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    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen, Radfahren, Laufen und die Herz-Kreislauf-Gesundheit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020517</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020517</guid>
      <author>Bagheri, A.</author>
      <author>Mohebbi, H.</author>
      <author>Azizi, M.</author>
      <author>Saiiari, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheitssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bagheri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohebbi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azizi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saiiari, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A number of epidemiological studies have proved the benefits of regular physical activity for the prevention of CHD. Exercise recommendations for health can be obtained from extrapolation between different modes of exercise. Forty non-athlete male youth participated in this study for the comparative effects of swimming, cycling and running on lipid and lipoproteins serum. In this study, after aerobic training, HDL-c increased and LDL-c decreased; so TC and TG decreased. The findings suggest that moderate training performed over many weeks induces positive changes in the plasma lipid and lipoproteins concentration in youth. However, there were differences between the three groups. Swimming, running and cycling are positive for health, although this study suggested that they have different effects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle verbaler Information zur sensorischen Erfahrung von einem Bewegungsapparat im Prozess der Schwimmökonomisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020516</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020516</guid>
      <author>Zaton, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zaton, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The way information is transferred and received in the process of learning motor swimming activities directly determines the effectiveness of the process. An effective way to improve the economization of the actions is through constant mastering of muscle tension regulation. This  is only possible when a learner can receive information from the water environment, which affects his/her receptors in a conscious way. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of verbal information, which makes the learner aware of the kinaesthetic experience and which, in effect, decreases the physiological cost of work.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studie zum kognitiven Wechselspiel zwischen sensorischen und biomechanischen Merkmalen beim Ausführen der Rollwende mit unterschiedlichen Schwimmanzügen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020515</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020515</guid>
      <author>Vieluf, S.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Lex, H.</author>
      <author>Schack, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensomotorik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vieluf, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lex, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schack, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A flip turn is a motor action due to a combination of the established competence matching features of postures and situational influences. In general, movements are organized at different cognitive levels including their sensory effects. Every movement is formed by cognitive units, called Basic Action Concepts. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the influence of sensory effects on the biomechanical outcome of  the flip turn technique under two different conditions: regular and high tech full swim suit. Methods were biomechanical analysis for the flip turn, a questionnaire for examining the strength of sensory effects, and two sets for the structure dimension analysis-motorics. The results revealed a close connection between the cognitive representation of the sensory based effects of flip turn technique and their biomechanical structure.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trends in der natürlichen Selektion qualifizierter junger Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020514</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020514</guid>
      <author>Timakova, T.</author>
      <author>Klyuchnikova, M. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tendenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Timakova, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klyuchnikova, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: High level results in modern sport require the great physical and psychical efforts from young athletes. Some specialists offer to conduct the early orientation for children with usual abilities and gifted young ones. This problem has difficulties not only in search of such criteria but also in some social and moral aspects. Aim of this study was to find out facts of change in young swimming leaders, and to discover the reasons of this replacement. METHODS: We compared the data of two investigated young swimmers contingents, which optimal age for the best achievements came on the 1990s and on the first decade of 2000s. In total 210 girls and 216 boys aged 12-19 years were surveyed. We investigated testing data: 1) anthropometry and definition of biological age; 2) bio-energetic parameters and functional abilities of swimmers in swimming flume. Biological age (BA) defined by a method of the author (T.S.Timakova, 1986, 2006). Differs between chronologic age (CA) and BA distributed all swimmers over five groups: (R1, R2, N, À1; À2). The investigative data were processed by means of standard statistic methods. The classification and factor-typological description of objects were used as well. RESULTS: Comparison of 1990s swimmers contingent by the types of biological development showed the definite tendencies of age allocation. But only some athletes of younger ages moved forwards in the following years. Particularly it relates to the contingent of girls. At the 2000s swimming generation the shift towards increase of candidates age for national team selection was shown. The most of 15-16 years swimmers differed by signs of their age norm development. But at the next ages the number of retarded swimmers was increased in both sexes. In order to determine the reasons of young leaders change with the years we used 14-aged athletes classification in all volume of testing data. The different states of swimmers singled out classis were obtained. Two main reasons explain the character of leading swimmers change at different age groups. One cause is in shortterm advantage in ontogenesis for a part of swimmers. The other reason pertains to using of premature intensive training program for swimmers with more complicated variants of age development. CONCLUSION: The need of studying characters of age development in young swimmers was revealed. It allows to find the peculiarities in training process and to define the optimum age of the best achievements demonstration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines durch den Delfinbeinschlag eines Schwimmers erzeugten Zielsounds auf die Delfinbeinschlagleistung eines anderen Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020511</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020511</guid>
