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    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Untersuchung  des Eintauchverhaltens beim Schwimmstart vom Block</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020695</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020695</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: While dive-in performance after swim start from the block is considered to be essential for swim start performance in general (e.g. Bonnar, 2001; Guimaeres & Hay, 1985), there are only few studies in the literature related to an examination of underwater kinematic profiles in elite swimmers. This deficit might be due to apparent methodological problems involved when detecting body landmarks as air particles swept along the body surface distorting a clear vision. A new procedure was developed to identify body landmarks despite visual restrictions during the dive-in phase. A study was conducted to examine the kinematic differences in elite swimmers. METHOD: Sixteen male elite swimmers participated in the study. Starting performance was studied in the course of a 50m speed test and measured by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. Three video cameras were used for data acquisition. While block performance and head passage at 7,5 m were analyzed by two above water cameras, an under water video system was used to examine the dive-in behaviour. Since body landmarks are hard to be identified because of air particles carried along the body surface during dive-in, segment mid-lines were evaluated by a linear regression model (Fischer & Kibele, 2007). Traditional body landmarks (segment end-points) were identified as intersections of two adjacent segment mid-lines. RESULTS: Significant statistical correlations were found between the starting performance and the hip angle at water entry of the centre of mass (r=-0.72**), the mean horizontal velocity during the dive-in phase (r=-0.72**), and the maximal dive-in depth (r=-0.69**). Accordingly, significant differences in these parameters were found between good starters and poor starters. No differences were found in the mean horizontal velocity between starting signal and water entry, angle of the centre of mass trajectory at first water contact. There are indications that good starters minimize their loss in horizontal velocity during dive-in by the use of a dolphinkick. Moreover, good starters perform deeper dives during the transition to the horizontal body position. Our results indicate, that good starters also show higher angular impulses about the transverse body axis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse des Schmetterlingsschlags: Vergleich von drei Geschwindigkeitsvarianten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020694</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020694</guid>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P. A.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Stroke mechanics are continuously emphasized on competitive swimming in order to minimize intracyclic velocity variation (IVV). However, nonetheless butterfly specific training series are conducted in different intensity zones, few is known about the behavior of biomechanical parameters, and their implications on IVV, at different training regimens. We aimed to compare the butterfly kinematical changes during 100m (between the 1st and 4th laps) at 3 swimming velocities and in-between these intensities. It was hypothesized that higher IVV is observed at the 4th lap of each 100m, and, when comparing the 100m performed at different intensities, lower IVV will occur at higher velocities. METHODS: Seven female swimmers performed a protocol of 3x100m butterfly at sub-maximal (60 and 80%, v60 and v80, respectively) and at maximal velocities (v100), with a 30min interval. Two above and below water cameras, positioned in the sagittal plane, were used for movement analysis. APASystem was used to calculate and analyze the velocity (v), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and IVV of the centre of mass. Kinematic analysis was conducted at the first (1st) and fourth (4th) lap of each 100m test. Significance was considered for p<0,05. RESULTS: Comparing swimming v between the 1st and 4th lap of each 100m, differences were only observed at v100 (with higher v values in the 1st 50 m split: 1.47±0.13 vs 1.23±0.08). When comparing the v60, v80 and v100, differences were found in the 1st lap between all the trials (1.47±0.13, 1.30±0.21 and 1.27±0.06, respectively for v100, v80 and v60). Considering SR, higher values were observed for the 1st lap comparing with the 4th lap in v60 (48.0±1.22 vs 46.8±3.03) and v100 (57.0±7.20 vs 52.8±2.40). When comparing swimming intensities, SR in the 1st and 4th step was always lower in v60 than in v100. SL tends to follow an inverse behaviour than SR, but without statistical significance. Regarding the IVV parameter, no differences were observed. However, a tendency for higher values at v60 comparing to v100 in the 1st lap (24.9±11.60 vs 16.40±8.50) and in the total 100m effort (17.5±5.00 vs 14.8±7.00) was perceived. DISCUSSION: The behavior of the v and stroking parameters observed followed the traditionally described when comparing different front crawl intensities. The non existence of differences regarding the IVV seems to evidence that the lower v and SR values observed in the v60 were not of sufficient magnitude to affect it.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welche Dauer wird für den Schwimmtest am Gummiseil empfohlen?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020607</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020607</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Cesaracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesaracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The tethered test is one of the most widely used methods for estimating the swimming force. (Dopsaj, 2003). However, tethered test results were debatable for the low correlation with the swimming performance and for the test`s duration. In this work we investigate which is the duration of the tethered test that allows to obtain results highly correlated with the swimming performances. METHODS: We defined four types of tethered test that differ only for them duration (15s for T15, 30s for T30, 45s for T45, 60s for T60). Six female national ranked swimmers (age 16±0; 1.64±0,02 m; 58.0±5kg.) performed 4 tethered tests with maximum intensity for T15, T30, T45, T60. The force was recorded with a load-cell (Globus, Italia). Blood lactate measurements were performed 1 m after the end of each trial (L15 for T15, L30 for T30, L45 for T45, L60 for T60). We investigated the correlation between the value of strength (N) recorded by the load-cell and the best-time performance of the athletes for each type of tethered test. These performances result from the official competitions in distances of 50m (V50), 100m (V100) and 200m (V200) crawl. RESULTS: The significant correlations between the best-time of swimmers and the load cell measurements were: V50/T15= 0.95 (<0.05), V50/T30= 0.95 (<0.05), V100/T15= 0.87 (<0.025), V100/T30= 0.96 (<0.05), V100/ T45= 0.79 (<0.05). The average blood lactate produced increased linearly with increasing duration of the test (5.15 mml/l for L15, 7.13 mml/l for L30, 8.72 mml/l for L45, 9.65 mml/l for L60). DISCUSSION: This study shows a good correlation between the best-time performance on the distances of 50 m and 100 m and the values of force measured using the tethered test with duration 15 s and 30 s. Data are less related in the test of longer duration and distance of 200 m. These findings, in part yet submitted by other authors, seem to confirm the link between the tests with short time duration and the performances with greater use of power and predominance of anaerobic energy. T15 and T30 tethered test are probably the best to highlight capacities of the young sprinters in swimming. REFERENCES: Dopsaj M., Matkovic I., Thanopoulos V., Okicic T., (2003) Realibility and validity of basic kinematics and mechanical characteristics of pulling force in swimmers measured by the method of tethered swimming with maximum intensity of 60 seconds. Facta Universitatis, 1(10), 11-22.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der CAST-Technik auf die 3D-Bewegungsanalyse im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020606</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020606</guid>
      <author>Ceseracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Ceccon, S.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Cobelli, C.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ceseracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceccon, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Although underwater swimmers video recordings are widely diffused, swimmers kinematics is usually reconstructed only on a single sagittal view. Some authors performed a 2D kinematics analysis of the front crawl by means of multi-cameras underwater acquisition systems, relying on manual digitization of specific features` position. Thus in this study an automatic and repeatable method to assess 3D kinematics of front crawl swimming is presented. This combines both the Calibrated Anatomical Systems Techniques technique (CAST) [1] and a semi-automatic feature tracking technology. METHODS: 4 out of several front crawl trials performed by an elite swimmer and recorded by means of 5 underwater color analog cameras were selected. The latter were synchronized automatically by means of an ad-hoc application, and calibrated with Bouguet method. A set of 25 features was drawn on the body, to reconstruct the 3D kinematics of the right trunk and arm. The 3D trajectories of the following 4 anatomical landmarks were reconstructed by applying CAST: the incisura jugularis (IJ), the acromion (ACR), the center of the elbow joint (EJ) and of the wrist joint (WJ). The features were tracked in each video sequence by using an application based upon the registration technique proposed by Lucas and Kanade [2]. A comparison with the manual tracking technique, assessed by two trained experts, was also performed. RESULTS: The 3D joint trajectories repeatability analysis for CAST reported intra-method correlation coefficients between trials ranging from 0.936 to 0.999 and from 0.801 to 0.996 for EJ and WJ, respectively, along the 3 axes. A good correlation was found also for the IJ and the ACR (0.947 to 0.999 and 0.766 to 0.999) between trials along medio-lateral and antero-posterior axis, however along the vertical axis a poor correlation was found, especially for the ACR. Without applying CAST, the trajectories of the IJ and the ACR were determined during 10% of the acquired motion, reaching the 80% when CAST was applied. Further, the comparison with manual tracking showed good consistence of the proposed technique in terms of variability. DISCUSSION: The use of a combined methodology which employs both the semi-automatic tracking and CAST provides more objective and consistent results than direct manual video digitization. REFERENCES: 1. A. Cappozzo et al. Clinical Biomech, 4 171-178, 1995 2. B.Lucas,]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse der Startleistung bei Schwimmern: Neuer OSB11 vs. traditioneller Startblock</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020605</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020605</guid>
