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    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung einer höheren Umgebungstemperatur auf die thermoregulatorischen Reaktionen und das Wärmemempfinden bei Kaltwasseranwendungen im unteren Körperbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023279</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023279</guid>
      <author>Wakabayashi, H.</author>
      <author>Wijayanto, T.</author>
      <author>Lee, J. Y.</author>
      <author>Tochihara, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakabayashi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wijayanto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tochihara, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The non-uniform thermal environment condition surrounding the human body will be observed during water exercise exposes upper body to the air. Although the effect of water on thermal responses is expected to be greater than air due to the higher thermal conductance of water, the combined effect of water and air temperature condition has not been sufficiently studied, and it will be useful information to conduct a water exercise program. This study investigated the effect of hot air temperature on thermoregulatory responses and thermal sensation during lower body immersion in cool water. METHODS: Nine male subjects were immersed in water to their chest level for 60 min at three water temperature conditions (Tw: 23, 26 and 33.5°C) with a neutral and hot ambient temperature (Ta: 27 and 31°C). Rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperatures, oxygen consumption (VO2), skin blood flow (SkBF) on the forearm and thigh, thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) were measured. RESULTS: No difference was observed in Tre, VO2, SkBF on forearm and thigh between hot and neutral Ta conditions during 23°C water immersion. In 26°C water, the SkBF on the forearm was significantly higher, and VO2 was significantly lower in hot Ta condition (p<0.05); Tre decrease was significantly greater in hot Ta condition compared to neutral Ta (p<0.05). TS and TC was significantly warmer and more comfortable in hot Ta  condition than in neutral Ta condition during 26°C immersion (p<0.05), while the difference between Ta conditions was small in 23°C water, though colder TS and uncomfortable TC were observed in 23°C water compared to 26°C water. DISCUSSION: During lower body immersion in 23°C water, there was no difference in thermoregulatory responses and Tre between hot and neutral Ta condition. It suggests that cold stimulus from the lower body in 23°C water was large enough to induce thermoregulatory responses regardless of the effect from the upper body in the air. Although it was expected to maintain higher Tre if only the heat exchange on the skin surface was considered, in 26°C water, lower Tre was observed in hot Ta condition. Thermal input from the upper body in slightly hot Ta might suppress the shivering thermogenesis that led to lower Tre than in neutral Ta. The importance of Ta condition effects on shivering thermogenesis and Tre as well as thermal sensation was indicated during immersion, especially in a cool water environment of 26°, as in this study.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung des Auftriebsdrehmoments auf die Körperrotation einseitig armamputierter Freistilschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023278</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023278</guid>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Osborough, C.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Rotation about the body`s longitudinal axis in front crawl swimming or `bodyroll` may serve many useful functions including: facilitating the breathing action, aiding arm recovery and reducing drag. The torque exerted by the buoyant force about the longitudinal axis, as the arm is recovered over the water, is an important mechanism for driving bodyroll. A single arm amputation may limit a swimmer`s ability to generate bodyroll. The purpose of this study was to quantify the buoyant torque experienced by single arm amputee front crawl swimmers about their longitudinal axis and its effect on their bodyroll. METHODS: The buoyant torque acting about the longitudinal axis depends on the positions of the whole body centre of mass (CM) and centre of buoyancy (CB) relative to this axis, and the magnitude of the buoyant force. These variables were calculated from body segment masses and volumes, and the position-time histories of each segment. Six female single arm (at-elbow) amputees performed nonbreathing front crawl trials at sprint pace. Trials were recorded above and below water with six video cameras. A thirteen-segment full body model of the swimmer was defined. One complete stroke cycle was digitised and 3D coordinates obtained. Body segment data were calculated from digital photographs of the participants, using the elliptical zone method. Bodyroll was described by the angular displacements of the upper trunk (shoulder roll) and lower trunk (hip roll). Buoyant torque was obtained from the cross product of the whole body CM— CB position vector and the buoyant force vector. RESULTS: Swimmers experienced significantly higher peak buoyant torques during recovery of the unaffected arm (8.1±1.4 N.m) than during recovery of the partially-amputated arm (3.5±0.9 N.m). Maximum body roll angles during the unaffected-arm recovery (shoulder: 41±8°; hip: 30±5°) were higher than those during recovery of the partially amputated arm (shoulder: 32±6°; hip: 23±6°). DISCUSSION: The buoyant torque always acted to decelerate the bodyroll from arm exit to mid-recovery and then to accelerate it from mid-recovery to arm entry. The considerable bilateral asymmetry in the buoyant torque could not account for the bodyroll patterns displayed by any of the swimmers. This indicates that the swimmers were utilising mechanisms other than the buoyant torque, such as external torques from non-propulsive fluid forces, to control their bodyroll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ist das Sehvermögen die einzige Einschränkung für die Leistung im Brustschwimmen bei sehbehinderten Paralympic-Schwimmern?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023277</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023277</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers with visual impairment complete in 3 classes. In the 100-m free these swimmers followed a similar race pattern of stroke rate and length to Olympic swimmers. Class S11 with greatest impairment swam slowest and were least competitive, classes S12 and S13 did not differ. It was suggested that fewer classes are needed. Breaststroke races are also organised under the same system but little study has been made of visually impaired swimmers in this stroke. METHODS: The only large scale race analysis data of Paralympic swimmers available dates from the Sydney 2000 Games. Participants were 32 male 100-m breast finalists in classes SB11 to SB13 for visually impaired and class S14 for intellectually disabled (ID). Able-bodied reference data were obtained for an identical analysis (n=8) at the Olympic Games. Start, turn, finish and mid-pool speeds were measured on video tape along with stroke rate(SR) and length(SL). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in end race result between swimmers with limited vision (SB12 & SB13) (M=75.5s) and with ID (SB14) (M=76.14s). Speed decreased as the race progressed with loses of 7% to 8% in segment 2-3 (turning) in Paralympians compared to 4% for Olympic swimmers. ID swimmers lost the most speed over the race (15.2%). There were no differences among Paralympic swimmers in start speed but class SB13 finished significantly faster and SB11 was slower in this race segment. There was no difference among groups in SR and only Olympic swimmers showed significantly longer SL (+0.4m/stroke). Olympic swimmers used a different race pattern for SR and SL. Together with the smallest speed decreases they also showed the largest SR decrease at the beginning of the race (-5.5%) followed by very large rate increases (>7.0%). This was combined with the largest SL increases (+3.3%) followed immediately by the largest SL decreases (<-10%). The SR of visually impaired swimmers decreased significantly following turn and was very low SL following start. Only ID swimmers could not increase SR at the end of the race. DISCUSSION: Visually impaired use poor race speed patterns in breaststroke perhaps due to insufficient conditioning. They are slow in start and turn due to the poor underwater pulling action, start swimming too early and show large speed drops after turning losing both SR and SL. The degree of visual impairment does not seem to be the main distinguishing factor of race performance in breaststroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nahrungs-Thiamin- und -Riboflavinaufnahme und Thiamin und -Riboflavinkonzentration im Blut bei Collegeschwimmern bei intensivem Training</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023276</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023276</guid>
      <author>Sato, A.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Ishikawa, T.</author>
      <author>Murayama, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vitamin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ishikawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murayama, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to provide quantified data to find relationship between high physical activity by swimming training and biochemical thiamin and riboflavin status. METHODS: Thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in the whole blood of a group of 19 collegiate swimmers (6 males and 13 females) were measured during a low-intensity preparatory period and compared with measurements taken during a high-intensity training period. Additional variables included anthropometric characteristics; estimated energy expenditure during swimming training; distance covered; resting energy expenditure; estimated energy requirement per day; and dietary intake of energy, thiamin, and riboflavin. RESULTS: No major changes were observed in anthropometric characteristics or dietary intake, while energy expenditure during swimming training per day significantly increased in the intensive training period (496 ± 0 kcal in the preparation period versus 995 ± 96 kcal in the intensive training period for males [P < 0.001] and 361 ± 27 kcal versus 819 ± 48 kcal, respectively, for females [P < 0.001]). Blood thiamin concentration decreased significantly during the intensive training period compared to the preparation period (41 ± 6 ng/mL decreased to 36 ± 3 ng/mL for males [P = 0.048], and 38 ± 10 ng/mL decreased to 31 ± 5 ng/ mL for females [P = 0.004]); however, the concentration of riboflavin was unchanged. DISCUSSION: Thiamin is more sensitive to an increase in carbohydrate metabolism whereas riboflavin is more sensitive to changes in fat metabolism. Because the percentage of carbohydrates utilized as an energy resource increases along with the increase in intensity of physical activity, blood thiamin concentration is considered more sensitive than riboflavin concentration to an increase in energy expenditure brought about by intense training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Sofortwirkung von Freistil-Sprintschwimmen mit Widerstand auf Richtung und Resultierende der Kraft der Hand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023275</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023275</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Mavridis, G.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavridis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effect of front crawl sprint-resisted swimming on the direction of the resultant force of the
hand. Five female swimmers swam 25 m with maximal intensity with and without added resistance. The underwater motion of the hand was  recorded using 4 cameras (60 Hz) and the Ariel Performance Analysis System was used for the digitization. The results showed that the magnitude of the drag and lift forces, as well as the magnitude of the resultant force was not modified significantly during resisted swimming. However, the angle formed between the resultant force and the axis of the swimming propulsion was decreased significantly in the pull phase. Thus, it could be speculated that sprint-resisted swimming could contribute to the learning of a more effective application of the propulsive forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Charakteristika hoch funktioneller Schwimmbekleidung für Wettkampfschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023274</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023274</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to clarify factors of the high functional swimwears had made a lot of new world records recently, and to suggest design improvements for a new swimwear suitable for the new regulation by FINA. METHODS: Two elite swimmers participated in this study. LZR Racer (L), Aqua Force (F), and X-Glide (X), as the high functional swimwears, and Aile-Bleue (B) as a comparative swimwear were used. L has high wearing pressure, F was made  by rubber, X has both peculiarity of L and F. To evaluate of characteristics of the swimwears, we measured 1) the passing velocity under the water after starting, 2) the cross sections (CS) of a leg, and 3) the passive drag by using a swim mill. RESULTS: The mean passing velocity (m/s) of the subjects after starting with the X was higher than others (X:2.1±0.5, L:2.0±0.4, F:2.0±0.4, B:1.9±0.5). The relative values (%) which indicate a constriction of a thigh with L was smaller than others (X:149.3±16.1, L:147.4±19.4, B:152.7±18.8). The passive drag with L was larger than others. The passive drag (N) with X and F were small at lower velocity but became larger at higher velocity (velocity 0.6-1.4m/s ; X:10.2±10.4, L:14.7±11.8, F:6.5±10.3, B:10.0±12.2, velocity 1.6-1.8m/s ; X:62.5±18.3, L:63.5±14.1, F:49.3±13.1, B:45.0±10.9). It was observed the legs f position with X or F became closer to the horizontal line. DISCUSSION: The results of passive drag reveal that rubber swimwears (X and F) indicated a different tendency between the lower and higher flow velocity. It is thought that the drag decreased due to the body position became close to the horizontal because the rubber swimwears might have an effect for lifting the legs, but the effect induced an increase of the wave drag at higher velocity, then the passive drag inverted between the rubber swimwears and others. For an effect of constriction by the swimwears, it was observed the CS of a thigh was decreased by wearing the L and X. As all findings of the research, it is concluded F has an effect for reducing the drag due to lift legs, L has an advantage to restrain vibration of legs by a strong compression, and X gets both benefits of the two swimwears. According to the new regulation, a rubber material was not forbidden. So it was important to investigate a new material instead of a rubber and to achieve an appropriate wearing pressure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Erlernen des flachen und spitzen Eintauchens beim Schwimmstart vom Block</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023273</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023273</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A study with two randomly assigned subgroups was conducted to examine to effects of feedback information (entry angle) on the dive-in performance. While one group was instructed to perform a pike entry the other subgroup had to exercise a flat entry (i.e. Mills & Gehlsen, 1996; Maglischo, 2003). METHOD: Ten male elite swimmers participated in the study. Five starts were performed for each of four separate learning interventions. While the take-off phase was examined by an above-water video camera and portable starting block equipped with 2D-force strain gauges, the dive-in phase was examined with an under-water video camera. The starting performance was examined by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. After each start, subjects received feedback information on their entry angle (angular displacement of the interconnecting line: finger tip vs. hip joint to the horizontal alignment). In addition, subjects were presented a slow motion video sequence of their take-off and dive-in behaviour. For the flat entry a entry angle of less than 35° was required. For the pike entry, subjects were asked to keep their entry angle above 40°. For the statistical analysis, kinematic parameters were used representing the take-off phase as well as the dive-in phase. For  the latter, a new model was applied to reliably detect body landmarks despite air particles swept along the body surface during the dive-in phase and distorting clear vision. Dynamic parameters (maximal horizontal and vertical force values) completed the data analysis. The three best starts were included in the statistical analysis. An analysis of variance was used to identify statistical correspondences. RESULTS: Both subgroups improved their starting performance significantly. Subjects changed their take-off angle according to their required entry angles. Changes in the take-off angle, in the entry angle, and in the horizontal take-off velocity were statistically explained by the intervention factor and by the group factor. While the flat entry group improved their horizontal take-off velocity, no change in this parameter was observed for the pike entry group. However, the higher horizontal take-off velocity in the flat entry group was associated with less pronounced horizontal velocity during dive-in. The opposite effect was true for the pike entry group.