-meter length trials, a slow swim trial (SS) and a. fast swim trial (FS), with a rest of 2 minutes in between swims. As velocity increased, stoke rate increased, stroke length decreased, and reductions in swimming (20%), arm pull (15.4 %) and arm recovery (45.7%) times (seconds) were recorded. A significant increase (62.3%) in average pull force (N) was recorded in the fast swim trial. As far as arm contribution to swimming speed is concerned it appears that pull and recovery times as well as forces exerted by the arms directly affect velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Würfe mit unterschiedlichen kinetischen Ketten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037359</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037359</guid>
      <author>Stirn, I.</author>
      <author>Strojnik, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stirn, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strojnik, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Overarm throw is determined by a so called proximal-to-distal principle (9). Our concept of studying kinetic chain was to gradually add the active muscles in the throwing kinetic chain, and measure the throwing velocity. Doing so, the contribution of the newly added muscles to the final velocity of the ball can be estimated. As kinetic chain was prolonged from P1 to P3 Position, the throwing velocities increased with both normal and heavy ball. However, in water throw (P4) normal ball velocity was additionally increased while in heavy ball decreased, very likely due to insufficient leg/pelvis stabilization in water during heavy ball throw. On individual basis, players playing in different positions (driver, center-forward, goalkeeper) had different velocity increase due to changed kinetic chain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innerzyklisches Geschwindigkeitssignal als Werkzeug zur Evaluierung der Dauer der Vortriebsphase</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037354</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037354</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper examines how intracyclic velocity Signals may be helpful in determining propulsive phase duration in front crawl swimming, serving, thus, as a basis for Index of Coordination (WC) calculation. Nine swimmers performed two experimental tasks: (i) swimming with one arm at maximal speed and (ii) swimming at eight individual swim paces. Video analysis was mixed with the intracyclic velocity signal. The duration of the propulsive phase was then determined visually and using the Inversion of acceleration as determined from the velocity Signal. The results indicated a gap between the beginning and end of the propulsive phase as determined visually and the same propulsive phase measured from the velocity signal. Thus, the visual method gave lower IdC values. However, the adoption of one or the other method has no significant impact on the assessment of the magnitude of coordination change within swim paces. It was concluded that IdC could be calculated with or without the help of the intracyclic velocity signal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Wende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037393</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037393</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S.</author>
      <author>Araujo, L.</author>
      <author>Freitas, E.</author>
      <author>Gatti, R.</author>
      <author>Silveira, G.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatti, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of the dynamic and kinematic variables to the performance in freestyle. The turns of 38 swimmers were analyzing using an underwater force platform and two video cameras that sup-plied. Angle of knee flexion (AK), maximum normalized force peak (FPn) and contact time (CT) were measured as variables. Through investigation of the contribution of the variables AK, PMn and CT to the variable TT it was possible identify that PMn explains the greatest percentage of variance in turn performance (17,70%). The relation between AK and PMn indicated that larger values of AK (smaller flexions) tend to provide larger values of PMn (r = 0,38). Start from the results analysis, it can be suggested that angles of knee flexion between 110 and 120 degrees tend to provide larger force peaks, smaller contact times and smaller turn times, reaching the best performance of the crawl stroke turn execution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Abstands der Hüfte von der Wand beim Fußkontakt (Tuck-Index), der Fußaufsatztiefe und der Wandkontaktzeit auf die Geschwindigkeit beim Abdruck bei der Saltowende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037396</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037396</guid>
      <author>Prins, J. H.</author>
      <author>Patz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Effective turns play a critical role in the outcome of swimming competition. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of three variables on the velocity of the push-off during the freestyle flip turn. The variables are: (a) the distance of the hips from the wall at foot contact (Tuck Index); (b) the depth of the foot plant on the wall during push-off; and (c) wall-contact time (WCT). Twenty three collegiate swimmers participated in the study. Following underwater video-taping, 2D analyses in the saggital plane were made using Motion Analysis Software. Statistical analysis of the data found a significant, negative correlation between push-off velocity and Tuck Index. No significant correlations existed between push-off velocity and foot-plant or between "active" WCT and push-off velocities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der zeitlichen Verzögerung auf die innerzyklische Geschwindigkeit beim Schwimmen mit der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037397</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037397</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to analyze the temporal delay of the body segments and monofin movements while generating propulsion. Swimmers were filmed under water while covering 50m distance