      <author>Shimojo, H.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akustik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimojo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a target sound made by a model swimmer`s dolphin kick movement on another swimmer`s dolphin kick performance. Fifteen competitive swimmers participated in this study. Subjects were required to swim using a dolphin kick while listening to the target sound as closely as possible. The aim of the task was to determine whether the timing and displacement of their dolphin kick would change, and the degree to which the change would be retained without the sound. After swimming with sound, subjects experienced a decrease in timing error relative to their performance without sound for up to 300 s, but displacement error did not decrease significantly. The results also suggested that with auditory models, which have been particularly effective for timing patterns, it would be hard to recognize displacement differences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Imaginationstraining mit jungen Schwimmern: Einfluss auf Flowzustand und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020509</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020509</guid>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ideomotorisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Imagination</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Flow</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Imagery training is the ability to develop mental images increasing human performances. Flow is one of the peak moments corresponding to a state of optimal experience that can be measured through the Flow State Scale (FSS) questionnaire related to 9 fundamentals or dimensions (D1 to D9) in which Flow can be subdivided. This study aimed to observe the effects of a specific Imagery training on the Flow and on the swimming performance. METHODS: Sixteen young swimmers volunteered for the study: i. Experimental (13.0±0.53 years, 52.5±6.5 kg, 161±7 cm); ii. Control (13.25±1.04 years, 55.38±7.95 kg, 165±8 cm). Supplementing the swimming training during three weeks, Experimental subjects accomplished a specific mental training on the Imagery based on visualizing three images representing important phases of the front crawl. The FSS questionnaire was filled out by subjects before and after training as well as the performance on 100m front crawl stroke was surveyed. RESULTS: FSS was not repeatable for the D5 and D8 dimensions. In the other dimensions no differences were found in the Control, whereas a significant difference (p<0.05) was noticed in some answers of the Experimental subjects referring to the D3, D6, D7 and D9 dimensions. In the 100m front crawl stroke no differences (p>0.05) were found between Experimental and Control as well as between the pre and post training in the intra-group comparisons. DISCUSSION: The lack of the repeatability in D5 (concentration on the task avoiding distractions) is probably related to the young age of swimmers that could induce difficulties in the concentration. Flow state tends anyway to vary after the Imagery training, in D3 (clarity of targets) and in D6 (sense of control) in particular. Imagery training aided athletes in identifying a specific target in order to increase the motivation in reaching it. The negative trend in D7 (lack of the oneself awareness) and in D9 (the autotelic experience) probably depends on forcing a voluntary execution of the technical movement instead of automatic movements the Imagery training would have induced. An extended training for a longer period and with swimmers of different age is advisable in order to study effects on the swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einsatz eines Skalogramms zur Feststellung einer günstigen Reihenfolge für den Fertigkeitserwerb im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020504</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020504</guid>
      <author>Langendorfer, S. J.</author>
      <author>Chaya, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Langendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaya, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Scalogram, first proposed by Guttman (1950), is a descriptive ordering technique used in the social sciences to investigate how heterogeneous behavioral items may temporally relate to one another. In the present study, we explored whether there was a predictable temporal order of acquisition among selected swim skill items used in the instruction of swimming to identify whether the preferred order suggested preferences for the order in which to teach the same swim skills. A convenience sample of thirty-one college students enrolled in University instructional swimming classes performed each of the items in random order while each performance was videotaped by the investigators. After establishing acceptable inter-observer objectivity exceeding P . 0.80, the investigators observed each of the video trials and scored each item for each participant as pass-fail using pre-established criteria based on the American Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety learn-to-swim program (2004). The Red Cross order for teaching the tested skills was confirmed as the best order identified by the scalogram for young adult participants with a coefficient of reproducibility of CR = 0.93. Limitations in the procedures and results suggested the need for several future studies to identify whether the order could be applied to other ages and ability levels as well as to how susceptible the scalogram technique is to idiosyncratic instructional experiences of participants.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines traditionellen 25-m-Tests der Schwimmfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020144</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020144</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Blixt, T.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blixt, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A universal definition of the ability to swim has yet to be agreed upon. Some believe that "how far" one swims is the most important criterion. The number of meters is controversial. Some use a traditional definition of from 25m to 200m, often as the only criterion of "can swim". In fact, this is not the point. A conceptual model emphasizes broader competence. The result of this model is a combined test including more than only distance. This combined test was used as the criterion to test the construct validity of a traditional test. When these two tests were compared they were found to be very different, thus measuring different qualities. Among children already declared able to swim by the traditional test, only 5.7% satisfied the conditions of the conceptual test. It was concluded that the traditional test was not a valid measure of the ability to swim.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Progression im Anfängerschwimmen: Rangfolge nach dem Schwierigkeitsgrad</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020143</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020143</guid>