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wellenförmiges Schwimmen beim Menschen: Kinematik, Fließdynamik und mechanisches Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023272</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023272</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: We have learned that athletes in high level swimming try to copy successful strategies from fish locomotion. They use underwater undulatory motion, also called dolphin kicks, to reach an optimum motion by filed kinematics. Due to the absence of systematic studies intensive training phases are necessary to check in the trialerror-
principle the advantages and disadvantages of different variations of the motion. The aim of this study is to understand the motion in its fluid mechanical impact and to develop a motion pattern for optimum and efficient propulsion with the help of modern experimental and numerical flow analysis. METHODS: Time resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to visualize the flow around a swimmer during underwater undulatory swimming in still water in an indoor pool. The principle of PIV is to calculate the displacement of a large number of small levitating particles (diameter: 100 ìm, typically illuminated using green laser light) of two consecutive pictures. The path of the particles was monitored at 250 fps with a high speed video camera (PHOTRON Ultima APX). Local flow velocities and the velocity field were calculated by a cross-correlation algorithm. Swimmers kinematics were recorded using active LED marker at the joints and a video camera system (BASLER A602fc, 30 fps). RESULTS: Vortex generation is monitored in the head region and mainly in the region of the legs. The human]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der relative Anteil der Widerstands- und Auftriebskräfte in den einzelnen Phasen beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022471</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022471</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to determine the relative contribution of the drag and lift forces in the separate phases of the underwater stroke in front crawl swimming. Ten female swimmers swam 25 m with maximal intensity. Four camcorders (60 Hz) were used to record the underwater motion of the right hand, and the digitizing of selected points was undertaken manually using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. During the pull phase the drag force was significantly greater than lift force, while during the push phase there was no significant differences. Both drag and lift forces are important for appropriate propulsion. However, the drag force is decisive for the propulsion in both propulsive phases of the underwater motion of the hand, while the contribution of lift force was increased during the push phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zu einem besseren Verständnis der Rolle der Unstetigkeit des Vortriebs im Schwimmen mittels PIV</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022470</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4022470</guid>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The highly efficient locomotion of birds, insects and fish is based on unsteady dynamics. The central mechanism in the locomotion is related to unsteady behaviour of vortices such as the formation in boundary layers and the shedding from it. Attention to the relation between an object and vortex movement was first noticed in the aeronautical field. The problem of a thin airfoil performing small lateral oscillations in a uniform stream of incompressible fluid, received interest for many years, at the heart of all flutter prediction. Much research within the limitation of the linear perturbation theory was published in early times. Well-documented summaries, including Wagner`s work (1925) can be seen in Bisplinghoff (1955). While much tention was given to the lift sustaining insect and bird flights against their weight, relatively little interest has been given to the unsteady mechanism in swimming propulsion. In Colwin`s book (2002), we can find many detailed sketches of vortices generated during various stroke patterns. Even with the use of this sophisticated means, it is difficult to measure a whole flow field directly around human hand and foot. However, a great success was attained in the field of insect and fish locomotion. Recently the way approaching the unsteadiness by solving numerically the Navier-Stokes equations has been developing, actively but the reliability is somewhat poor and there are many cases in which the experimental validation is needed. The only tool for analysing unsteady flow is particle image velocimetry (shortly PIV). Matsuuchi et al. (2009) explained the principle of PIV and presented the application to swimmers. In this paper, we introduce several flow fields generated either by a hand motion while executing crawl stroke or by mono-fins as well as during the sculling motion of hand are visualized. Velocity and vorticity fields are especially important to understand the unsteady force generation as well as the question how unsteady flow is generated by the motion of hand and foot. Comparative report is also given about simultaneous measurements of unsteady force acting on a robot hand-arm system in motion and the properties of unsteady flow field obtained by PIV. In addition, the results by numerical simulations based on the vortex element method are presented within the 2D cases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf das Wettkampfschwimmen angewandte numerische Strömungsmechanik: Die Rolle der Fingerposition</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021632</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021632</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Rouboa, A. I.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Finger</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouboa, A. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The best fingers relative position during the underwater path of the stroke cycle in swimming seems to be a unclear issue. Even in elite level swimmers, different relative positions of thumb and finger spreading can be observed. The aim of the current abstract was to present the hydrodynamic characteristics of a true model of a swimmer's hand with different fingers' positions using computational CFD. METHODS: Scans of the right hand of a male elite swimmer were obtained using a computer tomography scanner. The hand was scanned with fully abducted (68o), partially abducted (30o) and adducted thumb positions (Marinho et al., 2009). Furthermore, scans were made with fingers closed together, fingers with little distance spread (0.32 cm) and fingers with large distance spread (0.64 cm) (Marinho et al., 2010). Steady-state CFD analyses were performed using the FluentR code. The measured forces on the hand models were decomposed into drag and lift coefficients (CD and CL). Attack angles of hand models of 0o, 45o and 90o, with a sweep back angle of 0o were used. RESULTS: The position with the thumb adducted presented slightly higher CD values compared with thumb abducted positions (0o, CD=0.25; 45o, CD=0.61; 90o, CD=1.09). The position with the thumb fully abducted presented higher CL values at attack angles of 0o (CL=0.24 vs. CL=0.21, partially abducted; CL=0.18, abducted) and 45o (CL=0.65 vs. CL=0.62, partially abducted; CL=0.60, adducted). The model with little distance between fingers (0o, CD=0.24; 45o, CD=0.68; 90o, CD=1.13); presented  igher CD values than the models with fingers closed (0o, CD=0.25; 45o, CD=0.61; 90o, CD=1.09) and fingers with large distance spread (0o, CD=0.26; 45o, CD=0.57; 90o, CD=0.93). The values for the lift coefficient presented little differences between the three models, for a given attack angle (0o, CL.0.20; 45o, CL.0.60; 90o, CL.0.20).  DISCUSSION: For hand positions in which the lift force can play an important role (e.g. insweep phases), the abduction of the thumb may be better, whereas at higher angles of attack, in which the drag force is dominant, the adduction of the thumb may be preferable. Moreover, these thumb positions should be associated to fingers slightly spread, allowing the hand to create more propulsive force during swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Allgemeine Tendenzen und individuelle Verläufe der Schwimmleistung bei den Neuseeländischen Meisterschaften im Verlauf einer Dekade</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021631</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021631</guid>
      <author>Hopkins, W. G.</author>
      <author>Pike, J. C.</author>
      <author>Nottle, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neuseeland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hopkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pike, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nottle, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The progression of an athlete`s competitive performance is an important element in the development of talent and selection of events, but little is known about changes in swimmers during their formative years. Here we report effects of calendar year and age on performance of swimmers at an annual national championship and an approach to prediction of future performance of individual swimmers. METHODS: The data were the official performance times of swimmers who had entered at least three New Zealand Age Group and Open Championships in 2000-2009 (65-194 swimmers with 261-769 entries in the 16 stroke and distance combinations for each sex). Each swimmer`s best time in a given event was log-transformed for analysis of changes in performance as percents using a mixed linear model that included a quadratic trend to adjust for gradual overall yearly changes in performance and individual quadratic trends or "trajectories" for the effect of age on each swimmer`s times. Each swimmer`s trajectory was used to estimate age of best performance and to predict performance for several years following the last swim. RESULTS: Most boys` events showed practically linear improvements in mean performance time of 1-3% between 2000 and 2009; girls` breaststroke and butterfly showed similar improvements, but there was little change in most other girls` events. After adjustment for these trends, plots of each swimmer`s times and their individual fitted trend showed that quadratics are appropriate to model age-related changes in performance. Age of best performance was similar for boys and girls but showed greater variation between girls (18.9 ± 1.5 and 18.7 ± 2.8 y respectively, mean ± SD); the range in best age for different strokes and distances was ~2 y. There was adequate precision for most estimates and for prediction of most individuals` performances. A change of coach or location for some swimmers was apparent as a substantial deviation of one or more swims from their quadratic trajectories. DISCUSSION: The overall progression statistics will help coaches and swimmers set realistic goals for race times at the  National Championships. Annual implementation of the analysis to update the individual performance trajectories should provide guidance for event selection and talent identification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein wettkampfbasiertes neues Untersuchungsdesign zur Bewertung der leistungsbeeinflussenden Intervention einer Mannschaft von Spitzenathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021630</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021630</guid>
      <author>Vandenbogaerde, T. J.</author>
      <author>Hopkins, W. G.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Intervention</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vandenbogaerde, T. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hopkins, W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Performance of elite athletes is difficult to study with conventional experimental designs, because sample sizes are usually small, coaches are often unwilling to randomize athletes to treatments, and performance in tests may not reflect performance in competitions. We present here a more practical powerful competition-based research design for sports in which a squad of athletes competes frequently as individuals and the coach is prepared to implement an intervention for a competition. METHODS: We developed and evaluated the competition-based design by analyzing US competitive swimming performance times, assuming an intervention affecting performance in all strokes and distances had been applied to swimmers in one or more arbitrarily chosen squads for one or more competitions. The swim times were downloaded from USAswimming.org for the period September 2008 through August 2009 (post Beijing Olympics through Rome World Championships and US Open Championships). We analyzed data for swimmers who achieved >900 Hy-Tek points at the World Championship selection trials and who were in squads of >2 swimmers at the trials. Each swimmer`s  best points score was then used to select their best event, and only competitions with >14 best-event swims were included. Times for the resulting 365 swims in 7 competitions by 146 athletes in 19 squads were then analyzed with a mixed linear model. Fixed and random effects were included in the model to estimate the intervention effect in a design equivalent to a parallelgroups controlled trial. RESULTS: Uncertainty in the estimate of the mean effect of an intervention in a given competition with a squad of ~13 swimmers was a minimum of ±0.7% (expressed as 90% confidence limits) when there were at least 50 other swimmers in that competition and all swimmers entered at least four other competitions. The same intervention applied to an extra squad (~25 swimmers in total) in a different competition reduced the minimum uncertainty to ±0.5%. DISCUSSION: The competition-based research design for interventions on athletic performance appears to provide outcomes that are more precise and trustworthy than those of conventional research designs, but clear outcomes with interventions producing trivial or smallest important effects for swimmers (~0.3%1,2) will require use of multiple squads in multiple competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Reproduzierbarkeit von Geschwindigkeitsverlaufs-Strategien bei hochklassigen Schwimmern im Juniorenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021629</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021629</guid>
