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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Armkoordination und Energieverbrauch beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019421</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019421</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Morais, P.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The capacity to reach high swimming velocities (v) is greatly dependent on biomechanical and physiological parameters. Additionally, the stroke temporal organization is also important to characterise highly skilled swimmers. Ten years ago Chollet et al. (2000) presented the Index of Coordination (IdC), a tool that assesses arm coordination. The assessment of the energy cost (C) is also well reported in the literature. Thus, it was aimed to assess the relationships between IdC and C at moderate to high intensities front crawl. METHODS: Seven high level swimmers performed a paced incremental protocol of 7x200m (0.05 m/s increments, 30s rest), until exhaustion (Fernandes et al., 2003). Oxygen consumption was measured through direct breathby-breath oximetry (K4b2, Cosmed) and blood lactate concentrations were assessed at rest, during the intervals, and immediately after each step (YSI1500LSport auto-analyser). C was assessed with data obtained both from aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways. Video analysis, obtained from two synchronized video cameras (JVC GR-SX1 SVHS) fixed on the lateral wall of the pool, was used in order to obtain the IdC value in all stages. RESULTS: During the incremental protocol, IdC and C increased, presenting very high relationships with v (r=0.99 and r=0.98, p<0.01, respectively. Despite InC and C were very highly correlated (r=0.99, p<0.01), when removing the effect of v (through partial correlation method), this relationship was not significant (r=0.42, p=0.40). DISCUSSION: The increase in swimming v implied a changed from a catch-up to an opposition mode (near to the VO2max intensities), which is in agreement with the literature (Chollet et al., 2000). Equally, C values also increased with v, as described before, seeming to be justified by the increasing power output necessary to overcome drag. The main finding was the very high direct relationship between IdC and C (r=0.99, p<0.01), which is in accordance with previous studies in terrestrial locomotion. However, the simple analysis of the r value shows that C increase with the increased continuity of technique (higher IdC), which seems to be paradoxal, being probably explainable by the fact that both parameters are strongly influenced by v. When it was removed the effect of v, it was observed that IdC and C do not correlate significantly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungskoordination während der Wellenbewegung in der Unterwasserphase beim Schwimmstart bei Hochleistungsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019420</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019420</guid>
      <author>Elipot, M.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Dietrich, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elipot, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dietrich, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In swimming event, start is determinant to achieve a good race performance. During the underwater undulatory swimming phase, swimmers have to find the optimal leg motor coordination to produce the highest propulsive forces without increasing the hydrodynamic resistances. The aim of this study is to determine the motor coordination that high level swimmers are able to produce during the underwater undulatory swimming phase of the start. METHODS: 12 high level male swimmers participated in this study. Swimmers were asked to performe the most efficient grab start. Swimmers were filmed during the whole underwater phase of the start by 4 mini-DV camcorders. Nine anatomical landmarks were identified on the swimmer`s body. To minimise the error during the digitising process, both sides of the swimmers were supposed to be symmetric. Landmarks space coordinates have been calculated using a modified 2D DLT technique (inspired from Drenk et al., 1999). Space reconstruction accuracy was 6.2 mm. Ankle, knee and hip angles and positions were calculated. Motor coordinations and synergies were identified by computing cross correlation functions. RESULTS: Results show significant cross correlation between: the hip angle and the ankle angle, the hip angle and the trunk angle, the hip angle and the thigh angle of attack, the knee angle and the thigh angle of attack, the knee depth and the thigh angle of attack, the knee depth and the hip angle, the knee depth and the knee angle, the hip angle and the leg angle attack, the knee angle and the leg angle attack, the ankle depth and the hip angle, the ankle depth and the knee angle, the toes depth and the hip angle, the toes depth and the knee angle, the toes depth and ankle angle. DISCUSSION: During the underwater undutory swimming, swimmers have to find the optimal leg amplitude. It seems that high level swimmers control leg amplitude thanks to a strong joint synergy between the hip action and the ankle action. Knee action is also important but seems to have an independent effect on leg amplitude.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zugkraftcharakteristika beim maximalen 10s-Wassertreten ("Schneebesen") bei Elite-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019355</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019355</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In water polo, duel play is the players` basic technical and tactical (TE-TA) position in both offense and defense. The position essentially enables players to block the opponent by holding their arms so as to perform the TE-TA elements, using the eggbeater kick technique simultaneously. This paper aimed to define the basic kinematical and mechanical characteristics of 10s maximal tethered eggbeater kicks in elite water polo (WP) players. METHODS: The study involved 14 male elite WP players (Age=21.5±5.1yrs, BH=187.2±6.1cm, BM=84.5±11.9kg, training experience=11.7±3.6yrs). The tests were conducted in the middle of the national premiere league preparation period for the 2006/07 competition season. A standard procedure was used, applying the tethered puling force methods, and the players had to realize the maximal pull force of 10s duration only by eggbeater kicks while in the chest-forward position. The following measurements of the kinematical and mechanical characteristics of pulling force were taken: the duration of a single eggbeater kick (TimeEBK), in ms; the maximal (peak) force value realized by a single eggbeater kick (FmaxEBK), in N; the average force value realized by a single eggbeater kick (FavgEBK), in N; the impulse of force (ImpFEBK), in Ns; the single eggbeater kick explosive force (RFDEBK), in N/s; and the single eggbeater kick frequency (HzEBK), expressed in the numbers of kicks per minute. All data were treated in absolute and relative values with the descriptive statistical method. RESULTS: The descriptive variable results yielded the following absolute values: TimeEBK=497.78±56.95 ms; FmaxEBK=190.52±36.04; FavgEBK=140.44±21.12; Imp-FEBK=72.95±14.32; RFDEBK=336.73±98.89; HzEBK=120.08±14.70 Kicks/min. The descriptive variable results yielded the following relative values: FrelEBK=2.295±0.534 N-kgBW; FavgrelEBK=1.689±0.327 N-kgBW; ImpFrelEBK=0.880±0.214 Ns-kgBW; RFDrelEBK= 4.105±1.610 N/s-kgBW. DISCUSSION: The results indicated the descriptive values of the kinematical and mechanical characteristics of the 10s maximal tethered eggbeater kick in elite water polo players with regard to the absolute and relative values. Also, the resulting models could help towards the development of the water polo training technology, as well as the establishment of a new method to test the specific leg fitness in elite senior water polo player.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die gebundene Krafterzeugung bei Standard- und Gegenstandard-Ruderbewegungen im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019351</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019351</guid>
      <author>Diogo, V.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Tourino, C.</author>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Ferragut, C.</author>
      <author>Morouco, P.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P. A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Diogo, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tourino, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferragut, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morouco, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Sculling is a common used technique in synchronized swimming and, although its importance is undeniable in this sport, very few studies were implemented to date. In fact, no study seems to have quantified the force produced by the swimmer performing this technique. As the appearance of fatigue during sculling was also not yet studied, it was aimed to measure the force production and the fatigue induced by standard and contra-standard sculling. METHODS: A 30 s maximum intensity tethered synchronized swimming test was applied over a total of thirteen synchronized swimmers, in order to determine individual force (F) to time curves - F(t) -, in two conditions: (i) standard sculling, and (ii) contra-standard sculling. Fatigue was assessed through the fatigue index (FI) computed using the F(t) extreme values and time. RESULTS: The absolute mean ± SD values for maximal force (Fmax) and FI in standard and contra-standard sculling were 40.77 ± 12.39 N and 34.58 ± 5.41 N, and 46.88 ± 17.62 % and 37.87 ± 11.26 %, respectively. Almost all the synchronized swimmers reached higher absolute and relative Fmax in standard sculling. The higher observed values of Fmax in standard and contra-standard sculling were 62,59N and 43,64N, respectively. The values of FI evidenced that the F values, despite all the variations observed, declined during the 30 s effort in all participants and in both sculling conditions. With the exception of Fmax values, none of the variables studied were different between standard and contra-standard sculling. DISCUSSION: Almost all the synchronized swimmers reached higher values of Fmax in standard sculling, which can be related to the possibility of this action to be a more "natural" movement from the anatomical point a view. Additionally, swimmers who reached higher Fmax values were, in general, the oldest, taller, heaviest and with a higher arm span, which is in line with the swimming related literature (Sidney et al., 1996). The synchronized swimmers who reached higher Fmax in standard and contra-standard sculling do not present the higher values of FI, which may be explained by differences in maturation, anthropometric characteristics and training background. However, it was observed an inverse relationship between FI and the average of minimum forces. In conclusion, there were differences in Fmax production between standard and contra-standard sculling in synchronized swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Charakteristika des Rückenstarts mit den Füßen über und unter Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019350</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019350</guid>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P. A.