<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 651 - 700 results of 1264</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=14&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1264</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>650</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=13&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=15&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=26&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=14&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Die Entwicklung der Schmetterlingsschwimmtechnik beim widerstandsbetonten Schwimmen mit Bremsfallschirm bei Verwendung unterschiedlicher Widerstände</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037414</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037414</guid>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Diaz, G.</author>
      <author>Navarro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to measure the effect on the stroke variables in speed (S), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) during swimming. Six tests were carried out. These tests consisted in swimming butterfly style 25 metres at maximum intensity using normal swimming (NS) and resisted swimming with parachute (RSWP) with a front span of 30cm and a back diameter of 30, 22.5, 15, 7.5 and 0cm. The study was carried out with 18 swimmers between 19 and 22 years of age. An intra-group design of repeated measures was used. The results obtained showed how the SF does not significantly vary with different diameter, but there are significant differences between NS and 0cm, 15cm and 30cm. Significant differences (p<0.000), are produced in SL, S, SI between NS and all other diameter. This Information will allow trainers to improve the mechanics of swimming butterfly style when performing RSWR]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weltstandsanalyse zu Schwimmphysiologie und Trainingspraxis: Überwindung der Lücke zwischen Theorie und Praxis</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037420</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037420</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltstandsanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present paper was to survey the state of the art on swimming physiology as related to coaching practice in order to help bridging the gap between theory and practice. Systematic literature searches were performed through the years 1990 - 2006 utilising EBSCOhost Research Databases and SportDiscus. Ovid Medline was used to scan materials for randomized controlled trials. The searches were done in three Steps using both key words and thesaurus decodes. In the first phase, "Swimming" without limitations was fed to the System and repeated with animals excluded, second, "Swimming" and "Physiology" were used and third, some subdivisions were connected to the precedents. One may conclude that the body of knowledge for the improvement of sports coaching and fitness training in Swimming is large and well represented in the subdivisions of Swimming Physiology.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliabilitätsuntersuchung eines Test zur Bestimmug des Laktatprofils beim Laufen im Wasser mit Schwimmweste</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037415</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037415</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Naess, G.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naess, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was a test-retest examination of the reliability of a test protocol for generating a blood lactate profile for running in the water with the wet vest. The protocol was a duplication of the protocol used in our laboratory for treadmill running except that \ load was controlled by continuous monitoring of HR. Blood lactate values were determined for HR levels of 120, 130, 140, 150,160 and if necessary, 170 and 180 BPM. Fifteen subjects performed test with 1-3 days between tests. Results demonstrated that a) 1 protocol was well suited to use with the wet vest under field conditions 2) the intra-test Variation in HR was minimal (mean SD for all tests, all subjects, 1.6 BPM) and c) the reliability of the repeated test was high (mean coefficient of Variation, 1.46; p>0.05).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliabilität eines VO2peak-Tests für das Laufen im Wasser mit Schwimmweste</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037416</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037416</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Naess, G.</author>
      <author>Vik, B.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naess, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vik, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study employed a T,-T2 format to examine the reliability of a peak VO2 test protocol for running in the water with the wet vest. Sixteen subjects 20-31 yrs of age participated. Classic Douglas bag respirometry was used. After a 10 minute warm up (HR 110-115 BPM), five 5 minute sub-maximal work loads were performed with a one minute rest interval. Thereafter, a final effort of 3.0-3.5 min. to exhaustion was performed. Work load was controlled by continuous HR monitoring. Blood samples were taken for blood La analysis before and after every work effort. Pearson Product Moment correlations for T1 to T2 were r = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.96 for peak VO2 (l/min), peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) and HR (BPM), respectively. The differences between T1 and T2 were not significantly different at the 0.001 level of confidence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung eines Feedbacktools unter Verwendung einer interaktiven Bilddatenbank für das Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037417</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037417</guid>
      <author>Shimizu, J.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimizu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine apposite quality conditions (movie format, bit rate, etc...) and apposite methods for visual feedback service via the Internet in synchronised swimming. Therefore we examined the most common movie formats (movie quality encoded at 1Mbps bit rate) and, examined efficacy of searching for movies in a database. We suggest that generally the Windows Media movie format is the most useful movie format. When users (athletes) browse movies via the Internet, they usually can not obtain any advices from their coaches, as a solution for this problem we suggest that users (athletes) should be able to browse annotation at the same time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeitsmerkmale eines 30s-Maximaltests im Schwimmen: Konsequenzen für die bioenergetische Beurteilung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037418</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037418</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Lima, A.</author>
      <author>Santos, I.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Correira, M.</author>
      <author>Maia, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correira, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to characterize the velocity curves corresponding to 30 sec maximal front crawl swimming, and to establish eventual relationships with metabolic path-ways related to the anaerobic energy production. 72 swimmers of different maturational Status were studied. The mathematical procedures for data treatment, including a continuous wavelet analysis, are described. Results revealed a tendency to an inverse relationship between the number of fatigue thresh-olds found on the velocity curves and the maturational Status. The large number of the velocity curves studied presented two fatigue thresholds. The first threshold was found between 8 and 12 sec. This time interval well fits the alactic-lactic threshold enounced in the literature and leads us to speculate about the possibility of using the velocity curves to assess individual alactic-lactic thresholds in order to better plan and control anaerobic swimming training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vortriebswirksamkeit beim Sprint im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037419</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037419</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>van der Meer, S.</author>