      <author>Skorski, S.</author>
      <author>Faude, O.</author>
      <author>Rausch, K.</author>
      <author>Meyer, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reproduzierbarkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Skorski, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faude, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rausch, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meyer, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recently, the analysis of pacing strategies has gained importance in sports medicine research. Up to now, there is little data available in swimming. Three different ways of pacing have been described in swimmers: even, fast-slow and slow-fast pacing (Maglischo, 2003). This classification was mainly developed from observations in races at Olympic Games or World Championships. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of pacing strategies in high level junior swimmers during 200, 400 and 800 m tests. METHODS: 16 competitive front crawl swimmers (7  , 9  , age: 16.9±2.2 years, training history: 6±1.8 years) performed 200, 400 and 800 m tests, each distance twice, within one week. All 100m split as well as total times were recorded for the 800 and 400 m test (50m split times for the 200m test). Furthermore blood lactate concentrations [bLa] were measured after each test. Training and nutrition on test days and the day before were tightly controlled. RESULTS: Pearson correlations as well as Bland-Altman analyses were used to determine reproducibility. Correlation coefficients (r) for the 800 m were between r = 0.83 and 0.97 for all split times, except for the last section (r = 0.79). Mean bias was between 0.13 and -0.81s, the limits of agreement [LoA] were between ± 1.7 and 5.0 s for all 100 m sections except the final one (mean bias = -1.05 s, LoA = 5.8 s). During the 400 m race r was above 0.90 for each section (mean bias = -0.16 to -0.60 s, LoA = ± 1.6 to 4.7 s). Results were similar during the 200m (r > 0.90, mean bias = -0.35 to -1.14 s, LoA = ± 1.1 and 2.6 s). For [bLa] was r was 0.88 during 800m and 0.80 during 400 m, whereas for the 200 m it was 0.32. DISCUSSION: The reproducibility of pacing profiles of junior swimmers seems acceptable, although the last section shows greater variability. Thus it might be speculated that anticipatory control of intensity is dominant during the race with actual sensory feed-back information getting more important during the end spurt of the race. However, the physiological rational behind pacing strategies is mostly unknown and further research is needed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsrückgang bei jugendlichen Schwimmern nach der Sommerpause</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021628</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021628</guid>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sommer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Children in Germany have 6 weeks of school break. During this time usually no swim training is performed leading to a decrease in performance which was built up before the school break. The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of performance loss following 6 weeks of summer break in youth swimmers. METHODS: 26 competitive swimmers between 9 and 11 years (MW 11.5 ± 1.4 yrs) participated in the study. Seven weeks before the summer break the kids performed a 100m all-out swim and a 2000m all-out swim. After five weeks of training the two tests were performed again. After the second test day the summer break occurred (6 weeks) without any swim specific training. Two and eight weeks after the summer break the tests were repeated again. RESULTS: The swimmers achieved a time of 35:31.2 ± 5:14.5min (2000m) and 1:25.4 ± 0:10.8 min (100m) during the first tests. After five weeks of training the times decreased without  tatistical significance (2000m 34:52.8 ± 4:35.0 min; 100m 1:24.3 ± 0:10.4min). Two weeks after the summer break the performance level in both tests decreased significantly (2000m 36:11.6 ± 5:01.4 min; 100m 1:26.7 ± 0:09.7min). After a short period of training, the performance increased significantly and the swimmers nearly reached their level of the time before the summer break (2000m 35:10.7 ± 4:34.4 min; 100m 1:24.3 ± 0:10.3min). DISCUSSION: We could show that junior swimmers between 9 and 11 years of age are able to rebuild their performance level in six weeks of training. Therefore the summer break of six weeks is very important in competitive junior swimming. From a physiological and psychological point of view, young athletes need a break from daily training to regenerate and motivate again for the next season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Informationsgehalt von Feld- und Labortests für die Prognose der aktuellen Leistung von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021627</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021627</guid>
      <author>Zuoziene, I. J.</author>
      <author>Poderys, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zuoziene, I. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poderys, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Various methods can be applied in assessing the level of fitness and functional condition of athletes, as well as in forecasting their performance. Still the specific nature of the kind of sports is a significant factor in selecting tests and control exercises. Therefore the adapted tests, i.e. the tests when the load of movements corresponds to the specific character of the sports movements performed or the testing is carried out just by assessing competitive physical loads, are more suitable for assessing special fitness of athletes in all sports. The aim of the study was to compare the informativeness of field tests (research done in the swimming-pool) and laboratory assessments in forecasting the possible performance of athletes in the 50 m distance. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 12 swimmers (age - 18.63 ± 0.6 years, body mass - 72.6 ± 2.57 kg). First, each participant performed the tests in the water. The special field tests were meant to establish the indices of muscle power and anaerobic capacity, and the subjects performed a control 50 m freestyle swim the best they could. After two days the indices of relative muscle power (W/kg), anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic performance and functional indices of cardiovascular system were taken. RESULTS: The obtained results showed that well-trained swimmers, in comparison with the poor ones, had the highest values in muscle power, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity and some cardiovascular indices, such as PWC170, more optimal values or relative indices such as velocity of adaptation to loads, ratio JT/RR of ECG. The results in vertical high jump test and relative muscle power showed weak correlation with the 50 m time swim. Relatively small values of correlation were found in the anaerobic power, and higher values - in the anaerobic capacity indices obtained during the laboratory tests. The highest values in correlation between the results in control swim and the assessed indices were obtained during the testing in field conditions. DISCUSSION: These indices are significant and should be used in doing laboratory research in the functional condition and level of fitness among swimmers. The sum total of indices registered with the help of the computerized ECG analysis program enables us to single out the elements restricting the working capacity of athletes as well as to provide individual recommendations about monitoring the training process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinetik beim Armzug, Beinschlag und bei der Gesamtbewegung im 100-m-Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021626</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021626</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Lätt, E.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, J.</author>
      <author>Mäestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Rämson, R.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lätt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mäestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rämson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Arms and legs are often trained separately to obtain specific muscle adaptations along with whole body training. However, studies of VO2 kinetics have been conducted only in whole stroke (Rodriguez et al., 2003). This study examined VO2 on-kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. METHODS: 36 swimmers (26 M, 10 F) performed three all-out 100-m swims in random order (A: arms stroke, L: leg kicking, S: whole stroke). Breath-by-breath VO2 values were measured using a swimming mask attached to a portable gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, Cortex). Phase I (cardiodynamic component) was computed as a time delay (TD) for Phase II (primary component) and the latter was then described using single [VO2 (t) = A0+A1(1.e.(t-TD)/ )] and double exponential models. VO2 parameters were compared using paired (A/L/S) and unpaired (M/F) t-tests (p. =0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between single and double exponential curve fitting convergence parameters. Mean  SD values for main parameters during A, L, and S, respectively, were as follows. TD (Phase I): 13.7+/-4.2, 14.0+/-4.2, 13.8+/-4.7 s (M), and 15.9+/-5.1, 19.5+/-5.3, 15.1+/-4.9 s (F). Total amplitude: 2.506+/-0.613, 2.681+/-0.538, 3.084+/-0.712 mL/min (M), and 1.817+/-0.229, 2.161+/-0.161, 2.431+/-0.2512 mL/min (F). Time constant ( ): 12.6+/-4.4, 9.9+/-2.8, 9.9 s (M), and 11.9+/-5.4, 10.6+/-4.1, 9.7+/-4.0 s (F). DISCUSSION: In either sex, VO2 kinetics attained higher amplitudes at S, followed by L and A. M reached higher amplitudes in all swims as compared with F. Time constants for S were lower than in a previous report (Rodriguez et al. 2003), although in that study the cardiodynamic component was not isolated. During A and L, 81 and 87% (M) and 75 and 89% of VO2 (F) of respective S amplitude was attained, similar to previously reported values during a 6-min flume swim (Ogita et al. 1996), thus confirming that the aerobic energy release in the active muscle groups involved in A plus L cannot be fully reached during S because of cardiorespiratory limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperbauliche Unterschiede bei Wasserballspielern im Spitzenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021625</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021625</guid>
      <author>Ozkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turunc, S.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turunc, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to investigate body composition differences in three different group elite water polo players. METHODS: All players representative of Turkiye National Waterpolo Team, totaly 163 waterpolo player investigated. First group consists of 18 senior water polo player age of 24.3±4.9 (SGRP), second group consists of 73 junior water polo player age group of 15-16 (JGRP) and the third group consists of 62 youth waterpolo player age group of 13-14 (YGRP). Body composition analysis made with Tanita BC- 418 Segmental Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) by BIA. All players analyzed at the begining of the national teams preparation period at 2009-2010. Data analyzed with PC using statistic software program SPSS for Win, 11.0.0 - SPSS Inc., 1989-2001) and the p value set at 0.05 significant level. RESULTS: At the results, differences were found between these three waterpolo player group at the following body composition parameters (p<0.05); height, body mass, basal metabolic rate, fat mass, fat free mass, total body water, right leg fat free mass, right leg predicted muscle mass, left leg fat free mass, left leg predicted muscle mass, right arm fat ratio, right arm fat free mass, right arm predicted muscle mass, left arm fat ratio, left arm fat free mass, left arm predicted muscle mass, truncal fat mass, truncal fat free mass and truncal predicted muscle mass. DISCUSSION: The present study provides baseline physiological data that have been used in the prescription of individual training programs (weight loss programs or strenght training) for these waterpolo players and this information is also available to the coaches.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Wirksamkeitsanalyse des Schwimmstarts bei Verwendung eines Startblocks mit anpassbarer Fußerhebung im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021623</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021623</guid>
      <author>Petryaev, A. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petryaev, A. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[IINTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the use of starting block with adjustable raised foot on the start efficiency. METHODS: In this research 16 international level sportsmen took part. The specialization of swimmers was distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters in butterfly and freestyle. Comparative data was obtained in the sportsmen`s competitive activity analysis at the international competitions of the World cup lap in Moscow and the European championship in Istanbul on the short water during one month in the November and December 2009. Also finalists` results on the first 15-meters section of the distances in both competitions were analyzed. On the first start in Moscow the usual starting blocks without adjustable raised foot were used, on the second start in Istanbul the same swimmers used the starting block with adjustable raised foot. Athletes were in the same swim suits, that means that the constituent of the frontal component of active drag depending on the swim suit type was constant. In the research digital video cameras were used, the beginning of the start was synchronized with the flash and it was taken into account in the video file processing. The time fixation was made by the swimmer`s head while they passed the 15-meters of the start section. RESULTS: The data analysis of finalists of the World cup lap and the European championship showed a high correlation of the time of passing the 15-meters start section and the sport result: on the distance of 50 meters (men and women) r=-0,65-0,70; on the distance of 100 meters r=-0,60-0,65; on the distance of 200 meters r=-0,50-0,55; on the distance of 400 meters r=-0,25-0,30. The average time of start section passing using the starting block with adjustable raised foot decreased on the distance of 50 meters by 2,25%* and the sport result time decreased by 0,63%*; on the distance of 100 meters - by 2,20%* and 1,34%*, respectively; on the distance of 200 meters - by 2,22%* and 1,72%*, respectively (* p>0,01). DISCUSSION: Swimmers of high qualification have the capability to make stably the start section of the distance. Considering that the swimmers participated in both competitions in the same typical swim suits and the external conditions did not change the start section result improvements can be explained with the influence of the use of starting block with adjustable raised foot.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Bewertung der Zusatzmasse und der aktiven Widerstandskraft beim Abstoß bei Rollwenden</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021619</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021619</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, S. G.