without breathing. Input data as time series of kinematics parameters of the points marked on the swimmers bodies and on the monofin were recorded on the basis of randomly filmed single cycles for each swimmer. The data showed inversely proportional relationship between the sum of vertical velocities of the reference points (SVVER) and the horizontal velocity of the swimmers' center of mass, indicating the significance of the SVVER in generating propulsion. Our study further indicated that the analysis of temporal delays of the time structure in the body segments and monofin tailored for swimmers according to the leg movements and equipment used will allow elimination of the hip and the lower thigh mistakes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse in der Unterwasserphyse des Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037398</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037398</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M</author>
      <author>Ruschel, C.</author>
      <author>Araujo, L. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruschel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araujo, L. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzed, through kinemetry, the underwater phase of the swimming Start. The sample was composed by 4 swimmers of national and state levels. Three VHS video cameras (30Hz) and Signal synchronizer equipment were used. Analyzed variables: maximum depth achieved, time, distance and average velocity of the underwater phase and total Start time in 15 meters. The maximum depth achieved after the entrance in the water had influenced significantly the underwater phase. The average velocity during this phase seems to be the variable which most affects the total start time in 15 meters. Maximum depth achieved and average velocity are important factors to be observed by athletes and coaches, who should look forward to perform best values of those variables in order to improve the execution of swimming Starts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Renntempokontrolle mittels eines neuen Zeitmesssystems</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037399</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037399</guid>
      <author>Perez, P.</author>
      <author>Llana, S.</author>
      <author>Zahonero, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perez, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llana, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zahonero, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper describes a new chronometer System that provides feedback in real time and without interfering with the swimmer's execution. The System consists on a leds screen (water resistant) installed on the bottom of the pool, so that swimmers can see it every time they perform a turn. This System can be connected to a PC or PDA, which permits register lap times for further analysis. Feedback provided by the chronometer to control swimming speed was compared with the condition "traditional feedback" provided by the coach and with the condition "no feedback". Results show little dispersion on lap time with this new kind of feedback at aerobic swimming speed. At an anaerobic threshold swimming speed, dispersion was similar between "traditional feedback" and Chronometer feedback, and a little more dispersion in "no feedback" condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugfrequenzstrategien internationaler und nationaler Schwimmer in 100-m-Rennen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037380</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037380</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Haljand, R.</author>
      <author>Fjoertoft, O.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljand, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fjoertoft, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine stroke rate strategies of elite international and national junior level swimmers. Norwegian junior national (NOR) and European Short course championships (EUR) race analysis was performed by videography. Clean swimming velocity (Vclean) stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) were analyzed for each lap. The frequency of use of five models for SR strategies during a race were identifled for finalists (rank 4th - 6th/8th) and the top 3 performers for all 100m races. The most common strategy was model D for the top 3 performers (decreasing SR at the beginning, and increasing SR in the end of the race) and model B (decreasing SR throughout the race) for the finalists. It seems that the strategies most often used by the best performers in 100m short course races are decreasing during the first part of the race, and increasing at the end, and is a compensatory mechanism for a decrease in SL.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die zeitliche Verteilung der Rennelemente bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037381</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037381</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Haljand, R.</author>
      <author>Fjoertoft, O.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljand, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fjoertoft, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine race element (start, turning and finishing) strategies of elite and national level swimmers in short course 100m races. For 56 finalists at the Norwegian junior national (NOR) and the European Short course Championships (EUR) race analysis was performed by videography. Start- (0-15m), turn- (5m in and 10 m out) and finishing time (last 5m) were analyzed for each race, and these times were normalized to the total race time. The results show that EUR swimmers spend less time in starting, turning and finishing together (p<0.001), starting (p<0.05) and during the first turn (p<0.02) compared to NOR swimmers. The top 3 performers of both groups were found to have a stronger finish normalized to their end performance compared to the other finalists.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Vortriebs beim Armzug mittels Zweikomponenten-Teilbild-Velocimetrie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037383</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037383</guid>