      <author>de Niet, M.</author>
      <author>Truijens, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van der Meer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Niet, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Truijens, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming not all of the total mechanical power (P") generated by the swimmer is available to overcome drag. The propulsive efficiency (ep) is defined as the ratio of power to overcome drag (Pd) relative total mechanical power. The System to Measure Active Drag provides fixed push of pads below the water enabling propulsion generation without loss of energy to the water. Therefore, all-out sprints performed on the M.A.D.-system enabled faster swimming than all-out sprints swimming free. Assuming that Pd relates to swimming speed cubed (v3) and assuming equal power Output in two 25 m sprints (free and MAD), the ratio of v3 sprinting all-out 'free' relative to v3 on the M.A.D.-System reflects ep. For 13 elite swimmers ep of 75% (range 68 - 84%) for v = 1.64 m*s-1 were found. The determination of ep based on sprints free and on the M.A.D. System, is fast and is used to evaluate changes in performance with training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der spezifischen Kraft bei gut-trainierten Sportlern beim angebundenen Schwimmen im Strömungskanal</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037421</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037421</guid>
      <author>Vorontsov, A.</author>
      <author>Popov, O.</author>
      <author>Binevsky, D.</author>
      <author>Dyrko, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strömungskanal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popov, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Binevsky, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dyrko, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eighteen well-trained male swimmers were tested during tethered swimming in swimming flume at nine different flow velocities and in selected strength tests on land. The questions to answer were: how does the value of pulling Force during tethered swimming change with changes in flow velocity in the flume and how closely related that force is to competitive swimming results in comparison to other strength tests? A significant correlation was found between values of pulling force in the flume and competitive swimming velocity in 100 m freestyle. This correlation was stronger than correlation of swimming performance with pulling force at zero velocity or with strength measured in land tests. The strength of relation-ship increased with an increase of flow velocity in the flume.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Multimediasystems zur kinesiologischen Beurteilung des Schwimmens durch Experten in allen Becken</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037422</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037422</guid>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Multimedia</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A long term strategy is presented to develop a kinesiological evaluation System in breaststroke, useable by any expert, based on movement variables relevant for performance. Because relations were found between physical characteristics as well as velocity Variation of the centre of mass, on the one hand, and body cambering and waving, on the other hand, these two undulating characteristics were chosen as style criterions. For the different style groups, and in women and men separately, a series of movement variables in various phases of the stroke cycle were also relevant for performance. Movement deviations can be specified by overlaying average stick figures of the most corresponding style group on video instants, but also by refer-ring to the average stick figures of the gender group.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitative Analyse alternativer Wendentechniken spanischer Junioren- und Jugendschwimmer: Analyse der Fehlerhäufigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037455</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037455</guid>
      <author>Sanchez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Maanon, R.</author>
      <author>Mon, J.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, S.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maanon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mon, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study is a compilation of the analyses developed over four years of the Spanish Junior National Team. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of observed errors while front crawl and back crawl turns are performed. 176 junior and pre-junior male and female elite swimmers performed the front crawl turn and 43 performed the back crawl turn. The videorecord was made through an underwater window while a 50 m front crawl or back crawl trial was performed at competitive speed. It was employed an 8mm video cassette recorder. 78% of the group performed an anticipated turn on the longitudinal axis previous to contact with the wall; differences between categories were found. Starting the turn far from the wall and the lack of support for hands during the turn were problems found in over 40% in crawl. The biggest frequency found in backstroke turn was localized in glide and push-off phases (53%).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Lernens der Freistiltechnik durch Einsatz oder Nicht-Einsatz von Auftriebshilfen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037458</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037458</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A current methodological problem for Italian swimming teachers is the suitability of the instructional flotation devices as a useful tool for the learning process of swimming. In literature, there are several studies reporting contrasting results in the use of these aids. The present study analyses the results of the front crawl stroke learning process in Italian children aged 8-9 years after a 10 lessons program developed by the use or non-use of instructional flotation devices. Both a qualitative (by MERS-F scale) and a quantitative (armstroke cycles, breathings, stroke rate, stroke length, efficiency index) analyses were performed. No significant differences between the two methods were found.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittuntersuchung räumlich-zeitlicher und koordinativer Parameter: Vorbereitung des Bronzemedaillengewinners von Athen 2004 im 100 m Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037459</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037459</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Papparodopoulos, C.</author>
      <author>Guerniou, Y.</author>
      <author>Binet, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eigenname</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papparodopoulos, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guerniou, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Binet, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study shows how a model of arm to leg coordination in the breaststroke was used to prepare the 2004 French national champion in the 50-m, 100-m and 200-m breaststroke for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. His coordination was periodically evaluated and the detailed Information provided by this model served to guide the subsequent training decisions. Seven evaluations were made over a two-year period and assumed a parallel with the competitive performances during this period. At each evaluation, the swimmer swam 25-m at his 100-m race pace and the spatial-temporal parameters (velocity, stroke rate and stroke length) and coordination (temporal gaps between the stroke phases of the arm and leg: T1a, T1b, T2, T3 and T4) were calculated over three stroke cycles identified from under-water cameras with lateral and frontal views.