<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Results for </title>
    <description>Showing 551 - 600 results of 1264</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=12&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1264</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>550</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to First Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Previous Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=11&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Next Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=13&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Go to Last Page" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=26&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=12&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=en"/>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinetik bei maximalem Arme-, Beine- und Gesamtschwimmen über 100 m Freistil</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019989</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019989</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Lätt, E.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, J.</author>
      <author>Mäestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Rämson, R.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Jürimäe, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lätt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mäestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rämson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jürimäe, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Arms and legs are often trained separately to obtain specific muscle adaptations along with whole body training. However, studies of VO2 kinetics have been conducted only in whole stroke (Rodriguez et al., 2003). This study examined VO2 on-kinetics during all-out 100-m front crawl arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. METHODS: 36 swimmers (26 M, 10 F) performed three all-out 100-m swims in random order (A: arms stroke, L: leg kicking, S: whole stroke). Breath-by-breath VO2 values were measured using a swimming mask attached to a portable gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, Cortex). Phase I (cardiodynamic component) was computed as a time delay (TD) for Phase II (primary component) and the latter was then described using single [VO2 (t) = A0+A1(1.e.(t-TD)/ )] and double exponential models. VO2 parameters were compared using paired (A/L/S) and unpaired (M/F) t-tests (p. =0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between single and double exponential curve fitting convergence parameters. Mean SD values for main parameters during A, L, and S, respectively, were as follows. TD (Phase I): 13.7+/-4.2, 14.0+/-4.2, 13.8+/-4.7 s (M), and 15.9+/-5.1, 19.5+/-5.3, 15.1+/-4.9 s (F). Total amplitude: 2.506+/-0.613, 2.681V0.538, 3.084+/-0.712 mL/min (M), and 1.817+/-0.229, 2.161+/-0.161, 2.431+/-0.2512 mL/min (F). Time constant ( ): 12.6+/-4.4, 9.9+/-2.8, 9.0+/-2.9 s (M), and 11.9+/-5.4, 10.6+/-4.1, 9.7+/-4.0 s (F). DISCUSSION: In either sex, VO2 kinetics attained higher amplitudes at S, followed by L and A. M reached higher amplitudes in all swims as compared with F. Time constants for S were lower than in a previous report (Rodriguez et al. 2003), although in that study the cardiodynamic  component was not isolated. During A and L, 81 and 87% (M) and 75 and 89% of VO2 (F) of respective S amplitude was attained, similar to previously reported values during a 6-min flume swim (Ogita et al. 1996), thus confirming that the aerobic energy release in the active muscle groups involved in A plus L cannot be fully reached during S because of cardiorespiratory limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hormonelle, immunologische, autonome und Stimmungsveränderungen in der frühen Vorbereitungsphase der Wintersaison bei portugiesischen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019988</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019988</guid>
      <author>Rama, L.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In this study we aim to analyse the variation of hormonal, immune autonomic and mood states after the first mesocycle of a winter swimming season, through the behav-iour of well established fatigue markers markers. METHODS: The sample of this study is constituted by 13 male swimmers of national Portuguese level (17,2± 1,3 years old, 174,9 ±5,8 cm, 65,8±6,8 kg of height and weight respectively). Training volume and intensity were registered Blood and saliva samples were collected in the beginning of the winter season, and after 7 weeks of training, by venopuncture, at the same time of the day (between 15 and 17h). A 48 hours rest after the last training session was respected. Serum cortisol and free testosterone were de-termined by Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and salivary cortisol e testosterona and salivary IgA determined through ELISA. The HRV assessment analysis was done with the Kubios HRV Analysis Software (Kuopio, FIN). The Portuguese version of the Profile of Mood States POMS short form was used for psychologic assessment of the impact of training. RESULTS: The volume of training increased gradually until it doubled the week distance swum with a mean increasing rate of 17,5% per week. Significant higher values of serum and salivary cortisol were found. Although the free testosterone remained stable during this period the testosterone / cortisol ratio decreased significantly. The HRV analysis in the frequency domain revealed an elevation of LF / HF due to the large increment of LF and the decrease of HF. The total score of POMS also showed an alteration towards significant worst score. DISCUSSION: Our results highlight the interest of the use of cortisol as a marker of the impact of chronic training effect, showing higher sensibility when compared to testosterone.. Autonomic imbalance associating increased sympathetic activity and reduced vagal tone has been proposed as a marker of excessive fatigue and impaired performance. The higher LF / HF ratio found in this study seems to confirm this. The results of the POMS demonstrate as reported previously, first signs of the training stress were of psychological nature. CONCLUSION: The sudden increase of the volume of training induced significant alterations the stress hormone cortisol, in the autonomic balance and a deterioration of mood states.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahmekinematik am respiratorischen Kompensationspunkt beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019986</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019986</guid>
      <author>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</author>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breathby-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml/min beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml/min), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Herzfrequenz und Wassertiefe beim Stehen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019928</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019928</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, N.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Hirao, M.</author>
      <author>Seki, K.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Baik, W.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Murakawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirao, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baik, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murakawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: We already clarified that heart rate of young and old persons significantly decreased during standing in water, and that the decreases of heart rate depended on the water depth (Onodera S. 2001, 2006). We speculated that the changes in heart rate could agree with same water depth, not only increase of water depth but also decrease of water depth. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the heart rate and the water depth during increase and decrease of water depth. METHODS: Seven volunteers participated in this study (Age: 23 yrs old).All subjects had an informed consent. A posture was standing in a test tank. It was nine conditions of water depth (on land, knee joint, greater trochanter, xiphoid process, under the collarbone, xiphoid process, greater trochanter, knee joint, on land). Each condition of water depth was kept for a minute. Heart rate was always measured using waterproof electrocardiograph. Water temperature was thirty-four degrees Celsius. Room temperature was twenty-eight degrees Celsius. RESULTS: Heart rate was significantly decreased during increase of water depth (on land: 80 (SD: 9) bpm, knee joint: 73 (SD: 7) bpm, greater trochanter: 70 (SD: 7) bpm, xiphoid process: 63 (SD: 7) bpm, under the collarbone: 62 (SD: 9) bpm). On the other hand, heart rate was significantly  increased during decrease of water depth (xiphoid process: 62 (SD: 4) bpm, greater trochanter: 64 (SD: 9) bpm, knee joint: 68 (SD: 5) bpm, on land: 77 (SD: 8) bpm). The changes in heart rate were like a U-curve and were statistically difference (ANOVA, P<0.05). DISCUSSION: It was considered that the main factor of decrease of heart rate was the increase of stroke volume and venous return induced by water pressure. The increase of venous return could be interpreted in imported cell sap from cell to blood. However, as the heart rate did not agree with the same water depth, it could be another functional mechanism of the human body. It could estimate that the autonomic nervous system participated in this phenomenon.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der jüngst entwickelten Schwimmbekleidung auf den Widerstand beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019927</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019927</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effect on active drag of 3 new types of swimwear compared to conventional wear was investigated in 8 male subjects swimming at different velocities to establish the drag-velocity relationship. The active drag force was directly measured during front crawl swimming using a system of underwater push-off pads instrumented with a force transducer. When mean drag values were estimated for a range of swimming speed (1.2 to 1.8 m•s-1), statistically non-significant drag reduction effects of 1-5 N (2-6%) were observed for the new types of swimwear. Even if no major differences in drag were found among swimwear, our results suggest that the observed reduction, even if non significant, could indeed explain the observed competitive advantage.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen und Atemmuskulaturausdauertraining: Eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019926</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019926</guid>
      <author>Lemaitre, F.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this case study was to investigate whether respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) would increase performance in a long-distance swimmer. An expert long-distance swimmer trained for 10 weeks in a RMET program (30 minutes a day, 5 days a week) plus his usual swim training. Maximal swim time trials, ventilatory function tests, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP and MEP), and respiratory endurance tests (RET) were done. Ventilatory function parameters were not improved post-training, but MIP, MEP, RET and swimming performance were increased (+19%, +33%, +7 minutes; 50 m: -5.4%; 200 m: -7.2% respectively). RMET may be thus a useful technique to improve performance in long-distance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Vortriebswirksamkeit und Schwimmleistung bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019925</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019925</guid>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Nishiwaki, M.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishiwaki, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The propelling efficiency (ep) has been suggested as a important determining factor of competitive swimming (Toussaint, 1990). However, although there are several studies that investigated with respect to the metabolic capacity and drag in elite swimmers, propelling efficiency of elite swimmers has not been examined, and the relationship between propelling efficiency and swimming performance in elite swimmers has not been clarified, either. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between propelling efficiency and swimming performance in elite swimmers. METHODS: The subjects were 9 elite Japanese swimmers (age: 23±1 yrs) including a gold medalist and a finalist in Olympic Games. By the use of an extended version of the measurement of active drag which was developed by our laboratory, Pd was measured directly. Simultaneous measurement of oxygen uptake (VO2) enabled the establishment of the relationship between the rate of the energy expenditure (PVO2) and Po (since when swimming on the MAD system, Po=Pd). These individual relationships describing the mechanical efficiency (eg) were then used to estimate Po in free swimming from measurements of VO2. Since Pd was directly measured at each velocity studied by use of the MAD system, ep could be calculated according to the equation ep= Pd/(Pd+Pk)=Pd/Po. Also, a swimming performance of each subject was evaluated by swimming velocities which were calculated from the performance time of 50m, 100m, 200m and 400m maximal swimming. RESULTS: Mean value of swimming velocity of each distance was 1.82±0.05m/s in 50m, 1.70±0.04m/ in 100m, 1.58±0.06m/s in 200m and 1.52±0.06m/s in 400m, respectively. The mean values of eg and ep were 10±1% (range; 6 to 11%), and 71±6% (range; 56 to 80%), respectively. The individual ep values were significantly related to individual swimming performance in 200m and 400m (200m; r=0.72, P<0.05, 400m; r=0.80, P<0.01), but not to those in 50m and 100m. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study indicated that that ep observed in elite swimmer exceeds 70%, which is comparably higher than those reported previously. Also, the results suggest that ep is more important factor to determine swimming performance for middle and long-distance event rather than for short-distance event.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Anspannung der abdominalen und lumbalen Muskulatur bei Schwimmern auf die Ventilations- und Herz-Kreislauf-Funktionen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019924</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019924</guid>