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Pereira, S. M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The start is accepted as an important element for success in competitive swimming, especially in the short events. Concerning the backstroke start, the number of studies is scarce, none of which has yet dealt with the technical adjustments allowed by the new rules that authorize the swimmers to position their feet above water level. The aim of this study was to describe and compare two variants of the backstroke start technique, one with the feet parallel in complete immersion (BSFI) and the other with the feet parallel in complete emersion (BSFE) METHODS: Six male high-level swimmers performed two sets of 4 maximal intensity backstroke starts using the two variants: BSFI and BSFE (with intervals of 2 min between repetitions and 1 h between sets). Dual-media video images (Vilas-Boas et al., 1997) were recorded using two cameras (DCR-HC42E and SVHS-JVCGR-SX1) positioned in the sagittal plane of the movement and afterwards digitized (APAS). Kinetic data were obtained using an underwater extensometric platform. The handgrip system was adapted allowing keeping the same body elevation regarding water surface. The backstroke start was divided into three phases (adapted from Hohmann et al., 2006): hands-off, take-off and flight. Several temporal and kinematical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Findings registered higher flight time and higher horizontal displacement of the centre of mass (Dx) at BSFI. BSFE seems to imply higher impulse, and higher time of hands-off, foot take-off and total start. DISCUSSION: As a performance parameter, the total time spent during the start was lower for BSFI than BSFE, allowing concluding that the first being faster than the second should be preferred for competitive use. This observed superiority of the BSFI may be at least partially justified by the higher flight time and Dx. These findings seem to confirm the hypothesis that lower feet position can determine the Dx by constraining the orientation of the resultant wall reaction vector. It is recommended that coaches begin monitoring the backstroke start variants strategies to improve tech nique, which can be determinant of the start success.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Charakteristik der ersten und zweiten Gleitposition bei der Unterwasserbewegung im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019349</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019349</guid>
      <author>Costa, L.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Rouboa, A.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouboa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The gliding constitutes a non-negligible part of the swimming races. The aim of this work was to experimentally study the first and second gliding positions of the breaststroke underwater stroke used after starts and turns at several gliding velocities by characterizing: gliding velocity (v); body cross sectional area (S); drag coefficient (CD); passive drag (D). METHODS: Six national level male swimmers participated in this study. A methodology similar to that described in Vilas-Boas et al. (in press) was used, namely determining S using planimetry while D and CD were assessed through inverse dynamics based upon the velocity to time curve of each glide, monitored through a swim-meter (Lima et al. 2006). RESULTS: The first glide presented higher mean values of v (1.50 ± 0.22m/s and 1.15 ± 0.24m/s) while the higher values of acceleration were verified in the second glide. D increased with v while CD decreased. Swimmers showed a smaller S in the first glide position than in the second (759.95 ± 124.12cm2 vs 814.46 ± 111.23cm2). DISCUSSION: The first glide obtained higher v values, as it follows wall impulse and has a better hydrodynamic position. For both glides, D increases with v, while CD decreases. The first one is characterised by lower D and CD values for all v, probably due to a parallel and concurrent effect of S and CD caused by the increased body length and slenderness associated with the flexed shoulders and extended arm position. Therefore, swimmers and coaches should stress the need for body position control during the glides, and the need of technical evaluation, control and advice to allow drag reductions
during swimming performance, and not only emphasising propulsion increase capabilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Entwicklung eines komponentenbasierten Herangehens an die Analyse des Schwimmstarts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019344</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019344</guid>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <author>Slawson, S. E.</author>
      <author>Justham, L. M.</author>
      <author>Conway, P. P.</author>
      <author>West, A. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterdistanztraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slawson, S. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Justham, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conway, P. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>West, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Research on swimming starts has included information on the block, flight, underwater and free swimming phases using a variety of technologies. This study examined variables contributing to overall starting performance. A system developed to better understand these phases comprised video, force and acceleration information. Testing demonstrated system reliability and the impact of intervention with an elite athlete. METHODS: The aim of the research was to fuse vision, force plate data and acceleration data to enhance quantitative feedback to coaches and swimmers. A platform incorporating four tri-axial force transducers was integrated into a starting block. Data was synchronised with video and wireless acceleration data for various levels of competitive swimmers. RESULTS: Measurements included horizontal and vertical force throughout the block phase, first movement, overall block and flight times and distance as well as time to the first stroke and number of strokes to 15m. Arellano et al. (2005) and Mason et al. (2007) suggested that horizontal force results in better starts. An elite swimmer had 1.2% variation in timing and peak forces between trials while the equivalent variability for a University level swimmer was 16% and 14% respectively. The intervention study showed no changes in the horizontal forces but 6% reduction in the vertical forces for an elite athlete. However, data from our studies is too limited to determine the best variables associated with overall start performance. DISCUSSION: Individual components have been developed that enable the start to be quantified throughout various phases. Results in pilot examples have highlighted the reliability of the data and the impact of intervention. The synchronisation of the data provides accurate and timely feedback. Future work will develop a more complete understanding of force and acceleration data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung eines synthetischen Gummianzugs auf den hydrostatischen Auftrieb und das Lungenvolumen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019343</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019343</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Tam, E.</author>
      <author>da Boit, M.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tam, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Boit, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In the Swimming World Championships 2009 swimmers utilized suits produced entirely, or partially, with industrial polymers. The effect of technical suits in determining the increase in swimming speed is still not fully understood, their advantage could be related to an increase of buoyancy (Benjanuvatra, 2002). The aim of this work was to evaluate the differences in hydrostatic lift and lung volume in swimmers wearing (or not wearing) a suit made of polyurethane/ neoprene. METHODS: In the first test, the hydrostatic lift 6.96 kg) were measured 0.03 m; 75.45± of 9 male swimmers (age 23.25±3.01; 1.80± while wearing a "standard" swim suit (S) or a full body technical suit (X-glide Arena Italy= Xg). After a maximal inspiration, the subjects were kept in position for 10 s under the water surface throughout a cable connected to a pulley system positioned on the swimming pool floor. The cable was also connected to a load cell (Globus, Italy) positioned on the pool's edge that allowed to measure the subject`s hydrostatic lift (the force with which their body tended to rise towards the water surface). In the second test, chest circumferences (maximal inspiration and maximal expiration) and lung volumes (VC: Vital Capacity, ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume, VT: Tidal Volume, IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume) were measured in both conditions of suit. RESULTS: 3.99 N for S and 14.33± 4.53 The average values of hydrostatic lift were 14.51± N for Xg (R=0,94, P<0.05), for the chest circumferences during max. expiration (R=0,86) and max. inspiration (R=0,99) were 88,6±3,70 / 97,3±3,26 cm for S and 86,6±3,39 / 95,6±2,48 cm for Xg. The average values of lung volumes were: VC 6,31/6,14 L (<0,01), ERV 2,12/1,79 L (<0,01), VT 0,94/0,88 L, IRV 3,26/3,47 L (<0,05), respectively for S and XG. DISCUSSION: Hydrostatic lift was found to be smaller in Xg. A strong thoracic or abdominal compression caused by the technical suits could be tentatively related to the observed reduction in the chest circumferences during maximal inspiration and expiration as well as to the reduction in the lung volumes and in the hydrostatic lift. The improvement in performance obtained by wearing Xg is not related with a better static buoyancy. REFERENCES: Benjanuvatra N., Dawson G., Blanksby B.A., Elliott B.C., (2002) Comparison of buoyancy, passive and net active drag forces between Fastskin and standard swimsuits. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 5(2), 115-23.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beeinflussen Fastskin-Schwimmanzüge die Koordination beim Freistilschwimmen?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019342</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019342</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Lemaitre, F.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Fastskin suits (FS) have been greatly contested over the past several months, and the numerous studies on them have reported contradictory findings. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of FS on spatio-temporal parameters and the Index of Coordination (IdC) developed by Chollet et al. [1]. METHOD: In the first part of this study, 15 swimmers (6 females and 9 males) were asked to carry out a series of glide, buoyancy and passive torque tests and to swim a series of 25-m trials at four velocities (800, 400, 100 and 50 m), with and without FS. In the second clinical part of the study, a French international swimmer, specialized in short distances, carried out the same tests in SS condition and with three different FS. RESULTS: The results showed no significant differences in buoyancy, glide or passive torque with and without FS. A significant difference in IdC (p<.01): with FS: -9.562±5.87 versus without: -8.323±6.83 and propulsive phase (p<.01): with FS: 40.289±5.59 versus without: 41.609 ±6.81 was detected by looking at the average values of the four velocities. DISCUSSION: IdC was affected by wearing an FS, with a reduction in drag constraints for the same given speed, making each propulsive movement more effective. The compressive effect of these new FS, by reducing body volume and then damaging floatation, is offset by an improvement in the Cx. This compression is thus more useful for higher swim speeds. The case study of a real sprinter confirmed this change in coordination logic and further showed that, thanks to FS, he did not have to stack his actions to reach his highest speed. This study also suggested that the same FS could have different effects for other swimmers, each swimmer being unique: the same swimmer using a different swimsuit might be differently affected. The newest generation of FS, which did not improve buoyancy, did improve the glide and reduce drag. The swimmer thus had fewer constraints and was perhaps able to swim higher on the water, without needing to stack his actions. His coordination at a given speed when wearing an FS corresponded to coordination at a slower speed without an FS. REFERENCES: Chollet D., Chalies S., Chatard JC. (2000). A new index of coordination for the crawl: description and usefulness. Int J Sports Med, 21(1): 54-59.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D-Computerinteraktionsmodell der Fließstruktur zur Bestimmung der Vortriebskräfte einer flexiblen Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019341</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019341</guid>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <author>Razafimahery, F.</author>