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Stabilität des Koordinationsindex beim maximalen und submaximalen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037460</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037460</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study used video analysis to examine how similar the coordination values obtained in a submaximal protocol were to those obtained in maximal testing. This three-part experiment examined the effect of relative intensity, the distance swum and expertise (during maximal 400-m testing) on the Index of Coordination (IdC) as defined by Chollet et al. (2000). The results showed that IdC increased with increased relative intensity during 300-m freestyle testing and that it did not vary significantly with the distance swum, whatever the level of expertise, during maximal 400-m freestyle testing. These findings suggest that the IdC adaptations can be assessed at all swimming speeds on the basis of a short-distance protocol, as proposed by Chollet et al. (2000).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Koordinationsindex zur Beurteilung optimaler Anpassung: Eine Falluntersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037461</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037461</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Ernwein, V.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ernwein, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This communication examines the feasibility of assessing the inter-arm coordination of individual swimmers to determine the optimal adaptation. Two highly-trained swimmers of different skill levels (95.3% vs. 87.9% of the world record for speed in 100-m freestyle swimming) swam at eight paces corresponding to the speeds adopted during competitive events (from V3000-m to maximal speed on 25-m). The Index of Coordination (IdC) was calculated for each swim pace. A velocity device was used to calculate the intra-cyclic speed variability (IVV). The results showed that the better swimmer was characterized by higher IdC at all swim paces. Moreover, the IVV of this swimmer did not significantly vary across swim paces, whereas it increased in the less skilled swimmer. It thus seems that IVV stability could be an interesting criterion to assess the optimal adaptation of coordination with swim pace increase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Perfektionierung des Freistilschwimmens bei nicht versierten Schwimmern: Vergleich zwischen Verringerung des Widerstands und Verbesserung des Vortriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037442</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037442</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Pizzini, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pizzini, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming results as a compromise between propulsive actions and gliding through water. This research observed the improvements in non-skilled swimmers taught by two specific training programs. The first aimed to have a drag reduction and a better glide (improving the balance, the position in the water and the breath control). The second program aimed to improve the efficiency of the propulsive actions (with respect to continuity and length of the armstroke, rhythm of the actions). The two perfection methods were proposed to 97 non skilled subjects. In the pre-post analysis within each group an improvement of the efficiency index in all male subjects and in the females working on propulsion were found. Moreover and an improvement of long distance swim was recorded in all subjects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen und Training: Vergleich zwischen heuristischem und präskriptivem Lernen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037443</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037443</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Roione, G. C.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roione, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Different opinions are given about the approaches of learning methods in swimming. Some supporting the prescriptive-cognitive theory, others the ecological-dynamic method, also called heuristic learning. Two groups of children attending a swimming school were taught by a prescriptive (subdivided) and by a heuristic methods. It seems that, in the swimming teaching, an ecological dynamic approach in the learning of the technique results to be more effective than a more rigid and defined prescribed method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Armgelenkwinkelverschiebung beim Freistilschwimmen unter Verwendung eines Akzelerometers</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037445</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037445</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Miyaji, C.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyaji, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to estimate arm joint angular displacements, such as shoulder extension and elbow flexion angle during front crawl swimming using an accelerometer that was attached to the swimmer's wrist. The arm joint angles were formulated and wrist acceleration was identified mathematically. A well-trained swimmer, as the subject, performed front crawl swimming with a wrist-mounted accelerometer. Shoulder extension and elbow flexion angle were estimated from the measured acceleration corresponding to the calculated acceleration. The estimated angles corresponded well with the angles obtained by videography. The desirable results demonstrated the possibilities of its practical use as a methodology to measure swimming motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitative Bewertung der Starttechnik international startender spanischer Junioren- und Jugendschwimmer: Eine Analyse der Fehlerhäufigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037454</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037454</guid>
      <author>Sanchez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Manon, R.</author>
      <author>Mon, J.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, S.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manon, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mon, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This is a 4 year study compilation of the analyses developed with the Spanish Junior National Team during their summer training camps before their participation in the European Junior Championships. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of errors observed in the start phases to the entry. 177 junior and pre-junior male and female elite swimmers performed the pike start. The most frequent problem found in the pike start is the incorrect head position at the moment of the entry in the water. 66% of the swimmers keep their heads up and 55% flexed knees. The push is not supported by the lack of force application of the hands on the pool block (45%) considering this a more evident problem in women. The frequencies of the mistakes found in the pre-junior swimmers were reduced in the junior group indicating an enhancement in the observed start technique after this period of development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037456</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037456</guid>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <author>Santos, J.</author>
      <author>Gomes, P.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The construction of models aiming the identification of the best predictors of swimming performance at each age level is one of the most pursued issues of swimming research. In this study, different approaches have been used, including Data Mining algorithms and multi-regression analysis. Anthropometric, strength, flexibility, metabolic, hydrodynamic and experience of training data of 494 young national level swimmers (13 to 16 years old boys and 12 to 14 years old girls) were measured. Best predictors were mean velocity in "T30" aerobic test for all age groups, plus height and maximal isometric elbow extension strength for older female swimmers, and glide after start for younger male swimmers. The explanation of performance reached almost 70%. The most predictable variables were similar when using different algorithms like Decision Tree, K-Means (5-clusters) and Kohonen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isometrische Kraft, angebundene Kraft und Kraftverhältnisse als Mittel der Bewertung der technischen Fertigkeit von Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037457</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037457</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Aujouannet, Y. A.</author>