      <author>Henrich, T. W.</author>
      <author>Pankey, R. B.</author>
      <author>Soukup, G. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ventilation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Henrich, T. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pankey, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soukup, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary function does not appear to place a limit on maximal exercise in most physical activities. However; in competitive swimming, the postures and movements that are required to properly execute many different strokes often impedes the ventilatory muscles and the ability of the body to properly ventilate the lungs and consume oxygen. Some theorists have proposed that contracting abdominal muscles and other lower trunk muscles will reduce resistance on the swimmer`s body and increase performance while swimming the Crawl Stroke. METHODS: Thirteen participants involved in swimming activities (8 Males, 5 Females) ages 22-60 years of age volunteered for evaluation of their VC, MVV, FVC1 and resting VO2 and VCO2 under the two differing postural conditions. The participants were studied under both conditions, which were with muscles at rest Control Condition (CC) and participants with their abdominal muscles and erector spinae statically contracted Experimental Condition (EC). Each participant was measured on a Spirometrics Flowmate III Spirometer for pulmonary functions and a metabolic cart for RVO2 and RCO2. There was a 3 minute rest between counter-balanced trials for all measurements. All participant pulmonary functions and resting RVO2 were expressed relative to their age, body weight and height. RESULTS: An ANOVA revealed significantly lower differences in VC, MVV and FVC1 during EC compared to CC. The EC also resulted in significantly higher oxygen consumption values for these participants. There were no significant differences observed in CO2 between EC and CC. DISCUSSION: Since there is no proof that these muscle contractions actually decrease resistance on the swimmers` body and that ventilatory functions were significantly diminished while oxygen utilization requirements were significantly increased, we suggest these alterations in body mechanics are not conducive to improving performances during Crawl Stroke swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der langsamen Komponente bei Elite-Langstreckenschwimmern bei Laktatschwellengeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019923</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019923</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Nesi, X.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nesi, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is known that continuous exercises performed at the lactate threshold have the greatest effect upon the body`s oxygen transport system (Billat, 2001). This type of training enables swimmers to attain max by restoring the slow component of and by reducing the amplitude of the slow component after a period of training (Carter et al., 2000). Restoration of the slow component of appears to be more frequent among athletes having a high fractional at the lactate threshold (Billat, 2001) which is typical of ultra-endurance athletes (Billat et al., 2001). We hypothesized that in high-level long-distance swimmers, long interval training at LT, induce a large slow component of . METHODS: Seven elite male long-distance swimmers performed in a 6x300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion in order to determine lactate threshold (LT = 3.1 ± 1.2 mmols/l), and the velocity Secondly, the parameters of kinetics were calculated for the first 500m of one interval training set: 6 x 500-m using a double exponential model. RESULTS: The fit for the two-term exponential model was (r²= 0.62 ± 0.18). All seven subjects displayed a slow component of during the first 500m of IT6*500 with values measured at 401.7 ± 129.9 mlO2/mn and 5.69 ± 1.96 ml.mn/kg. DISCUSSION: Elite Long-distance swimmers exhibit exceptionally high levels of peak oxygen uptake and peak swimming velocity at the lactate threshold. All of the swimmers tested exhibited a large amplitude slow component of oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kritische Geschwindigkeit und die Geschwindigkeit beim maximalen Laktat-steady-State im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019922</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019922</guid>
      <author>Espada, M. A.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Espada, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The number of studies directly determining velocity at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSSv) in swimming is quite limited and its correspondence to critical velocity (CV), implied by well accepted physiological models, has not been proven, contrarily to what has been found for other types of human locomotion. The purpose of this study was to compare CV to the MLSSv in swimming. METHODS: Eighteen male national and international level competitive swimmers performed a maximal 400 m front crawl in order to estimate maximal aerobic velocity (V400). CV was calculated from the slope of the regression analysis between the averaged velocity of the 400 m trial and a 200 m front crawl maximal trial performed for this purpose. All swimmers completed, in random order and in different days, 30-min swims at constant intensity (85, 90 and 85% of V400) for the determination of MLSSv and also of stroke parameters and rate of perceived exertion at MLSS. RESULTS: MLSSv corresponded to 89.7±1.2% and CV to 94.0±1.5% of V400. Only one swimmer achieved MLSS at 85% of V400. Extreme values of 2.6 and 7.8 mmol.L-1 were found associated to MLSSv. CV was significantly faster than MLSSv (p<0.01) and both expressed velocities significantly different from V400 (p<0.01). MLSSv and CV were highly correlated (r=0.94; p<0.01). Both were associated with V400 (r=0.97, p<0.01 and r=0.95, p<0.01, respectively). Linear regression of MLSSv on CV (MLSSv=0.78 CV + 0.25; SSE=0.02 m.s-1) revealed that the latter can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the 200 m / 400 m swim trials CV. Stroke cycle parameters were unrelated to performance, MLSSv or CV. DISCUSSION: MLSS can be achieved using two to three 30- min constant velocity swims. Our results confirm the finding of previous studies that CV overestimates MLSSv in swimmers showing that this parameter does not represent a steady metabolic rate in long distance swimming. Therefore, it appears that CV in swimmers does not demarcate the transition from heavy to severe exercise and may not provide a direct noninvasive measure of MLSSv. However, our data also indicates that MLSSv could be estimated from CV with enough accuracy to be used in training exercises prescription. This has important practical implications, since CV still seems to be a useful tool for aerobic conditioning evaluation, due to the simplicity of its determination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelle der vertikalen Schwimmfähigkeiten bei erwachsenen Elite-Wasserballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019921</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019921</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>vertikal</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[(VSA) in elite female senior water polo (WP) players with regard to all three energetic systems of swim effort. The study included 30 female WP players, members of the Serbian senior national team. On the basis of raw data obtained through testing (four different test loads: 10, 12, 13.5 and 16 kg) the function of Power-Time equation was calculated for each subject applying the general equation y=a·bx. All data are presented in absolute terms as Absolute Vertical Swim Abilities Model (ABSvswim), in relative terms as Relative Vertical Swim Abilities Model (RELvswim), and in terms of reached biological capacity as Capacity Vertical Swim Abilities Model (CAPvswim). The raw data were used to define the following models of VSA in female WP players: ABSvswim, y = 30.4868x-0.2087, RELvswim, y = 47.8754x-0.2127, CAPvswim, y= 91.9195x-0.1846, respectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Schwimmen mit aus dem Wasser gehobenem Kopf im Wasserball: Ein Vergleich mit dem Freistilschwimmen bei jungen Spielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019785</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019785</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Falco, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falco, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In water polo, when swimming forward, players keep the elbows high (in order to stop opposing players from gaining possession of the ball) and this probably decreases the arm stroke efficiency ( p); moreover they keep their head out of the water (to see the rest of the pool and make the appropriate play) and this probably increases the trunk incline (TI) and the hydrodynamic resistance (Wd). Both factors, are expected to increase the energy demands of head out swimming (HOS) in comparison with front crawl swimming (FCS). METHODS: Two groups of young female water polo players (G-12, N = 11, 11.9 ± 1.4 years; 3.3 ± 0.5 years of practice and G-16, N = 10, 16.5 ± 1.3 years; 4.8 ± 0.6 years of practice) participated to the study, they were requested to swim with the two styles (HOS and FCS) at 4 self selected speeds (V, m . s-1: slow, moderate, fast and maximal) while their stroke frequency (SF, Hz), kick frequency (KF, Hz) and stroke length (SL, m) were assessed. The arm stroke efficiency ( p) was calculated according to the simple model proposed by Zamparo et al. (2005). During the experiments video records were taken in order to measure trunk incline (TI, degrees); the subjects were equipped with a waterproof heart rate monitoring system to record their heart rate (HR, bpm). RESULTS: The comparison between styles indicates that all parameters are significantly different in the two conditions (HOS and FCS). Swimming with the head out leads to a small (2%), albeit significant, reduction of the self select speed in comparison to FCS. During HOS the players have a larger (32%) TI and a higher HR (7%) compared to FCS. Moreover, in HOS, SL and  p are significantly reduced (21% in both cases) whereas SF is increased (17%) in respect to FCS. Finally, KF is 10% lower during HOS than during FCS. DISCUSSION: HOS is characterized by relevant differences in the biomechanics of swimming in comparison with FCS. The need of keeping the head out of the water does indeed lead to an increase of TI whereas the need of keeping the elbows high does indeed lead to a reduction of  p. Finally, both needs determine, as hypothesized, an increase of the energy requirement of this peculiar "form of locomotion in water" as confirmed, albeit indirectly, by the higher HR in HOS than in FCS at any given speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Unterwasser-Gleitbewegung bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019784</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019784</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Sato, T.</author>
      <author>Ohishi, K.</author>
      <author>Tago, T.</author>
      <author>Izumi, T.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohishi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tago, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The underwater gliding motion during start and turn phases are important for the total race time in modern swimming [1]. The purpose of this study was to analyze the underwater gliding motion in collegiate competitive swimmer. METHODS: Twelve healthy male collegiate swimmers volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed underwater gliding motion as fast as possible after the start wall kicking. During the underwater gliding motion, the swimmers were to hold the streamlined position. The subjects were monitored with an underwater video camera (SK-2130, SONY, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz in the sagittal plane to measure the angular displacement of their different joints. In this study, the subjects were asked to wear two different models of swimsuits: one is made of the conventional fabrics; the other is a newly developed, so-called high speed swimsuit (Fastskin LZR racer, Speedo, England). RESULTS: The swimming velocity of the subjects wearing a conventional swimsuit decreased when the flexion-extension movement in the knee and the hip joints were performed during underwater gliding motion. On the other hand, the swimming velocity of those wearing an LZR swimsuit showed that the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from the start to 0.8sec. DISCUSSION: During the underwater gliding motion, the swimmers have to hold a streamlined posture. To stay in the best streamlined position, and to minimize the hydrodynamic resistance, the return to the water surface should rather be initialized by a progressive and synchronize action of the three joints [2]. The result of this study was that the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from the start to 0.8sec. In other words, during the underwater phase such as a start and a turn, it was clearly important that the swimmer maintained his body in a streamline posture.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Validität eines Verfahrens zur Wettkampfanalyse im Schwimmen auf der Grundlage individueller Distanzmessungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019783</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019783</guid>
      <author>Veiga, S.</author>
      <author>Cala, A.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez Frutos, P.</author>