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: While swimming, the swimmer moves his/her water, setting it into motion. The same occurs at the flip turns, however the swimmer is now contacting the wall. We may thus register the force applied by the swimmer by placing an underwater force platform at the wall. If we simultaneously video record the turns, we have also access to the position of its center of mass. Similarly to Lyttle et al. (1999), we have merged video and force data in order to estimate the active drag force and the added mass during flip turns. The study of the force production in the flip turns has also been studied numerically by Klauck (2005). Lyttle et al. (1999) used the F=m.a law, obtaining the acceleration from a 2nd order derivative, a numerically unstable procedure; we used the I=m(Vf-Vi) law, obtaining the velocity from a first numerical derivative (numerically unstable) and the impulse by an integration of the force (a numerically stable procedure). METHODS: An extensometric underwater force platform, two above water and four underwater fixed cameras (50Hz) were used, all synchronised. With a sample of 10 swimmers, six males and four females, all participants at the Absolute Portuguese National Championships, 89 valid turns were analysed. Using the APAS software to analyze the video and a MATLAB routine to analyze data from the force plate and combine it with the kinematic data, it was possible to estimate the active drag force and the total mass (swimmer mass + added mass) during contact time. RESULTS: The results (mean ± SD) obtained for the total sample were 0.5 ± 0.14 N/BW, 1.10 ± 0.22 N/BW, 1.58 ± 0.30 kg/BM and 2.38 ± 0.77 kg/BM, for the mean and maximum active drag force, and the mean and maximum total mass, respectively. DISCUSSION: From the results it is possible to conclude that during the flip turns the swimmer moves itself plus over its body mass of water on average, while the peak values may exceed three times its body mass. Putting all this water in motion adds to the drag force experienced by the swimmer. The results suggest that this method is suitable to compute the drag force and the added mass during flip turns.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Messung beim Schwimmen auf die Extremitäten wirkender unsteter Fließkräfte mittels eines Roboterarms und ihre Modellierung mittels des Swimming Human Simulation Model "SWUM"</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021547</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021547</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Thrust generated by the limbs is one of the most important issues in the biomechanics of swimming. Many studies to date have been conducted in order to investigate the fluid force acting on the limbs, especially for the hand, by experiments and numerical simulations. However, most of them were confined to the steady condition although the swimming motion is completely unsteady. Some recent studies have conducted experiments and simulations for unsteady motion. However, such studies have investigated the unsteady motion only in one or two degrees-of-freedom (DOF), which are still far away from the real swimming motion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the unsteady fluid force during swimming in more realistic situation. For this objective, a robot arm which can perform 5DOF motion, and can represent both the upper and lower limb motions during swimming was developed. METHODS: The joint torques and the resultant thrust acting on the robot arm were measured by the force sensors attached to the robot. In a circulating water tank, an experiment to measure the fluid force was conducted for four swimming strokes of the upper and lower limbs. In order to model the unsteady fluid forces, the swimming human simulation model "SWUM", which has been developed by the authors (Nakashima et al., 2007), was employed. RESULTS: AND DISCUSSION: From the experiment, it was found that even the slight difference of the fluid forces between slightly different swimming motions can be quantified by the developed experimental system. The measured thrust of the crawl stroke reached the maximum value of 50N. With respect to the modeling, fluid force coefficients, which are the parameters in the fluid force model, were identified using optimizing calculation, so that the discrepancy of the forces and moments between the experiment and simulation was minimized.  Good agreement between the experiment and simulation with the determined fluid force model indicated validity of the determined model. The averaged discrepancy between the simulation and experiment was 11%. The identified fluid model will be useful for mechanical analyses of various swimming motions by SWUM in the future studies.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen neuer Hightec-Schwimmanzüge auf den passiven Widerstand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021546</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021546</guid>
      <author>Keul, S.</author>
      <author>Bieder, A.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keul, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bieder, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Which influence do Hightech-Swim-Suits have on swimming performance was the main question during the Olympic Games 2008 and World Championships 2009. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of new generation Hightech-Swim-Suits compared to conventional swimwear on passive drag. METHODS: Eight national league swimmers (4 male, 4 female) participated on repeated gliding-tests with a Semi Tethered Machine (STM). The participators wore either conventional swimwear, shoulderto- ankle Speedo LZR Racer, bluesenventy nero comp or Arena R-Evolution. For each condition athletes were towed in a 50m pool three times at water surface (s) and 0,5m deep (uw) in randomised order. Thereby velocity was measured. After smoothing the velocity-curves the means of steady state velocity were compared with ANOVA repeated measures with Fisher post-hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Under both conditions (s and uw) swimsuits reached higher velocities compared to conventional swimwear. Thereby Speedo LZR always reached the highest velocities (s: 1,95ms-1 ± 0,01; uw: 2,14 ms-1± 0,01), followed by blueseventy (s: 1,91 ms-1 ± 0,01; uw: 2,10 ms-1 ± 0,01) and Arena (s: 1,91 ms-1± 0,01; 2,09 ms-1± 0,01). The lowest speeds were reached with conventional swimwear (1,87 ms-1± 0,01; 2,02 ms-1± 0,01). Significantly higher velocities at the surface were found for Speedo LZR compared to normal swimwear and Arena R-Evolution. Under water blueseventy and Speedo achieved significantly higher velocities compared to normal swimwear. DISCUSSION: Drag is an important phenomenon, because its reduction improves swimming speed. Passive drag is smaller than active drag. Anyway measuring passive drag allows exposing the effects of swimsuits without any influence of swimmers skills. Former studies measured the effects of "previous" swimsuits on active and passive drag and found different results. The present study showed advantages in wearing one of the tested suits while gliding through water. Even if the results cannot be transferred to a real situation of swimming, it can be expected, that long gliding phases under water after turns and wearing a swimsuit might improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen der Eintauchfertigkeit und der 15-m-Zeit beim Start im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021545</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021545</guid>
      <author>Kazumasa, O.</author>
      <author>Shinji, S.</author>
      <author>Masahiro, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kazumasa, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shinji, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Masahiro, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between skill in entry phase and the glide speed. METHODS: Fourteen collegiate elite male swimmers performed maximal efforts competitiv swimming start followed by 25m freestyle swim. The mean value of the swimmer elapsed time at 15m was 6.81±0.17 sec. The motions above and under water were recorded by synchronized two high speed video cameras (250 fps), and two CCD video cameras (60fps), respectively. The two-dimensional analysis was used to calculate the kinematic variables, such as entry speed, angle of projection, attitude angle and angle of attack. These angles were calculated about entry and glide phase. And, also acceleration in glide phase and angular variation about angle of projection, attitude angle and angle of attack during entry phase were calculated. A correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between performance of start phase (15m time) and the kinematic variables. RESULTS: About kinematic variables in entry phase, angle of projection was 34.4±2.9deg. Attitude angle was 39.5±4.9deg. Angle of attack was -4.6±6.5deg. About kinematic variables in glide phase, angle of projection was 31.0±3.0deg Attitude angle was 11.1±5.8deg. Angle of attack was 19.9±3.8deg.There was a  significant negative correlation between 0-15m time and angle of attack (p<0.05; r=-0.534). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between 15m time and acceleration in entry phase (p<0.05 r=0.593). Also, there was a significant negative correlation between angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase (p<0.05 r=-0.599). There was no correlation between angular variation about angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase (p=0.158 r=-0.277). DISCUSSION: The result of this study showed that the angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase influence 15m time. From these result, it is consider that the entry skill explained by angle of attack influence acceleration in entry phase, and therefore 15m time is shorten. But there was no correlation between angular variation about angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase. These results suggest that angular variation about angle of attack do not influence deceleration during entry phase in expert competitive swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der Kraftaufwendung der unteren Extremitäten bei Collegeschwimmern beim Vertikalsprung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021544</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021544</guid>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Endo, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Endo, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The injuries such as muscle strain or ankle sprain of swimmers often occurred during activities on the ground. It suggests that the injuries may be caused by their hyper mobility of the ankle joint or the reduction of the performance with the antigravity movement, but the real causes have not been elucidated yet. The measurement of jumping performance is widely used to evaluate the physical condition and trainability of athletes, but not so much of swimmers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the vertical jumping performance between Swimmers (SW) and Track and Field athletes (TF) in order to elucidate their properties of power output of lower limbs and to prevent the injuries of swimmers. METHODS: 12 male SW and 9 male TF in N university were participated. All subjects performed counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) on the portable force plate. The changes in jumping height, displacement and velocity of center of mass (COM) were derived from the time series of the ground reaction force (GRF) collected with sampling frequency at 400 Hz. The same measurements were performed before (Pre) and after (Post) 6 months routine training. RESULTS: For SW, a significant increase in jumping height was observed in SJ (Pre;0.36±0.04m)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Relativer Beitrag der Widerstands- und Auftriebskräfte in den einzelnen Phasen beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021543</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021543</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The resultant force produced by a swimmer`s hand is a combination of drag and lift forces. The optimal combination of these forces is important, in order as much as possible of the resultant force to be aimed in the swimming direction (Schleihauf, 2004). Although both drag and lift forces are important for the swimming propulsion, it is suggested that, it is more effective when swimmers rely more on drag, rather than on lift forces (Maglischo, 2003). However, there is a lack of data regarding the relative contribution of drag and lift forces in the separate phases of the underwater stroke in front crawl swimming, which was the purpose of the present study. METHODS: Ten female swimmers swam 25 m front crawl with maximal intensity, with pull-buoy and without breathing in the middle of the pool. Four camcorders (60 Hz) were used to record the underwater motion of the right hand, and the digitizing of selected points was undertaken using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. The underwater stroke was divided in three phases: a) entry and catch b) pull and c) push. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the methodology described by Sanders (1999) were used to estimate the propulsive forces of the hand. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for the statistical treatment of the data. RESULTS: During the pull phase the mean drag force (7.27 ± 1.89 Í) was significantly (F1,9= 7.590; p < 0.05) greater than lift force (5.37 ± 1.33 Í), while during the push phase no significant (F1,9= 3.829; p= 0.082) differences were found between drag (7.85 ± 1.16 N) and lift forces (8.81 ± 1.84 N). Furthermore, the drag force was not significantly different (F1,9= 0.591; p= 0.355) between the pull and push phases, while the lift force was significantly higher (F1,9= 29.142; p< 0.05) during the push vs. the pull phase. DISCUSSION: Both drag and lift forces are important for appropriate propulsion. However, the drag force is decisive for the propulsion in both propulsive phases of the underwater motion of the hand, while the contribution of lift force was increased during the push phase.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Angriffswinkel, resultierende Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung der Hand und vertikale Beschleunigung des großen Trochanter bei der Scullbewegung: Eine Falluntersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021542</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021542</guid>
      <author>Gomes, L. E.</author>
      <author>Loss, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loss, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Synchronised swimmers need to be able to maintain a steady height in the water by performing controlled sculling motion, in which constant vertical resultant force (VRF) is applied. This study aimed to analyse the attack angle, the resultant speed and acceleration of the hand during sculling motion in order to relate these variables with the vertical acceleration of the greater trochanter (VAGT), which is proportional to the VRF. METHODS: One synchronised swimmer was asked to perform sculling motion in a stationary, vertical position (head above the water surface and with the water at chin level). Three-dimensional kinematic data from underwater video analysis was used to calculate the VAGT, the average attack angle and the hand`s average resultant speed and acceleration during 11 consecutive cycles of sculling motion. Each cycle was divided into four phases: in-sweep, transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep, out-sweep and transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (Arellano et al., 2006). Each variable was compared between the phases through a series of  paired t-tests ( =0.05). RESULTS: Greater attack angles were found during the transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (51.8±6.8°). This phase also presented higher average resultant acceleration of the hand (27.4±4.8 m/s2). Higher average resultant speeds of the hand were found during the in-sweep and out-sweep (1.8±0.2 m/s). The lowest average attack angle (1.2±9°) and resultant speed of the hand (1.4±0.1 m/s) occurred during the out-sweep and transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep respectively. The highest positive values of the VAGT occurred during 
the transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (0.8±0.2 m/s2), while the highest absolute negative values occurred during the other transition phase (-0.7±0.2 m/s2) and the lowest absolute average occurred during the in-sweep (-0.1±0.2 m/s2). DISCUSSION: Comparing insweep and out-sweep, greater VRF was applied during the out-sweep, which also showed the lower attack angle. Greater negative VRF was found during the transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep, which may be explained by the lower average attack angle, while greater positive VRF was found during the other transition phase in which average attack angle was higher.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Erlernen und Verbesserung einer Schwimmtechnik innerhalb einer interdiziplinären und erfahrungsbasierten Lehrmethode mit Schülern der 7. Klasse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021489</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021489</guid>
      <author>Esser-Noethlichs, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Didaktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Esser-Noethlichs, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to investigate in how far the school subjects swimming and physics can benefit from each other when teaching them together in an inter-disciplinary and experience based context. It was expected that a  comprehensive background knowledge about the biomechanics of swimming help improving a swimming technique. On the other hand, teaching physics in the context swimming was supposed to be an advantage regarding improving interest in physics as school subject. Gained experiences in the context of swimming should make it easier for the students to deal theoretically with the respective topics as well. METHODS: Two parallel school classes (7th grade) of a German Gymnasium were taught separately over six weeks. In the experimental group (N=25), physics and swimming were taught as a unit in the context of "moving efficiently through the water". In the control group (N=26), physics and swimming were taught separately. Besides the different arrangement and teaching method, it was tried to keep the aims and contents similar in both groups. Standardized tests were conducted in order to evaluate different factors such as knowledge, interest in physics, and swimming technique (Noethlichs and Schulz 2007). RESULTS: Results showed that both groups improved their breast stroke technique significantly but with an advantage for the experimental group. The knowledge test indicated a significant increase of the experimental group in comparison to the control group. DISCUSSION: Within the experimental group, learning the physics of swimming were directly linked to personal experiences and experiments in the water. The students experienced for instance different forces in the water with their own body and they tried to investigate how they could take advantage of those forces regarding an efficient movement through the water. Subsequent theoretical reflections gained an experience- based background knowledge, which seemed to enable improving their breast stroke technique autonomously. The control group students depended more on the teacher`s instructions and feedback. In addition, the experience-based method supported the understanding of the physics of swimming significantly which can reasonably be related to the specific teaching design.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen respiratorischen Symptomen und bronchialer Ansprechbarkeit bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021488</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021488</guid>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <author>Stadelmann, K.</author>
      <author>Carlsen, K.-H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stadelmann, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carlsen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of exercise induced asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is reported high among elite endurance athletes. Of the summer sports, swimmers show a high incidence of BHR and respiratory symptoms. From the winter Olympic Games 2002 and later the international Olympic Committee-Medical Commission (IOC-MC) required objective measurements of BHR or reversibility to bronchodilators to obtain approval for the use of  2-gonists in sports. The aims of the study were therefore to evaluate the relationship between respiratory symptoms in young elite swimmers and two different tests of BHR; Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) and the dose of inhaled methacholine causing 20% decrease in FEV1 (PD20 methacholine). Secondly we aimed to define the repeatability of the EVH test. METHODS: 15 male and 9 female adolescent elite swimmers, 15 to 25 years old, performed one measurement of PD20 methacholine and two EVH tests in randomised order. Dry air containing 5% CO2 was inhaled with a target ventilation  of .85% MVV (minimum 65%) for 6 min. PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol and EVH . 10% decrease in FEV1 were considered positive according to the limits given by IOC-MC. The athletes reported their respiratory symptoms and medication use in the modified AQUA2008 questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty swimmers (83%) reported respiratory symptoms, 15 of these (75%) had a positive provocation test. Fourteen (58%) of the 24 swimmers had at least one positive test result to either one EVH test or to PD20 methacholine. The sensitivity for PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol in relation to respiratory symptoms was 50% versus 60% and 47.37% for the two EVH tests, respectiveley and 75% for PD20 methacholine . 4 ƒÊmol. Bland-Altman plot of the two EVH tests showed a consistent distribution with only one subject outside the limits of agreement CI (-5.5, 6.8). DISCUSSION: The prevalences of BHR and respiratory symptoms among adolescent elite swimmers are very high. PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol and EVH . 10% agree but PD20 methacholine . 4 ƒÊmol shows the best sensitivity in relation to respiratory symptoms.  This may infer that the symptoms occurring in swimmers may to some extent be unspecific and not always related to BHR, alternatively that the requirements set up by IOC-MC may be too strict. The EVH test has a high repeatability, but is very expensive and uncomfortable to perform.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Erhöhte bronchiale Ansprechbarkeit, physiologische und psychologische Wiederherstellung bei jugendlichen Schwimmern: Eine vorläufige Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021487</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021487</guid>
      <author>Kristiansen, E.</author>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <author>Stadelmann, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kristiansen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stadelmann, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Many endurance sports require a hard training regime, and swimming is one of the most physically and mentally demanding of all sports as they have a hard in-water and out-of-water training program. For many swimmers  breathing problems cause additional stress in the recovery process. The prevalence of exercise induced asthma (EIA) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is especially high amongst elite endurance athletes and has markedly increased over the last three decades. In addition for swimmers, the inhalation of chlorine is thought to be an airway provoking factor during training and competitions (Drobnic et al., 1996). The aim of this preliminary investigation is to test if there are any links between breathing problems, physiological and psychological recovery for swimmers. METHODS: 15 male and 9 female adolescent swimmers performed one Methacholine challenge and two Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) tests. In addition, the swimmers also filled in a questionnaire package that consisted of scales measuring perfectionism, burnout,  recovery and motivational climate. RESULTS: 15 of 24 swimmers had at least one positive test result to either one of the EVH tests or to the methacholine challenge (PD20 .2 ƒÊmol). When coding the swimmers as responsive or not responsive, we were able to correlate BHR with psychological variables which gave some significant and meaningful results even though low number of participants. BHR correlated negatively with accomplished recovery (-.44, p<.05), and positively with perfectionism (parental criticism: .48, p<.05). DISCUSSION: This preliminary investigation emphasize that the prevalence of bronchial hyper responsiveness (BHR) among elite adolescent swimmers is alarmingly high. Breathing problems may lead to underperformance, though; BHR is rarely mentioned as a physiological marker for e.g. overtraining (Richardson et al., 2008). Hence, parental pressure, massive training load, unsuccessful recovery is vital issues with applied consequences both for training and competition. In conclusion, there is evidence that we need more research about this possible (breathing) stress-recovery imbalance in order to identify underrecovery]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Querschnitts auf der Basis von Computeranimation im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021486</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021486</guid>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <author>Kulpa, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aerodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Animation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kulpa, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Reducing cross sectional area (CSA) during starts and turns is a key part of performance optimisation. Different methods have been used to obtain this parameter without any standard: total human body volume to the power 2/3, wetted area or frontal area based on planimetry technique (PT) (Toussaint, 1990). These different methods can lead to discrepancies in drag values (Cappaert, 1994). Recently, Nicolas et al. (2009) used two synchronized camcorders to evaluate drag parameters during the different phases of an undulatory stroke cycle. However, such a technique needs accurate synchronization and calibration of the different camcorders views. The aim of this study is to provide a new method based on animation of virtual characters to obtain instantaneous cross-sectional area in an undulatory stroke cycle. Its main advantage is to obtain cross-sectional area as well as biomechanical analysis with a single camcorder in a sagittal plan and without space calibration. METHOD: A camcorder placed side-on to the swimmer recorded the undulatory movements in the sagittal plane of eight swimmers. This information provided the angles between limbs. These data were then used by our animation engine to animate a virtual swimmer whose anthropometric data came from the real swimmer. A specific algorithm has been developed to automatically obtain the CSA using body outlines. In order to validate our method, we also calculated the CSA using PT with a frontal camcorder view of the same undulatory movements. RESULTS/ DISCUSSION: Our results show similar values of maximum CSA using PT and the frontal camcorder view (0.012±0.003m²) and our algorithm based on 3D animation (0,014±0.004m²). The mean coefficient of variation between the results obtained from the two methods is 7.3%. This difference could be related to the level of details of the mesh used to model the avatar. One prospect to this work is to take resistive and propulsive body segments into account in CSA calculation. From this method, we intend to better understand swimming hydrodynamics and the way CSA influences active drag. More generally, this approach has been designed to provide new practical insights into swimming analysis protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Höhenprojekt: Ein internationales Gemeinschaftsforschungsprojekt zum Höhentraining bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021485</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021485</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Live High - Train Low</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: : Altitude training (AT) is a common practice among swimmers although scientific evidence of its benefits is scarce and controversial, particularly in elite athletes. The Altitude Project aims to: 1) determine the effectiveness of AT using the Hi-Hi (living and training at moderate altitude), or the Hi-Lo (high intensity training performed at lower altitude) models, in comparison with sea level training; 2) establish the physiological mechanisms involved; 3) ascertain whether altitude training affects swimming technique; 4) uncover any negative impact on athletes` health and performance; and 5) identify markers of individual response and adaptation to AT. METHODS: An international group of researchers belonging to universities and sports organizations of different nations, supported by the IOC and FINA among others, will develop a major international study starting at October, 2010. About 40 male and female elite swimmers from various countries and their coaches will participate in a controlled, matchedpaired, balanced experiment with three interventions: Hi-Hi (2320 m), Hi-Lo (high intensity training at 690 m, Granada), and Lo-Lo (sea level, Barcelona). After the first set of tests, subjects will be   tched by gender, competitive level, and VO2max, and to one of the three groups. Initial and repeated measurements along the study will include: 1) performance testing, 2) swimming economy and metabolic testing (including VO2max and MAOD), 3) swimming technique and kinematics, 4) hematology (including flux cytometry and total Hb mass), 5) prooxidant/ antioxidant balance, 6) immunological status, 7) heart rate and arterial blood pressure variability, 8) echocardiography, and 9) clinical]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Markerlose Analyse des Freistilschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021484</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021484</guid>
      <author>Ceseracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Ceccon, S.</author>
      <author>Donà, G.</author>