      <author>Hintzy, F.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aujouannet, Y. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hintzy, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between isometric force, tethered force and force developed during maximal power test. Eighth international swimmers realised maximal isometric forces for 3 arm-trunk angles (Fiso30°, Fiso90°, Fiso120°). Then, a 5s full tethered swim allowed the measure of the maximal propulsive force in water (Fpmax). Finally, a 25m maximal power test was realised in a 1/2 tethered condition. Isometric forces were not significantly different for the 3 angles. Large individual variations were observed for the ratio Fpmax/Fiso30° as for the ratio Fp/Fpmax reflecting different technical abilities and/or different compromise force-velocity. Fiso30° was significantly correlated to Fpmax and to Fp. The technical ability appeared determinant to transform strength capacity in specific swimming force. These results could be useful to determine the swimmer's insufficiencies, i.e., low isometric force and/or bad technical ability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der numerischen Strömungsmechanik zur Technikbeschreibung der Unterwasser-Beinbewegung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037462</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037462</guid>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was developed to provide answers into problems which have been unobtainable using physical testing techniques. This study sought to discriminate between the active drag and propulsion generated in underwater dolphin kicking. A 3D Image of an elite swimmer was animated using results from a kinematic analysis of the swimmer performing large/slow and small/fast dolphin kicks underwater. The CFD model was developed around this input data. Changes were also made to the input kinematics (ankle plantar flexion angle) to demonstrate the practical applicability of the CFD model. The results demonstrated an advantage in using the large, slow kick over the small, fast kick over the velocity range that underwater dolphin kicks are used. This highlights the potential benefits of using CFD models in technique prescription.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung des Kabelspeedometers für die Diagnostik im Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037463</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037463</guid>
      <author>Morouco, P.</author>
      <author>Lima, A. B.</author>
      <author>Semblano, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, D.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, P.</author>
      <author>Sousa, F.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Correira, M. V.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morouco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Semblano, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correira, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Getting fast results from the evaluation of swimmers is one of the most important goals to achieve with technological development in the field. The purpose of this study was to validate a real-time velocimetric device (speedometer) through the comparison of their results with Computer assisted videogrametry. The sample included 7 international level swimmers (3 females and 4 males). Each swimmer performed four 25m trials, two at 200m race pace and two at 50m race pace. For each trial, two stroke cycles were studied, resulting on a total of 28 cycles analysed. Hip v(t) curves obtained from speedometer and videogrametry were compared, as well as the speedometer hip curve with the one of the centre of mass (CM). The higher mean correlation obtained was between vhip1 and vhip2 (0.955±0.028), followed by vhip1 with vCM (0.920+0.049). The lower correlation was vhip2 vs. VCM (0.878±0.053). It was concluded that the speedometer is a reliable, fast and Interactive tool for training advice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der Atemfrequenz beim Schwimmen mit Atemventilen ind -schläuchen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037464</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037464</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the influence of a respiratory valve and tubes (RV) during three different swimming tests (submaximal and maximal 200-m front crawl swim and front crawl swimming to exhaustion) on a breathing frequency and selected biomechanical parameters. Twelve former competitive male swimmers performed each swimming test twice: first, with RV, and second, without RV. Swimming with RV induced slower maximal 200-m front crawl swim and shorter front crawl swimming to exhaustion in comparison with swimming without RV. Furthermore strategies of the breathing frequency during submaximal and maximal swimming tests were also differed between swimming with RV and swimming without RV. Therefore, it may be concluded that when RV is used for measuring respiratory parameters during swimming, a different pattern of breathing (comparing to swimming without RV) may occur.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Schwimmleistungstest mit angebundenem Schwimmen ist hoch zuverlässig</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037465</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037465</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Thorsvald, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorsvald, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to investigate test-retest reliability, diurnal variations and effects of performance level and familiarization of a tethered maximal swimming force (Fmax) test. Test and retests were conducted on separate days, either at the same time of day, or as a morning and afternoon pair, and repeated on two more occasions. 22 competitive swimmers and 10 university sport students performed 3 tethered trials where Fmax was registered by a load cell connected to the subject by a rubber tube. The reliabilities were found to be high, both from day to day, from morning to afternoon and within the test protocol (Cronbach's a = 0.99). Mean coefficient of Variation for the familiarised swimmers was as low as 1.6 (±1.4)%. Effects of familiarization were significant for swimmers but not for students, and the test-retest Variation was lower for the swimmers. Diurnal variations were not higher than for test-retest on the same time of day.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aufdeckung der Echtzeitmuster im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037466</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037466</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, C.</author>
      <author>Santos, J.</author>
      <author>Companico, J.</author>
      <author>Jonsson, G. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Companico, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jonsson, G. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this research was to search for a particular type of repeated behaviour patterns in swimming movement cycles. The search used a new data analysis approach based on a process known as T-Pattern detection of the temporal and sequential structure of a given data set. The temporal patterns can be related to performance specific actions (e.g. comparison intracycle movement patterns similar to the one described by Coleman at al., 1998). Theme can be used for the analysis by using the relevant types of swimming T-data files created with ThemeCoder or other qualitative codification set. Certain breaststroke patterns of swimmers were detected, demonstrating the changes the swimmer had introduced in each swimming cycle. Coaches could possibly use this kind of structural information's when in need of optimizing the swimmer performance or find the particular hidden patters in swimming behaviour.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostik, Training und Umsetzung des Krafttrainings von Schwimmern unter Einsatz des diagnostischen Feedbacksimulators "ART"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037467</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037467</guid>
      <author>Petriaev, A.</author>