      <author>Navarro, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Veiga, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cala, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez Frutos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: During competition analysis, individual distance swam during different race segments have been scarcely measured in competition (Pai et al., 1984). The aim of the study was to check the accuracy and reliability of a system for competition analysis in swimming based on individual distance measurements, comparing it with the most commonly used scaling technique. METHODS: 128 swimmers participants in 100 meters events of all four strokes were filmed in the 50x25 meters pool. Two competition analyses were performed simultaneously, based 1) on a linear scale system and 2) on 2D-DLT photogrammetry. RMSE accuracy of the position and intra-control point`s distance was assessed. Repeated digitization of hand entry and head emersion was checked for consistency by mean of the coefficient of variation. Race segment times using both procedures were compared with Bland and Altman`s 95% limits of agreement. RESULTS: RMSE when reconstructing the 2D-DLT position of 32 control points was 0.050 meter, less than 0.5% of control space in x axis. The reconstruction of intra-control point`s distance showed RMSE=0.046 meter, less than 1.2% of the total distance. The repeated digitization of the freestyle turn`s total distance in each lane of the pool showed coefficients of variation less than 1%. Maximum systematic differences between 2DDLT and scaling technique occurred during freestyle and backstroke turn time (0.05 s). Maximum random error occurred always in breaststroke being 0.17 s during start time, 0.21 s during swim time and 0.23 s during turn time. DISCUSSION: 2D-DLT showed great accuracy values in the present study with errors similar to other studies utilizing the same technique (Challis, 1998). Two technical actions successfully tested during the digitization process allow measurements of any variable during competition. However, no other studies had previously applied DLT techniques to swimming competition analysis. Differences between 2D-DLT and scaling technique (no longer than a frame of standard-speed video (0.04 s.) could be acceptable for its practical use in competition analysis; however, precautions must be taken when measurements are made during underwater parts of the race.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Art des Schwimmstarts auf Biomechanik und Winkeldrehmoment</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019780</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019780</guid>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Mc Lean et al. in 2000 calculated kinetic momentum generated during block phase for relay`s starts to analyze the quantity of rotation. It was shown that use steps before leaving the block make more steeper takeoff and entry angles. Pike trajectory or arms swing during flight phase can thus have an incidence on body rotation and by consequence on aerial part of the start. The aim of this study was to make a relationship between angular momentum generated during the start and the different start styles. METHODS: Elite swimmers performed 3 times a 25-m at 50-m race pace with preferential start technique. Durations of the block and flight phases, the body angles at take-off and entry, kinetic momentum and standard deviation of it, kinetics and 15m time, were assessed. The sample was classified according to Seifert et al.. Correlations between variables and 15-m time were calculated and ANOVA tests assessed differences between start styles. RESULTS: Performance to 15m were similar between groups. Concerning start variables, take off angle, flight distance, total and standard deviation of angular momentum were significantly lower for flat start by report to the two other start styles. Entry angle was significantly greater for pike start. Vertical impulse was significantly negatively correlated with time to 15m (r=-0.507) and ÄH was positively (r=0.461). DISCUSSION: Lower angular momentum and shorter flight phase for flat start suggest a strategy of reducing aerial phase to go more quickly in the water. Swimmers in flat style reduced temporal deficit instead of trying to travel a higher distance in the air and store higher velocity at water entry for following phases for other styles. Expertise can`t thus be reduce to the accession to a unique technique but optimising with own personal characteristics. Different ways were used: reduce temporal deficit and start to swim early (flat style) or generate high velocity and go farer in the air to travel longer distance and compensate the relative loss of time in following parts of the start (pike and Volkov starts).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Schwimmwende, Unterwassergleitphase und Schwimm-Wiederaufnahmephase bei Toplevel-Schwimmern mittels eines mobilen Trägheitssensorgeräts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019779</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019779</guid>
      <author>Vannozzi, G.</author>
      <author>Donati, M.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Cappozzo, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Forschungsergebnis</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vannozzi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donati, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappozzo, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Improving swimming performance is a difficult task especially for élite athletes. A possibility is to investigate how optimising the timing of turning, underwater gliding and stroke resumption phases (Lyttle et al, 1999) by studying the relevant kinematics. Common video analysis is often inadequate to investigate motor tasks such as the swim turning. Swimming research recently started to include wearable accelerometers in their experimental setups (Slawson et al, 2008). This work aimed at describing the mentioned phases in top division swimmers using a wearable inertial device composed of a triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope. METHODS: Eight élite swimmers (4M, 4F) volunteered to participate in the study; they were part of a top division Italian team and were selected so as to cover all the four styles. A wearable inertial device (Sensorize, Italy) was used to measure 3D accelerations and angular velocities. The device was positioned on the lower trunk and a 50m trial at the maximum velocity was executed. Only angular velocities  L,  S and  V about the three axes of the device frame of reference (lateral, L; sagittal, S, vertical, V) were post-processed. Phase durations, angular velocity peaks, stroke rate "sr" and the ratio "r" between gliding and stroke duration were analysed. RESULTS: Highest  L (565 deg/s) was found in freestyle, highest  V (354 deg/s) in backstroke flip-turn. Highest  S (330 deg/s and 260 deg/s), conversely, were found in both breaststroke and butterfly. The sign of the rotation depended upon the turning technique. Sr was 62±3 and 54±6 for M and F; both sr and r lowered in the last lap. Consistently, higher r were found for backstroke (0.7±0.1), the lower for freestyle (0.3±0.1). DISCUSSION: The feasibility to use inertial sensors to characterise turning, gliding and stroke resumption in swimming was verified. Strength points of the approach are: simple description of the turning kinematics; possibility to extract performance-related parameters; simplicity of use for the operator; the minimal encumber for the athlete. Future steps are the inclusion of further athletes, the definition of further parameters, eventually specific for each swimming styles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktivitäten im Wasser - Theorie der praktischen Notwendigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019679</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019679</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimming is an aquatic activity of long history and so is the swimming research. The cause for being moved by selfinduced propulsion is traditionally confined to flow physics with experiments under steady conditions assuming that the flow velocity is constant and the moving body is a) rigid and b) fully submerged. In human swimming this is not and was never the case. Fact is, in all aquatic space activities limbs change motion of water mass which cause unsteady flow conditions. METHODS: A surway was done concentrating on chapters of some swimming text books related to biomechanical background of activities in aquatic space. Emphasis was placed on examples referring to studies presented in the congress series of biomechanics and medicine in swimming. In addition, attention was paid to which extend those hydrodynamic features examined by researchers of fast swimming animals were considered and how practical advice and biomechanical knowledge was connected. RESULTS: Most textbooks on swimming prefer simple drag approach. The authors emphasize the intuition about flow condition, e.g. a hand is moving the same block of water either back or moving new blocks by changing hand motion, ignoring that in a current flow, according to the law conservation of mass, water cannot be pushed away in relation to the surrounding water mass. This means among others, hands` actions are not most effective if water resistance is at a maximum. Even when the effect of hand motion has been jugded by analyzing the lift and drag components of hand the connection to known intracyclic changes of the swimming velocity is not mentioned. The question, where the mass of water displaced by the body and its actions is going to is not considered. CONCLUSION: Reactions to induced water mass set into motion have some contra-intuitive features. Studies of flow physics of swimming animals suggest that water mass displaced by the body is potentially supporting thrust production of the action of the feet. In aquatic space it is important to know the relation of peaks between added forces and accleration of body. When water mass is displaced by the hand in form of a vortex ring thrust will surely be enhanced remarkably. Momentum variations or flow unsteadiness due to hand motion generate efficient resultant propelling force. A change
in teaching strokes is recommended.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zur 3D-Beschleunigung im Freistilschwimmen und ihr Bezug zur Wettkampfleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019678</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Mateu, J.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to analyze the acceleration of the hip generated during front crawl. The swimmers (n=71) performed 25 meters at maximum speed. 3D acceleration was registered. Swimming time domain acceleration signal was analysed. Root Mean Square (RMS) parameter was calculated in the three directions. Also, RMS indexes were calculated to relate the directions in twos. The results showed differences between the different parameters. Speed correlated positively with the RMS values: anterior-posterior (X), medium-lateral (Y) and superior-inferior (Z) directions (p<0.01). Also, statistical relations were found among the indexes that relate the X and Y (p<0.01) acceleration directions and the X and Z (p<0.01). To conclude, 3D acceleration analysis may indicate the efficiency during front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich dreier Staffelstarttechniken im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019677</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019677</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of no-step, single-step and double-step relay starts for swimmers. Eight male collegiate swimmers participated in the present study. For each type of start, each swimmer performed six trials of relay starts with maximum effort. Ground reaction forces were measured using a Kistler force plate to calculate the take-off velocity and take-off angle from the force data. Relay times were measured by counting the number of video frames obtained by a high-speed camera. No significant difference in the horizontal take-off velocity was observed. The relay times decreased significantly in the order nostep, single-step and double-step starts (P < 0.05). Eight trials among all the trials for the step starts resulted in incorrect foot placement on the edge of the block. No-step starts resulted in better performance than step starts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermüdungsanalyse eines maximalen 100-m-Freistilsprints mittels Oberflächen-EMG</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019676</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019676</guid>
      <author>Stirn, I.</author>
      <author>Jarm, T.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <author>Strojnik, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stirn, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jarm, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strojnik, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to estimate fatigue in arm propelling muscles by analyzing electromyographic (EMG) signal. Eleven male competitive swimmers performed a 100 meters all-out front crawl. Trials were recorded to obtain kinematical data, lactate concentration after the swims were measured. EMG signals of latissimus dorsi (LD), pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) were recorded, also. Average lactate concentration was 14.1 ± 2.93 mmol.l-1. Stroke length, stroke rate and swimming speed decreased. The EMG amplitude (ARV) for the lower part of LD and for TB increased and the mean frequency (MNF) decreased for 20.5 ± 9.1 to 24.6 ± 8.4 % for all muscles under observation (P<0.05). No differences in relative MNF decrease between the muscles were found. The progression of fatigue monitored by the surface EMG parameters during swimming was clearly shown.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines Blueseventy™-Schwimmanzugs auf die räumlich-zeitlichen und koordinativen Parameter beim maximalen 50-m-Freistilsprint</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019674</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019674</guid>
      <author>Silveira, R. P.</author>
      <author>Kanefuku, J. Y.</author>