      <author>Junge, M.</author>
      <author>Blixt, T.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Junge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blixt, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["Teach first things first"! But what comes first? Where do we start? Also, children are different and no progression will suit all. However, it should be possible to a) agree on content and b) find a progression that suits a majority. Children 5-6 yrs of age (N=146) received 18 hrs of instruction, in small groups. A theoretical progression of 19 skills was created from the international literature, examining course content of leading educational organizations. A single head instructor coordinated all teaching. Evaluation of progress and recording of criterion success on the 19 skills was overseen by the same head instructor. The number of children succeeding on each skill was deemed a reflection of the degree of difficulty. The actual rank order of skills derived from these learners was correlated to the theoretical rank order using Spearman`s rank order correlation. Rho proved to be 0.97. Among other results, all (paired) skills on the front proved easier than the corresponding skill on the back. Arguements are presented to defend retaining the theoretical rank order as well as arguements for adjusting the rank order. However, when individualising teaching, there seems to be an optimal progression for each child, albeit slightly different from one child to another. It was surmised that degree of difficulty may not be the only criterion to be used when creating a progression.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen mit verminderter Sehkraft: Beziehung mit der sensorischen Wahrnehmung, Koordination und Lateralität</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020141</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020141</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Longo, S.</author>
      <author>Tadini, F.</author>
      <author>Scurati, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sehbehinderte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sehen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tadini, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Maintaining control of direction during displacement is important in swimming, particularly for backstroke and open water events.  ensoryperception, coordination and laterality can relate to the ability to swim straight. This study aimed to analyze these relationships in front crawl, backstroke and breaststroke swum in a condition of eyesight deprivation. High correlation was found between the sensory-perception abilities and the ability in blind straight swimming. A crossed dominance right arm - left leg seems to be related to a better ability to manage the swimming direction in breaststroke, but neither in front crawl nor in backstroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der kinästhetischen Differenzierungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020139</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020139</guid>
      <author>Invernizzi, P. L.</author>
      <author>Longo, S</author>
      <author>Scurati, R</author>
      <author>Michielon, G.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Invernizzi, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Longo, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scurati, R</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michielon, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Events longer than 50 meters require some tactical skills in order to manage the increase of fatigue, such as distributing the effort evenly over the whole distance. Kinaesthetic differentiation skills are required to achieve a very high precision of the movements. The repeatability of two procedures, aimed to measure the kinaesthetic differentiation abilities of swimmers was studied and the correlations between the actual performances and the expected performances with respect to gender and to the degree of change in velocity, were observed. Collecting the data in a single day and during four days running resulted in reliable results. Male swimmers seem to differentiate better than females and show a generally higher coefficient of correlation between the actual and the expected performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im Leistungsniveau im Schwimmen: Relativer Beitrag von Kraft und Technik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020137</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020137</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the relative contributions of strength (measured by force, F) and technique (measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) to swimming performance. Male (n = 40) and female (n = 40) swimmers were tested with Aquanex+Video swimming four trials (one of each stroke) over a 20 m course. Underwater video, hand force data, and swim time were collected over the last 10 m. The magnitude of the difference between faster and slower swimmers in both F and Cd was calculated as an effect size (ES). The mean ES for the Cd was almost double the ES for F, indicating that the advantage faster swimmers have over slower swimmers is derived more from technique than strength. Coaches can use this information to implement the most appropriate interventions for continued improvement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Anleitung für die Atmungssteuerung beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020135</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020135</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, N.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, R.</author>
      <author>Shibata, Y.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to clarify the important factors preventing swimming apnea. We conducted the experiment with seven subjects using four pressure transducers simultaneously. These were connected to the control unit and the data were analyzed to detect pressure changes with the face in three different positions. We verified that trained swimmers vary the amount of air blown out of the nose and mouth independently. There was an interval between exhaling from the nose to exhaling from the mouth. In the case of instruction for beginners, in order to prevent swimming apnea it is effective if the instructor has the learner pronounce "Mnn" with the nose, then once that is completed, pronounce "Pha" or "Pa" from the mouth to blow out.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung der Restriktion der perzeptuellen Aufgabe bei der zeitlichen Organisierung des Kraulschwimmens: Oberflächencharakteristika</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020134</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020134</guid>
      <author>Brito, C. A. F.</author>
