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    <item>
      <title>Messung der äußeren Kinetik bei Einzel- und Staffelstarts: Ein Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032657</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032657</guid>
      <author>Mourao, L.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Vaz, M.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mourao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaz, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to present a literature review on the external kinetics of swimming starts for the purposes of summarising and highlighting existing knowledge, identifying gaps and limitations and challenging new researchers for future projects. A preliminary literature search was performed using relevant electronic data bases, only for English written documents published before September 2013. Keywords including 'swimming' and 'start' were used to locate documents. Proceedings of the scientific conferences of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (BMS) and the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS) from 1970 and 1983, respectively, to 2013 were examined. Included studies were experimental biomechanical approaches in laboratory setting relating to external kinetics assessments on swimming starts. Twenty-eight studies were included in this review, of which 10 are peer-review journal articles and 18 are proceedings from the BMS and ISBS Congress series. From the overall included studies, 82.14% analysed the individual ventral starts, followed by 14.28% at backstroke and only 3.57% at relay starts. Twenty-five per cent from the overall ventral starting studies measured the external horizontal and vertical forces acting on the swimmer's hands and only one research group has yet published about the upper limbs horizontal force on the backstroke start. Previous studies have presented unique contribution in swimming start kinetics; however, future researches should focus on devices capabilities improvements based on the current starting block configuration, mainly for dorsal and relay starting kinetics analysis purposes, and considering three dimensional, 6 degrees of freedom analysis of the forces exerted by each of the four limbs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elliptisches Modell zur Bewertung der Rollwende im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032656</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032656</guid>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <author>Goya, T.</author>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goya, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to evaluate of the tumble turn in swimming based on an elliptical model. Fifteen junior male swimmers were asked to perform 15 m round trip crawl including a tumble turn as fast as possible. A side view of the turn was analysed by the 2D-DLT algorithm. The trajectory of the head during the rotation phase was approximated by an elliptic model (r >= 0.90). The correlation between the elliptic indices and 15 turn properties were calculated. These elliptic indices were as follows: the inclination showed 65.9 ± 7.0 deg, the major axis indicated 0.51 ± 0.08 m, and the minor axis was 0.34 ± 0.10 m. The inclination significantly correlated with the 15m turn-out time 7.72 ± 0.36 sec (r = 0.795, p < 0.01). The minor axis significantly correlated with the 3 m turn-in time 2.21 ± 0.12 sec (r = 0.569, p < 0.05). lt was suggested that a shallower inclination and flattened of the elliptic trajectory of the head during the rotation phase had advantageous to turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Methode zur Berechnung der vertikal erzeugten Käfte während der Ausführung des "Schneebesen"</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032655</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032655</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, N.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The eggbeater kick is a technique used in water polo and synchronised swimming. Assessing eggbeater kick performance or comparing different performers has been done by determining the height achieved during the kick in the vertical position (Sanders 1999; Homma & Homma 2006; Klauck 2006). Such methods are limited to the position of one anatomic marker (i.e. vertex, trochanter) and do not account for the subject's mass or buoyancy factors. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to determine the vertical force produced during the eggbeater kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein neuer Ansatz zur Erkennung der einzelnen Phasen des Beinschlags beim Brustschwimmen und Berechnung des Fußgleitens mittels automatischen dreidimensionalen Trackings der Bewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032654</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032654</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Haakonsen, D.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study proposes a new method for identifying the different phases of the leg kick in the modern breaststroke technique. Previous analysis models assume that all breaststroke kicks finish with feet actively coming together during the insweep followed by a 'flat glide' and active knee bend to start the recovery. Using the previous models for the swimmers tested the phases could not be accurately separated due to the different wave amplitudes in their technique influencing their insweep and knee bend timing during recovery. Four phases of the breaststroke kick were therefore identified using 3D automatic motion tracking: 1) propulsion, from the smallest knee angle during recovery of the legs until the first peak in knee angle during propulsion, 2) insweep/wave motion/glide, from end of phase 1 until second peak in knee angle, 3) first part of the recovery, from end of phase 2 until 90 degree knee angle and 4) second part of recovery, from end of phase 3 until legs reach position 1. The method uses distinct positions of the 3D markers, their trajectory and peak angles to give a better understanding of the phases in the modern breaststroke technique as well as accounting for different styles of breaststroke technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivierung und kinematische Unterschiede zwischen Technik- und Konditionstraining im Brustschwimmen: Fallstudie eines Weltmeisters im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032653</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032653</guid>
      <author>Olstad, B. H.</author>
      <author>Lauer, J.</author>
      <author>Haakonsen, D.</author>
      <author>Cabri, J.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olstad, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lauer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabri, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Breaststroke swimmers perform technique and drill exercises in their daily training in order to improve their competitive breaststroke swimming. This has previously been looked upon in different kinematic studies, but no study combined this with surface electromyography. One male world champion breaststroker swam regular breaststroke at 60% and 100% of maximal effort and performed one common technique exercise, 2 breaststroke kicks to 1 breaststroke pull at 100% of maximal effort. Biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior were analyzed for four different phases of the breaststroke kick using surface electromyography (sEMG). 3D automatic motion tracking was used to identify the four phases of the breaststroke kick. Integrated EMG (iEMG} for the four phases showed that swimming at 60% and 100% had the highest activation in 15 of the 16 conditions (across the 4 phases and the 4 muscles) while the 1st kick in 2 kicks to 1 breaststroke pull showed a peak for gastrocnemius medialis in phase 4. The lowest iEMG activation occurred during 2 kicks to 1 breaststroke pull in 13 conditions and 0 times in swimming at 60% effort. The study showed different muscle activation patterns between regular breaststroke swimming and a common technique/drill exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auftriebskraft der Beine bei gesunden Schwimmern und Schwimmern mit beeinträchtigten Beinfunktionen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032652</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032652</guid>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Reid, A. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reid, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A swimmer's ability to float statically in a horizontal position is determined largely by the turning effect resulting from their body weight and buoyancy forces. This is termed the buoyant torque. As a body's weight acts through its centre of mass (CaM) and the buoyancy force acts though its centre of buoyancy (CoB), the distance between these two centres will determine the static floating position of an individual (Gagnon & Montpetit 1981; Mclean & Hinrichs 1998). In static floating, the CoB is generally closer to the head than the CoM. Consequently, the buoyant torque acts to sink the legs. Due to sex differences in body mass distribution, males generally experience a greater buoyant torque than females, resulting in a greater tendency for their legs to sink (Gagnon & Montpetit 1981; Mclean and Hinrichs 1998). Lung volume and arm position both influence buoyant torque (Mclean & Hinrichs 2000). An increase in lung volume, by breathing in, increases the volume of the upper body without increasing its mass. This moves the CoB cranially with little or no effect on the CaM position. Consequently, the momentarm of the buoyancy force increases thus increasing the buoyant torque. When one or both arms are extended overhead, the CoB and CoM both shift cranially, but the movement of the CaM is greater. This brings the weight and buoyancy forces closer together thus reducing the buoyant torque. Drag is an important determinant of swimming performance. One of the key factors influencing drag is the projected frontal area of the swimmer which, in turn, is affected by the horizontal alignment of the body in the water (Kjendlie, Stallman & Stray-Gundersen 2004). Para-swimmers who are unable to kick, due to impaired leg function, may be disadvantaged over those who compete in the same class but who are able to kick. Not only are they unable to use a leg-kick to help maintain horizontal alignment, but their body mass distribution, due to atrophied lower extremities, may differ from that of non-impaired swimmers and so, consequently, may the buoyant (leg-sinking) torque they experience. This study's aim was to establish whether the buoyant torque differs between swimmers with impaired leg function and able bodied swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Ermüdung auf die räumlich-zeitlichen Parameter während 100 m Kraulschwimmen überwacht durch automatisches dreidimensionales Tracking mit zwei Kameras</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032651</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032651</guid>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Morais, S. T.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to analyse the effect of fatigue on the three dimensional arm-stroke pattern during a 100 m front-crawl race. Six national level swimmers performed a 100 m front-crawl test at maximal intensity. The event was recorded with eight underwater and seven land cameras (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) using a full body retro-reflective marker setup. Swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, hand velocity, backward amplitude, amplitude slip, hand depth, width and range, and index of coordination were assessed for each 25 m lap. Differences between the four laps were analysed using a repeated measure ANOVA. Significant changes of analysed parameters were observed across the race, with exception of slip amplitude and hand depth, width and range. Thus, the analysis of spatiotemporal variables, under the influence of fatigue, should be understood as a relevant part of training monitoring aiming to increase performance, particularly when fatigue installs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen von Schwimmern: Pech, schlechte Athleten oder schlechtes Management</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032685</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032685</guid>