      <author>More, F. C.</author>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanefuku, J. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>More, F. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to establish the effects of using a shoulder to ankle bodysuit (BlueseventyTM) on spatial-temporal and coordinative parameters during an all-out 50m front crawl swim. Six subjects (16.6 ± 2.0 yrs) performed two all-out 50m trials (with and without bodysuit). The arm stroke parameters and index of coordination were determined by videography. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed, with main effects verified using LSD post-hoc for an á < 5 %. Using the bodysuit, swimming speed and stroke length were higher. The duration of the entry and catch phase and non-propulsive phase were shorter in the second 25 m split. No statistical differences in index of coordination were found. Wearing the bodysuit significantly improves the swimming performance, mostly on the second half of the test.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Gleitfähigkeit eines Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019673</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019673</guid>
      <author>Roig, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roig, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Reducing resistance is probably the fastest way to improve performance and the most efficient to reduce energetic cost. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) to give advice to coaches to re-orient their training sessions towards reduction of resistance forces and suggest exercises for its improvement and, (ii) to develop and apply a new test for the evaluation of gliding. The proposed gliding test evaluated the maximum speed reached by the swimmer after push-off and the passive hydrodynamic resistance when gliding through the water. A well-balanced solution between accuracy, validity and applicability for the evaluation of underwater glide was found.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indentifizierung determinierender Bewegungssequenzen der Schwimmtechnik mit der Monoflosse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019671</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019671</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Staszkiewicz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staszkiewicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to identify errors in leg and monofin movement structure, lowering the effectiveness of swimming. With this information on errors, the crucial sequences in monofin swimming were identified. METHODS: Six high level monofin swimmers conducted a progressive trial (900m at increasing speeds). One cycle of each swimmer was filmed and analyzed (SIMI). Results were obtained in the form of time dependent series for: angle of foot bending in relation to the shank and proximal part of the fin in relation to the foot and for angle of attack: the distal part and entire fin surface. The choice of parameters was based on a devised monofin swimming model (Rejman, 2009). The errors were quantified by calculating the difference of the fields estimated by registered and model series. The range of errors were illustrated by the movement sequence registered, which were compared with sequences that accomplished the model or were slightly different. RESULTS: Based on information related to the scale and structure of errors committed by swimmers the following suggestions were formulated: the errors in angular displacement studied mostly exceeded the pattern of model, with the exception of the dorsal flexion of feet in the upbeat, performed by the slowest swimmer; the most difficult element of monofin swimming is the proper range of motion in the ankle joints; the parameter most differentiating the swimmers, is the angle of bend of the feet: the errors estimated were high correlated to swimming velocity. The information related to errors creates a basis for isolating crucial sequences of leg movements and monofin, which allows the description of key elements in the swimming technique. DISCUSSION: Controlling foot movement allows use of the torque of transfer to initiate propulsion through the bending of the tail and changing of the structure of waterflow over the of the fin. Correct crucial sequences allow for use of the monofin to achieve maximum swimming speed. That is why the identification and of key elements in the movement structure, and the quantification of their quality, is justified within the aim of anticipating and eliminating errors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Armkoordination im Kraul- und Rückenschwimmen bei Schwimmern mit Downsyndrom</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019670</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019670</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Marques-Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Corredeira, R.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques-Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have shown that the evaluation of arm coordination provides new information to the classic analysis (Chollet et al., 2008). Studies focusing specifically on swimmers with Down syndrome (DS) are very scarce. In that perspective, the aim of this study was to characterize the Index of Arm Coordination (IdC) in swimmers with Down syndrome. METHODS: Six international level swimmers with DS participated in this study (age: 20.2 ± 4.8 years, height: 154.3 ± 12.1 cm, weight: 58.4 ± 14.1 kg and fat mass: 16.4 ± 11.6 %). All swimmers performed 2 x 20 m swims at maximal intensity. The IdC was considered as the time gap between the propulsion of the two arms and expressed as a percentage of the duration of the complete arm stroke cycle. The level of significance was established at 5%. RESULTS: The IdC for the front crawl was -11.3% ± 5.2% and for the backstroke -13.5 ± 4.8%. For front crawl, a significant relationship was found between IdC and the relative duration of the push phase (r = 0.88), as well as with the propulsive phase (r = 0.92). An inverse relationship was found between IdC and the non propulsive phase (r = -0.92). In backstroke, there was a significant inverse relationship between IdC and velocity (r = -0.89). DISCUSSION: The international level swimmers with DS of this study presented a catch-up arm coordination mode in front crawl, which may be associated with less proficient arm coordination (Seifert et al., 2008). Trained swimmers usually change from catchup to superposition with increasing velocities. The catch-up coordination mode was also found in all swimmers for the backstroke, which is in concordance with the literature on less skilled swimmers and for skilled swimmers at low velocities (Chollet et al., 2008). This instrument can be very helpful to coaches in better understanding underwater stroke phases. The findings also emphasize the importance of augmenting the propulsive phases of the arms and, with this, diminishing the lag time of the swimmers. Technical mistakes can also be detected through the study of the arm coordination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Einflussfaktoren auf die Wendenleistung von Kraulschwimmerinnen bei der Rollwende</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019530</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019530</guid>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Morlier, J.</author>
      <author>Cid, M.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morlier, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cid, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Turns represent an important factor in determining the final performance of a swimming race. A successful turn results from a multitude of factors. The freestyle tumble turn can be divided into the approach, rotation, wall contact, glide, underwater propulsion, and stroke resumption phases. The aim of this study was to analyse relations with both kinematic and dynamic factors of each phases and the 3mRTT as measure of turning performance. METHODS: Eight elite female swimmers participated in this study (22.3 ± 4.1 years, 62.2 ± 6.2 kg, 174.7 ± 5.8 cm). They were monitored during a crawl tumble turn at maximum speed. 5 stationary video cameras were located underwater on a semi-ellipse centred on the calibrated turn place. An underwater 3D force platform was mounted on the turning wall. Every interesting anatomical reference point was digitized manually at a frequency of 50 Hz. Image coordinates were transformed to 3D object-space coordinates using the DLT algorithm. The principal kinematic data were horizontal velocities of the head (e.g. VGUP at the end of the glide) and the duration of each phase (e.g. glide duration GD). The major dynamic data was the time between the beginning of the push-off and the maximum horizontal force peak (%PFHM in % and PFHM in s). The tumble turn performance criterion (PERF) was the time taken to swim from 3 m in to 3 m out the turning wall (3mRTT in s). RESULTS: High correlation coefficients values were observed between PERF and %PFHM (r = 0.84, p = 0.017), PFHM (r = 0.82, p = 0.024) and GD (r = 0.79, p = 0.035). The best model was PERF = 0.741 x %PFHM + 0.842 x GD + 0.334 x VGUP + 1.532 (F = 49.9, r²adj = 0.95, p = 0.001). PFHM explained 80 % of PERF, GD explained 12 % and VGUP 3 %. DISCUSSION: The major result of this study was that best female swimmers were able to develop soon her maximal horizontal force during the push-off phase. The time of peak force and the glide phase were preponderant. Further studies with an extended population (elite male and less-skilled female swimmers) would analyse the effects of more dynamic factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer kinematischen "Multi-2D"-Analyse des Freistilschwimmens mit gestrecktem vs. gebeugtem Arm mittels Hochgeschwindigkeitsvideografie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019482</guid>
      <author>Prins, J.</author>
      <author>Murata, N. M.</author>
      <author>Allen, J. S. III.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allen, J. S. III.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Synchronized, high-speed digital cameras were used for underwater videotaping of swimmers, each of whom were required to perform a series of trials with both bent-arm and straight-arm pull patterns. The resulting video footage was digitized and processed using "Multi 2-D" motion capture software. Results demonstrated (1.) The advantages of using high-speed videography for quantifying swimming stroke mechanics. (2) The resulting data provided insight into the relationship between the varying degrees of elbow-bend during the pull cycle, and fluctuations in linear hip and wrist velocities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausweitung des Modells der kritischen Kraft zur Annäherung an die kritische Leistung beim angebundenen Schwimmen und ihr Zusammenhang zu den Indices im maximalen Steady-State</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019481</guid>
      <author>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steady-State</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pessoa Filho, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Critical force (Fcrit) was defined as the tether force at full-tethered conditions that could be maintained without fatigue (Ikuta et al, 1996). The purposes were to access tether-power from critical force model (CPTeth), and to compare CPTeth and power at maximal lactate steady state (PTethMLSS), critical velocity (CV) and velocity at MLSS (vMLSS). METHODS: Ten male swimmers (16.6+/-1.4 years, 69.8+/-9.5kg, 175.8+/-4.6cm) were submitted to the measurements of the CPTeth (plotting impulse against time by linear and non-linear two parameters equation), CV (linear adjustment between time and velocity performance in the 200, 400 and 800-m), PTethMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 95 to 105% of non-linear Fcrit), and vMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging 85-95% of the 400-m crawl performance). A range of 75-100% of the active drag force (Fr) was applied to manager load in the full-tethered swimming conditions. Fr was evaluated according Toussaint et al. (1998). The MLSS was considered the greatest fractions that did not elicit a lactate accumulation above 1mmol/L between 10th and 30th minutes. The measure of CPTeth and PTethMLSS was approached to the tether force equation times hydrofoil velocity. Pearson's coefficient did correlate the variables, and the difference between two means was checked by paired t-test. Significance was set at p . 0.05. RESULTS: The slope of tether-force vs. time adjustments given a mean value (5.63+/-0.80kg) closed to that (6.87+/-1.02kg) reported to Ikuta et al. (1996). But, neither CV (1,195+/-0,116m(s) nor the CPTeth (98.49+/-21.63W) or Fcrit (55.14+/-7.82N) matches the statements for MLSS, once differences were observed to the vMLSS (1.174+/-0.109m/s), PTethMLSS (89.21+/-15.11W) and force (51.74+/-5.63N) at MLSS, respectively. A strong positive relationship was observed between all endurance variables. DISCUSSION: The steady-load/time to exhaustion model in tethered swimming provided a reliable way to estimate CPTeth, and thus modelling critical power. Despite the good relationship between all variables, the interchangeable use of them seems unreliable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grafische Beseitigung des Auftreffens der Wasserwelle an der Beckenwand bei der Flip-Wende</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019480</guid>