      <author>Monier, L.</author>
      <author>Mahiou, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Rakotomanana, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Razafimahery, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monier, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mahiou, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rakotomanana, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The current paper contributes to the investigations of biomechanical aspects of propulsion of swim fins. Indeed, we describe a new method that is devoted to computation of propulsive forces generated by flexible monofin. From this method, we calculate the added mass and show the great impact of this parameter. METHODS: A 3D fluid-structure model with inertial coupling is developed. The monofin is assumed to be a deformable elastic structure. The fluid is described with the acoustic pressure. The coupling results in an added mass charcterizings the energy transmission between the fin and the water. A numerical computation with the Finite Element Method (FEM) is conducted. The transient propulsive force end torque are investigated. RESULTS: The added mass of surrounding water affects significantly the eigenfrequencies and modal shapes. It can be observed that taking into account for 3D effects leads to decrease (27.71 to 40.21%) the vibration frequency of the fin. Moreover, the influence of the elasticity has been investigated and shows that he flexibility of the fin blade increases the thrust. A significant variation of the frequency of the non-harmonic thrust evolution is observed with regards to the applied stroke kinematics that are harmonically varying. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge it is the first fluid-structure interaction model for the whole monofinwater system solved by 3D FEM approach. It is based on a monolithic resolution of the whole system fluid and solid. REFERENCES: Bideau N, Mahiou B, Monier L, Razafimahery F, Bideau B, Nicolas G, Razafimahery F, Rakotomanana L (2009). 2D dynamical efficiency of a swimfin: a fluid-structure approach. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 11: 53-54.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskuläre Anforderungen an den Einsatz unterschiedlicher Schwimmflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019340</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019340</guid>
      <author>Gouvernet, G.</author>
      <author>Rao, G.</author>
      <author>Barla, C.</author>
      <author>Baly, L.</author>
      <author>Grelot, L.</author>
      <author>Berton, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gouvernet, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barla, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baly, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grelot, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berton, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to examine the muscular request of different practices using different fins. We focused on three different fin uses: body-board, swimming, and snorkelling. We used inverse dynamics to estimate the muscular power of the lowers body joints (knee and hip). For each practice we recorded the three-dimensional kinematics of lower limbs with underwater camcorders. The input forces and torques measurement, necessary for bottom-up inverse dynamic, were measured by a twice fin robot which reproduced mean foot kinematics of each practice recorded before. The three kinematics and joint power computed at knee and hip were analysed. Kinematics differs for each practice but joint powers are statically the same (1,87±1,54 W/Kg). This method has the main advantage to allow us to characterize precisely effect of fin blade on human joints.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Sinn des vollständig angebundenen Schwimmens für die Vorhersage der 50-m-Brustleistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019339</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019339</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, A.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Okicic, T.</author>
      <author>Andries Junior, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okicic, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andries Junior, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Propulsive force is well recognized as an important component of swimming performance, but most of the studies was focused on crawl-stroke and it is still unclear whether tethered swimming can be used to evaluate others strokes. The present study aimed to identify the relationship between 50-m breaststroke performance and force-time variables obtained from a 30-s maximal tethered swimming test. Fourteen highcompetitive male breaststrokers from Brazil and Serbia age: 22.50 ± 5.00 years, height: 1.83 ± 0.09 cm, weight: 76.3 ± 7.4 kg, percent from 50-m breaststroke long pool World Record: 91.91 ± 1.91%) accomplished a 30-s self-chosen cycle frequency maximal breaststroke effort in tethered swimming. The mean value of peak force (Fpeak), average force (Favg), impulse force (ImpF), rate o force development (RFD) and full stroke duration (DUR) was retained for analysis as independent variables. Time in 50m breaststroke was converted in average swimming velocity (VEL50m) to be used as dependent variable. The mean (±SD) values of VEL50m, Fpeak, Favg, ImpF, RFD and DUR were 1.72 ± 0.04 m/s, 469.82 ± 94.61 N, 136.92 ± 17.54 N, 156.52 ± 14.37 Ns, 1147.61 ± 464.55 N/s, 1157.65 ± 125.89, respectively. Multiple regression analysis with the backward method was employed to construct the model, which was statistically significant (F=29.933, p<0.001), explaining 82.1% of sample size adjusted variance (adjusted r²=0.821) with a standard error of ±0.015 m/s and represented the equation: VEL50m = 3.401 - 0.002*DUR + 0.015*ImpF - 0.015*Favg. The present results showed a high significant relationship between 50-m breaststroke performance and tethered swimming test, corroborating to previous study, which observed the same for high competitive crawl-strokers (Dopsaj et al., 2000), and confirming the initial hypothesis that the fully tethered swimming can be used for breaststroke performance evaluation and/or prediction. Besides, these results also allow to understand how much different each propulsive force variable is involved with swimming performance, what variables are needed to be improved for getting better results and, after testing swimmers at different moments of the periodization, identify deeper how the different training loads administrated are influencing performance in 50m breaststroke. Therefore, the fully tethered swimming can be used as a valid tool for breaststrokers` performance and evaluation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung von Technikübungen auf die innerzyklische Hüftgeschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019317</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019317</guid>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Dominguez-Castells, R.</author>
      <author>Perez-Infantes, E.</author>
      <author>Sanchez, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dominguez-Castells, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perez-Infantes, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Current teaching and competitive swimming programs are composed by a proper combination of skill acquisition and conditioning exercises. Many swimming books or papers described or classified these swimming exercises proposing guidelines to use them properly or in a skill assessment context. While hip or centre of mass intra-cycle velocity has been studied in the current competitive strokes using observational or biomechanical methods this has not been the case
with the stroke drills applied to teach or to train the swimming technique. A first attempt was performed analyzing the differences on body rotation and 3D hand swimming path between freestyle swimming and one arm crawl stroke drills (López, Gutiérrez, & Arellano, 2002). Less body rotation and hand depth were found during the practice of formal one-arm and catch-up crawl stroke, while a modified one-arm stroke drill obtained similar values to that recorded during no breathing freestyle swimming.The purpose of this study is to reveal the differences in intra-cycle hip velocity between formal front crawl and four other front crawl swimming coordination drills. METHODS: Thirteen national and regional level swimmers (five males and eight females, aged 19.58±2.23) participated in this study as volunteers. Each stroke drill was defined as: a) No-breathing formal freestyle swimming (reference technique); b) Crawl catch-up stroke, kicking some seconds after each stroke; c) One arm front crawl with the resting arm extended in front, breathing on the arm-moving side; d) One arm front crawl with the resting arm close to the body, breathing on the no-moving  side; e) Controlled two-arm freestyle, kicking some seconds after each stroke, with  one arm resting close to the body and the second one resting extended in front. RESULTS: Mean 25m velocity (m/s) a) 1.64; b) 1.10*; c) 1.08*; d) 1.07*; e) 1.00*. Mean % 2nd peak a) 69.9; b) 76.9; c) 38.1 ; d) 80.9 ; e) 69.0 [all n.s.] Mean 2nd peak a) 2.06; b) 1.41*; c) 1.38* ; d) 1.14* ; e) 1.26* * p<0.01 between a) and b), c), d) and e) CONCLUSIONS: The freestyle stroke drills applied to teach or train different types of interlimb coordination reduce the mean and peak value of the intra-cycle hip velocity while the percentage location of peak hip-velocity value during the underwater stroke phase is kept similar without significant statistical differences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine Methode zur Bewertung des aktiven Widerstands über eine Breite von Schwimmgeschwindigkeiten, die zur Evaluierung der Biomechanik des Bewegungszyklus des Schwimmers eingesetzt werden kann</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019215</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019215</guid>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Formosa, D. P.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formosa, D. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The high relationship between active and passive drag justified the following procedures. The aim was to develop a method to estimate the active drag of the swimmer over a range of swim velocities. The method developed relied upon having mean passive drag measures of the swimmer at various velocities, as well as the mean active drag value for the swimmer at their maximum swim velocity. METHODS: Eleven Australian team swimmers in freestyle participated in the study. The subjects completed three maximum swim velocity trials over a 10 m interval, to determine each subject`s maximum swim velocity. Three passive drag tests were performed at the swimmer`s maximum velocity. A series of passive drag trials was then completed over a range of 10 different tow velocities between 2.2 and 1.0 m/s. Finally, five active drag trials were completed at a five percent greater velocity than the swimmer`s maximum swimming velocity. These were used to compute the active drag at the swimmer`s maximum velocity. RESULTS: The exponential function as indicated was used to define the passive drag equation. where and are constants for a particular swimmer. The same equation was used to define active drag but here the constant was greater. DISCUSSION: In the active and passive drag equations, the value of the drag force was represented as an exponential function of swimming velocity. The rate of rise in the active and passive drag equations was represented by two separate constants. These constants may be used as indices to describe the individual swimmer`s capabilities. The constant in the equation for passive drag would represent an index of the swimmer`s innate physical characteristics such as size, shape and cross sectional frontal surface area. The lower the index, indicated a more efficient body shape for aquatics movement. The difference between the constant used in the active drag equation and that in the passive drag equation could be used as an index to represent the efficiency of the swimmer`s technique. These two indices may provide insight as to the capability of the swimmer to compete at various distance events. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated the importance of being able to generate an equation to represent a swimmer`s active drag over a range of velocities. This concept will provide insight as to the suitability of the individual to specific distance events, as well as, indicate the efficiency of the swimmer`s technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der durch die Hand erzeugte Vortriebskraft beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019214</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019214</guid>