      <author>Blanch, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blanch, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Due to the high repetitious workload of swimming training, overuse injuries especially of the shoulder are a costly problem for swimming. Due to different logistical reasons long term injury surveillance in swimming has not been achieved and research is often around perceived risk factors examined retrospectively and/or cross-sectionally. The identified risk factors often place 'the blame' for injury on some sort of athlete inadequacy {genetic, flexibility, strength, technique). However the most consistent findings that occur in the literature related to injury are to do with training volume and structure. Training ramped up too quickly, taken too high or maintained at monotonous levels are all related to injury. This of course places considerable responsibility on the coach. The basic recording of injury history and injury costs associated with measurement of the load athletes are placed under is fundamental information required for swimming to advance in the area of injury prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerische Strömungsmechanik als Werkzeug zur Verbesserung der Armzugtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032684</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032684</guid>
      <author>Cohen, R. C. Z.</author>
      <author>Clearly, P. W.</author>
      <author>Harrison, S. M.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, R. C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clearly, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human swimming is a highly competitive sport where performance has a complex dependence on technique, fluid dynamics, biomechanics, and physiology. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly being used as a tool to study elite level human swimming. This approach complements traditional pool based experimentation, providing previously unobtainable data to provide new insights into the relationships between stroke technique and performance. In this paper, pool based experimentation is reviewed along with recent developments in the field of swimming CFD. Finally, the future directions of the field of swimming CFD are proposed which will see it become an indispensible tool for elite athletes seeking improved stroke technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grenzen der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit: Wie können natürliche Technologien genutzt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032683</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032683</guid>
      <author>Fish, F. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fish, F. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite improvements in training, technique and conditioning, human swimming performance is limited in terms of speed due to the constraints of biology and physics. In comparison, animals greatly exceed human swimming performance. Examination of the morphology, mechanics and hydrodynamics of animal swimming can provide insights into mechanisms to efficiently reduce swimming effort and avoid constraints on speed. Animals are capable of manipulating flow around the body both passively and actively. Passive mechanisms rely on structural and morphological components of the body. Streamlined, fusiform body designs are ubiquitous in fast-swimming animals to minimise drag. The texture and composition of the skin surface further minimises drag by a reduction in water friction and delay of separation effects. The skin of marine animals is tighter than the integument of humans. The pliability of human skin produces mobile skin folds that add to drag. A particularly limitation to human performance is swimming in close proximity to the water surface. This position generates waves that increase drag. In addition, interference within the wave pattern traps the swimmer within a trough that produces a barrier to maximum speed. Active mechanisms by animals for enhanced propulsion utilise vorticity control for thrust production. Fast-swimming animals move their appendages in an oscillatory manner in which wing-like blades produce lift as the primary propulsive force. Humans swim with a paddling, drag-based mechanism. Although effective for propulsion, drag-based swimming is limited to use at low speeds and has reduced efficiency, whereas lift-based mechanisms operate at high speeds with high propulsive efficiency. The thrust is produced in association with the momentum shed by the swimmer into the water. The manifestation of this shed momentum is the wake, which is composed of a thrust producing jet and alternating pairs of vortices. The pattern of vortices for humans indicate severe limits to the fastest speed that can be attained. Compared to human swimmers, aquatic animals have an advantage of being adapted to life in water that permits greater swimming performance than for humans.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Immunfunktion und der Schwimmer: 25 Jahre Forschung am AIS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032682</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032682</guid>
      <author>Fricker, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fricker, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[So what have we concluded?
Training is associated with dose responsive and cumulative immunosuppression. The risk of upper respiratory illness may be linked to changes in immune status. Not all upper respiratory symptoms are infectious in origin. Mild illness can affect performance adversely in high performance athletes. There are genetic markers which may indicate risk of infection. Interventions such as anti-viral agents have not proved effective. Interventions with probiotics show promise in enhancing immune status]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer Forschungseinrichtung im Französischen Schwimmverband: Eine beispielhafte Entwicklung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032681</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032681</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschungseinrichtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The French national swimming team won 66 Olympic and World medals from 1998 to 2013, although it had won only 12 between 1984 and 1998. The growth of the French Swimming Federation's research department since 1998 has been one of the factors contributing to this success. The development of this department was a complex undertaking for many reasons. First, French swimming coaches and technical staff have not been trained within a scientific culture. Yet the coaches and staff possess extraordinarily diverse skills that in many ways depend on their personalities, personal histories, cultural background and past training experiences. This diversity highlights the need for widely differentiated and individualised scientific support. Second, the department's activity is expected to cover the broad range of issues related to training and high-level performance. This has required a multidisciplinary approach and the development of a wellfunctioning collaborative network. Last, as part of our mandate, the research department is called on to communicate and share our findings with all French territories. The first objective of the department is to formalise the most effective training practices through an analysis of coaching practices. The second objective is to build knowledge that is relevant to all issues touching on performance and health, such as motor learning, nutrition, the mobilisation of energy resources, altitude training, biomechanics and any other area related to high-level training. As a third objective toward performance optimisation, the department of research has for the past 15 years been piloting the development of technological processes to evaluate performance. This aspect of our activity has resulted in the development of high-tech tools and research equipment that have been meticulously constructed and shown to be well adapted to use in the field. In these three areas, the analysis of the most effective practices, knowledge building to enhance training, and the development of technologies for practitioners, the research department of the French Swimming Federation has been a leader in developing ideas, innovations and skills over the last 15 years.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Neurale und sensorische Anwendungen von Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Technik bei hoher Geschwindigkeit und Wettkampfgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032680</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032680</guid>
      <author>Sweetenham, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sweetenham, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The question is: How can technique and efficiency be improved and sustained at race speed and race pace swimming after 4 years or more of inefficient technique and motor pathway/muscle memory practice? 
Quotes of influence which indicate the purpose of the contents of this presentation:
"The vast majority of athletes and swimmers can be trained to be good to great endurance athletes and swimmers, however only a very small few are bom to be sprinters and/or breaststrokers"
Unfortunately a significant percentage of these endurance athletes and swimmers( based on flawed capability and capacity) desire and dream to be splint or speed athletes and swimmers. This is in contrast to nearly all speed and sprint people who have absolutely no desire, aspiration or inspiration to be endurance athletes and swimmers. This separation is a winning point of difference in swimming for China and the USA where there remains a real focus on 200m up and 1500/800m down swimming, in addition to the speed programmes. Both these countries have coaches, athletes and programmes pursuing success in these events with real intent focused on the Olympic podium.
THE CONFLICT AND CONFUSION OF HAVING ENDURANCE ATHLETES FOCUSED ON SPEED EVENTS CHALLENGES ACCURATE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT. COMPROMISED TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIMITING MANY SENIOR ATHLETES IN ACHIEVING THEIR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE. "Anyone can become a marathon runner; but you are born a sprinter'']]></content:encoded>
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      <title>XIIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3047272</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/3047272</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2014</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The BMS2014 Book of Proceedings contains more than 100 full papers relating to presentations given at the symposium. It includes either full papers or the presentation slides of many of the keynote speakers. The main contents of the articles are:
- biomechanics,
- coaching,
- computational fluid dynamics,
- medicine,
- Physiology,
- physiotherapiy,
- social sciences, humanities and pedagogics.