      <author>Pereira, S. M.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Roesler, H.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roesler, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: When the swimmer approaches the wall for the turn, part of the water volume displaced hits the wall before the swimmer`s contact, causing the acquisition of an "anticipatory" force curve (Lyttle, 2000; Roesler, 2002). The aim of the present study was to develop a graphical technique to remove the wave that precedes the contact of the swimmer with the wall during the front-crawl flip turn, characterizing and quantifying it. METHODS: A extensometric underwater force platform was used, and two video cameras were attached to record the contact and monitor the contact time of the swimmer`s feet on the wall. A male swimmer held 8 turns with maximum speed, but without touching the platform to characterize the wave kinetics. Afterwards, a sample of 17 swimmers performed 154 valid flip turns. To eliminate the wave signal interference in the force signal produced by the swimmer at the wall, a graphical solution was used during the signal processing performed using the Matlab software. Based on the trend of symmetry of the wave around its peak value, the program eliminated the water wave effect out of the original signal by reconstructing the curve from the time of the initial contact. RESULTS: The comparison of the impulse (time integral of the force / time curve) with and without the water wave effect showed, respectively, values of 314.48 ± 62.75, and 288.57 ± 51.79 Ns, pointing out a reduction of 10.87 % of the original force to time curve after the wave effect was removed. DISCUSSION: The comparison of the characteristics of the force to time curve of the wave produced by a swimmer during a flip turn, with and without touching the wall, support satisfactorily the solution proposed to remove the water wave effect from the swimmers` kinetics. It is accepted that the error associated with the wave data elimination with this procedure is not relevant, ensuring data integrity and increasing accuracy of the swimmer`s kinetics evaluation at the wall contact.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koordinationsveränderungen beim maximalen 100-m-Brustschwimmen auf der Kurzbahn</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019479</guid>
      <author>Oxford, S. W.</author>
      <author>James, R.</author>
      <author>Price, M.</author>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oxford, S. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Price, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: There are three general patterns of co-ordination used in breaststroke swimming known as continuous, glide and overlap. Investigation of co-ordination changes during a race could provide a better understanding of the swimmer`s personal co-ordination and how changes in that co-ordination relate to stroke rate, stroke length and swimming speed (Pelayo et al., 2007) The aims of this study were to: (1) investigate co-ordination changes during a 100 m short course breaststroke swim and (2) compare kinematic variables between each of the four laps as the swimmers progresses through the100 m swim. METHOD: With institutional ethical approval trained breaststroke swimmers (females n=8; males n=18) performed a maximal effort 100 m swim from a water start, in a 25 m pool. Each lap was recorded underwater using three 50Hz video cameras (1 at each end of the pool and a 3rd mounted to a trolley [sagittal plane]). The last three strokes of each length prior to the turn were analysed to determine the duration of arm recovery, arm propulsion, leg recovery, leg recovery and transition phases. Stroke rate, stroke length and clean swim speed were analysed within a 10 m section of the pool that was not affected by starting, turning or finishing. RESULTS: Twenty four of the swimmers showed a decrease in clean swim speed from the 1st to the 4th lap with an overall significant mean decrease in clean swim speed of 8.3% (P=0.002). There was no significant (P>0.05) change in either mean stroke rate or mean stroke length from the 1st to the 4th lap. Changes in transition time from the 1st to 4th lap approached statistical significance (p=0.06) DISCUSSION: As swimmers became fatigued they decreased the transition time between the end of the leg kick and the start of arm pull phases in an attempt to maintain clean swim speed. A better understanding of the changes in co-ordination could assist coaches in the design of training interventions to delay the effects of fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf die betroffenen und nicht betroffenen Armzugphasen bei einseitig armamputierten Freistilschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019478</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019478</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C. D.</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Presently, no examination of arm stroke phases has been undertaken for swimmers with a single-arm amputation. It is likely that the roles of their affected- and unaffected-arm within the stroke cycle may differ. Understanding these would be of great practical importance. The aim of this study was to determine if the arm stroke phases used by competitive unilateral arm amputee crawl swimmers differed between their affected and unaffected sides and whether these phases altered with an increase in speed. METHODS: Thirteen (3 male & 10 female) highly-trained swimmers (age 16.9 ± 3.1 yrs) consented to participate. All were elbow level, single-arm amputees. Mean 50 m crawl best time was 32.7 ± 3.1 s. Participants completed five 25 m crawl trials, counterbalanced from slow to maximum swimming speed (SSmax). Trials were video-taped underwater from both sides using tracking camera systems. Three consecutive, non-breathing stroke cycles were analysed. Arm stroke phases for both the unaffected- and affected-arm were determined at 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 100% of SSmax. General linear modelling tests were used to compare the changes in arm stroke phases between the affected and unaffected arms across swimming speeds. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS: Across swimming speeds, the affected-arm spent relatively longer (p < .05) in all arm stroke phases, with the exception of the Pull phase, compared to the unaffected-arm: Entry and Glide (38.3 ± 9.5% vs. 23.2 ± 8.0%); Pull (10.9 ± 2.8% vs. 23.1 ± 5.9%); Push (18.4 ± 6.4% vs. 13.8 ± 2.7%); Recovery (39.9 ± 3.5% vs. 35.9 ± 3.2%). With increasing speed: 1) the affected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase decreased significantly (p < .05), while the unaffected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase remained unchanged; 2) the unaffected-arm`s Pull phase decreased significantly (p < .05), while the affected-arm`s Pull phase remained unchanged; 3) both arms` Push phase increased significantly (p < .05). DISCUSSION: With an increase in swimming speed the stroke phases of the affected and unaffected arms differed significantly. Such differences might be linked to how these swimmers organised the motor skills necessary to swim crawl. As swimming speed increased the relative durations of certain arm stroke phases changed. The single-arm amputees used a coordination strategy that asymmetrically adjusted their arm movements to maintain the stable repetition of their overall arm stroke cycle when swimming at different speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Zusatzplatte am hinteren Teil des Startblocks auf die Startbewegung im Wettkampfschwimmen bei bestimmter Projektionsfertigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019477</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019477</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: For the swimming, an important factor is motion on the block to start fast. The starting platform with a back plate has been approved by FINA. The purpose of this study was to identify the influences of the back plate to swimming starting motion in particular projection skill. METHODS: Ten male college swimmers were used as subjects. They performed the track start from the conventional platform (CON) and from the platform with the back plate (BKP). The back plate was used a pedal for a track and field starting equipment. Digital video camera was used to record the performance of each trial from side view. The projective motion was divided into set position, acceleration phase, take-off and flight phase. Kinematic variables were calculated using 2D-DLT method. These variables for the projective motion consisted of the 15 items. RESULTS: At the set position, the horizontal coordinates of CM were BKP;-0.205 (0.054) m, CON;-0.253 (0.054) m. The CM position of BKP was significantly forwarder. The knee angles of rear leg were respectively BKP;84.3 (11.3) degree, CON;97.1 (11.4) degree. Knee of BKP were extended significantly narrower. During just before the take-off, the mean pre-projection angles of CM were BKP;- 6.7 (4.4) degree, CON;-8.2 (4.3) degree. BKP was significantly more horizontally. At take-off, projection angles of CM were BKP;-8.2 (5.2) degree, CON;-10.5 (4.9) degree. BKP was more horizontally near and significantly larger. Vertical velocities of CM at the take-off were BKP;- 0.65 (0.45) m/s, CON;-0.81 (0.45) m/s. BKP was near the zero and significantly lager. Other items for the take-off and for flight was not seen significantly difference. DISCUSSION: At the set position, the CM of BKP displaced to anterior. It was in agreement with study of squattingto-standing movement that heel elevation primarily influenced postural adjustment as anterior displacement of the hip.In BKP, the rear knee angle was about 90 degree. Isometric force-angle relationship of knee extension had reported that larger force was at 105 to 120 degree than other degree condition. Therefore, the rear knee of BKP should be more extend a little more. It seemed that the pre-projection angle of BKP approached horizontally was a preferable effect with back plate. There were a few influences of the back plate at take-off and during flight phase. As subjects did not have an enough skill for using a back plate yet, they could not keep the domination on the starting block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Höhere biomechanische Simulationen im Schwimmen durch Erweiterungen des menschlichen Schwimmmodells "SWUM"</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019476</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019476</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Kiuchi, H.</author>
      <author>Maeda, S.</author>
      <author>Kamiya, S.</author>
      <author>Nakajima, K.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kiuchi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maeda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamiya, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakajima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: There are many mechanical problems to be solved in human swimming. For these problems, the authors have developed a simulation model, "SWUM," (Nakashima et al., 2007) and a free software "Swumsuit" as the implementation of SWUM. Since SWUM was reported in the last symposium, major extensions have been successively made on it, such as optimizing calculation, musculoskeletal simulation, and multi agent/object simulation, in order to extend the capability of analysis. In this paper, these extensions are explained and the various recent results from their implementation are presented in order to show their validity and usefulness. METHODS: All analyses in this paper were carried out using SWUM. The first extension of SWUM was for the optimizing calculation. In the optimizing calculation, a single simulation of time integration is repeated changing the various design variables until a given objective function is maximized. The second extension was the musculoskeletal simulation. The whole body musculoskeletal model with 458 muscles was employed. The third extension was "multi agent/object simulation." "Multi agents" means multiple swimmers and "multi objects" means implements for swimming such as fins, a starting block, the pool wall, and so on. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A simulation example of the optimization of arm stroke in freestyle swimming was presented in the paper. It was found that the thrust by the hand had two clear peaks when pulling (t = 0.29, t is nondimensional time) and pushing (t = 0.54) the water. For the musculoskeletal simulation, an example of the simulated and experimental results for the breaststroke was shown. It was found that the upper limb muscles were activated at the hand stroke, and that the lower limb muscles were activated at the kick in the simulation. As the examples of the multi agent/object simulation, simple synchronized swimming by three swimmers, monofin swimming, and the shooting motion in water polo were presented respectively. In the simulation of shooting motion, the velocity of the shot ball was 13.5m/s. In future studies, various mechanical problems in swimming and aquatic activities will be analyzed by the present extensions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Regressionsanalysemodell für Nachwuchsschwimmer: Untersuchung von Zugfrequenz, Zuglänge und Zugindex</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019475</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019475</guid>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Femia, P.</author>
      <author>Mercade, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zugfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zuglänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regression</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regressionsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Femia, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Training loads and methods should be adapted to swimmer`s age and performance level. International age-group records times of 50m freestyle showed a progressive improvement in performance of this event. This event could be used as an evaluating tool of the race components (RC). RC should be modified with the age, growth and physical conditionig development. Some forms of regression analysis have been applied to RC studies during international competitions (Absaliamov & Timakovoy, 1990; Nomura, 2006), but this kind of analysis has not been applied to age-group swimmers. Our research purpose was to estimate and use a sophisticated statistical model of the kinematic characteristic, stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) performance evolution during the age-group development based on a 50m freestyle test. METHODS: 280 regional age group swimmers (162 males and118 females) participated in the study (age range: 9 - 22 years). Detailed swimming competition video analysis procedure was applied to obtain the RC. Regression analysis was used to discover the tendency and model of the 50m times, SR, SL and SI. Inverse function approximation of the 50 m time by age and gender was carried out. Quadratic function approximation of the SL and SI by aging was carried out. Lineal function by aging was defined for ST. RESULTS: Different equations were obtained for gender, 50m times, SR, SL and SI. Significant differences between genders in were obtained. 50 m times were different between genders. There is a tendency to improve the parameters SL and SI with age in both genders. SR don´t get a clear trend and has an irregular behaviour. DISCUSSION: Kinematics components SL and SI change with the development of many physical fitness factors. With growth, the 50m times of the swimmers studied have a tendency to improve with the development. SR, SL and SI have the same generic equation for boys and girls but there are two different models according to gender. The inverse function by age and gender was the better approximation carried out in this training test of 50m freestyle. SR don´t get a clear trend.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>50-m Rennkomponenten-Zeitanalyse auf der Grundlage eines Regressionsanalysemodells bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019474</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019474</guid>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Femia, P.</author>