      <author>Kleshnev, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petriaev, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kleshnev, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper describes opportunities of use of the Computer diagnostic exerciser in diagnostic, training and realisation of sports-men's strength potential. The researches were held using the diagnostic exerciser "ART", allowing to simulate water conditions in "force-velocity" parameters. The provided visual feed-back allow "controlled variations" in absolute parameters of force, power, stroke rate, length and dynamical structure of stroke. Results showed the high efficacy of the use of "ART" in:
(i) quantitative and qualitative analyses of sportsman's power potential, (ii) prognosis of athletes' achievements, (iii) correction of speed and power components of stroke movement of swimmers, (iv) correction of the dynamical structure of stroke, and (v) transfer of sportsman's power potential to real swimming ability using training modes, in which the stroke velocity will correspond the record velocities of athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der Bahnen-Zeit über 200 m Freitsil aus dem Alter und der Endzeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037468</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037468</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation aimed at the estimation of the lap time of 200m freestyle races from age and event time on national level swimmers. Subjects were 1759 swimmers that selected by D'Agostino-Pearson lest of each age from 1857 swimmers that participated in 200m freestyle of the Japanese national level competitions in 2002. The lap time in every 50m and the event time were used for analysis. Exponential function approximation of the event time by aging was carried out. Furthermore, the linear regression between a lap time and event time for , every age was calculated respectively. It seems that the competitive time of 200m freestyle reach the maturity about 20 years | old for men and/or 18 years old for women. The estimation formula applied to international level swimmer has high validity (0.904 to 0.987, n=118 and 86) on condition that the age factor should fix at 22 for over 22 years old male swimmer and/ or at 21 for over 21 years old female swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimentieren mit verschiedenen Techniken zur Optimierung der Leistung in den Freistildisziplinen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037438</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037438</guid>
      <author>Colman, V.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Soons, B.</author>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colman, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soons, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, one disabled world record holder in crawl sprint is taken as a test case. In trying out various styles to optimize his performance, a rotating arm action style appeared to be the fastest on 50m sprint and a glide stroke with high elbow on longer distances. Movement analyses of the swimmer and observation of co loured water, displaced by the arm pull, were combined.  During the downward movement of the hand in the stroke with high elbow, propulsion could be generated. In the two fastest styles, water appeared to be better displaced backward than in the other styles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausmaß der Auswirkung von Instruktionen auf die Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037439</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037439</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude the effect of an instructional Intervention on technique (as measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) and perfon (swimming velocity, SV). The subjects (12 male and 6 female competitive swimmers) were pretested with Aquanex+Video. A one-week Intervention included three classroom and five poolside instructional sessions with technique feedback and specific visual and kinesthetic cues designed to improve the Cd and SV. The subjects were then posttested. There was an over-all significant improvement in both Cd and SV. The Cd decreased by .31o (p<.05) and the SV increased by .26o (p<.05). The results demonstrate that even a relatively short duration of carefully targeted instruction can make a meaningful improvement in technique and performance and will hope-fully encourage coaches to reconsider training time allocation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technologieeinsatz zur Optimierung des Trainings zur Leistungsverbesserung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037440</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037440</guid>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Peak performances in swimming require the full deployment of all powers a swimmer possesses. The development of those powers require years of hard training. Developments of measurement technology (e.g. MAD-system (16)) have aided the sport scientist in identifying several factors as determinants of performance. These include drag, propulsion technique, and mechanical power (20) . The development of this knowledge provides the modern swimming coach with some guide-lines how to design training programmes. However, it may be argued that training-time will be especially efficient when devoted to the enhancement of those performance factors that are weak links in the individual performance chain. This implies that on an individual level it is necessary to identify in what phase of the process the performance System first becomes insufficient. In the training process it is rather challenging for coaches to determine which training load is sufficient to induce the required adaptation without risk of overtraining. More insight in the individual relation between training dose and adaptation response is necessary to optimise this training process. Training dose and changes in swim performance capacity can be modelled (2). In this model performance is a Systems Output varying over time according to the Systems input; the training dose or training Impulse (TRIMP), quantified from exercise intensity and volume. Thus the swimmer is represented by a System with a daily amount of training as input and performance capacity as Output. It is possible to use heart rate recordings as training dose indicator while simple time trials monitor performance capacity development. A sketch will be given how technological developments leading to instrumented swimming wear could be put to use to optimise the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschwindigkeit und physiologische Reaktion im Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037441</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037441</guid>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Escudero, J.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Escudero, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The triatlon is characterized for being a lest of effort of long duration of pace of aerobic and anaerobic intensity. To deter-mine the variations before maximum and submaximum intensities in relation to the speed, it has been studied the behavior of the heart rate and of the lactate accumulation as physiological variables, the effort perceived as psychological variable and the frequency of movements as cinematic variable. The results have showed that the metabolic exigency before maximum intensities of mixed character aerobic/anaerobic in swimming is less than in cycling and in running. The intensity of 90% of the maximum speed, comes closer to the values of the Anaerobic Threshold in the tests of swimming and cycling, being higher in the test of running. In conclusion, the percent-age of Speed does not seem to be an equivalent indicator for three disciplines to discriminate the intensity of the effort.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stütztechniken bei Elite-Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037444</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037444</guid>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Homma, Ma.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Ma.