      <author>Corazza, S.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Cobelli, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ceseracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceccon, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donà, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corazza, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Although underwater swimmers video recordings are widely diffused, swimmers` kinematics is usually reconstructed only on a single sagittal view, relying on manual digitization of specific features` position. In this study, 3D kinematics of the right arm in front crawl swimming is analyzed employing a markerless, automatic and repeatable method [1], based on multi-view video recordings of the subject. METHODS: An elite swimmer performing front crawl was acquired employing 5 subaqueous CCTV colour cameras and Canopus ADVC-55 A/D converters (PAL interlaced video, 25frames/sec). Cameras were synchronized automatically by means of an ad-hoc application, and calibrated with Bouguet method. Silhouette extraction was performed employing a Gaussian mixture algorithm (Intel OpenCV library), which creates an adaptive model of the background; a priori information, in terms of an extra "white" Gaussian component of the model, was included in order to deal with the presence of the foam. From the intersection of these silhouettes` back-projections in space, a visual hull of the subject was obtained at each frame. The joints` position was reconstructed by means of matching the visual hull with a subjectspecific mesh model (obtained from a dry and static visual hull of the subject), based on rigid-segments, employing the articulated-ICP algorithm. Only a manual initialization step is required, in which the initial position of the wrist is determined by digitizing its positions on all the views, and triangulating them. Correlation coefficients were evaluated for the three components of shoulder, elbow and wrist joints among three trials. RESULTS: The 3D joint trajectories repeatability analysis reported intra-method correlation coefficients between trials ranging from 0.948 to 0.997 for the antero-posterior component, from 0.751 to 0.998 for medio-lateral and from 0.2578 to 0.9975 for vertical. In the latter case, poor correlation was found for the elbow joint, while wrist and shoulder showed a good correlation (mean: 0.91±0.1SD). DISCUSSION: The application of a fully automatic markerless technique for analysis of swimmers` kinematics has been investigated. Good results were achieved in terms of intra-method repeatability of joint trajectories. Although this method has not been validated yet due to the lack of a gold standard, it is very promising for quantitative, wide-scale studies on swimmers` motion]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen maximaler dynamischer Kraft spezifischer Muskelgruppen und der Wurfgeschwindigkeit bei Hochleistungs-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021483</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021483</guid>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Focke, T.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Focke, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The power shot is the main throwing technique in water polo reaching the highest ball velocities. Several muscle groups are involved in this motion. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation of maximal dynamic strength of the upper bodies and legs muscles on throwing velocity. METHODS: 15 male German elite water polo players and junior national squad members participated in the present study (age: 16.4 ± 3.0 years; height: 184.5 ± 9.2 cm; weight: 84.0 ± 12.5 kg). All subjects were right-handed. Each subject performed 3 power shots in the pool with a distance of 5 meters to the goal to assess maximal throwing velocity, measured by the Speedtrac X sports radar gun. Maximal dynamic muscle strength (FtPmax [N]) was measured using a pull-over machine (left and right hand), twister for lateral abdominal muscles (left and right direction of movement) and ab- and adductor machine for the legs. Relationships between muscle strength and throwing speed variables were evaluated using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The following results for FtPmax [N] were measured: Pull-over (left hand): 438.9 ± 127.1 N; Pull-over (right hand): 462.5 ± 116.9 N; Twister (to the left): 666.3 ± 146.7 N; Twister (to the right): 707.1 ± 136.7 N; Abductor: 749.9 ± 232.0 N; Adductor: 790.2 ± 200.3 N. Maximal throwing velocity was 68.5 ± 4.8 km/h. The following correlations were calculated between throwing velocity and maximal dynamic muscle strength: Pull-over left (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and right hand (r = 0.52, p < 0.01); abductor (r = 0.57, p = 0.03),]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der standardmäßigen mittleren Muskelaktivierung bei Verwendung eines Schnorchels und ohne Schnorchel im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021482</guid>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Gamboa, H.</author>
      <author>Palma, S.</author>
      <author>Araújo, T.</author>
      <author>Nunes, N.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Costa, A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gamboa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nunes, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In swimming the snorkel (K4b2, Italy, Rome), which consists of a valve train Aquatrainer (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) is often used for analysis of various physiological and biomechanical aspects has allowed researchers to analyze its feability and reliability, as the mechanical constraints caused by this system. Electromyography (EMG) evaluates the neuromuscular activity by plotting the electrical activity of muscle and thus displaying patterns of muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to compare the average pattern of muscle activation in two situations, with and without the use of a snorkel in the breakstroke technique. METHODS: Five male subjects (Mean ± SD: age 19 ± 3,67 years; weight 76.1 ± 6.58 kg; height 178 ± 0.05 cm; fat mass percentage 14,68 ± 1.96; IMC 24 ± 1,66), were subjected to a test consisting of a protocol of 2 x 25m breakstroke, in the first part of the test the swimmers used a snorkel; in the second part they swam without snorkel at 95% of transit time for 200m crawl. Using a wireless signal acquisition system (bioPLUX research, Portugal) and EMG sensors (emgPLUX, Portugal), muscle activity of Biceps Brachii (BB) and Triceps Brachii (TB) of the right arm was recorded throughout the test and synchronized with the video images. The raw EMG was processed offline using Python (version 2.4) routines to compare morphology of the pattern of EMG signal recorded form BB and TB during both test conditions. The signals were subsampled to a frequence of 200Hz, then low-pass filtered with a smoothing window of 50 samples and full-wave rectified. We selected the (middle-700_middle+2300) samples of the raw signal on all identical pathways (15m). For each subject, muscle and test condition, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values of EMG were determined. In order to compare the pattern EMG wave of the swimming movement with and without snorkel, the mean EMG wave was computed for each subject, muscle and test condition. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the mean activation (EMG) of the BB and TB are higher with the use of snorkel. With respect to the maximal values, higher values in BB were observed both in the muscles recorded as well as in the condition with use of a snorkel. DISCUSSION: We observed in both muscles higher EMG values when using the snorkel. Since BB higher values mean higher activation in both situations. The curve of the EMG signal pattern of the cycle for each muscle group is different from subject to subject, and was different between each situation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beitrag der Arme und Beine zur Gesamtleistung bei Verwendung eines neuen Ganzkörper-Schwimmtrainingsgeräts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021481</guid>
      <author>Swaine, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Swaine, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A new whole-body swimming training machine can be used to determine the power generated by each limb. The contribution made by each limb to the total power output can be calculated (%) in relation to exercise intensity. 12 swimmers with a mean age of 23.2 * 1.2 (yrs), stature 1.75 * 0.02 (m) and body mass of 73.8 * 2.9 (kg) gave informed consent and performed an incremental whole-body exercise test to exhaustion on the computer-interfaced whole-body swimming training machine. Exercise intensity commenced at 100W and was increased by 50W per minute. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and peak power output (Wpeak) were determined. The mean values of VO2peak and Wpeak were; 3.7 * 0.8 l/min and 366.7 * 52.6 W respectively. At various exercise intensities the relative contribution of the legs to total power output was as follows: At 20%VO2peak it was 29.7 %, at 40%VO2peak it was 35.8%, at 60%VO2peak it was 41.7% and at 80%VO2peak it was 48.2%. At VO2peak itself, the contribution was 53.5%. These results show that the contribution of the legs (to total power output) can be as much as the contribution from the arms, during high intensity exercise in swimmers. Of course, the extent to which these results can be applied to swimming is limited by the specificity of the exercise, but the results suggest that swimmers can perhaps produce as much power with their legs as they can with their arms, when they exercise with their arms and legs simultaneously.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines Trainingsprogramms der kompensatorischen Kraft der Schulter auf die Kraft der Rotatorenmanschette bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021480</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <author>Raimundo, A.</author>
      <author>Tomás-Carús, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, O.</author>
      <author>Sousa, J. P.</author>
      <author>Costa, A. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomás-Carús, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate de effects of 16 week compensatory strength training program in shoulder strength and respective conventional ratios (concentric ER/IR). METHODS: A total of 40 national level male swimmers were assessed and randomly divided in two groups - experimental group (N=20)-(age:14.65±0.67 years old, height:173.48±6.87 cm, body mass:63.15±5.68 kg) and control group (N=20)-(age:14.60±0.60 years old, height: 170.79±6.48 cm, body mass:61.73±4.68 kg). Experimental subjects participated in a 16 week shoulder strength program with Thera-Band® elastic bands (3 times a week). The peak-torque of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotators (ER) was measured in both groups at baseline and after 16 weeks. Concentric action at 60º/s (3 rep) and 180º/s (20 rep) were measured, in a seated position, with the shoulder at 90º of abduction and the elbow flexed to 90º, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 - Biodex Corp., Shirley, USA). Anova with repeated measures was used to determine significant main effects in shoulder rotators strength and unilateral ER/IR ratios. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in all variables that measure the ER shoulder strength at 60º/s in dominant(DT) (P=0.031) and non-dominant(NDT) shoulder (P=0.001). Meanwhile concentric action at 180º/s, only showed significant differences on DT shoulder (P=0.032). In respect of ER/IR ratio, a compensatory strength training programme induces significant differences in both shoulders at 60º/s (DT: P=0.001; NDT: P=0.001). At 180º/s we just found significant effects on the DT ER/IR ratio (P=0.002). DISCUSSION: The results of this study support earlier research [1] that showed that the unilateral shoulder strength ratios increases substantially after a period of a strength training program. Since the ratios describe the quality of muscular balance/imbalance [1], we can conclude that a 16 week compensatory shoulder strength training program using Thera-Band® elastic bands, reduces muscular imbalances in rotator cuff of  mpetitive young swimmers. These results highlight the useful of this kind of compensatory program to prevent shoulder injuries]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Nachteilige Auswirkung von einer Erhöhung der Belastungsintensität und einer Reduzierung des Umfangs über 12 Wochen auf die VO2max bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021479</guid>
      <author>Pedersen, M. T.</author>
      <author>Kilen, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, T. H.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, M</author>
      <author>Rocha, B.</author>
      <author>Nordsborg, N. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kilen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The training volume of elite swimmers often reaches 40-50 km per week. Recent reports suggest that an increased amount of supra-maximal interval exercise, carried out as 6-12 times 30 s all-out exercise separated by 3 min of rest, can improve the performance of trained non-elite runners, despite a 25-80 % reduction in training volume. The reduction in volume resulted in an improved running economy but no change in maximal aerobic power. METHODS: A group of male (N=20; 19±3 yrs, mean±SD) and female (N=11; 18±3 yrs) elite swimmers were randomly allocated to an intensity training
group (IG, N=16) and a control group (CG, N=15). For 12 weeks, CG carried out their normal training of 25-50 km pr week including supra- maximal high intensity bouts 1-2 times per week. IG swimmers reduced their training volume 50% relative to CG and performed at least 4 sets per week of supra-maximal interval training. Before and after the training period, oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured during swimming at two different sub maximal speeds, followed by a test of VO2-max using stepwise increases in swimming speed until exhaustion. In addition swimmers performed a set of 5x200 m starting every 5 min (1-3 being easy sub-maximal swims; the 4th a hard effort and the 5th an all out effort). RESULTS: VO2 was unchanged during submaximal swimming. In IG Figures for VO2 at the highest submaximal velocity before the training period was 2.56 ± 0.78 l/min and after the training period 2.53 ± 0.94 l/min. For CG the same figures were 2.65±0.64 and 2.59±0.54 l/min respectively. For VO2-max there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in IG from before (3.93±0.81 l/min) to after the training
period (3.78±0.94 l/min). There were no changes in VO2- max in CG (Before: 3.85 ±0.71; after 3.84±0.66 l/min). There were no significant changes in 200 m performance. In IG the mean velocity of the 5th 200 m was 1.50±0.08 m/s before the training period and 1.51±0.08 m/s after the training period. For CG the same figures were 1.53±0.09 DISCUSSION: The major findings in this study were that and 1.51±0.08 m/s. reduced training, despite more than a doubling of supra-maximal interval bouts, had a detrimental effect on VO2-max but not on swimming economy or performance in 200 m swimming in this group of elite swimmers. Apparently, a high training volume is required to maintain VO2-max in athletes that depend on their upper body musculature and possibly VO2-max is not a good predictor of 200 m freestyle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen aeroben und anaeroben Trainings auf den Stickoxidgehalt im Blut und die Rolle der Geschlechter</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021174</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021174</guid>
      <author>Özkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turgay, F.</author>
      <author>Varol, S. R.</author>
      <author>Özcaldyran, B.</author>
      <author>Vural, F.</author>
      <author>Akpit, T</author>