      <author>Mercade, J.</author>
      <author>Haljand, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Femia, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljand, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Training loads and methods should be adapted to swimmer`s age and performance level. International age-group records times of 50m freestyle showed a progressive improvement in performance of this event. This event could be used as an evaluating tool of the race components (RC). RC should be modified with the age, growth and physical conditioning development. Some forms of regression analysis have been applied to RC studies during international competitions (Absaliamov & Timakovoy, 1990; Nomura, 2006), but this kind of analysis has not been applied to age-group swimmers. Our research purpose was to estimate and use a sophisticated statistical model of the RC performance evolution during the age-group development based on a 50m freestyle test. METHODS: 280 regional age group swimmers (162 males and118 females) participated in the study (age range: 9 - 22 years). Detailed swimming competition video analysis procedure was applied to obtain the RC. Regression analysis was used to discover the tendency and model of the partial times. Inverse function approximation of the RC [start time (ST), stroking time (STT), turning time (TT) and finishing time (FT)] by age and gender was carried out. RESULTS: The type of generic equation obtained by age and gender was as follows: ymen= a1+ b1/age: y woman= a2 + b2/age. Furthermore, different equations were obtained for gender, RC and 50m times. Significant differences between genders in %ST, %TT, %FT were obtained. A crossing trend was found between both models with the crossing age around 12-14 years. The percentage of RC times of these age-group swimmers were compared with percentages of RC times of international swimmers and showed significant differences. DISCUSSION: Race Component times during a 50m freestyle test improved with age and physical conditioning development. The results obtained in percentages of RC times were different between genders. The results showed significant differences between RC percentages in the final 50m time between the study participants and international level swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Gleitphase im Schwimmen: Die Auswirkung der Wassertiefe</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019449</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019449</guid>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Mantripragada, N.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Rouard, A. H.</author>
      <author>Mantha, V.</author>
      <author>Rouboa, A. I.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mantripragada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouard, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mantha, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rouboa, A. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Aiming to achieve higher performances, swimmers should maximize each component of swimming races. During starts and turns, the gliding phase represents a determinant part of these race components. Thus, the depth position allowing minimizing the hydrodynamic drag force represents an important concern in swimming research. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of depth on drag during the underwater gliding, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) METHODS: The 3-D domain representing part of a swimming pool was 3.0 m depth, 3.0 m width and 11.0 m length. CFD simulations were applied to the flow around a 3-D model of a male adult swimmer in a prone gliding position with the arms extended at the front (Marinho et al., 2009). General moving object model was used to model the body as the moving object. During the gliding, the swimmer model`s middle line was placed at different water depths: 0.20m (just under the surface), 0.50 m, 1.0 m, 1.50 m (middle of the pool), 2.0m, 2.50m and 2.80m (bottom of the pool). The coefficient of drag and the hydrodynamic drag force were computed using a steady flow velocity of 1.60m/s for the different depths run for 3 seconds in each case. RESULTS: The coefficient of drag was 0.67, 0.62, 0.53, 0.44, 0.36, 0.30, 0.28 and the drag force was 100.20 N, 92.30 N, 80.50 N, 65.40 N, 53.40 N, 44.70 N and 42.0 N when gliding at a water depth of 0.20 m, 0.50 m, 1.0 m, 1.50 m, 2.0 m, 2.50 m and 2.80 m, respectively, at the time of 2 seconds when the swimmer was approximately at the middle of the computational pool. DISCUSSION: The water depth seems to have a positive effect on reducing hydrodynamic drag during the gliding. Moreover, gliding near the bottom of the pool also presented lower drag values compared to gliding at a water depth, for instance, in the middle of the swimming pool. This finding could suggest that the positive effects of water depth are more powerful than the possible negative hydrodynamic effects of turbulence near the bottom of the pool, expected when the simulations are not carried-out with a moving model. Reducing the drag experienced by swimmers during the glide off the wall can enhance start and turn performances. Therefore, a commitment between decreasing drag (by increasing water depth) and gliding travel distance should be a main concern of swimmers and an important goal to be studied in future investigations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedliches frequenzielles Beschleunigungspektrum im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019448</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019448</guid>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzes the three different spectrums that define the acceleration produced by front crawl swimmers during a high speed test. These swimmers (n=79) performed 25 meters at maximum speed. The acceleration was obtained from the position-time data recorded using a position transducer. The amplitude in the time domain was calculated with the root mean square (RMS); while the peak power (PP), the peak power frequency (PPF) and the spectrum area (SA) were calculated in the frequency domain with Fourier analysis. An ANOVA to establish differences between groups (spectrums) was applied. Results show three different spectrum types (type 1: 27,85%, type 2: 30,38% and type 3: 41,77%). Our work shows that type 1 frequential spectrum is related to more coherence and might discriminate to the swimmers with better RMS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung der Armkoordination im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019447</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019447</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regularly, arm coordination of front crawl swimmers switched from catch-up to superposition mode when speed was found to increase. The aim of this study was to model the relationships between the index of coordination (IdC) and speed (V). Twenty male swimmers of various skill level and specialty (sprint vs. distance) realised an incremental speed test of 8 × 25-m steps. After checking the change of arm coordination with speed, 5 models of regression were tested: power, logarithmic, exponential, linear and quadratic. The model was done by averaging the individual coefficient; then percent of error with the model was determined for each swimmer. The quadratic modelling (IdC =aV²+bV+c) showed the highest coefficient of determination (0.81<R²<0.99) and the lower inter-individual mean error with the model (21%). Arm coordination modelling enabled to relate motor control with the performance (V), the stroking parameters (stroke rate and stroke length) and the stroke efficiency (stroke index).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Armkoordination, aktiver Widerstand und Vortriebswirksamkeit im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019446</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019446</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Active drag, regularity and Index of Coordination (IdC) all increase with speed (v) in front crawl swimming, but the link between those parameters remains unclear. The aim of this study was thus to examine the relationships between the index of coordination (IdC) and propelling efficiency (ep) and the active drag (D). Thirteen national level male swimmers realised two incremental speed tests swimming front crawl with arms only in free condition and using a Measurement of Active Drag (MAD) system. D was measured using the MAD-system; ep was assessed by the ratio v3free / v3MAD; IdC was obtained from arm stroke phases evaluation using video device. The results showed that inter-arm coordination was linked to active drag and not propelling efficiency. Significant quadratic regression between IdC and v (0.91<R²<0.99), power regression between D and v (0.93<R²<0.98) and linear regression between IdC and D (0.64<R²<0.98) were established for each swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische und Vortriebswirksamkeit von Schwimmern in verschiedenen Energiebereichen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019445</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019445</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A. R.</author>
      <author>Rumyantseva, O. A.</author>
      <author>Kochergin, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rumyantseva, O. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kochergin, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The goal of the research was experimental studying of regularities for metabolic energy transformation into velocity of human`s swimming by sports strokes in different zones of energy supply on the basis of the mathematical model of this process: v0 = Pai*eg*ep / Fr(f.d.), in which v0 is mean swimming velocity at the competitive or training distance {m/s}; Pai is power of active energetic metabolism {W}; eg is dimensionless coefficient of mechanical efficiency; ep is dimensionless coefficient of propulsive efficiency; Fr(f.d.) is frontal component of active drag force {N} (Kolmogorov, 1997) 

METHODS:
To define experimentally variables of the mathematic model, a complex of physiological and biomechanical research methods has been applied (Kolmogorov, 2008).  29 female and male university swimmers took part in the research in the three zones of energy supply: below the threshold of anaerobic metabolism (AT), above the zone of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and in the zone between AT and VO2 max. RESULTS: In human`s water locomotion, eg (for women it ranges from 0.0592±0.0022 to 0.0659±0.0015, for men - from 0.0685±0.0029 to 0.0792±0.0026) is much lower than ep (for women it ranges from 0.647±0.009 to 0.704±0.009, for men - from 0.670±0.010 to 0.721±0.012). The highest values of eg and ep female and male swimmers have shown in the zone between AT and VO2 max. In all the zones of energy supply, male swimmers have higher values of eg. At the same time, the values of ep are equal for female and male swimmers. DISCUSSION: Effective and safe ways to improve swimmers` sports results in the process of training meso-cycle are, first of all, connected with decreasing of unavoidable losses at both stages of metabolic energy transformation into useful activity result, which is quantitatively reflected in dynamics of values of mechanical and propulsive efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ganzkörper numerische Strömungsmechanik der Freistiltechnik eines früheren Weltrekordhalters im Freistilsprint</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019444</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019444</guid>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B. A.</author>
      <author>Cheng, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It has long been accepted that understanding fluid flow patterns in swimming should lead to performance enhancements. Unfortunately, the ability to quantify the effects of these flow patterns experimentally when swimming is limited and is typically only able to provide approximations of total body effects at best. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to model and solve complex problems of fluid flow and is ideally suited to analysing drag and propulsion across the body when swimming.METHODS: A case-study approach was undertaken to examine the propulsion and drag forces across the body experienced during full body freestyle swimming using CFD. The swimmer used held the 50m and 100m freestyle World Record at the time of the testing and a full 3D surface scan of the swimmer was used for the CFD simulations. Manual 3D digitising was used to provide the 3D kinematics to animate the model. A realisable Kepsilon turbulence CFD model was used in the analysis.RESULTS: The overall changes in forces throughout the stroke were characterised by six clear cycles, containing four small peaks and two large peaks. These peaks represent the six beat kick pattern that was adopted, with the two large peaks correlating with the peak propulsion of the left and right arm strokes; which occurred simultaneously with two of the kick cycles. These peaks, and in particular the peaks associated with the arm stroke propulsion, were reflected in increases in the swimmer`s instantaneous velocity. An examination of the breakdown in the distribution of forces revealed that the arms and legs create a significant amount of the total propulsion, with the trunk contributing to the majority of the drag force. The hands provided a total propulsive momentum of 23.8Ns while the combined contribution of the wrist, forearm and elbow was 27.6Ns. This highlights that the forearm position during the underwater arm stroke is as critical as that of the hands. Likewise the thighs, knees and shanks also contributed a greater percentage of the propulsion than the feet. DISCUSSION: The current study provided insight into how propulsion and drag forces are generated throughout a full freestyle swimming stroke through the use of CFD analysis. The resultant outcome of the analysis is both an increased level of foundational knowledge related to the production of propulsion and drag forces, as well as the provision of practical points that may be used to improve freestyle performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ganzkörperbeobachtung und visualisierte Bewegungsanalyse beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019443</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019443</guid>