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate support scull techniques in synchronized swimming based on three-dimensional motion analysis. The support scull movements of ten elite synchronized swimmers were analyzed using a three-dimensional \ DLT method. It was found that support scull is a lever movement made from the elbow that produces propulsive force by generating drag force during the outside transition phase and lift force during both out-scull and in-scull of the horizontal stroke phases. To scull in a smoother and more stable performance, swimmers should hold their elbows and upper arms stationary and keep their forearms horizontal during sculling. Palms should face downwards throughout sculling and hands should be held at the proper attack angle to produce an efficient lift force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isolierung und Körpertemperaturveränderungen durch das Tragen eines Wärmeschwimmanzugs bei niedriger bis mittlerer Belastungsintensität im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037447</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037447</guid>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yokoyama, S.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yokoyama, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated thermal swimsuit (TSS) effects on body temperature and thermal insulation during low-intensity and moderate-intensity water exercise. Nine male subjects were immersed in water (23°C) and pedalled on an underwater ergometer for 30 min with a TSS or a normal swimsuit (NSS) at two exercise intensities. Oesophageal temperatures CTCS) were maintained higher in TSS than in NSS at both intensities. Moderate exercise decreased the tissue insulation (Itissue) compared to low-intensity exercise. However, the increased metabolic heat production at moderate intensity and added suit insulation (Isuit) were sufficient to offset the decrement of Itissue and Tes. The proportion of Isuit to total insulation and skin-fold thickness showed a negative correlation, indicating that subjects with lower body fat can benefit more from wearing TSS. Results suggest that TSS in cool water was especially useful for subjects with low body fat.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Energieverbrauch, Schwimmgeschwindigkeit und Geschwindigkeitsfluktuation in den Wettkampfschwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037450</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037450</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Lima, F.</author>
      <author>Portela, A.</author>
      <author>Novais, D.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, R. F.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Portela, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novais, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, R. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to analyse relationships between total energy expenditure (Etot), energy cost (EC), intracycle Variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement of centre of mass (dv) and mean swimming velocity (v). 17 Portuguese elite swimmers (4 at Freestyle, 5 at Backstroke, 4 at Breaststroke and 4 at Butterfly) were submitted to an incremental set of nx200-m swims. Bioenergetical and biomechanical parameters presented significant interrelationships. For pooled data, the relationship between Eto, and v was r=0.59 (p<0.01), between EC and dv was r=0.38 (p<0.01) and the polynomial relationship, between dv and v was r=0.17 (p=0.28). Individual evaluation and identification of biomechanical critical points may help the swimmers to become more efficient at a certain swimming velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Schwimmen? Ein Platz für die kritische Zugfrequenz?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037451</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037451</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For any swimmer, a hyperbolic relationship links velocity (v) and stroke rate (SR) to time to exhaustion (t). The asymptotes of these relationships are called Critical Velocity (CV) and Critical Stroke Rate (CSR). Both could be maintained, at least in theory, indefinitely. This review presents the origins of these two concepts, their physiological / biomechanical underpinnings to emphasis their usefulness for training. Coaches should appreciate the ease in using the CV model to set training loads, monitor training effects, and predict performance. The CSR concept is very recent and should be further investigated. However, current available knowledge suggests there is merit in using the two parameters for training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037452</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037452</guid>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <author>Capelli, C.</author>
      <author>Craig jr. , A. B.</author>
      <author>Di Prampero, P. E.</author>
      <author>Minetti, A. E.</author>
      <author>Mollendorf, J.</author>
      <author>Termin, A.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Capelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Craig jr. , A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prampero, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minetti, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mollendorf, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Termin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Performance is the time (t) to cover a given distance (d), i. e. speed of swimming (v = d / t). In turn, v is the product of stroke rate (SR), and distance per stroke (d/S). Maximal v is set by maximal metabolic power (E'max) and energy cost of swimming (Cs). Drag (D), efficiency (n) and v set the metabolic requirements. D can be partitioned in friction (22%), pressure (55%) and wave (23%) drag. D reduction can be achieved by training and swim suit design. _ and Cs are influenced by D, by the energy wasted to water and by the internal work. E'tot is a combination of aerobic and anaerobic power: it increases monotonically with the speed, is highly variable and, it decreases with training. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic energy supply 38, 43, and 19% in 200 yd and 19, 54, and 26% in 50 yds. At competitive v, Cs is lowest in front crawl and higher in backstroke, butterfly and breaststroke (in that order). The above mentioned factors are highly variable, but even among elite swimmers each is highly trainable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitlimit an der minimalen Geschwindigkeit der VO2max und innerzyklische Geschwindigkeitsvariation des Körperschwerpunkts</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037453</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037453</guid>
      <author>Balonas, A.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, P.</author>
      <author>Silva, J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Moreira, P.</author>
      <author>Lima, A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Balonas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v vO2max) and intracyclic variations of the velocity of the centre of mass (dv) in the four competitive swimming techniques. Twelve elite male swimmers swam their own best technique until exhaustion at their previously determined vVO2max to assess TLim-v v O2max. The test was videotaped in the sagittal plan and the APAS Software was used to evaluate the horizontal velocity of the centre of mass (Vcm) and its intracyclic Variation (dv) per swimming technique. Results pointed out that the strokes that presented higher intracyclic variations also presented larger values of TLim. Intracyclic speed fluctuations (dv) decreased during the TLim test in the four strokes studied, probably due to fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen akuter mittlerer Höhe auf physiologische und technische Parameter im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037360</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037360</guid>
      <author>Mercade, J. J.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse how acute moderate altitude exposure affects technique during a sub-maximal swimming protocol. Eleven subjects swam two steady-state test of 400 m front crawl, under normoxia (N, 690 m) and acute hypoxia (H, 2320 m). Stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL)' was recorded during each lap. Blood lactate concentration (BLa), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) t were also measured after each trial. Results showed a reduction in SL with an increase in SR by altitude effect (p<0.05). HR, BLa and RPE were increased during altitude test respect normoxia (p<0.05). The obtained results did not show relation between physiological and technical variables in N and H. Technical parameters, like physiological ones, should be considered in altitude training camps.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anfälligkeit der roten Blutzellen für Peroxidation bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037361</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037361</guid>