      <author>Biel, K.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Biel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recently, a new starting block (OSB 11 from Omega Swiss Timing, Ltd.) was introduced to FINA international swimming competitions. While the distributor of this new block advertises its product to result in shorter race times studies to examine the kinematic changes associated with the new construction are scarce. A study was conducted to compare the kinematic take-off profiles of german elite swimmers from the new starting block (surface area 74x50 cm, 9° surface angle to the ground) and from the traditional starting block (surface area 50x50 cm, 5° surface angle to the ground). METHOD: Seven male swimmers (3 grab starters and 4 track starters) participated in the study. Their take-off performances were videotaped and later on examined for selected kinematic parameters. The last ten frames during the block phase and the first five frames in the flight phase were analyzed (take-off angle and take-off velocity related to the centre of mass trajectory). A second video camera was used to measure the starting performance by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. Each subject performed three track starts on the new OSB 11, three track starts on the traditional starting block, and three grab starts on the new OSB 11. The best two trials for each condition were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: For the track starts, starting performance was significantly reduced by 0,2 s in the new OSB 11. In addition, a shorter block time and a higher horizontal takeoff velocity were found for the new block. For the comparison between the two starting techniques on the new block, track starters showed significantly shorter starting times and block times as well as a significantly higher horizontal take-off velocity. While significantly a better starting performance was found for the new OSB 11, our results also indicate that a modification of the dive-in behaviour may be necessary to fully utilize the possibilities of the new starting block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kräfte beim Schwimmen: Ein Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020604</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020604</guid>
      <author>Avramidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Avramidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several studies have investigated the drag force (Zamparo et al, 1996; Sheenan & Laughrin, 1992) in various forms, while others researched the lift force as another variable of producing propulsion in swimming. Aim: To review research based on the forces in swimming in an attempt to better understand the desirability of generating maximum forward lift force and minimum forward drag force on the body segments as the most efficient combination to be used for propelling the body. METHOD: A review of literature was employed for identifying the role of the `forces` in swimming. The terms "forces" and "swimming" were used as key words. More than 72 journal articles provided by electronic libraries (e.g., Sport Discus) and textbooks were available in the literature libraries. The selection process of references was based on the following criteria: articles referring to the influence of forces in swimming, review articles and other publi-cations, focusing on literature having origin from countries where swimming is well researched (e.g. USA, Australia). DISCUSSION: The internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects produced by these forces (Hay, 1978), that were examined are described in figure 1. CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlations exist between selected anthropometric variables and drag of the ac-tively propelling swimmer. Future examination of the active drag needs to appreciate the individual biomechanical technique and the size of the examined sample. Body position changes influence resistance. Re-search needs to report to whom those results refer to (e.g. elite, non swimmers, etc), the estimated errors in their hydrodynamic data and the procedures used to reduce them. Computational Fluid Dynamics, can work as database of drag and lift coefficients for use in unsteady flow conditions for the evaluation and the im-provement of the technique. Swimming propulsion is the result of subtle and changing combinations of lifts and drag forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Extrakt auf der Basis des Brasilianischen Mandelegerlings könnte hilfreich für Athleten sein, da er gegen Entzündungen, Infekte und Allergie schützt</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020603</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020603</guid>
      <author>Hetland, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pharmaka</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Infektion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Allergie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Asthma</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hetland, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Strenuous exercise suppresses cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to infections (1). In elite swimmers also the frequency of allergy, asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness is increased (2). This is explained by lower type-1/type-2 cytokine ratio in athletes (1) because type-1 protect against cancer and infect cytokines like IFNions whereas type-2 like IL-4 promote allergy and asthma. Agaricus bM (AbM) is an edible medicinal Basidiomycetes mushroom of Brazilian origin used in traditional medicine and cultivated commercially for its positive health effects. AbM is a known immunomodulator and has antitumor effects in mouse models (3). Recently, we have examined the effect of the AbM-based extract, AndoSanTM, on bacterial sepsis (3) and allergy (4) in mouse models, and inflammation in humans (5, 6). METHODS: AndoSanTM (www.immunopharma.org), a Japanese GMP-certified mushroom extract contaning 82% AbM, or saline was given orally (0.2 ml) to mice either sensitized s.c. with allergen ovalbumin (OVA), or challenged i.p. with lethal pneumococci or fecal bacteria. End points were serum IgE to OVA and cytokines in cultures of spleen cells from the mice, and bacteremia and survival, respectively. Plasma cytokines were measured in healthy volunteers and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who drank 60 ml AndoSanTM daily for 12d. RESULTS: In OVA-sensitized mice given AndoSanTM, serum IgE to OVA was lower and type-1/type-2 cytokine ratio higher in spleen cell cultures. AndoSanTM reduced bacteremia and increased survival compared with saline control; 50 vs 13% and 34 vs 0%, in the two models. In healthy volunteers and IBD patients AndoSanTM reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines like MIP-1, TNF and IL-1 in plasma. DISCUSSION: The positive effects obtained with AndoSanTM on infection, allergy and inflammation indicates that this AbM-based mushroom extract may improve health and training-related inflammation in elite swimmers and other athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spitzenathleten im  Kinderbereich sind unsere Zukunft. Kardiale Anpassung an das Training mit der Monoflosse bei Kindern vor der Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020602</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020602</guid>
      <author>Abouzeid, M. M.</author>
      <author>Abouzeid, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abouzeid, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abouzeid, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The elite children athletes are one who has superior athletic talent. Monofin (a single surface swim fin) swimming already proved to be the most efficient method of swimming for human being (1). Little is known about the influence of child monofin training on cardiac adaptation following long - term monofin training (LTMT). METHODS: 14 elite monofin children aged 11.95 years (± 1.09 yr) , height (Ht) (153.07 ± 4.2 cm ) , weight (wt) ( 52.4 ± 3.7 kg ), took part in ( LTMT ) for 36 weeks , 6 session per week , 90 min per session . All subjects under went two-dimension, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography before and after (LTMT) to evaluate cardiac dimensions and function; septal and posterior wall thickness. Statistical methods of SPSS, means ± SD and paired t test, percentage of improvement were used. RESULTS: There was significant difference (P<0.01) and percentage improvement for all echocardiographyparameter after (LTMT). Inter ventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) and in systole (Ivss) increased by 27.9 % and 42.75 %. Left ventricular end systolic dimension (lvesd) and diastole (lvedd) increased by 16.81 % and 42.7 % respectively. Posterior wall thickness in systole (pwts) increased very highly by 283.3 %, and in diastole (pwtd) increased by 51.78 %. Left ventricular mass in diastole (Lvd mass) and in systole (Lvs mass) increased by 44.8 % and 40.1 % respectively. Stroke volume (sv)increased by 25% and resting heart rate (HR)improved and decreased by 14.7%. DISCUSSION: Monofin training is an effective sport to enhance "Heart athletes" for children, because the unique swim fin tool creates propulsion and over come resistance. Further researches are needed to determine the effects of monofin training on right ventricular in children athletes . Key Words: Monofin Training; Heart athlete`s, Elite child athlete, Echocardiography REFERENCE 1. Abouzeid Magdy (2008). Cardiopulmonary Adaptation in Elite children following long-term Monofin training. Bulletin No. 54, sep. 2008 ICSSPE, Berlin, Germany.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedlicher Körperbau bei Schwimmerinnen und Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020583</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020583</guid>
      <author>Martinez, M. A.</author>
      <author>Hernández, S.</author>
      <author>Esteban, P.</author>
      <author>Diaz, G.</author>
      <author>Labrado, S.</author>
      <author>Muñoz, V.</author>