      <author>Ito, S.</author>
      <author>Okuno, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ito, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuno, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is an efficient mean to film swimmer`s swimming motion of their whole body in order to grasp swimmer`s technique. However, it is difficult to understand differences in detailed motion such as twisting arms or paths of arm strokes from the actual motion images. In order to understand the detailed motion of the forearm in swimming, Ohgi [1] used 3D accelerations and 3D angular velocities obtained by a data logger. Synchronizing the actual motion images with the acquired logger data makes the detailed swimming motion more understandable. Furthermore, the top view over the swimmers was observed by a camera for wave resistance against the swimmers. The wavelet transform, which is chronological frequency analysis, was also performed on these logger data and the dominant frequency was grasped chronologically in different swimming styles. METHODS: Underwater and overwater cameras were attached with a cart on pipe rail trucks at a poolside. Two motion images were combined into an unified image by a video mixer. The data logger with 3D accelerometer, 3D gyro sensor and depth sensor built in was used for acquisition of stroke motions. This device was attached on the forearm. The assessment experiment of swimming stroke operations was conducted. Swimming motions were recorded visually and digitally simultaneously. The logged data were analyzed by wavelet transformation in order to distinguish the minute differences graphically. RESULTS:Motion images of swimming were obtained like watching through plexiglas wall by the observation device. The swimming motions and 3D acceleration and 3D angular velocity signal waves were synchronized into a motion picture. Analysis of swimming motion signals becomes easier because of references of the synchronized motion pictures. In graphical patterns of swimming stroke motion, a deep stripe patterns appear in a main stroke period (2.0sec). Each of a quarter (0.5sec) and a half (1.0 sec) periods of fundamental stroke were also obtained as a stripe pattern in S-shaped free-style stroke. It is possible to discuss the different patterns with each player in the same swimming style. DISCUSSION: The author developed whole body observation apparatus in swimming. The motion pictures were synchronized with 3D acceleration and 3D angular velocity data which recorded the forearm actions. Furthermore, wavelet transform of swimming stroke was carried out and the swimming motion was visualized.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich des Widerstands beim Kraulschwimmen bei Spitzen- und Nicht-Spitzenschwimmern mittels Druckmessung und Bewegungsanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019442</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019442</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The hydrodynamic force exerted on a swimmer is changing from moment to moment during swimming. It is important to understand the dynamics of swimming to discuss the swimming technique and performance. The purpose of the study is to suggest a methodology to quantify the drag force, which was changing during front crawl swimming, and to compare the swimming drag between elite and non-elite swimmers. METHODS: The subjects were a well-trained male competitive swimmer (49.6 sec/100mFr.) and a male triathlete (82.0 sec/100mFr.). The trial was the front crawl swimming using arm only in a swim-mill, which was set the flowing velocity to 1.3 m/s. The estimation of the drag force was based on the equation of motion, that is"ma = Fp + Fd", along with swimming direction. The twelve small pressure sensors were attached on the subject`s both hands in order to measure the pressure distribution and to calculate the hydrodynamic force exerted on the hands. The attitude of both hands during underwater phase was calculated by the videography and 3D-DLT method. The propulsive force Fp was calculated as a component along with swimming direction of the hydrodynamic force on the hands, assuming that the swimmers produced the propulsive force by the hands only. The swimming acceleration a in the inertial term of the equation was calculated from the position of the umbilical part, as an alternative point of the center of gravity, which was recorded using a high speed camera with 250 fps. All measurements in the experiment were synchronized. RESULTS: The inertial term, the propulsive force and the drag force during 5 seconds were obtained in each trial. The mean drag forces were 21.3 N in elite swimmer and 50.3 N in non-elite, respectively. The maximum drag forces were 90.3 N in elite and 189.4 N in non-elite. The non-elite swimmer kept producing propulsive force with high stroke frequency. The mean propulsive force of the non-elite swimmer was higher than that of the elite swimmer (25.5 N in elite and 51.4 N in non-elite). DISCUSSION: The non-elite swimmer had to keep producing the propulsive force in order to maintain the swimming velocity, because of the larger drag force and de-acceleration. The smaller drag force in the elite swimmer would make it easy to keep the swimming velocity. It was suggested that our methodology to quantify the drag force during front crawl swimming would be useful to understand the dynamics and to discuss the performance of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse der Unterwasserwellenbewegung beim Greifstart bei Schwimmern auf nationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019434</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019434</guid>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Elipot, M.</author>
      <author>Andree, F</author>
      <author>Hellard, P</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elipot, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andree, F</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Few information clearly present the important factor that the swimmer should achieve to limit the loss of velocity during the underwater phase of a start. The aim of this study is to estimate the most important factors that the swimmers would use to improve his performance. METHOD: Twelve swimmers were asked to perform acompetitive start. The underwater area was recorded using three cameras. A modified double plane direct linear transformation method was used to calculate the landmark coordinates in space. The following variables were defined: the horizontal velocity of the center of mass (Vxg) and hip (Vxh); the angle of attack of trunk (átr), thigh (áth), leg (ále), foot (áfo); the mean kick frequency (f ); the mean kick amplitude (A); the phase time of the knee (Pk) and the ankle (Pa). The effect of the independent variables (átr, áth, ále, áfo, f, A, Pk,Pa) on the dependent variables Vxg and Vxh was analysed using stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: The regression equations show that different parameters influence Vxg and Vxh at different phase of the underwater undulatory swimming. Between 5.5 to 6.5 m, the stepwise regression analysis show that the decrease of angles of attack of different segments (átr at 5.5 m, áfo at 6 m, áth at 6.5 m) are selected variables to improve the horizontal velocity Vxg and Vxh. Between 6 to 7.5 m, the stepwise regression analysis show that the increase of the phase time (Pk and Pa) are selected variables to improve the horizontal velocity Vxg and Vxh. At 6.5 m, the stepwise regression analysis show that the decrease of the angles of attack of thigh (áth) and the increase of the phase time of the knee (Pk) are the best predictors to improve horizontal velocity Vxg and Vxh (R2=0.79 for Vxg and R2=0.89 for Vxh). At 7.5 m, the stepwise regression analysis show that increase of phase time of the knee (Pk) and mean kick frequency (f ) are the selected variables to improve respectively Vxg and Vxh DISCUSSION: At 6.5 m, the decrease of the angle of attack of the thigh (áth) and the increase of the phase time of the ankle (Pa) predicts the improvement of the horizontal velocity Vxg and Vxh. The stepwise regressions enable to propose principles to improve the underwater phase of the swimmer of the present study: to adopt streamline position with linear adjustment of the trunk and the bottom segments, to move like dolphins using only foot and leg for propulsive segment in underwater undulatory swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechnischer Vergleich der Startleistung von Spitzenschwimmern beim traditionellen Schrittstart vs. dem neuen Kickstart</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019433</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019433</guid>
      <author>Honda, K. E.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, P. J.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Honda, K. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The international governing body for swimming (FINA) has approved the use of a new starting block (Omega, OSB11) with an inclined kick plate. This has required the development of a kick start technique. The kick plate is angled at 30° to the surface of the block and can move through five different locations on the platform. To date, no study has examined the biomechanical factors associated with a start using the OSB11. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the new start platform on performance, relative to that of the track start. METHODS: The study utilised 14 elite swimmers (nine male aged 20.8 ± 3.0 years, five female aged 21.4 ± 2.8 years) all of which had personal best times which attained a minimum of 850 FINA points. Each completed six dive and glide starts (three kick starts and three track starts) in a randomised sequence. The analysis system calculated the overall force profile of the start. It utilised an instrumented start block including the measurement of the rear foot through a second instrumented incline plate. The system included a series of calibrated high speed digital cameras, one above water to capture the start and three underwater to obtain vision from 0 m to 15 m. A video camera timing system was used to obtain the times to 5 m and 7.5 m. RESULTS: The mean time on block was 0.77 s for the kick start, which was significantly less (p<0.01) than the track start 0.80 s. The kick start was also significantly faster (p<0.05) to 5 m and 7.5 m than the track start (1.62 s & 2.69 s compared to 1.66 s & 2.73 s, respectively). The kick start produced a significantly higher (p<0.01) horizontal take-off velocity (4.48 m/s) compared to the track start (4.41 m/s) and a higher average horizontal force (0.60 N/kg compared to 0.57 N/kg). The average velocity between 5 m and 7.5 m was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the two techniques. DISCUSSION: The results of this study indicate that the kick start on the new OSB11 start platform was significantly faster than the track start. Despite the participant`s own bias towards their preferred technique being the track start, the kick start was significantly faster off the block; with a higher horizontal velocity and an increased on block horizontal force. This advantage was maintained through the time to 5 m and 7.5 m. This preliminary research indicates that coaches and athletes should spend time adapting to the new block and the new starting technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen "Eggbeater"-Beinbewegung und Paddelstützfertigkeiten und isokinetischem Drehmoment</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019432</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019432</guid>