 Contents

Preface...................................................................iii

Acknowledgments...................................................vi

1 Invited lectures.....................................................1

2 Biomechanics......................................................65

3 Coaching.............................................................287

4 Computational fluid dynamics................................349

5 Medicine..............................................................379

6 Physiology...........................................................391

7 Physiotherapy......................................................543

8 Social sciences, humanities and pedagogics..........553

Index of presenting authors......................................589

Keyword index........................................................591]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Sozio-kognitive Untersuchung des vom Trainer erzeugten Motivationsklimas und des Coachingverhaltens im norwegischen Nachwuchsschwimmsport</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023373</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023373</guid>
      <author>Rustad, B. E.</author>
      <author>Lemyre, P. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rustad, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemyre, P. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The ways in which coaches relate to their athletes, and the achievement standards they emphasize, have an impact on athletes` well-being. Thus, grounded in achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989), the purpose of this investigation was to examine how Norwegian swimmers perceived their coaches` behavior and the corresponding motivational climate, and how these influenced a range of well-being parameters (e.g., burnout, vitality, and positive/negative affect). METHODS: A total of 202 male and female Norwegian swimmers (ages 14- 24) completed a battery of questionnaires (e.g., Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports, CBAS-PBS, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, Subjective Vitality Scale, and the PANAS). RESULTS: We conducted a canonical correlation analysis to determine the multivariate  association between the two sets of variables. The perceived motivational climate was the predictor variable. Athletes` perceptions of coaching behavior and a range of well-being parameters (e.g., burnout, vitality, and positive and negative affect) were the criterion variables. The multivariate relationship was significant, Wilk`s   = .43 F (40, 360) = 4.7 p< .001.  The canonical function emerged with a canonical correlation, rci, of .70 (49 % overlapping variance) and a redundancy index of 30. DISCUSSION: Consistent with earlier findings, athletes who perceived coaching behaviors that emphasized positive reinforcement, mistake-contingent encouragement, corrective instruction given in a positive and encouraging fashion, and proper technical instruction perceived a mastery climate. In contrast, coaching behaviors that emphasized punitive technical instruction were positively correlated with an ego climate. However, perception of a mastery climate was also positively correlated with coaching behaviors that emphasized non-reinforcement, punishment, and ignoring mistakes. Further, our findings indicated that there was a positive relationship between an ego climate and the three dimensions of burnout. We also found a positive relationship between a mastery climate, vitality, and positive affect. All coaches should, therefore, strive to create a mastery climate in youth sports that promotes athletes` well-being and optimizes their achievement motivation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik und Bioenergetik im 100-m-Freitilschwimmen bei jungen männlichen Schwinmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023372</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023372</guid>
      <author>Latt, E.</author>
      <author>Jurimae, J.</author>
      <author>Maestu, J.</author>
      <author>Purge, P.</author>
      <author>Ramson, R.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Haljaste, K.</author>
      <author>Jurimae, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Latt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jurimae, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maestu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purge, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haljaste, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jurimae, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: No studies have investigated the influence of somatic, energetic and technical parameters together to determine sprint swimming performance in boys after reaching puberty. The purpose of the study was to analyze possible relationships between swimming performance, anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters in  male adolescent swimmers. METHODS: 25 male swimmers (15.2+/- 1.9years; 176.1+/-9.2 cm; 63.3+/-}10.9 kg) performed 100m maximal front crawl swim in the 25m pool. Oxygen consumption, swimming speed ( ), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were assessed. Blood samples for lactate were taken at the 3rd and 5th minute of recovery and energy cost (Cs) was calculated. RESULTS: The average 100-m performance time was 77.6+/-}9.1 and was significantly related (p<0.05) to height, body mass and arm span values from the measured somatic parameters and to ~, SL, SR and SI values, and VO2, ƒ¢La and Cs values from measured biomechanical and bioenergetic parameters. Biomechanical factors (79%) characterized best the 100m swimming performance in these young swimmers, followed by somatic (49%) and bioenergetic factors (32%). DISCUSSION: The most important finding was that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 100m swimming performance, while the SI was the best predictor of sprint performance in adolescent male swimmers. Therefore, learning the correct swimming technique from the early years of swimming training is important. Cs is a key parameter to evaluate performance in swimming, but there are only a few studies that have investigated the determinants of swimming economy in children and adolescents (Kjendlie et al. 2004; Poujade et al. 2002). By investigating how aerobic and anaerobic performance develops during growth and maturation, it may be possible to identify the capacity for improvement and provide guidelines to coaches for the preparation of specific training sessions for young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Erhöhte Trainingsintensität und verminderter Trainingsumfang über 12 Wochen erhöhen die maximale Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf einer Sprintdistanz bei jungen leistungsstarken Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023371</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023371</guid>
      <author>Johansen, L.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, S.</author>
      <author>Kilen, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, T. H.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, M.</author>
      <author>Rocha, B.</author>
      <author>Nordsborg, N. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Johansen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kilen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Training volumes of elite swimmers consists of 40-70 km pr. week depending on the time season and competitive level. Given this volume the average training intensity typically becomes relatively low, compared to the intensity during competition. The training is carried out over a large span of intensities and taxes anaerobic and aerobic energy system. Hence it is reasonable to conduct both anaerobic and aerobic test´s in order to evaluate training effects. METHODS: A group of male (N=20;19±3 yrs mean±SD) and female (N=11, 18±3 yrs) elite swimmers were randomly assigned to an intensity training group (IG; N=16) or a control group (CG; N=15). For 12 weeks, CG continued their normal training of 25-50 km pr week including supra maximal bouts 1-2 times pr. week. IG reduced training volume by 50% and performed at least 4 sets of supra maximal interval training pr week. Before and after a 5x200m progressive step test on a 5 min cycle was performed. On the first 4 steps the speed was controlled and was the same on both occasions. The last level was as fast as possible with an even split. In the pause between repetitions a finger tip sample for analysis of lactate was obtained. After a break lasting at least 3 hrs, a 100 m time trial test was performed with split times for each 5m, obtained by 2 trained observers. RESULTS: A higher max swimming speed was observed (1.67±0.13 m/s vs 1.74±0.17m/s,P<0.05) for IG when comparing pre to post. No differences between groups for any of the split times on the 100m time trail was observed. Furthermore, higher lactate values was observed in CG (5.4±1.6 mmol/l vs 6.4±2.1 mmol/l,P<0.05) after the 4th repetition. No difference in lactate values between groups was noted. DISCUSSION: The major finding of this study is that a 12 weeks training intervention with concomitant doubling of the amount of high intensity training and 50% reduction of the training volume, seems to increase the ability to reach high maximal speed over a sprint distance (100m) without compromising the endurance capacity as judged by the step test. As lactate levels were not changed as a result of training the effect might be related an increase of strength, efficiency or a combination of the two. Surprisingly an increase in the lactate level after the 4th repetition was observed for CG after 12 week of endurance training. An increase in the transport capacity for lactate out of the working muscles could play a role for this observation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Spezielles Krafttraining und die Startleisung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023370</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023370</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Fehr, U.</author>
      <author>Reuss, A.</author>
      <author>Kieser, S.</author>
      <author>Straub, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fehr, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reuss, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kieser, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Straub, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Holthe and McLean (2001) showed that jumping power is a worthwhile parameter for predicting start times in sprint swimming. In this intervention study it is assumed that improving maximum strength and power in squad (SJ), counter movement (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) leads to better start times in elite swimmers. METHODS: 5 male and 2 female swimmers of different German national swim teams performed a 4-week training intervention to optimize maximum strength and jumping power, as well as the start technique of the athletes. In single case experiments, each athlete performed maximum swim start trials as well as strength and jumping power tests before (pretest) and after (posttest) the 4-week  training period. Another 4 weeks later a retention test was administered. The over all start time over a distance of 7.5 m was recorded by video analysis. Kinematic parameters (block time, flight time, and overall start time, angles at take off and water entry, take off velocity) were calculated by motion analysis. Dynamic data were measured as 3-dimensional ground reaction forces (1.000 Hz) by a specific mobile start block with an integrated force plate. The individual performance development in the kinematic and kinetic parameters between the three test dates was analysed by critical differences. Significance level was set by p < 0.05. RESULTS: The swimmers improved strength and power, as well as the start time (MPre = 2.70+0.28 s to MPost = 2.63+0.28 s; T = 3.59; n = 5; p < 0.05). The best female swimmer, qualifying for the WC 2006, improved maximum strength of the left and right leg, and drop jump (40) index from 136 pts to 166 pts (dkrit: p < 0.01) during the  training period. Furthermore, in the final qualification competition the best female and male athlete reached personal best start times of 2.82 s (crawl) resp. 2.70 s (backstroke). DISCUSSION: The single case experiments showed that a 4-week training intervention with three weekly training sessions aiming at the maximum and explosive strength of the legs, as well as at the swim start technique is helpful to improve in most of the strength parameters and the overall start performance in swimming in elite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmtechnikdiagnostik beim vollständig angebundenen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023369</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023369</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Fehr, U.</author>