      <author>Jimenez, F.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hernández, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esteban, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Labrado, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muñoz, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jimenez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: From the literature, have been shown that a variety of factors influence in performance exercise. Apart from the physiological parameters, anthropometric parameters, such as body mass, body fat, height, length of limbs, total skinfold have been shown to influence performance in athletes (Maldonado, Mujika and Padilla, 2002). In swimmers, fat mass, upper extremity length and height seem to influence performance (Tuuri, Loftin and Oescher, 2002; Geladas, Nassis and Pavlicevic, 2005; Jagomägi and Jürimäe, 2005). In female swimmers, height, body weight, percent body fat and fat-free weight have an effect on swimming performance (Siders, Lukaski and Bolonchuk, 1993). From the literature haven`t shown this influence in synchronized swimmers. The purpose of this research was to know the differences between female swimmers and synchronized swimmers in body composition. METHODS: 23 female swimmers from Spanish team and 49 female synchronized swimmers participants in Spanish Championship (15,53±0,99 years, 56,12±6,63 kg; 164,28±6,21cm). Body composition was measured by Inbody 230 (Biospace Co., Ltd. Gangnam-gu. Seoul. Korea) the following measurements were taken: body mass, height, BMI, total body water, skeletal muscle mass (SM), percentage body fat (%BF) and body fat (BF). SPSS for Windows 17.0 was used for all statistical, Independent sample T test was used to analyze the differences for each exercises in parametric variables, and Two-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test in non-parametric variables (body mass). The significant level was p<0.01. RESULTS: The results show significant differences between swimmers and synchronized swimmers in height, total body water, skeletal muscle mass and per centage body fat (p<0.01). Swimmers (168,11±5,36 cm) are significant taller than synchronized swimmers (162,48±5,79 cm). Synchronized swimmers describe low level of total body water (31,24±3,10 kg), SM (23,33±2,56 kg) and %BF (21,3429±5,69) than swimmers (35,80±2,94 kg; 27,20±2,45 kg and 17,84±4,00 respectively). DISCUSSION: It was concluded that significant different exist between female swimmers from two different exercise, synchronized swimming and swimming. So, swimmers require specific anthropometric characteristics different than synchronized swimmers. There seems to be insufficient literature on body composition in both exercises.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Atemwegs-Überreaktion bei Synchronschwimmerinnen internationaler Klasse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020582</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020582</guid>
      <author>Bougault, V.</author>
      <author>Turmel, J.</author>
      <author>Boulet, L. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bougault, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turmel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boulet, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers show the highest prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) among elite athletes. Synchronised swimmers are usually exposed for prolonged time periods to chlorinated swimming pools environment. Our aim was to document the presence of criteria for asthma and AHR in synchronised swimmers in comparison with other swimmers. METHODS: International level swimming competitors were recruited in 2008. Athletes had allergy skin prick tests, a baseline spirometry, Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea (EVH) and methacholine challenges. A swimmer was considered as having AHR if the FEV1 fall (EVHf) reached 10% or more post-EVH or if the methacholine PC20 was 4 mg/ml or less, in keeping with the IOC-MC criteria. For athletes taking inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for at least one month, a response is considered positive 3 years; 11W)+/-if PC20 is .16 mg/ml. RESULTS: Eleven synchronised swimmers (22 2 years; 8W;6M) were included. One synchronised swimmer was +/- and 14 swimmers (20 6 h/week in synchronised+/-taking ICS. Duration of training hours per week was 37 5 h/week in swimmers (p+/-swimmers compared with 28 <0.005). Synchronised 2 years (p=0.51). No+/-4 years and swimmers for 12 +/-swimmers trained for 13 significant difference was observed in prevalence of atopy, forced vital 3.4 +/-capacity or FEV1 between the two groups. Mean methacholine PC20 was 4.3 9.1 mg/ml in swimmers (p=0.77). Mean+/-mg/ml in synchronised swimmers and 7.5 7 in+/-6 % in synchronised swimmers and 12 +/-maximum fall in FEV1 post-EVH was 12 swimmers (p=0.98). There were no significant differences in maximal ventilation, sustained during the 6-min EVH between the two groups (p=0.95). The prevalences of positive diagnostic of AHR to methacholine or EVH challenge were not significantly different between the two groups. Seventy-three percent of synchronised swimmers and 54% of swimmers had AHR to methacholine, and 45% of synchronised swimmers and 46% of swimmers reached a EVHf of at least 10%. Globally, 91% of synchronised swimmers and 77% of swimmers had a positive bronchoprovocation test that could suggest the presence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. CONCLUSION: According to IOC-MC criteria, the majority of swimmers, and more even so elite synchronised swimmers have current criteria for asthma, suggesting that assessment of AHR should be more frequently done in swimmers, especially in synchronised swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung des Schwimmens am Gummiband auf die externe Leistung bei gut trainierten Behindertenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020566</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020566</guid>
      <author>Lee, C. J</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, C. J</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:Measuring propulsive force (Fp) and external power output (Pext) during swimming is exceptionally difficult due to the continual displacement of water. Tethered swimming is a highly reliable method of measuring Fp and presents a strong relationship with swimming performance. Due to advances in technology, tethered swimming can be adapted so that tether force is recorded as the swimmer progresses down the pool, allowing for the further calculation of power. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of tether speed on Pext and to identify the speed at which swimmers with a disability produce their peak power output (PPext). METHODS: Eight male and thirteen female swimmers with an IPC physical impairment classification ranging from S5 to S10, participated in the study. External power output was measured using a semi-tethered device which restricted the swimmer to a pre-set constant speed, whilst simultaneously measuring the tether force produced. Swimmers performed six maximal effort, short duration (<10 s) front crawl swims at tether speeds ranging from 30 - 80% of their maximal swimming speed (SSmax). RESULTS: As tether speed increased, the tether force decreased. External power output (mean tether force × tether speed) increased to a maximum (PPext) at either 50% or 60% of SSmax, after which power then decreased. A significant correlation was found between PPext and SSmax (r =0.85; p<0.01). The less physically impaired swimmers (S8-S10) produced higher power scores (48.6 ± 24.0 W) than the more physically impaired S5-S7 swimmers (31.4 ± 13.3 W). The highest and lowest PPext scores were 19.0 W and 96.9 W, respectively. There was a significant relationship between IPC classification and PPext in both the male (r =0.89; p<0.01) and female(r =0.75; p<0.01) groups. DISCUSSION: As the external power Pext is the product of the tether force and the speed of the swimmer, it does not account for the power required to overcome drag or the power loss to the water. Nevertheless, an improvement in Pext, at any given test speed, indicates that a swimmer has increased their propulsive force production or decreased their drag. The six-speed test identifies the PPext for each individual swimmer and appears to discriminate between impairment classes. It is believed that this test may be a useful tool for monitoring power development in swimmers and may also have future applications in the IPC classification process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>O2-Aufnahmekinetik und Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020565</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020565</guid>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breath-by-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml/min beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml·min-1), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP. 1Paulista State University, Brazil 2Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breath-by-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml·min-1 beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml/min), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Beinschlags mit gestreckten Knien auf die Wettkampfleistung im Schmetterlings-Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020564</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020564</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Butterfly swimmers should keep their body as horizontal as possible during the propulsive phases of the arm stroke (Maglischo, 2003). Since 2006, I`ve coached Kawamoto to change his butterfly technique, employing the straight leg kick, which results in a more horizontal stroke. METHODS: This study compared Kawamoto`s performance 2009 and 2005. Each subject performed 25 meter butterfly, from a push start to 15 meter under water butterfly kick. After the 15 meter point, Kawamoto swam all out butterfly stroke until completing a full 25 meters. Swimming Speed Mater (Vine, VMS-003, AC100V, 1/500sec, 0.2mm/pulse) generated the data by an attached wire with movement place. The wire then exports the analogue signals and RS232C signals. These signals calculated are then examined using Microsoft Windows Excel and a Wicoxon Signed Ranked Test.  While swimming, the subjects were monitored from the side using an underwater video camera at a sampling frequency of 60Hz (Underwater monitor system 2, YAMAHA, Shizuoka, Japan). The subjects strokes angle of degree was analyzed with DartTrainer in regards to the bending of the knee and upper body movement. RESULTS: Swimming Speed Mater shows the 2009 and 2005 max speed was 2.5m/sec to 2.7m/sec at the second kick phase. The distance pre stroke (DPS) results were different resulting in a, 2.204m±0.131 for 2009 and 1.894m±0.062 for 2005 (DPS (m) Wicoxon.: p=0.006061, 1 stroke (velocity) Wicoxon.: p=0.7748) and DartTrainer showed the upper body movement increased from 61% to 69%. Straight knee considered when the knee bend is 170 degrees to 180degrees (+170 degree), 55% use of straight knee kick for 2009 and 39% for 2005, in the one stroke. DISCUSSION: Based on the above evidence it is clear the most preferre butterfly technique is to use a straight knee kick and to maintain a horizontal body position. Since 2006, we employed the four step training plan in practice and swim meet. First step, we imagined straight kick on the land, second step was to utilize the straight leg fly kick in the pool, third step was to test the technique in a small meet, and fourth step was to utilize the technique in the taper meet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Apnoewende, einer neuen Unterwasserwendemethode für das Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020563</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020563</guid>
      <author>Taichi, K.</author>
      <author>Tsuyoshi, T.</author>