      <author>Kudo, S</author>
      <author>Lee, M. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A method was developed to predict hydrodynamic forces acting on the hand in swimming (H) based on the pressure distribution of the hand (Kudo et al., 2008). However, a method to predict propulsive forces exerted by the hand using the pressure method during swimming has not been developed. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a method to predict propulsive forces exerted by the hand using the pressure method during swimming. METHODS: A portable data logger with 12 pressure sensors was developed to measure pressures and synchronized with an underwater motion capture system. A subject was asked to swim the front crawl stroke in a sub-maximal effort for 18 m. Different sets of best-fit equations including the best-fit equation from the previous study (B-Eq1) and the first order of best-fit equations (B-Eq2) were used to predict H to see if there is a considerable effect of multicollinearity on the prediction. Propulsions exerted by the swimmer`s hand were computed using H predicted and kinematic data from the camera. RESULTS: Mean propulsive forces exerted by the hand predicted by B-Eq1 over a stroke was 15 ± 11 N. Mean propulsive forces exerted by the hand predicted by B-Eq2 over a stroke was 33 ± 24 N. The contribution of drag and lift forces to the propulsive force predicted by B-Eq2 was 55% and 45%, respectively. Mean hand speed over a stroke was 2.3 ± 0.3 ms-1. The angle of attack (AP) changed from 24º to 85º. The sweepback angle (SB) changed from 73º to 254º over a stroke. DISCUSSION: A method to predict propulsive forces by the hand in swimming was developed. Feedback of the predicted propulsive forces by the hand can be provided to the swimmer and coach within a few hours by combining the pressure method with kinematic data from the motion capture system. Additionally, the contribution of drag and lift forces to the propulsion by the hand can be provided. The prediction of H by the best-fit equation in the previous study (B-Eq1) may experience error due to multicollinearity. The erroneous effect on the prediction of H can be detected using the information on the magnitude of H, kinematics of hand, as well as AP and SB, and be minimized by choosing the first order of the polynomial best-fit equations. REFERENCES: 1. Kudo, S., Yanai, T., Wilson, B., Takagi, H., & Vennell, R. (2008). Prediction of fluid forces acting on a hand model in unsteady flow conditions. Journal of Biomechanics, 41,  31-1136.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Messung des aktiven Widerstands in verschiedenen Phasen des Freistilschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019213</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019213</guid>
      <author>Formosa, D. P.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Burkett, B. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Formosa, D. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burkett, B. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: An elite swimmer`s success is primarily dependent upon their ability to minimise active drag, whilst optimising propulsive force. The aim of this study was to quantify passive and active drag, as a force-time profile. The secondary aim was to examine the force-time profile to determine which part of the stroke phase an athlete produced min and max force, and provide feedback to coaches and athletes. METHODS: Elite freestylers (n=18) completed 3 max swim velocity trials, followed by 3 passive and active drag trials using a towing device mounted upon a force platform. The computed active drag and the propulsive force profiles were represented as a force-time graph synchronised with video footage, allowing identification of intra-cyclic force fluctuations. RESULTS: The mean velocity for the females and males were 1.72 m/s, 1.89 m/s respectively. The mean passive drag for the females and males were 49.7 ± 1.8 N, 78.9 ± 1.6 N, respectively and the mean active drag for the females and males were 164.4 ± 11.7 N, 228.4 ± 10.8 N, respectively. DISCUSSION: The mean passive drag values measured are comparable to those previously reported. Kolmogorov and Duplishcheva (1992) observed male and female passive drag ranging from 69.7 - 103.0 N and 44.2 - 56.9 N, respectively at velocities 1.73 - 1.91 m/s and 1.52 - 1.67 m/s, respectively. Active drag did not concur with the literature. Toussaint et al. (2004) compared the values collected with MAD and VPM systems. The values at a mean velocity of 1.64 m/s were 66.9 N and 53.2 N, respectively. There was significant variation between min and max propulsive force range for left and right stroke phases, between and within participants. It was evident that mean min propulsive force was generated during the first `pull` phase of the stroke cycle. The results indicated that the max propulsive force production occurred during the final `push` phases of the stroke cycle. This study demonstrated the importance of representing active drag as instantaneous force, rather than a mean value. This provided unique and valuable insight into the intra-cyclic force fluctuations within a stroke cycle. REFERENCES: 1. Kolmogorov SV, Duplishcheva OA. (1992). Active drag, Useful Mechanical Power Output and Hydrodynamic Force Coefficient in Different Swimming Strokes at Max Velocity. J Biomech, 25 (3):311-318. 2. Toussaint HM, Roos PE, Kolmogorov S. (2004). The determination of drag in front crawl swimming. J Biomech, 37(11): 1655-1663.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung des Angriffswinkels und Tiefe auf den passiven Widerstand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019212</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019212</guid>
      <author>Pease, D.</author>
      <author>Vennell, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vennell, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Previous research into the drag forces (both active and passive) acting during human swimming has shown differences due to body size, shape, velocity and depth. However, one factor, which has not previously been investigated, is that of the angle of attack or pitch angle of the athlete`s body relative to the water flow. Angle of attack is a factor, which has been highlighted as an issue in previous study but due to the inability to systematically control this factor it has been generally described as a limitation. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to try and quantify the effect of angle of attack on the drag forces acting upon a streamlined human swimmer by utilising an anatomically accurate mannequin whose orientation relative to the water flow direction could be precisely controlled. It was hypothesized that, as angle of attack changed, there would be significant changes in the magnitude of the total drag force as well as changes in the relative contribution of the component forces, viscous, form, and wave drag. These changes would be primarily due to the changes in exposed frontal area with increasing (positive and negative) angles of attack away from the zero angle. Based on the findings from previous research (Vennell, Pease, & Wilson, 2006) there are increases in the total drag force, and more specificlly the wave drag contribution to that total force, as depth of the swimmer decreases. Therefore, another aspect of the current study was to examine the interaction between angle of attack and submergence depth and the measured drag force. Previous studies have quantified body angles similar to angle of attack during free surface swimming (Zamparo, 2006; Zamparo et al., 2008) with the aim of using that angle as an indicator of body position. In general the angle of the trunk to the horizontal is used to represent angle of attack. In those studies body angles of approximately 15 degrees were found. However, during the streamlined portion of a swimming race when the athlete is fully submerged, and not moving on a fluid boundary, it was theorised that the angle of attack would be much less due to the freedom of the athlete`s body to move in the vertical as well as the horizontal plane. This is unlike surface swimming where the movement trajectory is fixed and essentially limited to the horizontal plane. By allowing for movement in the vertical plane as well as the horizontal, the trajectory of the centre of mass is more in line with the angle of the body thereby reducing the angle of attack relative to the surrounding water flow.Therefore, the current study examined smaller angles of attack which may be achieved by fully submerged swimmers in a streamline position such as that experienced following starts and turns.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Direkte Messung des Zyklusvortriebs beim Schwimmen mittels eines nichtinvasiven Messgeräts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019211</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019211</guid>
      <author>Bottoni, A. S.</author>
      <author>Lanotte, N.</author>
      <author>Bifaretti, S.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <author>Boatto, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bottoni, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lanotte, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bifaretti, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boatto, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Methods of direct measurement of the arm`s propulsive force have several advantages compared with indirect methods, including the possibility of measuring the real action of the athlete, ease of use and lower costs. Limits of the methods using direct measurement used so far, arise however both in the measurement itself and in the validation process. In fact the gauges and supports currently in use, limit hand movements or even change its action, as well as reducing the active surface, thus interfering with the swimmer`s technique. Furthermore, almost all these methods require a swimming flume or gauges connected to the poolside. The method here proposed overcomes most of these downsides. METHODS: Five competitive and four novice swimmers wear two mini-paddles (KZ by APLab), whose size and shape do not interfere with the hand`s movement and sensibility in the water. The paddles measure the pressure field around the hands and store the data in an ECU contained in a little box, that the athletes wear. The box has neutral buoyancy and the whole system does not interfere with the action of the athletes, who can swim freely. The acquired data can be transmitted via a wireless connection. The validation method is based on the correlation between the pressure signal acquired by the paddles and an external measurement by a load cell of the thrust of the swimmer during zero-speed sculling. RESULTS: The maximum force and pressure measured is respectively 95,6+/-12,5N and 5,85+/- 0,65kPa. The data show excellent correspondence between maximum pressure signal at each sculling movement and propulsive force (r=0,92+/- 0,03, p<0,05). The pressure signal shows clearly the different unsteady components of  thrust and the different intensity applied by the swimmer. The differences in swimming skills and water sensibility between top level and mediocre swimmers are more than apparent. DISCUSSION: This new measurement tool opens the way to a number of possible research projects. Extensive screening on a large group of high level swimmers has revealed important results concerning swimming technique in different styles, differences between top level and mediocre swimmers, effects of fatigue in technique and attitude towards sprint or long distance competitions. The paddles are therefore a effective, low cost tool for evaluating the effects of training, the efficiency of technique and the amount of muscular strength applied in the stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wellenbildung als ein möglicher Mechanismus des Vortriebs im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019210</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019210</guid>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Cheng, L.