      <author>Fankel, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fehr, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fankel, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Dopsaj, Matkovic, and Zdravkovic (2000)  showed that fully tethered swimming is a worthwhile tool for measuring maximum swimming force (Fmax), and valid to predict 50-m-crawl sprint times. In addition to that, in this study it is assumed that a fully tethered crawl swim test can also be used to measure swimming technique by quantifying the variation of the propulsive force on the rope. Thus, the study aims at the validation of the relative standard deviation (rSD) of the swimming force in a fully tethered 6-s-maximum crawl sprint test. METHODS: 33 male and 27 female elite swimmers of the German junior national team performed 3 maximum crawl sprint trials under fully tethered conditions. The over all swimming force exerted on a steel rope was measured by a load cell. In a first step, the influence of fatigue was eliminated by partializing out the specific variance resulting from the test duration (time) on the dependent force variable by regression analysis. For the residual data of the 6-second stationary force-time curve of each individual the standard deviation was calculated, and then expressed as percentage of the mean force. A small intra- and intercyclic variation of the swimming force is interpreted as a high technical proficiency of the swimmer. RESULTS: Not only the mean swimming force, but also the inter- and intracyclic variation of the swimming force during the 6-seconds all-out test is significantly correlated with the personal best competition time in the 50-m-freestyle swimming. In the boys group, all crawl sprint times below 24.0 s are associated with relative standard variation coefficients of the exerted force in the fully tethered swimming test below 70 percent of the mean swimming force of the individuals. In the girls, no significant correlation (rtc = .08; p = .337; n = 29) between the rSD of the swimming force and the crawl sprint performance could be found. DISCUSSION: The significant  correlation between the crawl sprint competition times and a low variation of the propulsive forces exerted in a fully tethered 6-seconds all-out sprint test underline the validity of the test procedure in elite male swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsverlauf der Freistil-Langstrecken im Olympiazyklus 2004-2008</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023368</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023368</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bragada, J. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2004</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2008</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bragada, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: As world records are being broken so often, tracking the swimmer`s performance is important to analyze its progression between competitions, and help coaches to define realistic goals and training methods. The aim of this study was to track the long distance freestyle events performance during the 2004-2008 Olympic Cycle. METHODS: For the 400-m and 1500-m, an overall of 181 swimmers and 905 race times were analyzed. FINA`s male top-150 ranking for long course in the 2007-2008 season was consulted in each freestyle event to identify the swimmers included in it. Best performances during the Olympic cycle seasons (between 2003-2004 and 2007-2008) were collected from ranking tables. This tables were provided by the National Swimming Federations of each swimmer identified, and when appropriate were also collected from a public swimming database (www.swimrankings.net). Performance progression was analyzed based in two approaches: (i) mean stability; (ii) normative stability. For mean stability assessment, descriptive statistics and ANOVA repeated measures followed by a post-hoc test were computed. Normative stability was analyzed with Pearson Correlation (Malina, 2001) and the Cohen`s Kappa tracking index (Landis and Koch, 1977). RESULTS: ANOVA repeated measures revealed significant variations in the swimming performance for the 400-m event [F (1,91) = 67.89; P < 0.01] and 1500-m event [F (1,90) = 91.81; P < 0.01] throughout the Olympic Cycle. Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed significant performance enhancement (P < 0.01). The K values expressing the stability throughout the Olympic Cycle Cycle were moderate [400-m event (K = 0.43 ± 0.05) and 1500-m event (K = 0.44 ± 0.05)]. Self-correlations revealed that high stability is achieved at the third season in the 1500-m event (r = 0.61) and at the fourth season in the 400-m event (r = 0.73). DISCUSSION: World-ranked swimmers performance went through a great improvement during the 2004-2008 Olympic Cycle. Stability and prediction based on overall Olympic Cycle period is moderate. When more strict time frames are used, swimming performance stability and prediction increases, starting at the third season in the 1500-m and at the fourth season in the 400-m.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmfähigkeit, empfundene Kompetenz und empfundenes Risiko bei jungen Erwachsenen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037469</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037469</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Dahl, D.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahl, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Why do swimmers get into trouble? Do they over estimate their ability, underestimate the risk, both? Eighty one (n = 81) university physical education students completed a questionnaire and performed seven practical swimming tests. The questionnaire covered a) perception of ability, b) perception of difficulty in open water and c) perception of risk. Gender differences were tested by the Mann-Whitney U test. The women out performed the men on 4 of 7 practical tests. There were few gender differences in perceived competence. The women were highly confident about floating in open water while the men were certain they could not do the same. The men predicted 100% success on surface diving to the bottom of the pool (4m) while the women were less certain (88%). On 5 scenarios depicting risk, there were no gender differences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Konzept zu den Vorteilen einer nicht-staatlichen Such- und Rettungsorganisation</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037470</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037470</guid>
      <author>Wengelin, M.</author>
      <author>de Wet, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wengelin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Wet, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This conceptual paper aims at discussing the characteristics of and differences between modern Western independent SAR institutions and the initiatives that have been taken in developing countries. It highlights the benefits of the non-governmental SAR organization, not only to
provide search and rescue capacity, but also to be a vehicle of progress and change.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tatsächliche und wahrgenommene Schwimmkompetenz, Risikoeinschätzung Ertrinkensprävention bei neuseeländischen Jugendlichen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037471</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037471</guid>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neuseeland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Little is known about youth swimming competency or of their perceptions of their risk of drowning. This study reports the New Zealand findings of an international project entitled the Can You Swim Project? The subjects (n = 68) were assessed in a two-part study using an initial questionnaire survey to provide self-estimates of swimming competency and risk perception, followed by a practical test of seven swimming competencies. Self-estimates of swimming compared well with actual measurements. Similar proportions were obtained for those who thought they could swim more than 300m (estimated 41%; actual 43%). No significant ender differences in real or perceived swimming competency were found. Significantly more males estimated lower risk of drowning associated with a series of aquatic scenarios. The implications of these findings on drowning prevention and the need for further investigation are discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sicherheitshinweise einfach verständlich halten: internationale Task-Force für die Ertrinkensprävention im Freizeitschwimmen in offenen Gewässern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037472</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037472</guid>
      <author>Quan, L.</author>
      <author>Bennett, E.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quan, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Globally, many organizations addressed the risk of drowning associated with aquatic recreation by promoting a plethora of drowning prevention messages. Preliminary discussion among drowning prevention advocates suggested that messages could be contained within simplified generic messages applicable to all settings. Using a modified Delphi technique to harness expert opinion, the Task Force finally agreed on 16 key messages that would foster open water drowning prevention. Messages were categorized into Care of self and on the Care of others. Learning swimming and water safety survival skills was the dominant message in both categories. It is hoped that by providing simple and consistent prioritised safety messages that are applicable to a range of communities and settings, the ultimate goal of saving lives will be achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Herzfrequenzreaktionen während stufenweiser ansteigender und sinkender Belastung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037473</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037473</guid>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Kawano, H.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Takamoto, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the heart rate (HR) responses during and after gradually increasing and decreasing exercise in water and on land. Eight healthy Japanese males volunteered for this study. Subjects performed arm cranking exercise (calibration and triangular tests) for 32 -min and recovered for 1 -min. HR and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity were continuously measured. The amplitude and phase lags at the top and bottom of the work rate were measured in each cycle. The results were as follows; 1) the HR phase response was shorter in water than on land, but there were no differences in amplitude, 2) reactivation in cardiac parasympathetic nerve was greater in water. Thus, exercise and recovery in water may enhance the stability of autonomic nervous activity, not only during exercise but
also after exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer verminderten Kniebeugung auf die 100-m-Schmetterlingsleistung: Eine Fallstudie mit dem männlichen asiatischen und japanischen Rekordhalter</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037474</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037474</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <author>Yoshimura, Y.</author>
      <author>Kawamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Takise, S.</author>