      <author>Monteiro, C.</author>
      <author>Santa Clara, H.</author>
      <author>Raposo, F.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, A.</author>
      <author>Limao, F.</author>
      <author>Alves, P.</author>
      <author>Rayssiguier, Y.</author>
      <author>Mazur, A.</author>
      <author>Coudray, C.</author>
      <author>Gueux, E.</author>
      <author>Coudray, C.</author>
      <author>Bicho, M.</author>
      <author>Laires, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antioxidans</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Enzym</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santa Clara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raposo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Limao, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rayssiguier, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mazur, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coudray, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gueux, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coudray, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bicho, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laires, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of training on red blood cells' (RBC) susceptibility to peroxidation induced in vitro by H2O2 and on RBC' antioxidant enzymes activities. Fiveteen high competition male swimmers and 16 active men not involved in any regular sport activity participated in the study. Nutritional Information was collected and body composition and physical condition were assessed. Blood was collected at rest. RBC peroxidation and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase and metha-haemoglobin reductase activities were evaluated by photometry. Swimmers showed higher RBC' resistance to oxidation even though antioxidant enzymes were not higher. This beneficial adaptation may result from an accelerated RBC' renewal, leading to more efficient O2 delivery to tissues and to lower RBC' intracellular oxidant stress.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Beurteilung der langsamen Komponente der VO2 bei Freistilschwimmern der Spitzenklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037364</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037364</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Vilar, S.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, C.</author>
      <author>Cruz, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandeas, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandeas, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to compare different methods for the assessment of the Oxygen uptake Slow Component (SC) in elite swimmers in a time limit test at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption. Five females and two males participated in this study. VO2 was measured by a portable gas analyser connected to the swimmers by a respiratory snorkel. To describe the SC kinetics was used a mathematical model with three exponential functions. This model was compared with different methods of rigid time intervals defined as the difference between the final VO2 and that at the 2nd min (deltaVO2[end-2] or at the 3rd min of exercise (deltaVO2[end-3]). This study showed that the use of the VO2[end-3] underestimates the results since the SC usually begins earlier than the 3rd minute and that the use of the VO2[end-2] seems to be a good solution, being less accurate but more simple to use in a day-to-day basis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zyklusleistung beim Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen bei der niedrigst möglichen mit der VO2max korrespondierenden Geschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037365</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037365</guid>
      <author>Ramos, L.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Soares, D.</author>
      <author>Mota, J.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, J.</author>
      <author>Morouco, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mota, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morouco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse if TLim-v v O2max, tested for the first time in breaststroke and butterfly, is also influenced by stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke Index (SI). Ten elite swimmers (7 males of 19.58±2.9 yy, 176.±5.0 cm and 70.5±6.2 kg, and 3 females of 17.6±1.5 yy, 166.3±5.1 cm and 60.9±6.5 kg) performed, in their best simultaneous technique, an intermittent incremental protocol for vO2max assessment. 48 hours late, subjects swam until exhaustion at their predetermined velocity, to assess Tlim-v v O2max., SL=v.SR-1, SR (cycles.min-1) and SI=SL*v. Regarding the relationship between TLim- v v O2max and the different stroke parameters, it was not found any relationship for each technique. However, when both techniques were considered, it was observed an inverse relationship between TLim- vVO2max and SR and between TLim- vVO2max and vVO2max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme an der Laktatschwelle im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037366</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037366</guid>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Almeida, M.</author>
      <author>Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Corredoura, S.</author>
      <author>Colaco, P.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredoura, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colaco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to identify, in terms of %VO2max, the intensity of swimming associated with a non linear increase of blood [La-]. Twenty nine swimmers participated in the study: 15 males and 14 females. Each subject performed a intermittent incremental protocol of 200m stages. The individual kinetics of the [La-]/ velocity and VO2 / velocity curves were taken in account for the assessment of lactate threshold (LT). The value of the [La-] corresponding to LT was 2.99±0.80mmol.l-1. In %VO2max, LA was 73.54±0.8%. This result seems to confirm that the best single [La-] value to predict LT, when testing trained swimmers, should be lower than the usual value of 4 mmol.l-1]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit auf die Spielintensität bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037367</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037367</guid>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <author>Gelades, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gelades, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was designed to investigate the physiological responses that elicited in different competitive level players during water polo games. Specifically, the hypothesis that the players of International calibre (IA; Greek National Team) perform with higher intensity than the National level players (NA; 1st Greek National League) was tested. Thirty players, who had equally split to IA and NA, participated in this study. No differences were found with respect to the percentage of time spent with exercise intensity above and below the threshold between IA and NA. However, regardless of relative terms (%), IA swam with significantly higher velocity than NA throughout the game. Both groups preferred to compete with an intensity fluctuating around their lactate anaerobic threshold. It is concluded that the International level players performed at higher absolute exercise intensity than National level players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachweis der unzureichenden pulmonalen Ventilation beim Freistilschwimmen mit maximaler und supramaximaler Intensität</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037446</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037446</guid>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Bednarik, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ph-Wert</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bednarik, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to establish whether limited pulmonary Ventilation due to biomechanical characteristics of front crawl swimming causes insufficient elimination of CO2 from the lungs during breathing, which induce hypercapnia. Twelve male swimmers performed 4 swims on 200 m crawl at intensities from 80%, 90%, 100% to 110% on separate days with a swimming snorkel. Respiratory parameters (VE, VCO2, VO2) and some parameters in the blood ([LA-], PCO2, PO2) were measured. From results we were able to demonstrate that limited VE during exercise in swimming occur and that is a possible influence on increased acidosis during maximal and supramaximal swimming. We found notable excess VCO2 after exercise at these intensities. We can also not conclude that hypercapnia was caused because values of PCO2 were similar to those during rest; however, it has to be considered that these values were obtained with significantly increased VE.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsdiagnostik mittels Einsatz von Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037448</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037448</guid>