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows simulation of complex fluid flow regimes and geometry to answer problems that physical testing techniques can not provide. One such area arising from CFD analyses is that wave formation effects might aid some propulsion phases of freestyle. METHODS: In a case study approach, one world class swimmer underwent a 3D body scan. A Finite Volume Method of CFD modelling was used incorporating a realisable K-epsilon turbulence model with a multi-phase fluid domain. The fully submerged streamlined simulation was compared with a static streamlined position just under the water surface and the wave created around the body was compared to properties obtained via Linear Wave Theory. Manual video digitising then provided the 3D kinematics of the swimmer`s freestyle stroke to animate the model; and resultant forces throughout the freestyle stroke were compared to the wave properties and sub-surface water pressure along the swimmer`s length. RESULTS: Critical points along the wave described in Linear (Airey) Wave Theory correlated well with resultant force changes via the CFD simulations of the static position when near the surface compared to at depth. A 122% drag increase was found around the upper body at the surface, with the lower body recording a 104% reduction in drag, leading to a propulsive force on these components. The freestyle wave location found by CFD calculations of sub-surface pressure seems to move with changes in swimmer length when moving arms from the front to the back of the body. This changing wave appears to create a short wave having a high relative acceleration component as when two waves join; and, in turn, create a short surge in the swimming direction at the same time as the peak net force occurs in the stroke. DISCUSSION: In the wave that surrounds a swimmer, acceleration and velocity of the water varies greatly and can influence the forces of the body components in those regions. The transient pressure wave at 0.3m underwater occurs at the same location and time as when the forearm and hand pass through during the upsweep and may have contributed to the peak force occurring later in the stroke. Clarification of this situation is needed to determine the exact cause of this scenario and how it may benefit swimmers. A high velocity with forearm and hand perpendicular to the direction of flow to ensure maximum volume and added mass capacity at this point, may improve freestyle stroke efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training in tatsächlicher und simulierter Höhe im Schwimmen: Zu hohe Erwartungen?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019209</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019209</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Altitude/hypoxic training (AT) is a common practice among swimmers although scientific evidence is scarce and its benefits remain controversial. This paper aims to overview current methods of AT and to discuss the scientific evidence on the effects and potential benefits on sea level swimming performance. METHODS: A systematic review of peer-reviewed scientific literature on AT for the improvement of swimming performance at sea level was conducted and results critically evaluated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There is no evidence that training at natural altitude enhances swimming performance more than training at sea level. Based on research conducted in other sports, AT would require at least 3 to 4 weeks at 2100 to 2500 m of altitude to elicit a robust acclimatization response (primarily red cell mass increase) in the majority of athletes. The optimal approach is likely to be LH-TL, in which one "lives high" (i.e. 2100-2500 m) to get the benefits of altitude acclimatization and "trains low" (1250 m or less) to avoid the detrimental effects of hypoxic exercise. In fact, training at hypoxia does not appear to provide any physiologic advantage over normoxic exercise and might even impair performance. Whether the performance benefits would be similar for swimmers compared to other endurance trained athletes is not known and requires further research. Swimming performance enhancement by means of intermittent exposure to hypoxia is still controversial. However, it is likely that at least 12 h/day at 2100-3000 m for 3 to 4 weeks may suffice to increase red cell mass. Shorter exposure to more severe hypoxia (e.g. 4000 to 5500 m, 3 h/day for 2 to 4 weeks) combined with sea-level training may enhance VO2max, ventilatory threshold and middle-distance swimming performance after pre-competition tapering, although the mechanisms are unclear. In any case, there is substantial individual variability in the outcome of every AT strategy. Since none of these approaches has undoubtedly proven to enhance swimming performance, more research is warranted to clarify their effects and mechanisms. REFERENCES: 1. Truijens, M. J. & Rodríguez, F. A. (2010, in press). Altitude and hypoxic training in swimming. In: Seifert, L., Chollet, D. & Mujika, I., Swimming: Science and Performance. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. 2. Wilber, R. L. (2004). Altitude training and athletic performance. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung einer Entwicklungsperspektive auf Wassersport und Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019208</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019208</guid>
      <author>Langendorfer, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Langendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most typically in the aquatic field instructors and coaches employ an "error correction model" to view all swimming behaviors. Using a "straw person" approach, clinicians expect all learners regardless of age or skill to swim like an elite adult swimmer. In this approach errors are corrected mainly when external experts such as teachers or coaches expunge those errors using command style direct teaching. In command teaching, a coach verbally describes and then demonstrates the expected"expert" way of swimming followed by identifying the "errors" the learner makes that deviate from the expert model. In contrast, a "developmental perspective" is defined as a view in which one expects and anticipates regular, ordered changes to occur in swimming behaviors across the entire lifespan. From a developmental perspective, changes in swimming behavior occur as a result of systemic interactions among individual, task, and environmental characteristics as proposed by Newell (1986). For example, this view expects that someone learning to swim on the front gradually and systematically will change the arm, leg, and breathing patterns they use to move through the water because their body size or density changes, or the way they interact with the task is altered. In this paper I provide a conceptual overview that compares and contrasts the developmental and error correction approaches in swimming by drawing upon contemporary thinking in dynamical systems and motor development theory. In particular, I highlight the three essential clinical skills that aquatic clinicians need to possess when using "developmentally appropriate practices" (DAP) (i.e., developmental assessment, individualization of instruction, and developmental task analysis). For each DAP clinical skill, I provide practical illustrations for how these DAP skills apply to learning in aquatics and swimming. I argue that the predominance of the error correction model within swimming and aquatics has severely limited the field`s acceptance and use of best instructional, learning, and assessment practices as well as unnecessarily constrained thinking about swimming skill acquisition in ways that acceptance of a developmental perspective would remedy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zu einem besseren Verständnis der Rolle der Ungleichmäßigkeit des Schwimmvortriebs mittels PIV</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019207</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019207</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The highly efficient locomotion of birds, insects and fish is based on unsteady dynamics. The centered mechanism in the locomotion is related with unsteady behaviour of vortices such as the formation in boundary layers and the shedding from it. Attention to the relation between an object and vortex movement was first noticed in the aeronautical field. The problem of a thin airfoil performing small lateral oscillations in a uniform stream of incompressible fluid, received interest for many years, at the heart of all flutter prediction. Much research within the limitation of the linear perturbation theory was published in early times. Welldocumented summaries, including Wagner`s work (1925) can be seen in Bisplinghoff (1955). While much attention was given to the lift sustaining insect and bird flights against their weight, relatively little interest have been given to the unsteady mechanism in swimming propulsion. In Colwin`s book (2002), we can find many detailed sketches of vortices generated in many stroke patterns. The only tool for analysing unsteady flow is the particle image velocimetry (shortly PIV). Even with the use of this sophisticated means, it is difficult to measure a whole flow field directly around human hand and foot. However, a great success was attained in the field of insect and fish locomotion. We mention about the principle of the PIV and its application to swimmers and then several flow fields generated by a motion such as a stroke of front crawl (Matsuuchi et al. 2009), mono-fin, and sculling motion of hand are visualized. Velocity and vorticity fields are especially important to understand the unsteady force generation. How unsteady flow is generated by the motion of hand and foot is discussed. Furthermore, direct measurement of unsteady force acting on a robot arm is made and is also compared with the unsteady properties of flow field obtained by PIV. REFERENCES: 1. Bisplinghoff R L, Ashley H, Halfman RL (1955). Aeroelasticity, Chap. 5, Addison-Wesley Pub. 2. Colwin CM (2002). Breakthrough Swimming, Chap.5, Human Kinetics. 3. Matsuuchi K, Miwa T, Nomura T, Sakakibara J, H. Shintani H, Ungerechts BE (2009). Unsteady flow field around a human hand and propulsive force in swimming, Journal of Biomechanics vol.42-1, pp.42-47.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Unterstützung für Spitzenschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019195</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019195</guid>