      <author>Kawakami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshimura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takise, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawakami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article analyzed the 30 year old Asian and Japanese record holder of the men`s 100 meter butterfly. In 2002, Kohei Kawamoto`s best time was 53.22 seconds, and he improved his time to 51.00 seconds in 2009. The most significant difference between Kohei in 2002 and 2009 was the focus on a straight leg butterfly kick technique. When comparing his 2005 stroke to his 2009 stroke, we found that the extent of the straightness of his butterfly kick improved from 39% to 55% (of >170 degrees knee-bending). Additionally, this swimmer improved his speed from 2.5m/s to 2.7m/s, and increased his distance per stroke from 1.894m±0.062 to 2.204m±0.131.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse einer Unterwasserwende für das Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037475</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037475</guid>
      <author>Kishimoto, T.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Sugimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kishimoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sugimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze selected characteristics of the "Apnea Turn", a new underwater turn and to compare this turn with the conventional "Open Turn". The subjects were ten elite competitive butterflyers and breast strokers. The 5 m Round Trip Time (5 m-RTT) of the Apnea turn was faster than the Open turn (5.55±0.27 s and 5.62±0.33 s). While the times of the into turn phase and out of turn phase of 5 m-RTT for the Apnea turn were faster than the Open turn, the time of the pivot phase was significantly slower than the Open turn. The push off velocity of the Apnea turn was significantly higher than the Open turn (3.02±0.11 m·s-1 vs 2.92±0.06 m·s-1). These results suggest that the Apnea turn may improve swimming performance and may be a prospective new turning method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Charakterisierung einer Grundübung im Wasser mit Kopf aus dem Wasser während eines Steigerungstests</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037476</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037476</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, C.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, G.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between musical cadence and kinematical characteristics of a basic head-out aquatic exercise, when immersed to the breast. Six young women with at least one year of experience conducting head-out aquatic classes were videotaped in the sagital plane with a pair of cameras providing a dual projection from both above and underwater performing 5 incremental bouts (120 b/min, 135 b/min, 150 b/min, 165 b/min and 180 b/min) of the basic head-out aquatic exercise "rocking horse". There was a decrease of the cycle period throughout the incremental protocol. Relationships between horizontal or vertical displacements with music cadence were not significant. On the other hand, increased cadence imposed increased segmental and centre of mass` velocities. As a conclusion expert and fit subjects seem to increase segmental velocity with increasing musical cadence to avoid the decrease of the segmental range of motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines erhöhten Energieverbrauchs auf die Koordination der Arme bei unterschiedlichen Belastungsintensitäten bei Sprintschwimmern des Spietzenbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037477</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037477</guid>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Alberty, M.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alberty, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of the stroking parameters and the coordination induced by the increase of energy cost (C) of aquatic locomotion. Six elite sprint swimmers performed a 6.300-m incremental swimming test. Stroking parameters (stroke rate, SR; stroke length, SL) and arm coordination (measured by index of coordination, IdC) have been calculated from video data and the C by measuring oxygen consumption and blood lactate. Results showed that an increase in C led to significant increases in IdC, SR and a decrease in SL. Linear regression between IdC and C, SR and C and SL and C suggested that a specific C corresponds to the emergence of a specific coordination and SR/SL ratio. The increase of the anaerobic part of C suggested that fatigue could also influence the emergence of motor organization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wassertraining in der rehabilitativen und präventiven Medizin</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037478</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037478</guid>
      <author>Prins, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prins, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aquatic physical rehabilitation is now recognized and utilized as a "procedure," rather than a modality. The increased focus can be attributed in part to its evolution from the limited confines of"Hubbard Tanks," to the larger venues of swimming pools. The larger exercising areas serve as a venue for performing a greater variety of exercises, including those that require sustained propulsive movements. The physical properties of water provide a unique environment for improving strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular conditioning. Although exercise in the water, including formal swimming strokes have historically been used for the recovery from injury, there is now an increased focus on incorporating specific aquatic exercise protocols for treating persons with acute or chronic clinical conditions, including persons with permanent physical disabilities (Becker & Cole 1994; Cole et al. 2004; Genuario & Vegso 1990; LeFort 1994; Prins & Cutner 1999); Thein &Brody 1998).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Gliederpuppen-Zugleistung von Lebensrettern und Rettungsschwimmern beim Schwimmen barfuß, mit flexiblen Flossen und mit Kohlefaserflossen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037479</guid>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Soares, S</author>
      <author>Lima, A. B.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lima, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The use of fins is fundamental in aquatic sport and saving rescue activities , large variety of models existing in the market. The main purpose of this study was to compare two groups (lifeguards and lifesavers) performing a manikin carry effort using barefoot, flexible and fibre fins. Ten licensed lifeguards and ten lifesavers performed 3 x 25 m with barefoot, flexible and fibre fins in manikin carry connected to a cable speedometer that measured instantaneous velocity (v). For lifesavers, fibre fins allowed higher v values compared with flexible fins. No differences between fins models were observed regarding v of lifeguards. Additionally, the use of flexible or fibre fins do not show differences in fatigue index for both groups.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlüsselerkenntnisse aus dem 4W-Modell des Ertrinkens für praktische Anwendungen und Ausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037480</guid>
      <author>Avramidis, S.</author>
      <author>McKenna, J.</author>
      <author>Long, J.</author>
      <author>Butterly, R.</author>
      <author>Llewellyn, J. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Avramidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Butterly, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llewellyn, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to suggest practical and teaching applications of the 4W model of drowning. A major literature review of quantitative research was undertaken to identify potential risk factors of drowning and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze publicly available drowning incident videos (n = 41, M = 345.0, SD = 2.8), and 34 individuals involved in drowning incidents were interviewed (30 males age 16-65 years, M = 28.4, SD = 11.3; 4 female age 19-65 years, M = 37.5, SD = 19.5). Results confirmed that test criteria such as a 100 m run-50 m swim-100 m run for open water and a 50 m run-20 m swim-50 m run for pool/water parks could be more useful for assessing speed combined with an `early approach` to the victim than any currently in operation. The `early approach` criterion would be established to test the ability of the lifeguard to be able to remain alert, to have good vision, to recognize the casualty`s instinctive drowning response, to initiate a rescue ignoring the bystander`s lack of response and to reassure the drowning victim. Drownings and their rescue interventions should be perceived as 3-dimensional problems.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich körperlicher Aktivität im Wasser und an Land bei japanischen Personen mit Stoffwechselsyndrom</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037481</guid>
      <author>Hanai, A.</author>
      <author>Yamatsu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Land</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamatsu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We previously reported that group-based physical activity (PA) intervention had beneficial effects on weight loss in Japanese subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS). Although, water- and land-based PA intervention was often conducted, it is unknown which PA interventions
were more effective. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of these two interventions in Japanese subjects with MS or several MS risk factors (such as overweight, diabetes, hyperlipidemia). As a result, after 10-weeks, participants in both groups reported significant loss of weight, BMI, and percent body fat. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the groups with the exception of daily physical activity levels. It was suggested that both water- and landbased physical activity interventions had short-term beneficial effects on weight loss and reduction of percent body fat.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flach- oder Tiefwasser zur Anpassung? Eine Studie mit 3- bis 6-jährigen Kindern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037482</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a learn-to-swim programme, the question of what is the best environmental condition for aquatic adjustment. The choice could depend on the depth of the swimming facilities or on the swimming teaching methodology. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of water adjustment carried out in deep or shallow water in 3 to 6 year old children. Children practicing the learning programme in deep water obtained a higher mean score, but not significantly different than the children having a shallow water adjustment programme. The depth of the swimming pool seems to not significantly affect the results. Children can approach guided experiences equally either in shallow or deep water to learn the swimming basic skills and independence in the water, with no differences in the rate of acquisition or in the quality of the skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Unterschiedliche Schulter- und Hüftrollbewegungen bei Atmung und Nicht-Atmung im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023361</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023361</guid>