      <author>Homma, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Eggbeater kick and support scull are essential basic propulsive techniques in synchronized swimming. The aim of the present study is to ascertain the relationship between muscle strength, and eggbeater kick (EB) skills and vertical position (VP) support skills in elite synchronized swimmers. METHODS: Ten female silver-medalists at the World Championships participated. EB and VP support skills were assessed based on their respective test scores. EB skills were assessed by EB and height (Ht) scores, and VP support skills were assessed by VP and design scores. The isokinetic peak torque for knee flexion and extension (60 or 180°/s), trunk flexion and extension (60 or 120°/s) and shoulder internal and external rotations (60 or 120°/s) were measured using the BIODEX System 3.RESULTS: Both EB and Ht scores significantly correlated with 60°/s (EB: r=.735, Ht: r=.717) and 180°/s (EB: r=.711, Ht: r=.749) (left) knee flexion. Ht score significantly correlated with 60°/s trunk flexion (r=.812). Correlations between EB score and 60 or 180°/s (left) knee flexion per BW (r=.673), and between height score and 60°/s trunk flexion per BW (r=.778) were significant. VP scores significantly correlated with 60°/s (r=.633) and 120°/s (r=.646) right external shoulder rotations per BW. Design scores significantly correlated with 60°/s (R: r=.663) and 120°/s (R: r=.642, L: r=.654) external shoulder rotations per BW. DISCUSSION: From the results, the importance of strengthening the muscles associated with hip flexion such as the hamstrings, rectus abdominis, and psoas major was suggested. These findings are related to the EB techniques for improving skills, which are executed with the knees and heels at higher positions. The significant relationship between external shoulder rotation and VP support skills might have been due to the specificity of support scull movements. The support scull is a rotational movement of the forearms with bent elbows, and it is an unusual movement where a swimmer bends the elbows and externally rotates the shoulder while supinating the forearms. Therefore, rather than individual differences in internal rotation, those in external rotation are closely related to the support scull skills. To improve the support scull skills, upper arm abductors such as the infraspinatus and teres minor should be trained and the muscles around the scapula should be strengthened in proper balance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Sofortwirkung von widerstandsunterstütztem Freistilschwimmen auf die Richtung der resultierenden Kraft der Hand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019431</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019431</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Mavridis, G.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavridis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: For effective propulsion the resultant force produced by a swimmer`s hand should be aimed as much as possible in the swimming direction (Toussaint et al., 2000). Moreover, it is suggested that in-water resistance training methods, such as sprint-resisted swimming, would be more effective for the improvement of the swimming performance. However, there is a lack of data regarding the acute effect of the sprint-resisted swimming on the direction of the resultant force of the hand, which was the aim of the present study. METHODS: Five female swimmers swam 25 m front crawl with maximal intensity, without and with added resistance. A bowl with a capacity of 6 l was used as added resistance. The underwater motion of the right hand was recorded using 4 cameras (60 Hz) and selected points were digitized using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the methodology presented by Sanders (1999) were used for the estimation of the drag, the lift and the resultant force of the swimmer`s hand. Moreover, the angle between the resultant force and the axis of propulsion was calculated. For the statistical treatment of the data the t-test for dependent samples was used. RESULTS: During resisted swimming the magnitude of the drag, the lift, the resultant and the effective propulsive forces were not altered significantly. However, the angle between the vector of the resultant force and the axis of swimming propulsion in the pull phase was decreased significantly (t4= 2.877, p< 0.05) during resisted swimming (13.26 ± 15.37 deg), in comparison with free swimming (36.31 ± 14.73 deg). DISCUSSION: During sprint-resisted swimming, the angle formed between the resultant force vector and the axis of the swimming propulsion was decreased significantly in the pull phase and thus the resultant force was steered more in the forward swimming direction. Consequently, it could be speculated that front crawl sprint-resisted swimming probably could contribute to the learning of a more effective application of the propulsive forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Kombination von Vektoren zur Bestimmung der Handebene zur Berechnung des Angriffswinkels bei der "Ruder"bewegung beim Armzug</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019430</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019430</guid>
      <author>Gomes, L. E.</author>
      <author>Melo, M. O.</author>
      <author>La Torre, M.</author>
      <author>Loss, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melo, M. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>La Torre, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loss, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Studies into swimming propulsion describe different combinations of vectors (different methods) to define the hand plane, which may alter the attack angle. The purposes of this study, which involved synchronized swimmers and swimmers in a real situation, were (i) to verify the agreement between the attack angles calculated using different methods, described in the literature and proposed by this study, to define the plane of the hand and (ii) to verify the variation in vector length of the methods found to be agreement in order to establish which method is most recommended when estimating the attack angle during sculling motion. METHODS: The sample consisted of 16 female participants (10 synchronized swimmers and 6 swimmers, all familiar with sculling actions). They performed sculling motion in a stationary vertical position (head above the water surface and with the water at chin level). Three-dimensional kinematic data from underwater video analysis was used to calculate the attack angle using different methods described in the literature, such as Schleihauf (1979), Berger et al. (1995) and Lauder et al. (2001) (Lauder 1-5), and a new combination (NC) proposed by this study to define the plane of hand. The degree of agreement was established between the attack angles calculated using different methods and the variation was verified in vector lengths of the methods that were found to be in agreement. RESULTS: The attack angles calculated from Schleihauf, Lauder 1 and NC methods were in agreement. The variation in length of two vectors of these methods was 12% and 17.9% for Schleihauf, 7.2% and 17.9% for Lauder 1 and 7.8% and 8.4% for NC. DISCUSSION: While Schleihauf, Lauder 1 and NC methods are in agreement, the vectors used in the NC presented a smaller variation in their lengths. We suggest using the NC method to calculate the attack angle when analyzing the sculling motion, as these results were obtained in a real situation as opposed to a model.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die mechanische Leistung im Wasserball: Ein Fallbericht</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019428</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019428</guid>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Patti, F.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patti, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The coaches use normal swimming parameters as reference to develop the plan training activities even if the water polo player does not move as a swimmer in the best hydrodynamic position. The purpose of this work is to compare the mechanical power required to play a game as computed with a new model based on the specific analysis of the swimming`s technique of water polo. METHODS: Two indices of passive drag were measured with the method of towing at different speeds (1.2-1.4-1.6-1.8-2 m/s) in a water polo player (27 years, 1.77 m, 79 kg). The first index was obtained in the position of "best glide" (Swim), the second index was obtained in a "head-up" position of the subject (Wp). The active drag in the two conditions was estimated (Kjendlie, 2008) as 1.5 times the value of passive drag. To calculate the drag in acceleration, the maximum acceleration reached by the typical water polo starting in "trudgeon" was measured. Then, that value (m/s*s) was reproduced in the tow Ben-Hur by measuring the drag value in the specific condition. The value of the mechanical power required to the water polo was computed multiplying the drag by speed: Power-drag = k*vn*v. The data of game model is obtained from a video analysis of the individual distances and velocity on a international water polo match in World Championship 1994. The total swimming time was defined for four steps of velocity and the values of mechanical power were calculated for all steps. RESULTS: The average mechanical power of a water polo game in Swim model was 150489J/2400s=62.70W, in WP model is 481375J/2400s=200.57W. DISCUSSION: The crawl technique used by water polo players involves a higher energy cost compared to the crawl technique used in swimming due to the need to keep the head out of the water. The players perform a series of swimming sprints with starts from standstill alternated to stationary phases. The mechanical power required to the water polo players could be more than three-fold higher than that required for freestyle swimming at the same velocities. Our study highlights the importance of developing specific training programs for water polo, addressing the higher requirements of mechanical power, taking into account the specific movement techniques and comparing the distances travelled using different swimming techniques.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysische Analyse des 200-m-Freistilschwimmens: Eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019425</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019425</guid>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Suzana, P.</author>
      <author>Susana, S.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suzana, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Susana, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Propulsive and drag forces acting on the swimmer`s body are major performance determinants, being affected by technique, motor organisation and control. The muscular activity, as the energy expenditure, are also swimming influencing parameters. It was studied the 200m maximal front crawl of an elite Olympic swimmer, analysing the intracyclic velocity variation of the centre of mass, arm coordination, energy expenditure and neuromuscular activity. METHODS: A male swimmer (21 yrs, 71kg and 180cm), national record holder, swam 200m for the assessment of the intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) in x, y and z axes (2 surface and 4 underwater cameras, Sony® DCR-HC42E, digitised with APASystem and determined through the coefficient of variation of the velocity of the centre of mass), arm coordination (Index of Coordination - IdC - Chollet et al., 2000, using the digitised model), oxygen uptake (K4b2) and neuromuscular activity (surface electromyography - EMG) of the flexor carpi radialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, upper trapezius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscles. A spectral index (cf. Dimitrov et al., 2006) was calculated for one stroke cycle for each 25m. Afterwards, swimmer performed 50, 100 and 150m at the 200m pace for blood lactate kinetics analysis (Lactate Pro), which allowed the assessment of the total energy expenditure (Ë). Linear regression was assessed on muscle EMG parameters (p < 0.05). RESULTS: It was observed a decay of velocity, stroke length and stroke rate through the 200m, with a slightly increase of this last parameter in the last lap. IVVx maintained stable and larger magnitudes of IVV were found for y and z than in x axis. IdC kept in the catch-up mode, increasing in the last 100m. Ë increased in the 1st 50m, resulting from an exponential increase of the VO2 kinetics, reaching the VO2 peak in the 2nd 50m. In 4th 50m, the glycolitic contribution was found to be higher, which lead to high values of Ë. It was also found a significant increase of the fatigue indices for the most studied muscles. DISCUSSION: It was observed an interaction of important coordinative, biomechanical, electrophysiological, and bioenergetical performance influencing parameters. Changes in some factors imply other changes or offer the stability needed for a better performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Validität von Radar zur Messung der Wurfgeschwindigkeiten im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 09:46:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019423</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019423</guid>
      <author>Ferragut, C.</author>
      <author>Alcaraz, P. E.</author>
      <author>Vila, H.</author>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Radar</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferragut, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alcaraz, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vila, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Many studies have been published being interested in the meas-urement of velocity of balls, implements and corporal segments in sports where those skills are basic for performance. Skill in passing and throwing is vital in Water Polo because accuracy and the ability to produce high velocities are also valuable during the game for shots at goal. The aim of the present study was twofold; firstly to evaluate the validity of the radar measurements versus high velocity 2D photogrammetric analysis, in two different situation, and secondly, to establish a valid methodology to asses throwing velocity in Water Polo. METHODS: The participants carried out 48 throws at maximum intensity from the penalty position (24 throws), and from an oblique position to the goal (¥è ~ 20¨¬) in the same penalty line (24 throws) with and without goal-keeper. They executed throws by alternating manner with a 3-min rest between each. The ball maximum velocity was measured with radar placed ten meters behind the goal, and aligned with the penalty line. Simultaneously; a 2D photogrammetric study was accomplished. The camera was mounted on a rigid tripod at a height of 1.0 m and placed at a distance of 10 m from the middle of the athlete¡¯s lane. The optical axis of the camera was perpendicular to the direction of throwing for each different situation. One trial by each participant for each throw condition was analyzed. After the throws were analyzed, Pearson correlation coefficients (SPSS 15.0) were used to determine the interrelationship among the maximum velocity obtained by the radar gun and the 2D analysis. The alpha level was set to p ¡Â 0.05. RESULTS: For frontal throws with-out goalkeeper the ICC was 0.96, and with goalkeeper was 0.84. If we analyze throws in oblique situation (¥á ~ 20¨¬), the ICC was 0.94 without goalkeeper and 0.96 with goalkeeper. When we analyzed all throws in frontal situation the Pearson correlation coefficient obtained was 0.91 and in oblique position was 0.94. In all situations p value was ¡Â 0.001. CONCLUSION: Radar is a valid method to measure throwing velocity in Water Polo, so for frontal throws as well for oblique throws.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