      <author>Mason, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The Australian Institute of Sport (A.I.S.) was establishe in 1981 as a consequence of Australia`s poor performance at the 1976 Olympic Games. Swimming is Australia`s premier Olympic sport as the national swim team wins more Olympic medals for Australia than any other sport. This paper will focus upon A.I.S. Biomechanical services for elite competitive swimming in Australia. DEVELOPMENT During the first 5 years of the A.I.S., only very basic qualitative servicing was provided for all sports. The next 5 years saw the development of more sport specific servicing, together with small research projects. Following the first 10 years of A.I.S. development saw more research aimed toward developing sports specific analysis systems in the biomechanics of swimming. Such systems as the large analysis system for competition meets were developed, the portable SWAN competition analysis system for individual swimmer analysis in meets and the SWAN start and turn analysis system for the training environment eventuated. In 2006 the Aquatics Testing, Training and Research Unit (A.T.T.R.U) was established along with a new 50m technology pool. With the new pool came the development of the Wetplate analysis system designed to analyse starts, turns and relay changeovers, and the active drag system. RESEARCH Because of the new Wetplate and Active drag analysis systems providing more quantitative information about performance, fundamental research could now be used to solve problems raised by the swim coaches. Research associated with Wetplate included projects linked with optimising the performance off the new kick plate starting blocks, optimising knee bend and extension in turns to generate maximum force off the wall and deciding the placement of the newly permitted dolphin kick in breaststroke starts and turns. Research associated with drag analysis included the generation of video associated with the propulsive force generated by the swimmer to identify stroke inefficiencies. A method has also been established to compute active drag over a range of swim velocities from passive drag values over set velocities and the active drag at the swimmer`s maximum velocity. Computational fluid dynamics is also being researched as a possible way to investigated what would eventuate with instigating changes in technique before actually altering the swimmer`s technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskuläre Ermüdung beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019194</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019194</guid>
      <author>Rouard, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is a complex phenomen defined as an acute impairment of performance. In swimming, few studies are done on biomechanical parameters of fatigue. A review on the effects of fatigue on muscle in swimming is presented. METHODS: Muscular activations were detected from surface or fine wires electrodes. Raw EMG`s are full wave rectified, integrated (IEMG) and normalised to quantify the degree of muscle activation. The frequency process is based upon Fourier transform and time-frequency treatments. RESULTS: and DISCUSSION: IEMG decreased for the most sollicitated muscles (M. Deltoideus or M. Flexor carpi)(Wakayoshi et al, 1994) and increased for muscles with submaximal contractions (M int. or ext. rotators) (Monteil,1996). A shift of spectral parameters of the EMG`s of the M. biceps and triceps brachii toward lower frequency was observed during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) realised before and after an exhaustive test (Aujouannet et al, 2006) when a derive of the instantaneous mean frequency (MNF) was noted for the M. antagonist Flexor and Extensor carpi during the swimming test (Caty et al,2006). These changes were associated to decrease in force productions either for the maximal dry strength or to the maximal tethered force or to the maximal power (Rouard et al, 2006). More, the hand path changed with a greater duration of the catch phase, a shorter insweep (Aujouannet et al, 2006) and a decrease in hand velocity (Monteil, 1996). EMG methods allowed resolving individual strategies of swimming and adjustments caused by fatigue. Future investigations will be required to evaluate the load-sharing across muscles and/or to determine the central or peripheral components of the fatigue in swimming. REFERENCES: Aujouannet, Y. et al. (2006). Effects of a high intensity swim test on kinematic parameters in high-level athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 31, 150-158 Monteil,K.M.et al. (1996) Swimmers`shoulder: EMG of the rotators during a flume test. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII., 83-89.Rouard, A.H. et al. (2006). Isometric force, tethered force and power ratios as tools for the evaluation of technical ability in freestyleswimming. In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, 249-250. Wakayoshi K, et al. (1994) Electromyographyc evidence of selective muscle fatigue during competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koordination der Extremitäten beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019193</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019193</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this talk the inter-limb coordination in swimming is discussed with a view to informing coaches of the similarities and differences between the 4 strokes. The effect of skill level, speed and breathing are analysed for incremental tests and race. In the past it has been reported that the interlimb coordination should show an opposition mode, i.e. a propulsive continuity between the propulsion of one limb and those of the other limb, in order to minimize the intra-cyclic velocity variations. However, the research of our centre of research highlighted the fact that the inter-limb coordination mode adopted by the swimmers corresponds to three types of constraint defined by Newell (1986): organismic, task and environmental constraint. The skill level of the swimmers, the specialty, the gender, the handedness and the breathing laterality act as organismic constraints; the imposed race pace, the stroke frequency, the breathing frequency and pattern could be consider as task constraints while the active drag and his correspondent velocity relate to the environmental constraints. Interlimb coordination was found to vary from catch or glide coordination mode to superposition mode, showing that the opposition mode is only the best"theoretical" mode and the glide mode is not a technical mistake. Therefore it is advised for coaches to don`t consider an ideal coordination mode in the absolute but to teach the swimmers in different ways when developing coordination. This talk presents new information based on recent scientific research conducted at the CETAPS. The variables of interest were: average swim speed, stroke length, stroke frequency, intracyclic velocity variations, breathing laterality, relative duration of arm and leg stroke phases, time gap between propulsive actions assessed by total time gap (TTG) in the simultaneous strokes and by index of coordination (IdC) in the alternate strokes. Interesting findings emerged that have implications for the both elite and sub-elite swimmers should be coached.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Psycho-Physiologie des Übertrainings und Sportlerburnout im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019192</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019192</guid>
      <author>Lemyre, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Burnout</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lemyre, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Understanding swimmers` response to training and competition continues to be a significant challenge. Although a great deal of research has previously attempted to better understand the psychological and physiological factors leading to maladaptive training responses in an elite swimmer population, very few attempted to integrate these two fundamental perspectives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personal dispositions, contextual motivation
factors, subjective performance satisfaction, hormonal variation and burnout in elite swimmers. 53 elite swimmers (F=21, M=32) participated in a protocol of 6x200m progressive intervals during morning (07.00-08.30) and afternoon (14.00-15.30) training sessions. Venous blood was drawn before and after each sets of intervals and was analyzed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol by radio immune assays. This protocol was used at three time points during the season, corresponding to the easy, very hard and peaking time periods of the swimming season. Questionnaires assessing psychological variables were used together with the two-bout exercise test at three time points during the season. Using hierarchical regression analysis, results indicated
that variation in basal cortisol (15%), maladaptive perfectionism disposition (20%), perceived mastery motivational climate (12%) and subjective performance satisfaction explained together a total of 67% of the variance in athlete burnout at season`s end. Hormonal monitoring is costly and invasive, current findings support the initial use of psychological monitoring, while hormonal monitoring may be used as a second step to help athletes steer away from maladaptive training outcomes such as athlete burnout]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leon Lewille Gedenkvorlesung: Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen - Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019191</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019191</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper was to analyse the ten Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) books available, in order to characterize the past and the actual state of the art on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming research, and try to find support to speculate about the future trends of development. 
METHODS: The first ten books of the BMS series were analysed, characterizing their contents and authorship, and relating the output with the general body of knowledge in swimming science. The approach was tried in four steps: (i) number of papers published; (ii) affiliation of the first author; (iii) number of papers per category of analysis, and (iv) scientific content. The categories of analysis were defined based on Clarys (1996) Foreword to BMS VII. The analysis was performed considering the researcher`s personal classification of each paper, considering, by order: (i) title; (ii) key-words; (iii) editorial classification, and (iv) content of the article. A total of 622 papers were analysed. To allow further analysis of the findings, and trying to characterize more globally the swimming science peer reviewed and indexed research tendencies, a PubMedTM search was conducted (15th January 2010). RESULTS: A progressive tendency for a growing number of papers was perceived, particularly in the last 3 volumes. In these books, an increased number of participant countries was also noted, but not proportional to the increased number of papers. A total of 41 countries entered in the BMS series as affiliation countries of the first authors. Japan and USA are the highest contributors. A tendency to the following hierarchy of the three prevalent research domains was observed: (i) Biomechanics; (ii) Physiology, and (iii) Evaluation. It is also possible to perceive a tendency for the preservation of this hierarchy along the BMS series (book to book analysis). From PubMedTM, a slightly different hierarchy of research domains was extracted. A tendency was noted for a higher importance of "Physiology" and "Medicine", and reduced expression of "Biomechanics", inclusively compared with "Training", for instance. 
DISCUSSION: In order to further explore the results obtained, a deeper critical analysis of the contents of each one of the ten BMS books was conducted. The perceived trends were used to allow foundations for some speculations about the expected future achievements on the domain of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und Medizin im Schwimmen, XI</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00000304.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019137</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019137</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2010</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[147 papers into 6 different chapters (according to scientific disciplines), reflecting the papers of the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming from 16th - 19th June 2010 in Oslo. 