      <author>Psycharakis, S.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Psycharakis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The effect of breathing on body roll has been the topic of only a few studies, with body roll calculated for the whole trunk based on the assumption that the trunk moves as a rigid segment in front crawl. However, Psycharakis and Sanders (2008) indicated that the shoulders roll significantly more than the hips and reported differences in the temporal characteristics of shoulder roll (SR) and hip roll (HR) during non-breathing cycles. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of breathing on SR and HR during front crawl swimming. METHODS: Six competitive male swimmers swam two maximum 25m front crawl trials under different conditions: non-breathing (NBr) and breathing on the preferred side (Br). Six video cameras (50Hz) and three-dimensional analysis methods were used as described by Psycharakis et al. (2005) and Psycharakis and Sanders (2008). The total SR and HR were calculated as the sum of the roll to both sides. SR and HR were also calculated separately for the breathing side (SR-BS; HR-BS) and the non breathing side (SR-NBS; HR-NBS). Statistical analysis was done with paired samples t-tests and significance was accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS: Swimming velocity was not significantly different between trials (Br: 1.76±0.09m/s; NBr: 1.80±0.08m/s). Total SR was significantly higher in the Br (120.3±7.7°) than the NBr trial (107.4±6.9°). No significant differences were found in the total HR (Br: 44.1±5.9°; NBr: 41.8±6.7°). SR was significantly higher than HR in both trials. SR-BS increased significantly in the Br trial,  but there were no significant differences between the Br and NBr trials in HR-BS, SRNBS and HR-NBS. No significant differences were found in the Br or the NBr trials between SR-BS and SR-NBS, and HR-BS and HRNBS. DISCUSSION: Swimmers increased SR when breathing by increasing mainly the roll of the shoulders towards the breathing side. HR and swimming velocity did not seem to be significantly affected by the breathing action. These preliminary data need to be xpanded to larger sample sizes to confirm and generalise the findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>100 m Freistil: leistungsbeeinflussende Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023360</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023360</guid>
      <author>Aspenes, S. T.</author>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aspenes, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: 100m freestyle has been subject to rapid development for the last few years. Although much focus has been directed towards the swimming suit, it remains an eligible wish that the performance within it have also evolved. Few studies have established statistical models designed to predict swimming-performance, partly as powerful multivariable analyses demand high numbers of participants. Unable to accommodate to those demands, this study aimed at investigating performance determining factors in  100m freestyle. METHODS: Data were from 13 female and 11 male Norwegian national-level swimmers, aged 15 to 24. Sprint velocities, time trials, oxygen uptake and in-water force measurements were measured according to Aspenes et al. (2009). After controlling for normality, distribution was calculated as mean±standard deviation and linear regressions as standardized   and p-value with 100m performance as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Mean 100m time was 65.5±3.7 seconds in females and 58.7±2.1 seconds in males. In females, maximal 50m freestyle performance ( =0.96, p<0.001), maximal velocity in 25m sprint ( =-0.93, p<0.001), maximal 400m freestyle performance ( =0.83, p<0.001), maximal swimming force ( =-0.82, p=0.001), velocity at VO2peak ( =-0.71, p<0.01) and VO2peak ( =-0.55, p=0.05) was associated with 100m performance in order of significance. In males, maximal 50m ( =0.96, p<0.001) and 400m ( =0.83, p<0.001) freestyle performance, maximal swimming force ( =-0.82, p<0.01), maximal velocity in 25m sprint ( =-0.74, p<0.01), supine reaching height ( =-0.70, p<0.05), weight ( =-0.66, p<0.05) and height ( =-0.63, p<0.05) were associated with 100m performance. Factors that did not associate with 100m performance in either gender were age, maximal land strength, swimming economy, and stroke length and -rate during maximal swimming. DISCUSSION: Our analyses showed that the strongest associates of 100m swimming performance were performance in other swimming events, and surprisingly, 400m freestyle was the second strongest associate. Other studies have shown that performance to a high degree relies on favourable anthropometric features, but in our small sample this was only valid  for males. In contrast to established knowledge, we did not find any association between stroke length or - rate and  performance in any gender. Aspenes, ST, Kjendlie, PL, Hoff, J, Helgerud, J. Combined strength and endurance training in competitive swimmers, JSSM, 8:357-365. 2009.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Beobachtung der Standardbrustschwimm-Stabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023359</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023359</guid>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J. R. J.</author>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Campaniço, J.</author>
      <author>Matos, T.</author>
      <author>Leitão, L.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J. R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campaniço, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leitão, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to create an instrument to collect data for analysis of the technical stability in swimming. This instrument will serve as a base for the observed behavior during the cyclic execution in the breaststroke technique. In this context, using qualitative analysis through the observational methodology, the study focused on the characterization of the motor patterns of behavior in the breaststroke technique on elite athletes. METHODS: The  instrument consisted of a system of field formats, based on references of observational methodology and biomechanical models of swimming, giving special emphasis to six taxonomic criteria that aggregate in the form of alpha-numeric codes the crucial information to describe behaviors that define the breaststroke technique. The quality of the instrument was analyzed using the kappa Cohen the software-GSEQ SDIS (Bakeman & Quera, 1996), based on the records of seven trained observers, and, for accuracy effects, another expert. RESULTS: The kappa Cohen results ranged between 0.94 and 0.98, guaranteeing the accuracy and objectivity when describing technical approaches with this instrument. The behavioral stability changes accordingly to the swimmer and also between the stages and observed moments, however each swimmer fits the technical model. DISCUSSION: We can consider that, given the high values of agreement between the expert and the seven observers, the instrument is appropriate to observe the conduct of technical Breaststroke swimmers in context situations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schaffung der besten körperlichen Voraussetzungen für das wellenförmige Schwimmen unter Wasser, eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023358</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023358</guid>
      <author>Setterberg, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Setterberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) has progressed in speed over an Olympic cycle faster than surface swimming times (1). In 2008 we (NSF and OLT) started a project in order to catch up with this development. We planned to create the best physical resources in our swimmers for performing the UUS. Kinematic analysis of world class swimmers (WCS) showed they are able to maintain a high frequency and a small difference between the down and  upsweep. METHODS: We conducted a case study on a norwegian top-level female swimmer (IS). We compared the video analysis of a WCS and IS using the same kinematic measurements as Loebbecke et. al 2009 (2) Based on these data we designed and implemented in training on land and water a set of exercises for improving stability, strength and flexibility especially for core and ankle. This training was performed 3 days a week. The progress of USS speed was tested: a. 15m start speed during competition, b. kicktest during training of 15m max speed test from a push-off . RESULTS: 15 m time during competition showed the most significant improvement, pre 2,01 m/s and posttraining 2,35 m/s. The push-off test has increased with 0,05 m/s. The kinematic measurements showed improvement in the ability to kick with higher frequency over time, 2,14 kicks/s pre and 2,38 kicks/s post. The frequency is 2,78 kicks/s for WCS. The difference between the down and upsweep is reduced from -0,07s to -0,05s. Plantar flexion on land improved, but during kicking is still less than observed in WCS, 86 and 72 degrees. DISCUSSION: The observed differences between the fastest male UUS and IS in kickspeed, upsweep kick and dynamic ankle flexibility were the reasons why we intensified the effort to improve the physical basis for the swimperformance. The results improved on those elements we considered important for UUS likewise did the  swimperformance. Obviously there could be other explanations for this improvement like the new swimsuits. Nevertheless it seems the specific exercises for strength and flexibility designed on the basis of the observed difference in crucial techniqual elements contributed to improve these elements. Perhaps the greatest advantage seems to be the swimmers ability to use a big plantar flexion of the ankle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zyklusphasen und Koordinationsindex um das maximale Steady-State im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023354</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023354</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, B. D.</author>
      <author>Santiago, D. R. P.</author>
      <author>César, T. E. A. S.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, L. F.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santiago, D. R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>César, T. E. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alberty et al. (2009) verified decrease of nonpropulsive phases and maintenance increase of the propulsive phases during exhaustive tests (95, 100 and 110% of maximal 400-m swimspeed test). There is no data referring to the stroke strategies to maintain the speed during long-distance swims, which are found during some swim training sessions and long-distance events. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in stroke parameters (i.e., stroke length - SL and stroke rate - SR) and arm coordination (i.e., propulsive and nonpropulsive phases and IdC) when swimming at and above (102.5%) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). METHODS: Twelve endurance swimmers (21 ± 8 yr.) performed in different days: 1) 200 and 400-m all-out tests to determine critical speed (CS), and; 2) two to four 30- min sub-maximal continuous tests at imposed swim pace, to determine the MLSS. Video analysis was used to determine the SR, SL, stroke phases and IdC. The IdC was determined using the lag times between the propulsive phases of each arm (Chollet et al., 2000). Blood lactate and stroke technique variables were analyzed at 10th and 30th minute of each imposed speed test. RESULTS: There was significant difference among MLSS (1.22± 0.05 m/s), 102.5% MLSS (1.25 ± 0.04 m/s) and CS (1.30 ± 0.08 m/s). SR and SL was maintained during the test swum at MLSS and have modified at 102.5% MLSS (SR - 30.98 ± 3.44 and 32.26 ± 3.56 cycles/min and SL - 2.47 ± 0.22 and 2.38 ± 0.24 m/cycle). All stroke phases maintained during the test swum at MLSS. However, the propulsive phase B (pull) increased at 102.5% MLSS (21.7 ± 3.4% and 22.9 ± 3.9%). There was no significant effect of exercise intensity and time on IdC. CONCLUSIONS The changes in stroke parameters (i.e., reduction in SL and increase in SR) and arm coordination (i.e., increase in propulsive phase B) of well trained swimmers during long distance imposed speed tests performed at heavy intensity domain (ie., below CS), occurs only at condition of non-metabolic equilibrium. These changes are important to increase the duration over which the propulsive force acted per distance unit as the force capacity was reduced.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Freie Simulationssoftware "Swimsuit" zum Erlernen und Erforschen der Biomechanik im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023353</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023353</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The authors have developed a simulation model "SWUM" (Nakashima et al., 2007) and its implementation software "Swumsuit". Since the software was reported on the last symposium, it has been updated successively in order to extend its possibility. In this pool side demonstration, its technical description as well as the basic usage will be presented in order to show its usefulness for learning and researching the biomechanics in swimming, while the scientific results will be presented in another oral presentation (Nakashima et al., 2010). METHODS: Swumsuit was written in two programming languages. For the main simulation program, the programming language FORTRAN was employed because of its high computing performance in numerical calculation. For the graphical user interface, the script language Tcl/Tk was employed because of easiness for constructing the graphical user interface. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Swumsuit is an open source free software and available on the website (http://www. swum.org/swumsuit/). It runs on Windows, Macintosh and Linux. The current version is 4.0.2. From the version 2.0.0, 3.0.0, and 4.0.0, the optimizing calculation, musculoskeletal simulation, and multi agent/ object simulation have been enabled, respectively. For optimizing calculation, the user can describe freely the design variables and objective function by writing scripts. For the musculoskeletal simulation, the user can invoke the musculoskeletal software from Swumsuit directly. For the multi agent/object simulation, the user can describe the mechanical interaction between the agents/objects. Participants for this session are recommended to bring their own laptop computers since the software and sample data of the above results will be distributed by CD-R or USB memory in the session in order to enable the participants to use the software by themselves.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Anwendungen drahtloser EMG-Messungen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023352</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023352</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I. P.</author>