      <author>Kamata, E.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kamata, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The flow field around a human body during swimming presents a very unsteady condition. This study analyzed the flow field around the hand using particle image velocimetry method. A male subject participated in this study, and the flow field around the hand during the sculling motion was visualized. The results indicate that a pair of vortices and the jet flow occurs around hand during sculling motion. The swimmer generated a great propulsive force as a reaction force of the jet flow. The theoretical value of the jet flow of a vortex ring and the experimental value were indicated as nearly equal. This measurement is expected to become an index for evaluating propulsive force in unsteady conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Atmung auf die Geschwinidgkeit beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037392</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037392</guid>
      <author>Pedersen, T.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ten competitive, national level adult swimmers (age 25 ± 3 years (mean ± SD) swam three 25m freestyle sprints with different breathing patterns in randomised order to examine how breathing actions influence velocity during a 25m front crawl sprint. Velocity measurements were carried out using a computerized swimming speedometer and data from mid-pool free swimming (10-20m) was extracted. There was no significant difference in mean (±SD) velocity (v) between sprinting with one breath (v=1.74±0.14 m_s-1) compared to no breath (v=l.73+0.14 m_s-1). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduc-tion in velocity when breathing every stroke cycle (v=1.70±0.14 m_s-1), compared to both no breath and one breath trials. Swimmers should breathe as little as possible during 50m freestyle races and breathe no more than every 3rd stroke cycle during a 100m freestyle race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss wiederholter Sprints auf die Kinematik des Schmetterlingsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037394</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037394</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C.</author>
      <author>Peyrebrune, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peyrebrune, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of repeated sprint performance and fatigue on the kinematics of butterfly swimming. Six experienced national youth male butterfly swimmers undertook a maximal effort repeated sprint test set, during which swimmers were filmed with two under-water and two above water cameras (oblique plane) at 50Hz. The whole body was digitised during a full stroke cycle for each view, with the three-dimensional coordinates being obtained using a DLT algorithm. The results of this study indicate that as swimming speed decreased (i) stroke rate decreased while stroke length remained relatively constant, (ii) hand movement patterns remained similar while changes in elbow angle suggested that the effectiveness of joint flexors and extensors may have been reduced, (iii) the Upsweep, Recovery and Catch appear to the critical stroke phases when swimmers become fatigued.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innerzyklische Geschwindigkeitsfluktuationen bei einseitig armamputierten Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037395</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037395</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <author>Wilcox, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilcox, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimmers with an arm amputation at elbow level are deprived of an important propelling surface. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which unilateral arm amputee front crawl swimmers are able to generate swimming speed with their sound and with their affected limbs. Eight trained swimmers (2 male, 6 female) performed front crawl trials (without a leg-kick) at middle distance pace, while attached to a velocity meter (100 Hz). Trials were simultaneously videotaped underwater. Mean intra-cyclic speed fluctuation was 35 ± 5% of the mean swimming speed. Peak swimming speed achieved during the push phase of the sound limb (1.30 ± 0.17 m.s-1) was significantly higher than that found during the push phase of the affected limb (1.14 ± 0.11 m.s-1). This indicates that the swimmers were able to use their affected limb to increase their swimming speed, but not as effectively as with their sound limb.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fließvisualisierung des Fließfeldes um eine Monoflosse mittels Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037400</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037400</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <author>Hashizume, T.</author>
      <author>Nakazawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Shintani, H.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hashizume, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shintani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers swimming with monofins are much faster than without although the human power is the same. To predict how fast they can swim we have to know the complex flow field which is extremely unsteady. The study of the flow field was executed in a flume using a kind of swim manipulator equipped with a monofin. We set the fin in a flume and drove it by a motor. Flow fields around a monofin in a pitching motion was measured by means of a recently-developed technique called the Particle Image Velocimetry (PPV). Time variations of velocity and vorticity fields were calculated from the image captured by PIV System. Unsteady flow characteristics such as a vortex formation and the movement of vortices were investigated in detail. Information on unsteady flow and vortex motion serves the understanding the mechanism of propulsion in aquatic motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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