      <author>Nalcakan, G. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turgay, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varol, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özcaldyran, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vural, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akpit, T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nalcakan, G. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The positive effects of aerobic exercise on the nitric oxide is known, but the effects of nitric oxide on anaerobic training and on the role of gender is not clear. Therefore, in this study, aerobic (swimming group) and anaerobic (volleyball group) training effects on blood nitric oxide levels and the role of gender in this effect were investigated. In this study; participants between the ages of 20-25 and have similar physical characteristics, from swimming as a aerobic group; 8 female and 11 male athlete, from volleyball as a anaerobic group; 8 female and 11 male athlete and as a control group that does not do regular exercise have 8 female and 11 male were included to the study. Wingate test and the lactate minimum speed (LMS) test was applied the volunteers. For the nitric oxide analysis from venous blood, cadmium is used as the reductor to `Griess method` has been identified with. Lactic acid analysis was determined by electro-enzymatic method for lactate minimum speed. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.0 statistical program, significance as p value <0.05 were used. Basal serum nitric oxide levels in male aerobic group was higher from control group (p <0.05) and anaerobic group (%11.4). Basal serum nitric oxide levels for females; no significant differences were found between the aerobic, anaerobic and control group (p> 0.05). But aerobic group`s basal serum nitric oxide level was bigger from the other two groups. There were no significant differences found between male and female groups at basal serum nitric oxide levels and there were no significant relationship between basal serum nitric oxide levels and lactate minimum speed in all group. In male and female`s; aerobic group lactate minimum speed were higher than control group (p<0.05), peak power and mean power of anaerobic group were higher than aerobic group (p<0.05). As a result; positive effect has been found on the blood serum nitric oxide levels with regular aerobic exercise training at significant  level in males, these effect not the same for females. There were no significant effects of anaerobic training on blood nitric oxide levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang des Armzugindex zu einigen physiologischen Parametern und der Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021171</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021171</guid>
      <author>Ozcaldiran, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozcaldiran, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of the arm-stroke index (ASI) to some physical characteristics and performance in swimming. METHODS: The study was conducted on 36 (17 male age of; 14.6±2.1, height(cm); 167.7±11.4, weight(kg); 59.2±10.5 and 19 female age of; 14.8±1.9 height(cm); 159±7.5, weight(kg); 52.2±7.4) competitive swimmers. The subjects swam four different styles (Freestyle [FR], backstroke [BA], butterfly [FY], breaststroke [BR]) for 100 meters at their best speeds, with 15 minutes in between. for each style, the ASI was calculated by dividing the number of arm strokes by the swimming velocity in m/s. The relationship between the variables was studied through correlation analyses (Spearman). The Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare male and female swimmers. The Friedman test was used for differences between different swimming styles and Wilcoxon was used for the post-hoc evaluation. RESULTS: The hand length (cm), arm length (cm) and the hand grip (kg/f ) values of male and female swimmers were found 18.6±1.3 and 18.2±1, 66.6±4.9 and 64.9±3.6, 32.8±10.2 and 24.8±5.6 respectively. Important significant correlations of varying degrees between ASI and the physical characteristics of height (in males; r(FR)= -0.83, r(BA)= -0.84, r(BR)= -0.89; [p<0.001]), weight (in males; r(FR)= -0.96, r(FY)= -0.84, r(BR)= -0.84, in females; r(FY)= -0.78; [p<0.001]), the lengths of the arm (in males; r(BA)= -0.81, r(BR)= -0.83; [p<0.001]), hand grip (in males; r(BR)= -0.80, in females; r(BA)= -0.79; [p<0.001]). A significant decrease in ASI with age in both sexes was observed (p<0.01). Similar relationship was observed between ASI and swiming velocity (in males; r(BA)= -0.88, r(FY)= -0.86, in females; r(FR)= -0.82, r(FY)= -0.87, r(BR)= -0.86; [p<0.001]). DISCUSSION: This study shows that certain physical characteristics effect ASI, and that development of ASI is reflected in swimming velocity. It is important to note here that the mechanical effect of leg kicking must not be overlooked. Attention paid to these points in designing the training programs of competitive swimmers will play a positive role and help increase their performance levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technische und physiologische Veränderungen beim kontinuierlichen vs. intermittierten Schwimmen an und oberhalb des maximalen Steady Staes</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021166</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021166</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, M. F.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Most endurance training sessions are prescribed using intermittent exercise, which allow maintaining higher intensities with the same metabolic condition. In swimming, stroke technique (i.e., stroke rate - SR and stroke length - SL) and physiological potential may equally contribute to performance. When exercising above maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), a significant reduction in SL (Dekerle et al., 2005) has been found. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether MLSS determined using continuous (MLSSc) or intermittent (MLSSi) protocols represent a boundary above which not only physiological but also technical changes occur. METHODS: Thirteen endurance swimmers (23 ± 9 yr) performed four to eight 30-min sub-maximal tests, to determine the MLSSc and MLSSi (12 x 150 s with 30 s of passive recovery). The time to complete 5 stroke cycles was used to calculate one SR value per 100 m. SL was calculated as the ratio between speed and SR. The blood lactate, SR, and SL were analyzed at minute 10 and 30 of each test. RESULTS: The speed at MLSSi (1.17±0.09 m/s) and MLSSc (1.13±0.08 m/s) were significantly different (3.2%) while the blood lactate concentration was similar (4.3±1.1 and 4.4±1.5 mmol/L, respectively). SR increased during MLSSi (32.5±3.2 and 33.8±3.2 cycles/min, 3.9%), 102.5% MLSSc (32.0±3.7 and 34.2±3.6]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von den männlichen Top-Schwimmern bei den 13. FINA-Schwimmweltmeisterschaften getragene Schwimmanzüge: Analyse der Freistildisziplinen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021165</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021165</guid>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several world records have been broken in recent years. Swimming community speculates this fact is partly related due to the changes in swimsuits characteristics. To swim faster one need to increase the thrust and reduce drag, which can be achieved wearing the new polyurethane swimsuits (Marinho et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to verify the distribution of different swimsuits used by male swimmers during all the freestyle finals, according to the different distances swum, at the last world championships being held at Rome in 2009. METHODS: Results databases from the 13th FINA World Championships, in Rome 2009 were used. Only the male swimmers participating in the freestyle finals were observed and analyzed, for a total number of six individual swimming events (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m). The wearing swimsuits were observed from video recorded of the television broadcast. RESULTS: In freestyle swimming events most of the male swimmers participating in the finals choose to wear full body swimsuits. Three different swimsuits brands were used by the swimmers: Powerskin X-Glide Full® (56.25%), Jaked01 Full® (29.17%) and LZR Racer Full® (10.42%). Only 2.08% of the sample used pants. In the shortest event, 50 m, Jaked01 Full® was predominant with 62.50% of the swimmers choices. This value decreases to 25.00% analyzing the 100 m swimming event, and remained similar over the longer distances events. Contrarily, the Powerskin X-Glide Full® was used for 37.50% of the swimmers in 50 m swimming event, and it increased to 62.50% in the 100 m freestyle. This value remained similar over distances up to 1500 m. The maximum value of wearing reached by the LZR Racer Full® was 25.00% in the 400 m, being less used in the other swimming events, even reaching zero values in the 50 m and in the 1500 m events. DISCUSSION: The distribution of swimsuits wearing found in this study leads us to speculate that the Jaked01 Full® was preferred for the shorter distances and Powerskin X-Glide Full® was the choice for longer distances. The LZR Racer Full® was the least suit used and thus it seems it is not a preference for freestyle swimming events at this specific competition. These results seem to demonstrate that swimmers have some preferences regarding swimsuit type according to the distance of the swimming event.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>13. FINA-Schwimmweltmeisterschaften: Analyse von Schwimmanzügen der Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021164</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021164</guid>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The polyurethane swimsuits has become the notice around the pools in the past couple years. A better body position and the reducing of drag are believed to be some of the reasons that allow the swimmers wearing these swimsuits to go faster (Kainuma et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to verify the distribution of different swimsuits used by male swimmers during the finals at the last world championships being held at Rome in 2009. METHODS: Results databases from the 13th FINA World Championships, in Rome 2009 were used. Only the male swimmers participating in the finals were analyzed, for a total number of 24 individual swimming events. The wearing swimsuits were observed from video recorded of the television broadcast. RESULTS: Male swimmers participating in the finals limited their choice to seven types of swimsuits, of four different brands. Jaked01 Full® was the most used (47%), followed by the Powerskin X-Glide Full® (35%), the Powerskin X-Glide Pants® (7%) and the LZR Racer Full® (5%). Less used were the Jaked01 Pants® (3%), the Hydrofoil Full® (1%) and the LZR Racer Pants® (1%). Powerskin X-Glide Full® was the most used in freestyle events (56%), followed by Jaked01 Full® (29%). In backstroke, male swimmers share a preference between Powerskin X-Glide Pants® and Jaked01 Full® (33% each). All the swimsuits used in the breaststroke finals were distributed by the Jaked01 Full® (79%) and the Powerskin X-Glide Full® (21%). In medley finals, the Jaked01 Full® remained in the preferences (56%) followed by Powerskin X-Glide Full® (25%). We also could verify that 41% of the swimmers wearing Powerskin X-Glide Full® reached the podium, as well as 29% with Jaked01 Full®. DISCUSSION: Male swimmers preferentially used full swimsuits, covering both the torso and legs, probably contributing for a higher drag decrease. We can observe a clear preference for two swimsuits types: the Powerskin X-Glide Full® and the Jaked01 Full®. It seems these swimsuits had greater success rate for achieving podium places. One can speculate that in backstroke swimmers used more swimming pants because they are in a dorsal position, where a full swimsuit could not allow much benefits of the torso cover. The existence of selected preferences by the swimmers highlights the importance of the swimsuits until the inclusion of the new swimsuit rule and might have on performances in the near future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur in den verschiedenen Schwimmarten bei Nachwuchsschwimmern nationalen Leistungsniveaus</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021163</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021163</guid>
      <author>Lomax, M</author>
      <author>Iggleden, C</author>
      <author>Tourell, A</author>
      <author>Castle, S</author>
      <author>Honey, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lomax, M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iggleden, C</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tourell, A</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castle, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Honey, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) has been reported following 200 m front crawl (F/C) swimming in national and international standard masters` swimmers (Lomax & McConnell, 2003). Whether the magnitude of IMF varies between strokes and whether expiratory muscle fatigue (EMF) occurs in highly trained age-group swimmers was addressed in this study. METHODS: Following institutional ethical clearance, 11 national standard British age-group swimmers were recruited (mean ± SD: age 14 ± 1.4 years; body mass 55.9 ± 7 kg; stature 151.5 cm ± 5.1 cm) to undertake four ((1 x: F/C, back stroke (B/K), breast stroke (B/R) and butterfly (fly)) maximal 200 m swims from a push start. Each swim was undertaken on a separate occasion, at the same time of day, in the same swimming pool and followed a standardised 600 m warm-up. Inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressure (MIP and MEP, respectively; RPM Micro Medical, UK) were recorded pre and post each 200 m swim. In addition, breathing frequency (fr) and stroke count (SC) were recorded per swim. RESULTS: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed similar MIP values (p = 0.590) between strokes pre- (F/C 110 ± 21 cmH2O; B/K 112 ± 18 cmH2O; B/R 112 ± 24 cmH2O; Fly 110 ± 17 cmH2O) and post- (F/C 88 ± 22 cmH2O; B/K 93 ± 23 cmH2O; B/R 86 ± 19 cmH2O; Fly 96 ± 23 cmH2O) swim, although MIP did decline (p < 0.001) following each 200 m swim. No differences were observed in MEP either pre- (F/C 99 ± 31 cmH2O; B/K 98 ± 31 cmH2O; B/R 95 ± 27 cmH2O; Fly 99 ± 31 cmH2O) or post- (F/C 100 ± 39 cmH2O; B/K 99 ± 35 cmH2O; B/R 96 ± 35 cmH2O; fly 90 ± 28 cmH2O) swim at any time point (p = 0.727) or between strokes (p = 0.744). No relationship (p > 0.05) was observed between fr and the percentage change in MIP (F/C r = -.456; B/K r = .218; B/R r = .218; Fly r = .312) or between SC and the percentage change in MIP (F/C r = .458; B/K r = .496; B/R r = .520; Fly r = -.161). DISCUSSION: IMF occurs in response to maximal 200 m swimming in each of the four strokes but EMF does not. Although the magnitude of IMF was not significantly different between strokes, there was a trend for IMF to be higher in F/C and B/R (~20-23%) compared to Fly and B/K (13-17%). Furthermore, the magnitude of fatigue was not related to breathing frequency and had no effect on stroke count.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kann hochintensive Belastung bei mittlerer Intensität durch reduzierte Atemfrequenz simuliert werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021162</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021162</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Reduced breathing frequency (RBF) is often used during regular swimming training. Due to athlete's distress reported after the exercise with RBF, it has been speculated that high intensity workloads can be simulated at moderate intensities by RBF (West et al., 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare some respiratory and metabolic responses during constant load exercises with different breathing conditions (spontaneous and RBF), performed at different absolute intensity. METHODS: Eight healthy male subjects performed an incremental cycling test twice: first, with spontaneous breathing and second, with RBF at 10 breaths per minute. A constant load test with RBF (B10) was then performed to exhaustion at the peak power output obtained during the incremental test with RBF. Finally, the subjects performed constant load test with the spontaneous breathing (SB). This test was performed to exhaustion at peak power output obtained during the incremental test with spontaneous breathing. Respiratory parameters (VE, PETO2, PETCO2), metabolic parameters (VO2, VCO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured during both constant load tests. Capillary blood samples were taken before and every minute during both constant load tests for measuring lactate concentration ([LA]) and parameters of blood acid-base status (pH, Pco2,). RESULTS: Regardless of the type of comparison (the data obtained at the defined time or maximum and minimum values during the exercise), there were significant differences between SB and B10 in all respiratory parameters, metabolic parameters and SaO2 (p . 0.01 and 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant lower [LA-] and Pco2 during B10, when compared to SB (p.0.01). However, there were no significant differences in pH during the exercise between different breathing conditions. DISCUSSION: Due to obtained results it could be concluded that RBF during exercise at lower absolute intensity did not produce similar conditions as they were during the exercise with spontaneous breathing at higher absolute intensity]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Schnorchelatmung beim Freistilschwimmen auf die Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021161</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021161</guid>