      <author>Martens, J.</author>
      <author>Arngrimsson, S. A.</author>
      <author>Lambeck, J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martens, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arngrimsson, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lambeck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: EMG measurements have been used for many years in competitive swimming to describe muscle recruitment and relate it to dry land training and potential problems such as shoulder impingent and muscle fatigue. In the past, most measurements have been done with systems needing direct wire connections to power and amplification. More recently, new wireless equipment has been developed, permitting full freedom of movement for swimmers. METHODS: Small independent surface units (EMU) (50mm*40mm*15mm, 28g) including muscle electrode, ground and a sender are attached to the skin in a normal way. The signal is transmitted directly to the receiver over a distance of up to 50m. In case of transmission failure or interference due to the water, the EMU has onboard memory for up to 7 minutes recording and seamless transmission occurs after the activity has been completed. The electrodes and EMU can be made waterproof with elastic plastic film if the edges of the film are secured with sport tape. BENEFITS Wireless EMG systems put little restraint on the swimmer, his/her movement, or the environment in which measurements can take place. Recordings have been done not only in controlled situations but during actual competition and even in outdoor pools. Further the EMG signal has less noise than most wire systems. RESULTS: Measurements with this system have demonstrated bilateral muscular imbalance in single leg amputee swimmers and diversity in muscle recruitment patterns for competitive swimmers with visual impairment and swimmers with mild and severe cerebral palsy. It has also been used to examine muscle activity during therapeutic applications such as in the Bad Ragaz Ring Method. The muscle use patterns of specific stroke specialists compared to non-specialists have also been investigated with the equipment. DISCUSSION: This equipment can be used to investigate the International Paralympic Committee swimming functional classification system in more details than has been possible to date. It also makes the application of EMG measurements almost coach friendly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Staffelstartstrategien bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023351</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023351</guid>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Staffel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The few studies in the literature concerning the efficiency in relay starts in swimming have focussed mainly on differences in take-off movement techniques (e.g. Gambrel et al., 1991; McLean et al., 2000). Although, trends could be identified, the results are still somewhat inconclusive. In contrast, no study has examined yet whether a reduction of changeover-time in between wall-contact of the income swimmer and the take-off of the outgoing swimmer is a useful relay start strategy as advocated by various swimming experts (e.g. Maglischo, 2003). Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different feedback sources on relay start performance. METHODS: Study 1: Twenty-six junior elite swimmers were examined during a 4-day learning experiment with three relay-starts on each day. Two experimental groups were randomly assigned to two different feedback categories. While one group received feedback on the maximum in the horizontal take-off force the other group received feedback on the changeovertime. Study 2: Sixteen elite swimmers participated in a one-day learning experiment concerning feedback for two different take-off movement techniques. While one group practised the traditional armswing start the second group learned two perform a single-stepstart. Both groups received feedback on the maximum in horizontal force as well a video presentation on their changeover performance. In both studies the time between wall-contact of the income swimmer on the time at for the first 7,5 m of the outgoing swimmer was used as criteria for the relay start performance. RESULTS: Study 1: Swimmers receiving feedback on their horizontal force clearly showed higher improvements in their relay start performance as compared to swimmers receiving changeovertime feedback (F=4,4; p < 0,05). Individual improvements in the force feedback groups could be as much as 0,5 s. While both groups showed similar improvements in the changeover-time only the force feedback group yielded increases in their horizontal force. Study 2 showed that both groups reduced their changeover-time within one day by up to 50 percent (F = 46,7; p < 0,01). While no significant differences between the two take-off movement techniques were found there was a tendency for the single-stepstart to outperform the armswing start. However, despite considerable improvement in the changeover-time no improvements were found in the relay start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Wirkung des Wassertrainings auf die Kraft der Schulterrotatoren bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023350</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023350</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <author>Tomás-Carús, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, O.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomás-Carús, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 18 weeks water training on the rotator cuff strength of young swimmers. METHODS: Twenty Portuguese national level male swimmers (age: 14.60±0.67 years old, height: 170.79±6.48 cm, body mass: 61.73±4.68 kg) and 16 sedentary male students (age: 14.88±0.72 years, height: 168.38±6.19 cm, body mass: 60.84±11.69 kg) participated in this study. The peak-torque of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotators (ER) was measured in the beginning of the season and after 18 weeks. Concentric action at 60º/s (3 rep) and 180º/s (20 rep)  were measured in a seated position, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3-Biodex Corp., Shirley, USA). Anova with repeated measures was adjusted by baseline data and used to determine significant main effects in shoulder rotators strength and unilateral ratios (concentric ER/IR). The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in all variables that measure the IR shoulder strength, at 60º/s in dominant(DT) (P=0.000) and non-dominant(NDT) shoulder (P=0.002), and at 180º/s, both in DT (P=0.000) and NDT shoulder(P=0.001). At 180º/s ER we only found differences in the NDT shoulder (P=0.007). In respect to ER/IR ratio, significant differences were found between baseline and 18 weeks in both shoulders at 60º/s (DT: P=0.000; NDT: P=0.001). At 180º/s only in the DT ER/IR ratio significant differences were found (P=0.002). DISCUSSION: The main results are similar with previous studies [1]. After a exclusive water training period, the IR strength gains were significant higher when compared with the ER. These results are attributed to the repetitive shoulder IR and arm adduction motions involved in swimming techniques. As a consequence of the differences in strengths gains, the ER/ IR ratio decrease from baseline to 18 weeks water training. The presentdata show specific adaptations in shoulder strength and identify a relative muscular imbalance between the IR and ER on the DT and NDT arm of young swimmers. Since the ratios describe the quality of muscular balance/imbalance, we can conclude that 18 weeks water training period induces muscular imbalances in both shoulders.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technikmonitoring und Anwendung des Schwimmwettkampfs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023349</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023349</guid>
      <author>Zhou, J.</author>
      <author>Ba, H.</author>
      <author>Xie, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ba, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: At present, Swimming on the technical and tactical basic methods of analysis used to analyze the above water video and conduct mainly some sub-timing and technical and tactical statisticsbased in the international arena. METHODS: on-site data collection and analysis are mostly used for technical and tactical statistics of the video analysis in the major international swimming events (see reference [1-8]). However, this statistical analysis is not enough and complete from the perspective of biomechanics (see reference [6]). Its main limitation is that it cannot provide technical details of  technical analysis acquiring athletes in the race to use. But details of these technologies can provide a scientific basis for improving the swimming skills of athletes. Therefore, we study a test method that will be more comprehensive and complete analysis of competition. RESULTS: Our study a test method is easy to install and use software and hardware equipment under the conditions of the competition and training to complete the critical section of the above and under water camera technology. It can further analysis the key technology of players in addition to statistical analysis of video. The video acquisition and analysis system for technical analysis include (see Figure 1) a surface camera, underwater camera, image synthesis, video-signal switcher, video recorders, computers and analysis software in this study. It was applied in March 2006 Asian Swimming Championships in Singapore. DISCUSSION: Described in this article are used in swimming competition of real-time video capture, and further kinematic analysis of swimming technique video collection and analysis methods. It can get a variety of swimming skills for two-dimensional kinematic data. The accuracy of the data depends on the image quality, calibration methods and accuracy.Practical application shows that these data can basically meet the needs of the present technical analysis of swimming. This test method required fewer operations staff and equipment to the above in the application used in the test system. They have:(1) a more comprehensive measurement and feedback parameters. (2) Installation of a simple, time-saving. (3) its small size, light weight, easy to carry, easy to operate.(4) Low-voltage DC battery-powered, Security is good. (5) low cost, suitable for all kinds of swimming pools, especially those that do not use the swimming pool underwater observation equipment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Effektivität des Beinschlags und Beschleunigung in der Druckphase bei der Bestimmung der "Tuning-Geschwindigkeit" im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023348</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023348</guid>