The goal in Oslo has been to encourage contributions from more scientific disciplines and aquatic activities than previosly represented. The organizers feel they have succeded. There have been 123 oral presentations, 127 poster presentations, 9 invited lectures, poolside demonstration, workshops and social happenings which could bring swimming science to new heights.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Beitrag des Achselbogens für die Überkopfkinesiologie der Schulter</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037423</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037423</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Provyn, S.</author>
      <author>Snoek, T.</author>
      <author>Cattrysse, E.</author>
      <author>van Roy, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Provyn, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Snoek, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cattrysse, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Roy, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[According cadaveric, neurosurgical and medico diagnostic evidence the Axillary Arch of Langer (AA) creates Symptoms similar to those of entrapment or obstruction type syndromes. In addition to the existing anatomical evidence and based on similar functional reasoning one can assume that in swimming the AA influences the shoulder girdle kinesiology also. In order to complete our knowledge of the AA we evaluated strength, endurance, motor control, precision and proprioception in two groups of physical education students (all good and average swimmers) one with AA and a control group without AA (both N=22). The results indicate a significant (p<0.05) influence of the presence of an AA on strength, throw or pull/push endurance and motor control increase in women associated with a minor increase of parasthaetics. For all these parameters no significant difference occurred in men. The pull/push Simulation and proprioceptive joint position sense data however indicate a decrease both in men and women (p<0.05).These finding do not fully confirm the anatomical predictions from the cadaveric evidence nor support the diagnoses of excision of the AA.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsinzidenz bei brasilianischen Schwimmern verschiedener Schwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037424</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037424</guid>
      <author>Haupenthal, A.</author>
      <author>Schutz, G.</author>
      <author>Ruschel, C.</author>
      <author>Faquin, A.</author>
      <author>Menezes, F.</author>
      <author>Pereira, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haupenthal, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schutz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruschel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faquin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Menezes, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to identify the incidence, place and diagnosis of injuries in competitive Brazilian swimmers, according to the stroke. The sample was composed by 137 competitive elite swimmers. The Instrument used was a mixing questionnaire. Seventy (51%) of the evaluated athletes suffered some kind of injury. During competition, 19 athletes referred injury. The most affected segment was the shoulder (53%) and the tendinitis was the most frequent diagnosis (72%). According to each kind of stroke, it was verified: a) tendinitis was the most frequent injury for the butterfly (80%), crawl stroke (86%) and breaststroke (75%) swimmers. For medley, both the tendinitis and the muscle strain were the most observed injuries (43%); b) the most affected segment was the shoulder for the butterfly (50%), backstroke (63%), crawl (56%) and medley (44%) swimmers. The knee was the most affected segment for the breaststroke swimmers (62%).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beidseitige und vorder-rückseitige muskuläre Ungleichgewichte bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037426</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037426</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitude of bilateral and anterior-posterior differences in swimmers. Peak band force was measured during aquatic exercise (horizontal arm abduction and adduction in a Standing position) and swimming (freestyle and backstroke). The peak force values were significantly higher (p<.01) for exercise adduction than abduction and for the swim stroke with the arm in the adducted position (freestyle) rather than the abducted position (backstroke) . The magnitude of the anterior-posterior difference was large for both exercise (1.5o) and swimming (.8o). Bilateral differences were trivial (.1o, ns) in comparison. A training regimen that strengthens the arm abductors may not only decrease the incidence of injuries in all four strokes, but also increase hand force and, therefore, improve performance in backstroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mentale Vorstellung der Schwimmarten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037427</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037427</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antizipation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming strokes are mentally organised as motoric actions under the condition of (flow) physics and limited energy reservoirs. Action representation is imagined to be organised hierarchically in a tree-like structure as a network of so-called Basic Action Concepts (BACs) - in long-term memory. BACs correspond to functional and biomechanical demands in concert with the situational goals and constraints of motion. BAC's are integrated mentally in a different way per individual. The degree of Integration of BACs is detected via Structural Dimensional Analysis-Motoric (SDA-M). In this study SDA-M is applied to the underwater sequence of the upper limbs of two butterfly swimmers. The purpose is to give inside how a) this method can be applied in swimming, b) how the individual basis for action control in skilled voluntary motion is detected by dendrograms and c) it can be used for better communication.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion auf Widerstandstraining im Wasser und an Land</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037428</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037428</guid>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Llop, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Land</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llop, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of the study was to verify if the cardiovascular and metabolic demands of well-designed water resistance training are at least comparable to their land-based equivalents. Five trained men were evaluated similarly with a horizontal shoulder adduction movement in water with a Hydro-Bells and on land with an elastic band (EB). Previously in order to equate resistance of movement, a rhythm rate in water and on land was established as well as distance in the holding distance of the EB. Subsequently physiologic response was evaluated with both devices by means of a set of twenty-five repetitions until reaching muscular fatigue. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between both material resources concerning heart rate at exertion and the response of lactates. We conclude that if the resistance training in water is performed according to the methodological indications followed in this study will produce a similar physiological response to that produced by land-based exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung von Schwimmtraining auf Größe und Funktion des linken Ventrikels bei Jungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037429</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037429</guid>
      <author>Madeira, R.</author>
      <author>Trabulo, M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Gomes Pereira, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportherz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EKG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trabulo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of swimming training on left ventricular (LV) cardiac morphology and function in young boys. Antropometric measurements, body composition estimation and resting M-mode and Doppler echocardiography were performed in 24 boys (15/16 years), 12 swimmers and 12 age matched non athletes (control group). Swimmers had higher rest stroke volume, LV end-systolic volume and LV end-diastolic volume than the control group. Fifty percent of the swimmers exhibited end-diastolic LV internal chamber dimension above normal (> 54 mm). As showed by Parameters measured, adaptation to exercise mode induced a typical "athlete's heart" with dominance of volume and diameter (eccentric LV hypertrophy) and mild changes in LV mass. The results supported the concept of an influence of systematic swimming training on the diastolic function.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Vorstartangst bei Schwimmern und Wasserballern in Bezug zur Wettkampferfahrung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037430</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037430</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorstartzustand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This research aims at examining differences in the intensity of pre-competitive anxiety based on competitive experience between - a) the two sexes (male and female) and - b) the two sports (swimming and water polo). In the research participated 601 male and female athletes, aged 13-26 yrs old of which 425 were swimmers and 176 were water polo players? Their competitive experience varied from 1-13 yrs and according to this they were divided in five /S/ groups. As regards the sample sex it consists of 288 males and 313 females. The athletes completed, before the event the Greek Version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory questionnaire (CSAI - 2; Marthens at al., 1990; Kakkos & Zervas; 1996). The results show that in relation to gender, there is a statistically significant difference in three factors of anxiety. With respect to the competitive experience criterion, there is a significant statistical difference only with regard to the factor of self-confidence as well as to the criterion of competitive experience in relation to the sport regarding the all three anxiety factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse und Vergleich der Ergebnisse des Mader-Tests in unterschiedlichen Schwimmarten bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037412</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037412</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, M. G.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Pizzini, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pizzini, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Several studies were performed to analyze both the blood lactate concentration after competitions and to set the optimal intensity level during the training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in lactate production between high level male and female four-strokes-swimmers and the differences in lactate concentrations among these strokes in swimmers of the same gender. Forty male and forty female swimmers performed a modified Mader test in their own discipline. The time for 200m at the threshold speed, the [La-] peak and the [La-]/time at the anaerobic threshold ratio were considered. Male athletes produced more lactate for each stroke than the female counterparts. The higher peak lactate concentration in the male athletes were found in breaststroke, whereas in females athletes the higher peak was found in butterfly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung und Anwendung der kritischen Intervallgeschwindigkeit und der kritischen Erholungszeit im 50-m-Intervalltraining</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037425</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037425</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Takano, C.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takano, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine critical velocity (VcriIS) and critical rest time (tcri) for interval training at four velocities higher than anaerobic threshold. Eleven well-trained College male swimmers performed four to six sets of 50m interval swim test (Tint) at each given velocity. The relations between total time (tT) and the total swim distance (Dint) of Tim were expressed in the general form, Dint=a+b*tT in all subjects. Vcri-IS could be determined by the relationship between Dint and tT. and tcri could be calculated from Vcri-IS and swimming time (ts) at each velocity. Moreover, combination swimming velocity, rest time and total swimming distance direction could be determined. It was thought that the combinations of velocity and rest period which imply interval training fatigue threshold (ITFT) could be defined from the results of VcriIS and tcri.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training erzeugt Veränderungen der kritischen Geschwindigkeit und der Geschwindigkeit bei Laktat 4 bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037431</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037431</guid>