      <author>Hideki, T.</author>
      <author>Shozo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taichi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuyoshi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hideki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shozo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The present study designed the Apnea turn that carried on the whole body under water to pivot operation and push the wall. This turning method has possibility because it decreased of the wave drag to pivot at under water previously. In addition, the research paper concerning the development of a new turning method like current the Apnea turn is not found. The purpose of this study was to clarify a characteristic of the Apnea turn and to consider about possibility a new turning method for competitive swimmers. METHODS: The subjects were elite competitive swimmers, whose specialties were butterfly and breast stroke. This study calculated that each phase time (turn-in, pivot, glide, turn-out) in the turn phase, push off velocity from the wall, the distance from the wall and the center of gravity, the distance from the water surface to the center of gravity when the wall contact by foot. After the experiment, we implemented subjectively evaluated about the Apnea turn. RESULTS: Average of 5m-RTT was 5.62±0.33s at open turn, 5.55±0.27s at the Apnea turn. The push off velocity from the wall was 2.92±0.06m/s at open turn, 3.02±0.11m/s (p<0.01). Then, nine in ten subjects whose distance of the wall and the center of gravity in the Apnea turn neared than open turn (p<0.01). All subjects whose the water surface and the center of gravity in the Apnea turn was depth than the Open turn (p<0.01). DISCUSSION: The results suggest that the Apnea turn will be able to contribute to improve the swimming performance and then it may become prospective a new turning method. In addition, the Apnea turn has issue to more improve the swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachbelastungs-Hypotension und Blutlipoprotein-Veränderungen nach Schwimmtraining</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020562</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020562</guid>
      <author>Tanaka, H.</author>
      <author>Sommerlad. S. M.</author>
      <author>Renzi, C. P.</author>
      <author>Barnes, J. N.</author>
      <author>Nualnim, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sommerlad. S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Renzi, C. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barnes, J. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nualnim, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is not known whether an acute bout of swimming exercise results in similar changes in risk factors for coronary heart disease. To address this question, a total of 20 apparently healthy subjects were studied. Each subject performed 3 experimental sessions (time control, running exercise, and swimming exercise) separated by at least one week. Brachial blood pressure did not change after the 3 sessions. However, both running and swimming produced significant decreases in ankle blood pressure compared with the time control (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in cholesterol or triglycerides after the swimming or running sessions. We concluded that postexercise responses in blood pressure and blood cholesterol do not appear to be different between running and swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsökonomie im Brustschwimmen: Betrachtung unter dem Aspekt der Lebensrettung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020561</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020561</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Major, J.</author>
      <author>Hemmer, S.</author>
      <author>Haavaag, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Major, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hemmer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haavaag, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[When adopting a head up position in breaststroke the center of gravity is displaced backward, farther from the center of buoyancy. This causes a tendency for the legs to sink, increasing the angle of the body with the horizontal plane and concurrently, resistance. Increased resistance theoretically reduces survival possibilities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the difference in energy expenditure for breaststroke with the head held constantly above the surface and for breaststroke performed with normal breathing. Classic Douglas bag respirometry was used. During submaximal swimming, the volume of oxygen uptake was significantly higher when swimming with the face constantly above the surface than with normal breathing. Both pulse rate and blood lactate levels were also significantly higher when swimming "head up".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen von Immunstatus und Infektionen der oberen Atemwege in den ersten sieben Wochen einer Wintertrainingssaison portugiesischer Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020560</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020560</guid>
      <author>Rama, L. M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Rosado, F.</author>
      <author>Azevedo, S.</author>
      <author>Matos, A.</author>
      <author>Henriques, A.</author>
      <author>Paiva, A.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rosado, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azevedo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henriques, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paiva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[increase of training load in the first mesocycle of the season. Swimmers often come back from off training periods unfit, so this option could result in a maladaptation condition with impact on the work capacity and health of the athletes. This study focused on the variation of hormonal and immune markers, and in the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (URTIS) registered during the first mesocyce of preparation, of a winter season, in a group of male swimmers. Results show that the higher rate of URTIS of the training season occurred in this period. At rest, an increase in leukocyte counts and a decrease in CD4+, CD8+ and NK cell counts were found. The increased serum cortisol levels and the decrease in the testosterone/cortisol ratio, could lead to a diminished immune competence observed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungsmethode des Energieverbrauchs durch die Beschleunigung des Kopfs beim Aquajogging</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020520</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020520</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed at estimating energy expenditure (EE) by accelerations of human head during water walking (WW). Fifty Japanese males (n = 29, age: 27 to 73) and females (n = 21, age: 33 to 70) participated in this study. They conducted WW at three walking speeds of 25 m/min, 30 m/ min and 35 m/min. During the WW, an accelerometer was attached to the occipital region of the subjects and recorded three-dimensional accelerations at 100 Hz. We developed estimation equation for EE (kcal/ min/kg) including three components of the resting metabolic rate, internal energy expenditure for moving his/her body and energy expenditure against for water drag force. The correlation coefficients were high in both males (r = 0.79) and females (r = 0.77). theoretical estimation equations for EE during WW was developed]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportliche Wiederherstellung eines Wasserspringers für die Rückkehr in den Wettkampfsport nach Schulterdislokation</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020519</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020519</guid>
      <author>Fujinawa, O.</author>
      <author>Kondo, Y.</author>
      <author>Tachikawa, K.</author>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Hirose, K.</author>
      <author>Matsunaga, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fujinawa, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachikawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunaga, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high-school male diver was diagnosed with tendinitis of the left supraspinatus secondary to shoulder dislocation during the water-entry stage of a 10-m dive. Land-based athletic rehabilitation consisting of 15 sessions was initiated at a hospital on the 5th day after the injury.  After treatment with anti-inflammatory medication and immobilization by using a chest band, the patient performed stabilizing exercise of the glenohumeral joint and scapula abduction-adduction exercises from the 13th to the 22nd day. Aquatic rehabilitation (total, 6 times) was started on the 17th day; joint mobilization of the glenohumeral joint and mobilization with movements and motor control exercises were applied until just before competition. He started diving practice on the 21st day; then, he returned to the National Sports Festival competition and won the 2nd prize for the 10-m platform dive on the 26th day after injury.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der aeroben/anaeroben Leistung funktionell behinderter Schwimmer: Niedrige Klassen vs. hohe Klassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020518</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020518</guid>
      <author>de Aymerich, J.</author>
      <author>de Aymerich, J.</author>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Aymerich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Aymerich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in the LA accumulation in disabled swimmers belonging to the lower classes, higher classes and those without functional disability. The sample was made up of 38 swimmers, 10 disabled swimmers from classes 1 to 5 (G1), 9 swimmers from classes 6 to 10 (G2) and 10 swimmers without functional disability (G3). The swimmers performed two bouts of swimming: one anaerobic and the other aerobic-anaerobic. The Anova showed significant differences between the groups (p<0.005). Finally, in anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic intensities, the swimmers of the lower classes have a lower LA accumulation than the swimmers from higher classes and the swimmers without any functional impairment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen, Radfahren, Laufen und die Herz-Kreislauf-Gesundheit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020517</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020517</guid>
      <author>Bagheri, A.</author>
      <author>Mohebbi, H.</author>
      <author>Azizi, M.</author>