      <author>Iggleden, C.</author>
      <author>Lomax, M.</author>
      <author>Fricker, R.</author>
      <author>Jones, O.</author>
      <author>Moffatt, S.</author>
      <author>Poole, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iggleden, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lomax, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fricker, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moffatt, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poole, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The use of snorkels has become a popular training aid for competitive swimmers. However, the narrowed external airflow path associated with snorkel breathing (SB) presents an inspiratory and expiratory flow limitation, which has the potential to induce respiratory muscle fatigue (Rohrbach et al., 2003). The aim of the current study was to explore the influence of SB on inspiratory and expiratory muscle fatigue (IMF and EMF, respectively) during front crawl (F/C) swimming. METHODS: Following institutional ethical clearance, 6 competitive University swimmers were recruited (mean ± SD: age 20 ± 1.0 years; body mass 74.6 ± 8.6 kg; stature 175.2 ± 10.5 cm) to undertake 3 x 200m F/C swims of different breathing conditions in a swimming flume: 1x: ad libitum (ALB), controlled frequency breathing (CFB) and SB. The order of the swims was randomised, and following a standardised 500m warm-up, were completed at a swimming velocity equivalent to 90% of each swimmer`s season best time. Inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressure (MIP and MEP, respectively, RPM, Micro Medial, UK) were recorded pre and post each 200m swim. RESULTS: Two way repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in MIP between conditions (p = 0.265), although baseline MIP (149 ± 36 cmH2O for ALB, 153 ± 30 cmH2O for CFB and 160 ± 32 cmH2O for SB) was significantly higher (p = 0.014) than post swim MIP (124 ± 33 cmH2O for ALB, 126 ± 39 cmH2O for CFB and 138 ± 27 cmH2O for SB). Similarly, baseline MEP (173 ± 50 cmH2O for ALB, 157 ± 38 cm- H2O for CFB and 177 ± 33 cmH2O for SB) was significantly higher (p = 0.045) than post swim MEP (150 ± 49 cmH2O for ALB, 146 ± 37 cmH2O for CFB and 163 ± 40 cmH2O for SB) but not different between conditions (p = 0.294). DISCUSSION: IMF and EMF both occur in response to sub-maximal 200m F/C swimming, but the magnitude of IMF and EMF is similar between SB, ALB and CFB in trained University swimmers. Whether SB creates a respiratory muscle training stimulus remains to be seen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfspezifische Diagnostik und Ergebnisse für Wasserballspieler im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020700</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020700</guid>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Focke, T.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Focke, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In elite water polo there are certain special abilities, which are very important to achieve success during a match. Increasing importance is given to some game-related parameters such as the maximal throwing velocity, the maximal vertical jump height and the cyclical and noncyclical movements of the legs. For screening these abilities a water polo specific test battery was carried out with German elite and junior national squad members. METHODS: 15 male water polo players of the German elite and junior national squad (MW: 16.4 ± 3.0 yrs; 184.5 ± 9.2 cm; 84.0 ± 12.5 kg) participated in the study. The athletes performed four water polo specific test procedures. For measuring the cyclical movements of the legs (CM) the athletes had to carry 1/8 of their body weight above the water surface as long as possible, performing only the "Eggbeater Kick". For testing the noncyclical movements of the legs (nCM) two balls were installed in the upper two corners of a water polo goal and the athletes had to touch both balls alternately as often as possible within 60 seconds (s). Maximal throwing velocity (TV) was measured during a power shot with 5m distance to the goal with a sports radar gun. For determining the maximal vertical jump ( J) ability a modified jump-and-reach test was conducted. The athletes started in a horizontal position on the water surface and tried to reach the highest possible point on a scale. RESULTS: The results of the testing procedures were: CM 23.80 ± 7.13 s; nCM 75.87 ± 11.26 jumps/60 s; TV 68.53 ± 4.82 km/h; J 155.87 ± 8.61 cm. Positive correlations between the results of the tests were only found between the jump height and the cyclical and the noncyclical movements of the legs ( J:CM r = 0.65, p < 0.01; J:nCM r = 0.86, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: It could be shown that there exists no correlation between maximal throwing velocity and maximal jump height. Our results are in accordance with the literature (Feltner 1994) indicating that a high ball velocity not only depends on a high vertical reach. The throwing velocity during a water polo match is affected by many more factors. However, the individual results are compared to the collected mean values and specific training recommendations are given to the coaches too increase these abilities to achieve greater success.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsprognose mittels kritischer Schwimmgeschwindigkeit bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020699</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020699</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Predicting performance by a two-parameter model has been applied to marathon runners, rowers and cyclists, but there is still a gap on research in swimming. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the actual performances in 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m with the performance predicted by critical swimming speed (CSS) of a two-parameter mathematical model with different distances combinations in young swimmers. METHODS: Eleven young swimmers (Age: 14.3 ± 0.5 years) of national competitive level have joined the study. Maximal free-style swimming trials were conducted for the distances of 200, 400, 800 and 1500 meters (randomized order). Each distance was predicted by all the possible combinations of two distances to compose the linear regression equation between distance and time values. The level of agreement between the actual performance and the predicted performance obtained by three possible combinations for each distance was identified using Bland and Altman analysis. RESULTS: Predict performance in young swimmers through CSS by a two-parameter model in training condition lead to inaccurate values despite the good level of agreement of some combinations of distance, since any difference in the performance value may represent a victory or a defeat in swimming events. (best level of agreement for 200m = bias 9.9s, limits -10.4 to 30.3s (400-1500m); 400m = bias 7.1s; limits -22 to 7.8s 200-800m); 800m = bias 1.9s, limits -27 to 30.9s (400-1500m); 1500m bias 7.5s; limits -64.6 to 79.7s (200-800m)). DISCUSSION: Interesting results were obtained with adults engaged in competition situation. However, predicting performance by CSS in training situation does not seem to be accurate for young swimmers, probably because it is not possible to provide motivation similar to the competition situation. Competitive experience may also have influenced this result. Despite the limitations related to predict the CSS from the mathematical model of two parameters, as used in the present study, we can observed that this is still the easiest way to predict the CSS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schussanalyse entsprechend der Spielposition im Wasserball bei den B-Europameisterschaften 2009 in Lugano</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020698</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020698</guid>
      <author>Ozkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turunc, S.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turunc, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to analysis the shoots according to set playing (6-6) position in waterpolo matches at 2009 European Waterpolo B Championships in Lugano. METHODS: Therefore totaly 14 waterpolo matches including 10 teams shoots analyzed with Waterpolo Match Analysis Program (WP_Pro_Analiz, Izmir-Turkiye, 2009), PC using statistic software program SPSS for Win, release 11.0.0 - Standart Version (Copyright© SPSS Inc., 1989- 2001) and excel program. The following parameters analyzed for the shoots; the ending point of the shoots in the goal, fake number of achieved shoots, preliminary position of the shoots and the shoots distance achieved from the goal. RESULTS: From the important findings of the analysis, the % 34.1 (157 shoot) of the total 460 shoot ending at the left down side in the goal, the % 30.4 (140 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from the position 3 (P3) but only % 19.3 (27 shoot) scored of the total 140 shoot from this position (P3), the % 41.5 (191 shoot) and % 33.9 (156 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved with no fake and one fake respectively, the % 50.7 (233 shoot) and % 21.5 (99 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from set (6-6) position shoot and fast break shoot respectively, the % 10 (46 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from the center position, the % 9.6 (44 shoot) and % 8.3 (38 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved with cross-pass shoot and faul shoot respectively and the last important finding the % 59.1 (271 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from 5-7m away from the goal. DISCUSSION: The present study provided effective information on the achieved shoots in the waterpolo games and also the findings is usefull to the coaches for different game strategies, usefull for the goalie and the field players for whom specialization for the shoot.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Unterschied der roten Blutzellparameter zwischen Elite-Langstrecken- und -sprintschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020697</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020697</guid>
      <author>Guo, H.</author>
      <author>Lu, Y.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hämatokrit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hämoglobin</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Previous investigations suggest that training intensity and duration can affect the hematology of athletes. As differences exist between distance and sprint swimmers in regards to training methods and metabolic demands, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there were differences in red blood cell indices when comparing elite female distance and sprint swimmers. METHODS: Twenty-two elite female swimmers were classified into two groups: a distance group (Dis) (n=11) whose primary events were 400m or 800m and a sprint group (Spt) (n=11) whose primary events were 100m or 200m. All swimmers were trained at the same facility. Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW), were measured weekly, every Monday morning, before the first training session over a one-year period from August, 2007 until July, 2008. Due to the objective limits (such as subjects unavailable or technical error of instruments), the number of samples obtained was 477 in Dis and 459 in Spt. RESULTS: Compared to Spt, Dis had higher values of HCT (0.40¡À0.04L/L vs. 0.38¡À0.03L/L), HGB (132.41¡À10.10L/L vs. 128.66¡À9.31L/L), MCV (87.70¡À5.66 fl vs. 84.75¡À6.20fl), and MCH (29.06¡À1.35pg vs. 28.54¡À1.88pg)(P<0.05), but lower val ues of MCHC (331.97¡À15.31g/L vs. 338.19¡À17.06g/L) and RDW (13.67¡À0.94% vs. 14.25¡À0.97%)(P<0.05). No differences in RBC between Dis and Spt (4.57¡À0.34¡Á1012/L vs. 4.52¡À0.41¡Á1012/L) (P>0.05) were observed. DISCUSSION: RBC values in both groups were at an advantageous level for oxygen transportation in blood. Higher values of HCT, HGB and MCH in Dis indicate a potential for greater oxygen flow to meet the presumably greater use of oxygen in active skeletal muscles during distance swimming. Higher values of MCV in Dis were indicative of a larger proportion of young red blood cells, which had more deformability for red blood cells to pass through capillaries. Higher value of MCHC demonstrated that a larger proportion of red blood cells in Spt were aging and atrophic. Besides, atrophy varied the shapes of red blood cells; as a result, Spt had a higher value of RDW.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Technologie und Schwimmen: 3 Schritte hinter der Physiologie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020696</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020696</guid>
      <author>Berthelot, G.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Len, S.</author>
      <author>Tafflet, M.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berthelot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Len, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tafflet, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In 2008, the polyurethane made its first appearance in swimming with the use of a new generation of swimsuits. The result was a sudden improvement of performances, repelling the imminent physiological limits (Berthelot et al., 2008). The aim of this study is to quantify the gain provided by the 3 different swimsuits generations introduced in 1999, 2008 and 2009 respectively. METHODS: We collected the best performance of the first 10 world swimmers every year in 34 swimming events from 1990 to 2009. The number of significant values (ANOVA test, p < 0.05) was then summed each year for both sexes. The relative improvement or "gain" between the mean m of the 10 best from one year to the next was computed for all years and all events. RESULTS: Three variation peaks are observed in 2000, 2008 and 2009 corresponding to the year of INTRODUCTION: of each swimsuit. The 1st peak has a higher number of significant variations recorded for women vs. men (13 vs. 9). The 2nd peak presents the highest number of variations, with an equal repartition of significant progressions between men and women (13). The 3rd peak shows a high number of variations for men (9) and fewer variations for women (3). The mean gain values are: 0.74% ±0.26% (2000); 1.16% ±0.48% (2008); 0.68% ±0.55% (2009) for men events and 1.00% ±0.37% (2000); 0.97% ±0.57% (2008); 0.27% ±0.70% (2009) for women events. DISCUSSION: Body shape is one the factors altering drag resistance (Vorontsov and Rumyantsev, 2000). The large impact of the first generation swimsuit on women events suggests that compression of women`s body may have been a major factor reducing hydrodynamical resistance as soon as 2000. This may be the first innovative parameter explaining recent women`s swimming performances. The second generation swimsuit introduced in 2008 provided large gains in both men and women, while the third generation impact is less homogeneous: women showed a lower performance progression, while men experienced a relative improvement. With a period of prohibited swimsuits, we expect a rapid return to physiological thresholds in 2010, which will be partially limited by the allowance of new technology such as starting blocks.]]></content:encoded>
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