      <author>Reis, J.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between different methods of assessing aerobic capacity and the changes induced by a heavy aerobic training period in age group swimmers. It was found that critical velocity in front crawl, deter-mined using 50, 200 and 400 meters distances, is similar to velocity correspondent to lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1. Critical velocity determined using just 200 and 400 meters distances, however, was significantly different form the former but similar to the mean velocity of the 2000m lest. All variables increased significantly after a 9 weeks aerobic training phase, simultaneously with best performance at 400m front crawl. The results of this study confirm that critical velocity is sensitive to performance changes induced by aerobic training in young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einflussfaktoren auf die Geschwindigkeit an der Laktatschwelle bei gut trainierten Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037432</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037432</guid>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was intended to investigate the factors affecting velocity at OBLA (V@OBLA) in well-trained male College swimmers. Continuous progressive swimming was evaluated at three times (pre-test, mid-test and post-test) to measure V02max and an intermittent progressive swimming for measuring V@OBLA and stroke length at various velocities. The subjects carried out endurance training for 6 weeks during those tests. The VO2max and V@OBLA values at mid-test and post-test were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those at pre-test. No significant differences in SL@ OBLA were apparent among the three tests. Rates of VO2max change correlated significantly (p < 0.05); the rate of SL@OBLA change was not significantly correlated with the rate of V@OBLA change. Increasing V@OBLA in this study might be caused not by stroke efficiency improvement but almost entirely by improved aerobic capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dreijahresstudie mit Nachwuchsschwimmern:</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037433</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037433</guid>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes brought about both by this development and by training on anthropometrics, swimming, flexibility and CMJ force recordings variables over a period of three years (2000-2003) of swimming training in a sample of age-group swimmers. The improvement obtained in swimming times seems related to a combination of anthropometrics factors plus absolute and relative force development after ending this long-term period of swimming age-group training, but the growing changes seems to produce a masking effect on the force evolution observing the relative force results. Considering that we evaluated the general jumping force, not strictly related with the swimming needs, it is difficult to recommend, to this group of age-group swimmers, the application of a rigid and progressive strength-training program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Markierungspunkten auf die Wende im Brustschwimmen im Anfängertraining</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037434</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037434</guid>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, M.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of teaching points on turn motion by investigating the relationship between subjective sense and objective temporal information during breaststroke turn motions for novice swimmers. Eight non-skilled College swimmers participated in this study. They were taught the turn motion three times for 15 min. The times for T-turn (Pre, 1.71 s; Post, 1.84 s) and T-hand (Pre, 0.65 s; Post, 0.86 s) were significantly longer (P < 0.01) than those before teaching. Many positive comments were offered, such as "I learned to be able to turn my body with no trouble" and " I was able to kick the wall firmly", implying that these teaching points eased turning for beginning swimmers. Results suggest that the teaching program led swimmers to acquire good tips on turn motion and led them to turn confidently.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieverbrauch und Nahrungsaufnahme von Wettkampfschwimmern im Training</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037435</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037435</guid>
      <author>Soultanakis, H.</author>
      <author>Mandaloufas, M.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soultanakis, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mandaloufas, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Poor dietary practices may accumulate and lead to deficiencies that may influence performance during training. The purpose of this study was to investigate weather the dietary intake of elite swimmers can match the energy and nutrient requirements of training.  Dietary habits were evaluated in 16 elite swimmers (6 male, 10 female). Diet content and energy expenditure were estimated by using 3-day weighed dietary and activity records. Their three day training averaged 7.568 m of swimming per day. The total energy cost averaged 3146.88±494.10 kcal/day. Diet records revealed that the swimmers consumed daily 2182.25 ± 964.14 kcal/day, approximately 800 kcal less than their daily requirements. Protein intake was approximately double their energy cost. The results demonstrated the inability of swimmers to maintain a balanced diet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Hydrationslevels nach einer Trainingseinheit auf die Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037436</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037436</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Christoforou, N.</author>
      <author>Laparidis, K.</author>
      <author>Tahtalis, T.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Christoforou, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laparidis, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tahtalis, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of two different levels of hydration after a training Session on subsequent performance. Eight swimmers performed a morning swimming training session, and 8 hours later a testing Session of 4x200m at an intensity of 95% of the critical velocity (4x200submax) and 200m maximum effort (200max). In two separate trials, swimmers consumed a fluid volume of either 150% (F150) or 50% (F50) of the morning post-training body mass (BM) loss. BM was reduced by 0.9±0.2% and 0.8±0.3% after the morning Session in F150 and F50 trials respectively (p>0.05). Eight hours later, BM had recovered in the F150 but not in the F50 trial (p<0.05). Heart rate showed a tendency to increase at the end of the 4x200submax (p=0.08). The 200max time was not different between trials (p>0.05). As a result dehydration of 1% might not be a critical factor in impairing performance during a 200max.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der USA-Top-100-Zeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037437</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037437</guid>
      <author>Sokolavas, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sokolavas, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of elite level swimmers based on the USA Swimming's All-Time Top 100 times. We analyzed participation of 17-18 years old swimmers at Top 100 from age 10-under until the age of 15-16 years in various events by girls and boys. The data shows that the older the elite swimmer, the more likely he/she will be ranked in the Top 100. About half of the elite swimmers in the Top 100 at age 17-18 were new swimmers who were never ranked in the Top 100 at any age. Most of the future elite swimmers swim slower than age group Champions, especially at ages until 15-16 years. Many participant ranked in the Top 100 as age groupers are not present in the Top 100 in the 17-18 age group. We speculate that the two reasons for losing these young Top 100 ranked Champions may be related to their early biological maturation and/or an inappropriate training volume at a young age.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Struktur der allgemeinen und spezifischen Schwimmfähigkeiten bei Top-Juniorenwasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037407</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037407</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Peranovic, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allgemein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peranovic, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Motor and tactical technical demands in playing water polo are increasing. The task of this research was to establish the most important factors which define the structures of general and specific swimming preparation of junior water polo players, Slovenian national team. 31 water polo players were tested: crawl 15, 25, 50 1500m, 25m crawl with head up 25m crawl with ball, 25m back, specific swimming by using legs 25m, crawl stroke kicking, breast kick and egg biter kicking and 10x50m crawl, and 15 variables were derived. Four factors were set describing 78.068% of joined variability. The results indicate the existence of four various areas of preparation of swimmers. The first factor indicates that the general and specific speed of swimming, the second factor recognizes coordination swimming abilities of players; the third indicates specific leg movement, while in the fourth one swimming efficiency singles out.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Herausforderungen bei der Verwendung der kritischen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit. Von den Wissenschaftlern zu den Trainern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037408</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037408</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Brickley, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brickley, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[So far, a few studies have been conducted on the Critical swimming velocity concept. The current available knowledge suggests there is merit in using CV for training. The model offers Potential to swimming in that it is non-invasive and easy to administer. The CV concept appears as a useful tool for setting training intensities, monitoring training effects, and predicting performances. All these applications are reviewed in the present article.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Veränderungen der Zyklusparameter auf die Zeit bis zur Erschöpfung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037409</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037409</guid>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Sidney, M.</author>
      <author>Huot-Marchand, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Gorce, P.</author>
      <author>Lensel, G.</author>
      <author>Pelayo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sidney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huot-Marchand, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gorce, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lensel, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to assess the technical modifications under constrained swimming during time to exhaustion tests (TTE). Ten swimmers performed a maximal 400-m front crawl test (V400), and 3 sets (S1, S2, S3) of 4 TTE at 95, 100, 105, and 110% of V400. In S1, swimmers had to sustain the velocities for the longest time as possible and the mean stroke rate (SR) was calculated (SRS1). In S2 and S3, velocities and SR were imposed (at SRS1 and SRs1-5%, respectively). TTE of S2 and S3 were shorter than those of S], During S3, an increase of the glide time was observed while propulsive time remained stable compared to S2. Swimming with a longer stroke length does not induce only a specific improvement of force production, but also the ability of the swimmers to adopt a more streamlined Position to reduce drag.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschied zwischen allgemeinen und spezifischen Schwimmfertigkeiten von Top-Wasserballern des Juniorenbereichs auf der Grundlage ihrer Position innerhalb der Mannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037410</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037410</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tactical, technical and functional demands of each position during game are a very significant factor for planning the training. The basic aim of this paper was to define the differences in basic and specific swimming characteristics of junior water polo players based on their position within the team. The sample of 31 players was divided into three groups: 1. players in wing positions (N = 19); 2. centers (N = 6); 3. backs (N = 6). 12 variables were the result of the following swimming tests: crawl 25m, 50m and 1500m, 25m crawl with ball, 25m back, specific swimming using legs 25m, legs crawl, breast and mixing and swimming 10x50m crawl. Cluster analysis has singled out five variables in which the observed groups differed. After the Student T-test, we obtained the difference between the groups. The players in wing positions are weaker then the others and that is not suitable for game.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit durch spezifisches Widerstandstraining bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037411</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037411</guid>
      <author>Mavridis, G.</author>
      <author>Kabitsis, C.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mavridis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kabitsis, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of a 12-week sprint-resisted training period on 10m sprint swimming time (T 10) and competitive performance (P). Eighty-two (n = 82) swimmers were assigned to an experimental (E, n = 53) and control (C, n=29) group and followed three sprint training sessions per week, with and without resistance respectively. Resistance was applied by a bowl tethered with an elastic rope to the hip of the swimmer. Post-training T10 was improved compared to pre-training (p<0.05). Group E displayed significant T10 improvement compared to group C (8.5±4.1% vs. 1.2±1.6%, p<0.05). Percent improvement of P on distances of 50-100-200m was higher in group E compared to C (p<0.05). The applied form of sprint-resisted training method is recommended for development of speed and may also be effective for competitive improvement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Problem des Peakings aus der Sicht der Olympischen Spiele von Athen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 09:46:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037413</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037413</guid>
      <author>Issurin, V.</author>
      <author>Kaufman, L.</author>
      <author>Lustig, G.</author>
      <author>Tenenbaum, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>unmittelbare Wettkampfvorbereitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2004</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Issurin, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaufman, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lustig, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tenenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study tested the assumption that several crucial factors, such as duration of the final stage preparation (FSP), gender, age, selection procedures, swimmers' ranks, swimming stroke and distance account for swimming time variance in the 2004 Athens Olympic competition. A total of 424 events per-formed by 301 Olympic swimmers were analyzed to obtain the relative performance gain (RPG%) that was computed as the differences between the entry swimming results and swimming time in the Olympic competition. The average RPG% gain equaled 0.58% (SD = 1.13%), indicating performance decline, embracing 68.2% of all the swimming events. Only two categories of competitors, the medal winners and swimmers ranked 4-8, surpassed their previous entry time; one-way ANOVA revealed significant (p = .04) superiority of the swimmers who were selected rigorously over swimmers selected liberally.]]></content:encoded>
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