      <author>Saiiari, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bagheri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohebbi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azizi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saiiari, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A number of epidemiological studies have proved the benefits of regular physical activity for the prevention of CHD. Exercise recommendations for health can be obtained from extrapolation between different modes of exercise. Forty non-athlete male youth participated in this study for the comparative effects of swimming, cycling and running on lipid and lipoproteins serum. In this study, after aerobic training, HDL-c increased and LDL-c decreased; so TC and TG decreased. The findings suggest that moderate training performed over many weeks induces positive changes in the plasma lipid and lipoproteins concentration in youth. However, there were differences between the three groups. Swimming, running and cycling are positive for health, although this study suggested that they have different effects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle verbaler Information zur sensorischen Erfahrung von einem Bewegungsapparat im Prozess der Schwimmökonomisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020516</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020516</guid>
      <author>Zaton, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zaton, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The way information is transferred and received in the process of learning motor swimming activities directly determines the effectiveness of the process. An effective way to improve the economization of the actions is through constant mastering of muscle tension regulation. This  is only possible when a learner can receive information from the water environment, which affects his/her receptors in a conscious way. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of verbal information, which makes the learner aware of the kinaesthetic experience and which, in effect, decreases the physiological cost of work.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zum kognitiven Wechselspiel zwischen sensorischen und biomechanischen Merkmalen beim Ausführen der Rollwende mit unterschiedlichen Schwimmanzügen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020515</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020515</guid>
      <author>Vieluf, S.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Lex, H.</author>
      <author>Schack, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensomotorik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vieluf, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lex, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schack, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A flip turn is a motor action due to a combination of the established competence matching features of postures and situational influences. In general, movements are organized at different cognitive levels including their sensory effects. Every movement is formed by cognitive units, called Basic Action Concepts. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the influence of sensory effects on the biomechanical outcome of  the flip turn technique under two different conditions: regular and high tech full swim suit. Methods were biomechanical analysis for the flip turn, a questionnaire for examining the strength of sensory effects, and two sets for the structure dimension analysis-motorics. The results revealed a close connection between the cognitive representation of the sensory based effects of flip turn technique and their biomechanical structure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trends in der natürlichen Selektion qualifizierter junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020514</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020514</guid>
      <author>Timakova, T.</author>
      <author>Klyuchnikova, M. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tendenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Timakova, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klyuchnikova, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: High level results in modern sport require the great physical and psychical efforts from young athletes. Some specialists offer to conduct the early orientation for children with usual abilities and gifted young ones. This problem has difficulties not only in search of such criteria but also in some social and moral aspects. Aim of this study was to find out facts of change in young swimming leaders, and to discover the reasons of this replacement. METHODS: We compared the data of two investigated young swimmers contingents, which optimal age for the best achievements came on the 1990s and on the first decade of 2000s. In total 210 girls and 216 boys aged 12-19 years were surveyed. We investigated testing data: 1) anthropometry and definition of biological age; 2) bio-energetic parameters and functional abilities of swimmers in swimming flume. Biological age (BA) defined by a method of the author (T.S.Timakova, 1986, 2006). Differs between chronologic age (CA) and BA distributed all swimmers over five groups: (R1, R2, N, À1; À2). The investigative data were processed by means of standard statistic methods. The classification and factor-typological description of objects were used as well. RESULTS: Comparison of 1990s swimmers contingent by the types of biological development showed the definite tendencies of age allocation. But only some athletes of younger ages moved forwards in the following years. Particularly it relates to the contingent of girls. At the 2000s swimming generation the shift towards increase of candidates age for national team selection was shown. The most of 15-16 years swimmers differed by signs of their age norm development. But at the next ages the number of retarded swimmers was increased in both sexes. In order to determine the reasons of young leaders change with the years we used 14-aged athletes classification in all volume of testing data. The different states of swimmers singled out classis were obtained. Two main reasons explain the character of leading swimmers change at different age groups. One cause is in shortterm advantage in ontogenesis for a part of swimmers. The other reason pertains to using of premature intensive training program for swimmers with more complicated variants of age development. CONCLUSION: The need of studying characters of age development in young swimmers was revealed. It allows to find the peculiarities in training process and to define the optimum age of the best achievements demonstration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines durch den Delfinbeinschlag eines Schwimmers erzeugten Zielsounds auf die Delfinbeinschlagleistung eines anderen Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020511</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020511</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akustik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a target sound made by a model swimmer`s dolphin kick movement on another swimmer`s dolphin kick performance. Fifteen competitive swimmers participated in this study. Subjects were required to swim using a dolphin kick while listening to the target sound as closely as possible. The aim of the task was to determine whether the timing and displacement of their dolphin kick would change, and the degree to which the change would be retained without the sound. After swimming with sound, subjects experienced a decrease in timing error relative to their performance without sound for up to 300 s, but displacement error did not decrease significantly. The results also suggested that with auditory models, which have been particularly effective for timing patterns, it would be hard to recognize displacement differences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Imaginationstraining mit jungen Schwimmern: Einfluss auf Flowzustand und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020509</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020509</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ideomotorisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Imagination</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Flow</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Imagery training is the ability to develop mental images increasing human performances. Flow is one of the peak moments corresponding to a state of optimal experience that can be measured through the Flow State Scale (FSS) questionnaire related to 9 fundamentals or dimensions (D1 to D9) in which Flow can be subdivided. This study aimed to observe the effects of a specific Imagery training on the Flow and on the swimming performance. METHODS: Sixteen young swimmers volunteered for the study: i. Experimental (13.0±0.53 years, 52.5±6.5 kg, 161±7 cm); ii. Control (13.25±1.04 years, 55.38±7.95 kg, 165±8 cm). Supplementing the swimming training during three weeks, Experimental subjects accomplished a specific mental training on the Imagery based on visualizing three images representing important phases of the front crawl. The FSS questionnaire was filled out by subjects before and after training as well as the performance on 100m front crawl stroke was surveyed. RESULTS: FSS was not repeatable for the D5 and D8 dimensions. In the other dimensions no differences were found in the Control, whereas a significant difference (p<0.05) was noticed in some answers of the Experimental subjects referring to the D3, D6, D7 and D9 dimensions. In the 100m front crawl stroke no differences (p>0.05) were found between Experimental and Control as well as between the pre and post training in the intra-group comparisons. DISCUSSION: The lack of the repeatability in D5 (concentration on the task avoiding distractions) is probably related to the young age of swimmers that could induce difficulties in the concentration. Flow state tends anyway to vary after the Imagery training, in D3 (clarity of targets) and in D6 (sense of control) in particular. Imagery training aided athletes in identifying a specific target in order to increase the motivation in reaching it. The negative trend in D7 (lack of the oneself awareness) and in D9 (the autotelic experience) probably depends on forcing a voluntary execution of the technical movement instead of automatic movements the Imagery training would have induced. An extended training for a longer period and with swimmers of different age is advisable in order to study effects on the swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz eines Skalogramms zur Feststellung einer günstigen Reihenfolge für den Fertigkeitserwerb im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020504</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020504</guid>
      <author>Langendorfer, S. J.</author>