      <author>Zamparo, P.</author>
      <author>Vicentini, M.</author>
      <author>Zorzi, E.</author>
      <author>Scattolini, A.</author>
      <author>Rigamonti, A.</author>
      <author>Bonifazi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zamparo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vicentini, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zorzi, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scattolini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rigamonti, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonifazi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several factors are expected to determine the swimming speed after a turn (before resuming the arm stroke at the surface level). We focused our attention on the contribution of the acceleration during the pushing phase and of the efficiency of the underwater undulatory movement in determining the time taken to cover the first 5 m after the turn in a simulated 100 m race conducted in a 50 m swimming pool. METHODS: Thirteen subjects participated to the study: 5 (4M/1F) elite swimmers of the Italian National Swimming Team and 7 (3M/4F) swimmers competing at local/national level. They were asked to swim the 100 m distance as fast as possible; during this simulated race we recorded their speed in the first 5 m after the turn (v50-55). In a separate series of experiments, the average acceleration during the push (apush, an index of the force exerted during the push) was calculated based on kinematic data collected by means of an underwater video camera; in these experiments the subjects were asked not to kick after the pushing phase, just to glide. In a further series of experiments the subjects were asked to swim underwater by using the dolphin kick while passing in front of an underwater video camera in order to calculate the Froude efficiency of the leg kick ( F) as proposed by Zamparo et al. (2002). RESULTS: Average speed in the first 5 m after the turn (v50-55) was 3.09 ± 0.78 m/s (range: 1.98-4.63); average acceleration during the push (apush) was 2.80 ± 0.69 m . s-2 (range: 1.76-3.85); Froude efficiency of the dolphin kick ( F) was 0.67 ± 0.02 (range: 0.65-0.70). A good relationship was observed between v50-55 and  F (R = 0.704, P = 0.011) as well as between v50-55 and apush (R = 0.680, P = 0.015). A multiple regression analysis indicates that these two factors, explain 73% of the variability of v50-55 after a turn (P = 0.035). DISCUSSION: As hypothesized apush and  F are well related to the "turning speed" (v50-55) in a simulated 100 m race. Hence both "factors" should be taken into account for a proper training of this "phase" of a swimming race. REFERENCES: 1. Zamparo P, Pendergast DR, Termin B, Minetti AM (2002). How fins affect the economy and efficiency of human swimming. J Exp Biol 205: 2665-2676.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungen zu Kraftausdauerübungen für Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023347</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023347</guid>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Götz, J.-K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraftausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Götz, J.-K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Training at specific power training devices plays a crucial role with the increase of drive power in cyclic motions. Similar to the competition movement the intensity is increased by an enhanced frequency. The temporal relationship of the driving phase and the break changes to the disadvantage of the break. We could show that the duration of the relative breaks is related positively to breathing economy. Thus in this study the behavior of muscle activity in the main drive muscles in case of increased frequency was analyzed. METHODS: 12 age-group swimmers performed both the classical pulling movement of swimmers (butterfly, front crawl) at a rope pulling ergometer as well as the single and double pole skiing techniques. In each case the frequency was increased by 30 to 50 reps/min . At the rope pulling ergometer (FES Berlin) we monitored the force-distance curves of intra-cyclic power, frequency, stroke length and duration as well as the activities of several arm and shoulder muscles (Myo 2000, Noraxon). From the EMG the mean relative activity (% MVC) as well as the activity duration (tM) was calculated. RESULTS: In all kinds of movement the intra-cyclic power increased with the frequency, with higher values in the synchronous pulling techniques compared to the alternating techniques just like in the comparison of the ski pulling techniques with the swimming techniques. The duration of the break decreased in relation to the stroke time with all kinds of movement. The highest relative activities were monitored for m. pectoralis major (PM) and m. latissimus dorsi (LD), their muscle activity increased simultaneously with intra-cyclic power during frequency increase. Altogether muscle activity in swimming was higher than in skiing. The relative duration of muscular activity increased  simultaneously with the relative duration of the pulling phase during the higher frequencies, with some muscles showing higher activity duration during lower frequencies. Table: Relative duration of the recovery phase of PM and LD in relation to the stroke duration during different stroke rates (SR): SR [1/min] 30; 35; 40; 45; 50; PM [%] 61 ± 10,6; 59 ± 11,6; 58 ± 10,2; 53 ± 13,0; 47 ± 15,8; LD [%] 46 ± 15,4; 48 ± 16,0; 51 ± 10,8; 47 ± 9,8; 40 ± 8,6; DISCUSSION: The LD and PM could be identified as main drive muscles for all kind of techniques. Thus the ski pulling techniques represent a suitable training exercise for the power endurance development of the swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Schwimmgeschwindigkeit auf die beeinflussten und nicht beeinflussten Armzugphasen bei einseitig armamputierten Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023283</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023283</guid>
      <author>Osborough, C. D.</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J.</author>
      <author>Daly, D. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amputierte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine whether the arm stroke phases used by competitive unilateral arm amputee crawl swimmers differed between their affected and unaffected sides and whether these phases changed with an increase in speed. Thirteen highly-trained swimmers were video-taped underwater from two side-views during five increasingly faster 25 m front crawl trials. At all swimming speeds, the stroke phases of the affected and unaffected arms differed significantly. As speed increased, the duration of the affected-arm`s Entry and Glide phase and the unaffected-arm`s Pull phase decreased significantly; the duration of both arms` Push phase increased significantly. The amputees used a coordination strategy that asymmetrically adjusted their arm movements to maintain the stable repetition of their overall stroke cycle at different speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Unterwassergleitbewegung bei Collegeschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023282</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023282</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Sato, T.</author>
      <author>Ohishi, K.</author>
      <author>Tago, T.</author>
      <author>Izumi, T.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Isaka, T.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiteigenschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohishi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tago, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izumi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isaka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The underwater gliding motion during start and turn phases are important for the total race time in modern swimming.The purpose of this study was to analyze the underwater gliding motion in collegiate competitive swimmers. Twelve male collegiate swimmers were monitored with a video camera (SK-2130, SONY, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz in the sagittal plane to measure the angular displacement of their different joints. A motion analysis system (Frame-DIAS4, DKH, Japan) was used to digitize ten body landmarks. The following results were obtained: the highest speed was maintained during the gliding motion when the knee and the hip joint angles of 180 degrees were maintained from push off from the wall to 0.8sec (1.82m). In addition, swimming speed slowed down when the involuntary movements of flexion-extension in the knee and the hip joints were observed during the gliding motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung zur 3D-Beschleunigung im Freistilschwimmen und ihr Bezug zur Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023281</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023281</guid>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Mateu, J.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to analyze the acceleration generated during front crawl. The swimmers (n=70) performed 25 meters at maximum velocity. 3D accelera-tion (ms-2) was registered. Root Mean Square (RMS) was calculated in the anterior-posterior (X), medium-lateral (Y) and upper-lower (Z) direction. RMS indexes were calculated to relate the directions in twos. One-way ANOVA was performed. Relations between variables have been calculated with Pearson`s r. The results show differences (p<0,01) between RMSX (1,71±0,05), RMSY (4,92±0,17) and RMSZ (2,30±0,12). Velocity correlated positively RMS values (p<0,01) and the indexes that relate the RMSX with RMSY (p<0,01) and RMSZ (p<0,01). To conclude, 3D acceleration analysis might indicate the efficiency during front crawl.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verhaltensmuster der Freistiltechnik bei portugiesischen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 16:15:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023280</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4023280</guid>
      <author>Ricardo, N.</author>
      <author>Milheiro, V.</author>
      <author>Branco, M.</author>
      <author>Campanico, J.</author>
      <author>Freitas, J.</author>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ricardo, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milheiro, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Branco, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campanico, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to find the applicability of the monitoring system based on the crawl technique. Louro et al. (2009) found that the existence of motor patterns contributes for the implementation of this technique, from an appropriate observed methodology. When used in swimmers training, analysis can reduce the variability of behavioral tuning swimming technique (Campanico, et al. 2006). The behavior was studied through the analysis of temporal patterns (Tpattern) of five elite swimmers and a sequence of five cycles (swimming at submaximal (75%) and maximum speed). METHODS: Five elite Portuguese swimmers (Mean Â± SD; age 20,87 Â±1,55; FINA Points at 100m crawl: 815,62 Â±65,09), performed the distance of 25 meters, at submaximal (75%) and maximum speed. A digital video camera Sony Mini DV (25 Hz) was placed about 30 centimeters deep, near the edge of the pool. The instrument of observation was prepared Ad-Hoc qualitative analysis, enables the study of stability of technical implementation. This study was ensured through the index of intra-observed reliability (95%) and interobserved accuracy (96%). The Theme 5.0 software was used to detect patterns of 5 cycles in each swimmer. This allowed the identification of stable structures in technical performance, within a critical interval of time (P<0.05) - T - patterns. RESULTS: The mean index values of stability in the sub-maximum speed were 0.45 Â± 0.16, and the relative to the values of stability at maximum speed was 0.43 Â± 0.12. DISCUSSION:  the swimmers with best times have an improved stability of swimming in the two executions, although this is higher in sub-maximum speed, we deduce that itÂ´s because the sub-maximal speeds are closer to the training speed.]]></content:encoded>
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    </item>
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