      <author>Ruzbarsky, P.</author>
      <author>Turek, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruzbarsky, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turek, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Determining the level of preparedness, as a significant factor in training, represents the feedback information about the current condition of an athlete. It plays an important role since it provides the information about the changes of the athlete's conditions caused by the training load and other factors with the objective to regulate the impact the training process on the athlete. To monitor the level of both endurance and pace, a set of swimming tests has been compiled. Some of the tests used by the Slovak Swimming Federation have been taken into consideration. The paper deals with the 3000 meters crawl results, which have been carried out on sample of 105 swimmers aged 13-16 years, and the 4 x 50 meters freestyle test realized on the sample of 53 swimmers aged 13-16 respectively. The average blood lactate level, when using the 3000m test, was 5,67 mmol/l for boys aged 13-14 and 4,67 mmol/l for boys aged 15-16. The blood lactate level was lower when measured for girls; 4,50 mmol/l for 13-14 years old and 3,20mmol/l for 15-16 years old, respectively. When using the 4x50m test, the values were following: boys aged 13-14 were at 0,02 mmol/l, 15-16 years old at 11,22 mmol/l,  girls aged 13-14 at 10,20 mmol/l and finally, girls aged 15-16 at 10,58 mmol/l.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbessert die orale Kreatin-Langzeiteinnahme die Sprintleistung bei Spitzenschwimmern?</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037449</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037449</guid>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreatin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of high-dose/long-term oral creatine supplementation on repeated sprint swimming performance in elite male swimmers. Twelve subjects, all swimmers, were separated randomly into creatine group (n = 6) and placebo group (n = 6). Swimmers of the creatine group were supplemented creatine (12 g/day) during 8 weeks. Supplementation was performed using double-blind method. Before and at the end of supplementation, 31P-NMR spectroscopy of the triceps muscle of the arm, blood analysis, and intermittent repeated sprint swimming tests were conducted. Eight-week creatine supplementation tended to increase the muscle PCr content (p = 0.055). However, no significant improvement was shown for repeated sprint swimming performance. These results suggest that high-dose/long-term creatine supplementation increased muscle PCr content with no disadvantage to physiological functions in elite male swimmers. However, it was difficult to prove an ergogenic effect on repeated sprint performance in elite male swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mathematische Modellierung der langsamen Komponente des Sauerstoffaufnahmeverlaufs im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037362</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037362</guid>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This work presents a mathematical method to model the VO2 kinetics during heavy exercise. This methods is able to discriminate between the different components of the oxygen uptake, including the basal, cardiodynamic, fast and slow components. Each of these components is fully characterized, not only in amplitude, but also in time of Start of that component. The method is applied to two swimmers, and the results are presented, resulting in both cases in a good description of the slow component for oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Größe des linken Ventrikels und der funktionellen und maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037363</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037363</guid>
      <author>Madeira, R.</author>
      <author>Trabulo, M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Gomes Pereira, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trabulo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between left ventricular (LV) dimensions/function and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in young swimmers. Twelve well trained swimmers (15.9±0.2years; 64.2±6.8kg; 1.75±0.06m) underwent anthropometric measurements, resting  M-mode/Doppler echocardiography and a treadmill running protocol. Allometric scaling of heart morphological characteristics by body dimensions was performed. Heart size was highly correlated with VO2max and end-diastolic LV internal chamber dimension was the main determinant factor. Ejection fraction and VO2max were uncorrelated suggesting that the systolic function at rest does not reflect cardiac function at maximal exercise. Conclusion is that VO2max determined by a non-specific maximal protocol can be an indicator of cardiac adaptations to aerobic exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle: das mathematische Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037373</guid>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Almeida, M.</author>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This work presents a mathematical method based on a fit to the observed velocity/[La-] data points for swimmers that allows the determination of the anaerobic threshold individually. In the present method a straight line is fitted to the lower velocity data points, while an exponential line is fitted to the higher velocity data points. The point of interception of both lines is considered as the point of beginning of the anaerobic threshold. Some practical examples are shown.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugfrequenzen in Korrespondenz mit der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit sowie der 30-min-Maximalgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern mit unterschiedlichem Trainingsstatus</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037369</guid>
      <author>Greco, C.</author>
      <author>Pelarigo, J.</author>
      <author>Perandini, L.</author>
      <author>Figueira, T.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perandini, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueira, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to verify the effect of aerobic performance level on the relationship between stroke rates at critical speed (SRCS) and at maximal speed of 30 min (SRS30). Twenty-three male swimmers of 15 to 20 yr were divided by aerobic performance level (S30) into G1 (n = 10) and G2 (n = 13) groups. SRCS was determined by the slope of the regression line between the number of stroke cycles and time. SRS30 was determined trough the mean value of stroke rate obtained during 30 min test. CS was higher than S30 in G1 (1.30 ± 0.04 and 1.23 ± 0.06 m.s-1) and G2 (1.17 ± 0.08 and 1.07 ± 0.06 m.s-1). CS and SSO were higher in G1 than G2. There was no difference between SRCS and SRS30 in G1 (33.07 ± 4.34 and 31.38 ± 4.15 cycles.min-1) and G2 (35.57 ± 6.52 and 33.54 ± 5.89 cycles.min-1). In conclusion, SRCS can be used to predict the SRS30 irrespectively of the aerobic performance level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