      <author>Chaya, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Langendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaya, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Scalogram, first proposed by Guttman (1950), is a descriptive ordering technique used in the social sciences to investigate how heterogeneous behavioral items may temporally relate to one another. In the present study, we explored whether there was a predictable temporal order of acquisition among selected swim skill items used in the instruction of swimming to identify whether the preferred order suggested preferences for the order in which to teach the same swim skills. A convenience sample of thirty-one college students enrolled in University instructional swimming classes performed each of the items in random order while each performance was videotaped by the investigators. After establishing acceptable inter-observer objectivity exceeding P . 0.80, the investigators observed each of the video trials and scored each item for each participant as pass-fail using pre-established criteria based on the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety learn-to-swim program (2004). The Red Cross order for teaching the tested skills was confirmed as the best order identified by the scalogram for young adult participants with a coefficient of reproducibility of CR = 0.93. Limitations in the procedures and results suggested the need for several future studies to identify whether the order could be applied to other ages and ability levels as well as to how susceptible the scalogram technique is to idiosyncratic instructional experiences of participants.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines traditionellen 25-m-Tests der Schwimmfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020144</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020144</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Blixt, T.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blixt, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A universal definition of the ability to swim has yet to be agreed upon. Some believe that "how far" one swims is the most important criterion. The number of meters is controversial. Some use a traditional definition of from 25m to 200m, often as the only criterion of "can swim". In fact, this is not the point. A conceptual model emphasizes broader competence. The result of this model is a combined test including more than only distance. This combined test was used as the criterion to test the construct validity of a traditional test. When these two tests were compared they were found to be very different, thus measuring different qualities. Among children already declared able to swim by the traditional test, only 5.7% satisfied the conditions of the conceptual test. It was concluded that the traditional test was not a valid measure of the ability to swim.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Progression im Anfängerschwimmen: Rangfolge nach dem Schwierigkeitsgrad</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020143</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020143</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Blixt, T.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blixt, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["Teach first things first"! But what comes first? Where do we start? Also, children are different and no progression will suit all. However, it should be possible to a) agree on content and b) find a progression that suits a majority. Children 5-6 yrs of age (N=146) received 18 hrs of instruction, in small groups. A theoretical progression of 19 skills was created from the international literature, examining course content of leading educational organizations. A single head instructor coordinated all teaching. Evaluation of progress and recording of criterion success on the 19 skills was overseen by the same head instructor. The number of children succeeding on each skill was deemed a reflection of the degree of difficulty. The actual rank order of skills derived from these learners was correlated to the theoretical rank order using Spearman`s rank order correlation. Rho proved to be 0.97. Among other results, all (paired) skills on the front proved easier than the corresponding skill on the back. Arguements are presented to defend retaining the theoretical rank order as well as arguements for adjusting the rank order. However, when individualising teaching, there seems to be an optimal progression for each child, albeit slightly different from one child to another. It was surmised that degree of difficulty may not be the only criterion to be used when creating a progression.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen mit verminderter Sehkraft: Beziehung mit der sensorischen Wahrnehmung, Koordination und Lateralität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020141</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020141</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Tadini, F.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sehbehinderte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sehen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tadini, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Maintaining control of direction during displacement is important in swimming, particularly for backstroke and open water events.  ensoryperception, coordination and laterality can relate to the ability to swim straight. This study aimed to analyze these relationships in front crawl, backstroke and breaststroke swum in a condition of eyesight deprivation. High correlation was found between the sensory-perception abilities and the ability in blind straight swimming. A crossed dominance right arm - left leg seems to be related to a better ability to manage the swimming direction in breaststroke, but neither in front crawl nor in backstroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der kinästhetischen Differenzierungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020139</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020139</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Longo, S</author>
      <author>Scurati, R</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Events longer than 50 meters require some tactical skills in order to manage the increase of fatigue, such as distributing the effort evenly over the whole distance. Kinaesthetic differentiation skills are required to achieve a very high precision of the movements. The repeatability of two procedures, aimed to measure the kinaesthetic differentiation abilities of swimmers was studied and the correlations between the actual performances and the expected performances with respect to gender and to the degree of change in velocity, were observed. Collecting the data in a single day and during four days running resulted in reliable results. Male swimmers seem to differentiate better than females and show a generally higher coefficient of correlation between the actual and the expected performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im Leistungsniveau im Schwimmen: Relativer Beitrag von Kraft und Technik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020137</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020137</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the relative contributions of strength (measured by force, F) and technique (measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) to swimming performance. Male (n = 40) and female (n = 40) swimmers were tested with Aquanex+Video swimming four trials (one of each stroke) over a 20 m course. Underwater video, hand force data, and swim time were collected over the last 10 m. The magnitude of the difference between faster and slower swimmers in both F and Cd was calculated as an effect size (ES). The mean ES for the Cd was almost double the ES for F, indicating that the advantage faster swimmers have over slower swimmers is derived more from technique than strength. Coaches can use this information to implement the most appropriate interventions for continued improvement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Anleitung für die Atmungssteuerung beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020135</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020135</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, N.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, R.</author>
      <author>Shibata, Y.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to clarify the important factors preventing swimming apnea. We conducted the experiment with seven subjects using four pressure transducers simultaneously. These were connected to the control unit and the data were analyzed to detect pressure changes with the face in three different positions. We verified that trained swimmers vary the amount of air blown out of the nose and mouth independently. There was an interval between exhaling from the nose to exhaling from the mouth. In the case of instruction for beginners, in order to prevent swimming apnea it is effective if the instructor has the learner pronounce "Mnn" with the nose, then once that is completed, pronounce "Pha" or "Pa" from the mouth to blow out.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Restriktion der perzeptuellen Aufgabe bei der zeitlichen Organisierung des Kraulschwimmens: Oberflächencharakteristika</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020134</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020134</guid>
      <author>Brito, C. A. F.</author>
      <author>Belvis, W. C.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brito, C. A. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Belvis, W. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to observe how disturbing swimming skill execution can influence the superficial parameters of front crawl. There was mixed random-systematic sampling among 5% of high-ability swimmers from São Caetano do Sul, enrolled with DETUR in 2008 (n=106). Disturbance was carried out by light shone onto the retina, forming a configuration according to the degree of complexity. The subjects swam at a natural rhythm. Data were analyzed using Mauchly`s Test of Sphericity and repeated measures ANOVA (Contrast). Probability was 5% (p<0.05). We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in the variable parameters (time, speed, distance and swimming strategy) of front crawl after perception manipulation, even when maintaining the distance to be executed and a normal swimming rhythm.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Daten ergänzen qualitative Bewertungen des Schmetterlingsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020133</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020133</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[As mechanical advantage increases with both shoulder extension and elbow flexion during the beginning of the butterfly pull, it was hypothesized that hand force would significantly increase with two events: 1) when the hands first submerge below the level of the shoulders and 2) when elbow flexion begins. Female swimmers (n = 23) from three university teams were tested with Aquanex+Video, swimming butterfly over a 20 m course. As hypothesized, there was a significant (p<.01) increase in force for both events, emphasizing the importance of a mechanically advantageous angle at both the shoulder and elbow. Based on the quantitative results, coaches can qualitatively evaluate swimmers to ensure they eliminate the wasted time that their hands are above the shoulders and begin elbow flexion as soon as the arm entry is complete.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Schwimmsportforschung: Inhaltsanalyse der Vortragsbände ""Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming" von 1971-2006</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020132</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020132</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Pinto, E.</author>
      <author>Cruz, A. M.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Queiros, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Queiros, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of swimming science research based on the content analysis of the "Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming" Proceedings book series from 1971 to 2006 (i.e., a total of 622 full papers). There was an increasing number of papers published within the period of time analyzed (ranging from 23 papers in 1971 to 145 manuscripts in 2006). Comparing the sub-categories related to "Aquatic activity" most research done was clearly on "competitive swimming". In the last decade there is a slight but increasing interest in "head-out aquatic exercises" Analyzing the main "scientific area" of study, "Biomechanics" was the most often assessed area, followed by "Physiology". Since 2003 an increasing trend in "interdisciplinary assessment" manuscripts was verified.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die aus dem 200-400-m-Modell abgeleitete kritische Geschwindigkeit bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020131</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020131</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Formel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to compare the critical swimming speed (CSS) obtained by the 200-400m (CSS10) vs 14 different combinations of CSS and vs 1500m velocity (V1500) in 11 young sprint swimmers (male) of national competitive level. CSS1 (50-100m) was the combination that most overestimated CSS10. The lowest error on the estimation of CSS was observed for the CSS3 (50-400m) (-0.5%) and CSS7 (100-400m) (0.8%). CSS10 overestimated V1500 by 3.5%. This might suggest studies to measure the level of agreement between CSS10 vs the other combinations and between CSS10 vs V1500 to check whether this level of agreement will be maintained until adulthood.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beschleunigungsmessung als Mittel zur Quantifizierung von Trainingsstreckenlänge und -geschwindigkeit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020130</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020130</guid>
      <author>Wright, B. V.</author>
      <author>Hinman, M. G.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wright, B. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinman, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine the potential relationships between accelerometer output and swim speed, and output and swim distance. Fifty-three competitive swimmers (age: 17.7 ±3.13 yrs.) fitted with two accelerometers completed two series of multiple swim bouts used to develop prediction equations for swim distance (m) and speed -formed using a subset of 13 swimmers. Significant relationships were found for accelerometer output and swim distance (R2= 0.81, p<0.05) and swim speed (R2= 0.64, p<0.05). Cross-validation for actual vs predicted swim distance and swim speed were significant (Swim Distance: R2 =0.96, p<0.001, Swim Speed: R2= 0.53, p<0.001). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that accelerometers have the ability to quantify individual swimming distance and speed with acceptable validity after the swimmer completes a swim bout.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring von Schwimmtraining auf der Grundlage der mittleren Belastungsintensität und der individuellen Stressreaktion bei einem Spitzenschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020129</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020129</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Steffen, R.</author>
      <author>Vogel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steffen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swim coaches prescribe training to enhance the properties required for a person to swim the same distance in less time. Monitoring training strain may give a clue to the relationship between training and race performance. Mujika (1996) monitored a training season reducing training components to one MITS-value (mean intensity of a training season). Since training strain is modulated by personal traits into an internal fatiguing impulse, cooperation by the athlete is essential to monitor the perceived stress at the end of a day and the next morning, respectively. The difference of both items, called delayed perceived fatigue, and MITS-value of a world level female swimmer was registered for 144 days: MITS = 2.01 ± 0.12 and the delayed perceived fatigue = -1.31 ± 1.81 arbitrary units, respectively. The increase of the race performance was 2.8%.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatreaktionen beim Intervalltraining mit der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmerinnen verschiedener Nachwuchs-Altersklassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020128</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020128</guid>
      <author>Tsalis, G.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Michailidou, D.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsalis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michailidou, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study examined the blood lactate responses of female swimmers at intensity corresponding to critical velocity (CV). Eight children (C), eleven youth (Y) and seven adults (A) were timed in distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 m for the CV calculation. On a following day the C performed 5x300 m and the Y and A 5x400 m repetitions with 30-40 s interval, at CV. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was similar between groups and maintained steady within a range of 3.5±1.2 to 5.1±1.6 mmol·L-1 (p>0.05). RPE and RPE/[La] ratio were no different between groups (p>0.05) and increased after the second and third repetition respectively in all groups (p<0.05). During 28-31 min intermittent swimming, children, youth and adult female swimmers are able to sustain CV with a steady [La] despite an increased subjective perception of fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Angebundenes Schwimmen als Mittel zur Evaluierung von Armkraftungleichgewicht</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020110</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020110</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eight competitive swimmers performed a series of maximum intensity tethered swimming tests using full-stroke, arms only, right and left arm only. In all tests, the force of each arm-stroke was determined. The validity of each arm-stroke separation was tested in advance using overwater and underwater video recordings (ICC=0.939, and 0.974, p<0.05). The reliability of force measurement for each arm-stroke was tested in a separate group of swimmers (ICC=0.985, and 0.975, p<0.05). Swimming force was not different between right and left arm-stroke in all tests (p>0.05). Right and left, single arm-stroke forces were correlated between tests (r=0.79 to r=0.92, p<0.05). Specific force of each armstroke can be reliably measured during tethered swimming using a valid separation of each arm-stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifikation einer Entwicklungstendenz in der natürlichen Progression der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020109</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020109</guid>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <author>Brammer, C. L.</author>
      <author>Tanner, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2008</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanner, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The longitudinal progression of athletic records has been described by best fit curves which can be used to extrapolate future athletic  erformances. Any subsequent significant deviations from these curves would suggest compelling evidence of cataclysmic changes introduced into the sport. We evaluated recent elite swim performances to determine if bias can be identified within competitive swimming. Predictions of the 2008 Olympic swimming competition were calculated for each event and compared to actual performances. 17/26 events in 2008 were significantly faster than predicted (p<0.05). A bias existed during the 2008 Olympic Games such that performances were faster than predicted. Speculation of the causes of this observation include but are not limited to new swim suits, ergogenic aids, better training, and improved technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Krafterzeugung und der Ermüdung mittels eines anaeroben Tests unterschiedlich entwickelter Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020108</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020108</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Silva, R.</author>
      <author>Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Maia, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to characterize fatigue determining thresholds in force-to-time curves produced during 30 second tethered swimming efforts. Ninety swimmers of three maturational groups took part in the study. Values of maximal, mean, and minimum force were determined, as well as the variation coefficient of the mean force. The anaerobic fatigue thresholds were determined on the individual force-totime curves, and typical stroke cycles were determined before and after the fatigue occurrence. Typical force cycles were quantitatively analysed. It was possible to conclude that force tends to increase with maturation in males. In females, tethered force seems to stabilize after puberty.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Repräsentiert der y-Achsenabschnitt einer Regressionslinie im Konzept der kritischen Geschwindigkeit den Index zur Bewertung der anaeroben Kapazität?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020107</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020107</guid>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Okita, K.</author>
      <author>Baba, Y.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regression</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the yintercept of a regression line in the critical velocity concept could be utilized as an index for evaluating anaerobic capacity. Twenty-one welltrained college swimmers performed a maximum effort swim over 50, 100, 200 and 400m for modeling the distance-time (D-T) relationship and measuring peak blood lactate concentration ([La]), and a 30-s  allout Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) performed with arms and legs. The y-intercept was significantly related to highest [La], the mean and the peak power of the WAnT performed with both arms and legs. These results suggest that the y-intercept is a valuable index for evaluating anaerobic capacity using a non-invasive method in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der mentalen Belastung bei maximaler Schwimmintensität mittels des NASA-TLX-Fragebogens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020106</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020106</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychischer Prozess</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Syrien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The NASA-TLX questionnaire [1] assesses six independent dimensions (mental, physical and temporal demand, own performance, effort, frustration) composing mental workload. Its sensitivity was tested according to the magnitude of effort, gender, age expertise and progress. METHODS: Fifty subjects divided according to gender (27 men, 23 women), expertise (33 experts, 17 recreational), and age (34 adults, 16 youths) performed a maximal 400-m front crawl. Experts also performed 100-, 200- and 300-m trials at the velocity of the previous 400-m, and retested on the maximal 400-m after three months of aerobic training. ANOVAs examined age, gender, expertise, distance and training effects on total workload (TWL) and other dimensions of the NASA-TLX. RESULTS: Women had lower TWL (48±9 vs. 54±2, p<.05) and effort (59±13 vs. 70±21, p<.05) level than men. No difference based on expertise was observed for any dimension of the TLX. Youth had lower TWL (47±6 vs. 53±10, p<.05) and temporal demand (36±20 vs. 57±20, p<.05) than adults. From 100- to 400-m, a significant increase was recorded in TWL (32±28 vs. 50±28, p<.05), physical demand (21±22 vs. 65±29, p<.05) and effort (32±16 vs. 63±19, p<.05). After three months of training, no significant difference in TWL was noted, although swimmers with improved performance exhibited lower scores in frustration (50±25vs30±15, p<.05) and own performance (64±22 vs. 35±19, p<.05) and higher scores in effort (46±25 vs. 64±16, p<.05). DISCUSSION: The TLX-NASA questionnaire is sensitive to the objective task demand rather than to the participant`s level, although some variations were seen in gender and age groups. The retest condition indicated its overall reliability, and analysis of its dimensions allows subtle changes to be highlighted. It thus seems to be an interesting tool for coaches and scientists alike.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung kognitionsbasierten Techniktrainings auf die Zuglänge bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020105</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020105</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Buss, W.</author>
      <author>Schack, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zuglänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buss, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schack, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study deals with a specific and innovative aspect of long-term performance-planning in swimming: cognition-based technique training. Based on the studies of Thomas Schack on the cognitive architecture of movements, the cognition-based technique training method was developed and proved the first time in swimming. The study applies the program `Split`, which has already been successfully used in other sports. Split uses distance scaling between the elements of a system of concepts to measure conceptual structures. To evaluate the potential introduction of cognition-based technique training in long-term performanceplanning of swimmers, biomechanical criteria were used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wurfgenauigkeit bei Wasserballspielern unterschiedlichen Trainingsalters und Fitnesszustands in statischer Position und nach vorangegangenem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020104</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020104</guid>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to compare throwing accuracy in a static position to after previous swimming in relation to training age and fitness level. Fifty (50) water polo players (aged: 11-17 yrs) were tested. Significant differences were observed in throwing accuracy between the static position and after previous swimming (F=58.05, P<0.001) by training age (F=21.8, P<0.001) and byfitness level (F=44.73, P<0.001). Moreover, throwing accuracy was greater in a static position than after previous swimming. Players with greater training age and better swimming performance had higher throwing accuracy than younger players and than those of with lower swimming performance. No significant differences were observed between Ä values in throwing accuracy in a static position or after previous swimming in relation to training age and fitness level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Markovkettenmodell für Wettkämpfe im Spitzen-Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020085</guid>
      <author>Pfeiffer, M.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Siegel, A.</author>
      <author>Boehnlein, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pfeiffer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siegel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boehnlein, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In performance analysis in game sports, it is important to respect the the interactive process between the two teams or players. So, in game analysis problems mostly occur in adequate modelling of the competition. The concept of match-play analysis through mathematical simulation by means of the Markov-chain model was established in several sports games (Lames, 1991; McGarry & Franks, 1994), and in this study used to analyse the performances of the German and Serbian Water Polo team at the World League Final 2007 in Berlin. METHODS: The starting point of our state-transition-model was the possession of the ball. The offensive play was modelled on the basis of offensive attempts, which were characterized by 28 different states. The states represent the different player positions in man-even (6-6) and man-up offense (6-5) as well as specific game situations (e.g. goal). The transitions from one state of the match to another represent the tactical behaviour of the teams and can be quantified in a transition matrix of the states with the transition probabilities. We formalized this matrix by means of a finite Markov-chain (stochastic modelling) to determine the performance relevance of each tactical behavior by mathematical simulation. In this study, 11 games with participation of the two teams were analyzed. RESULTS: The objectivity was determined with two observers in three games. The Cohens-Kappa values of 0.80 to 0.86 can be classified as excellent (Robson, 2002). For both teams the tactical transitions "Win of ball-Counter attack", "Back player-Man-up (6-5)" und "Back player-Center forward" showed the highest performance relevance. Significant differences between the two teams could only be found for the tactical pattern "Flanker player-Driving in". DISCUSSION: Our results confirm the possibility to model a water polo match by means of a Markov-chains. The simulative calculation of the performance relevance of tactical behavior underlines the importance of the fast break
and of intense activities of the back players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelle für die Bewertung der allgemeinen horizontalen Schwimmfähigkeiten von Junioren-Wasserballspielern entsprechend ihrer Spielposition</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020083</guid>
      <author>Özkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to identify general level of horizontal swimabilities of junior water polo players according to playing position. The subjects were 71 players, members of national junior teams. The players were divided in three main playing position groups; peripherals (P), center defenders (CD) and center players (C). The following six swimming tests were performed, crawl; 15m, 25m, 50m, 200m, 25m crawl with head up and 25m crawl with ball. The results of these tests were analyzed using a confirmative model of factor analysis for the determination of the factor scores and mathematical multidimensional procedures were determined for creating models. There were no statistical differences (p>0.05) between general level of basic horizontal swim abilities according to position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der subjektiven Belastung auf das Zyklustiming im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020082</guid>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Sato, S.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Timing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungszyklus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Competitive swimmers require the capacity to change swimming speed to control their output. Nevertheless, controlling their own motion is difficult for athletes. They attempt to control their own motion depending on subjective sensations. This study examined the relation between stroke motion and subjective efforts during breaststroke swimming (BR) in comparison with front crawl swimming (FC). METHODS: In this study, 22 well-trained college swimmers participated after giving their consent. Eight 25-m swim trials were conducted, consisting of two styles (FC and BR) and four levels of subjective effort. The levels were four steps from 70-100% effort with the same clearance for one fs maximal effort. The swimming velocity (SV, m/s) was calculated with each swimming record. The stroke rates (SR, strokes/min) were calculated from videotaped data of the swimmers. A second camcorder was placed underwater to record the swimmers for at least one complete stroke cycle, supporting analyses of the stroke phases (divided into three phases). Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). A stroke × grading level (2 × 4) repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the significance of changes with grading level between strokes. Tukey fs post hoc test was used. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: A significant positive correlation was found between subjective effort and SV. The regression equations of FC and BR were, respectively, Y=0.67X+0.335 (r=0.99, p<0.01) and Y=0.42 X+0.587 (r=0.97, p<0.01). Increasing and decreasing the swimming velocity depends remarkably upon SR, not only for FC but also for BR. However, a significant interaction (p = 0.011) was found for SV. No significant interaction (p = 0.821) was found for SR. Both strokes have the same ratio of SR increase as stepping up the subjective effort, but not the same ratio of SV increase. Results show that the degree of SV increase by SR increase in BR is less than in FC, which might be attributed to technical characteristics: the difference between the alternate arm stroke in FC and in the simultaneous arm stroke in BR. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, increasing and decreasing the swimming velocity depends remarkably upon SR, not only in FC but also in BR. However, the degree of the SV increase by the SR increase in BR is expected to be less than in FC. These results suggest that changing SV with subjective effort in race and training is available as a difference of style.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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