      <author>Belvis, W. C.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brito, C. A. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Belvis, W. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to observe how disturbing swimming skill execution can influence the superficial parameters of front crawl. There was mixed random-systematic sampling among 5% of high-ability swimmers from São Caetano do Sul, enrolled with DETUR in 2008 (n=106). Disturbance was carried out by light shone onto the retina, forming a configuration according to the degree of complexity. The subjects swam at a natural rhythm. Data were analyzed using Mauchly`s Test of Sphericity and repeated measures ANOVA (Contrast). Probability was 5% (p<0.05). We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in the variable parameters (time, speed, distance and swimming strategy) of front crawl after perception manipulation, even when maintaining the distance to be executed and a normal swimming rhythm.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Daten ergänzen qualitative Bewertungen des Schmetterlingsschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020133</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020133</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[As mechanical advantage increases with both shoulder extension and elbow flexion during the beginning of the butterfly pull, it was hypothesized that hand force would significantly increase with two events: 1) when the hands first submerge below the level of the shoulders and 2) when elbow flexion begins. Female swimmers (n = 23) from three university teams were tested with Aquanex+Video, swimming butterfly over a 20 m course. As hypothesized, there was a significant (p<.01) increase in force for both events, emphasizing the importance of a mechanically advantageous angle at both the shoulder and elbow. Based on the quantitative results, coaches can qualitatively evaluate swimmers to ensure they eliminate the wasted time that their hands are above the shoulders and begin elbow flexion as soon as the arm entry is complete.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Schwimmsportforschung: Inhaltsanalyse der Vortragsbände ""Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming" von 1971-2006</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020132</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020132</guid>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Pinto, E.</author>
      <author>Cruz, A. M.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Queiros, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cruz, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Queiros, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of swimming science research based on the content analysis of the "Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming" Proceedings book series from 1971 to 2006 (i.e., a total of 622 full papers). There was an increasing number of papers published within the period of time analyzed (ranging from 23 papers in 1971 to 145 manuscripts in 2006). Comparing the sub-categories related to "Aquatic activity" most research done was clearly on "competitive swimming". In the last decade there is a slight but increasing interest in "head-out aquatic exercises" Analyzing the main "scientific area" of study, "Biomechanics" was the most often assessed area, followed by "Physiology". Since 2003 an increasing trend in "interdisciplinary assessment" manuscripts was verified.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die aus dem 200-400-m-Modell abgeleitete kritische Geschwindigkeit bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020131</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020131</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Formel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study was to compare the critical swimming speed (CSS) obtained by the 200-400m (CSS10) vs 14 different combinations of CSS and vs 1500m velocity (V1500) in 11 young sprint swimmers (male) of national competitive level. CSS1 (50-100m) was the combination that most overestimated CSS10. The lowest error on the estimation of CSS was observed for the CSS3 (50-400m) (-0.5%) and CSS7 (100-400m) (0.8%). CSS10 overestimated V1500 by 3.5%. This might suggest studies to measure the level of agreement between CSS10 vs the other combinations and between CSS10 vs V1500 to check whether this level of agreement will be maintained until adulthood.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beschleunigungsmessung als Mittel zur Quantifizierung von Trainingsstreckenlänge und -geschwindigkeit im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020130</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020130</guid>
      <author>Wright, B. V.</author>
      <author>Hinman, M. G.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wright, B. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hinman, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine the potential relationships between accelerometer output and swim speed, and output and swim distance. Fifty-three competitive swimmers (age: 17.7 ±3.13 yrs.) fitted with two accelerometers completed two series of multiple swim bouts used to develop prediction equations for swim distance (m) and speed -formed using a subset of 13 swimmers. Significant relationships were found for accelerometer output and swim distance (R2= 0.81, p<0.05) and swim speed (R2= 0.64, p<0.05). Cross-validation for actual vs predicted swim distance and swim speed were significant (Swim Distance: R2 =0.96, p<0.001, Swim Speed: R2= 0.53, p<0.001). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that accelerometers have the ability to quantify individual swimming distance and speed with acceptable validity after the swimmer completes a swim bout.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring von Schwimmtraining auf der Grundlage der mittleren Belastungsintensität und der individuellen Stressreaktion bei einem Spitzenschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020129</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020129</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Steffen, R.</author>
      <author>Vogel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steffen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vogel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swim coaches prescribe training to enhance the properties required for a person to swim the same distance in less time. Monitoring training strain may give a clue to the relationship between training and race performance. Mujika (1996) monitored a training season reducing training components to one MITS-value (mean intensity of a training season). Since training strain is modulated by personal traits into an internal fatiguing impulse, cooperation by the athlete is essential to monitor the perceived stress at the end of a day and the next morning, respectively. The difference of both items, called delayed perceived fatigue, and MITS-value of a world level female swimmer was registered for 144 days: MITS = 2.01 ± 0.12 and the delayed perceived fatigue = -1.31 ± 1.81 arbitrary units, respectively. The increase of the race performance was 2.8%.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blutlaktatreaktionen beim Intervalltraining mit der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmerinnen verschiedener Nachwuchs-Altersklassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020128</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020128</guid>
      <author>Tsalis, G.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Michailidou, D.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsalis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Michailidou, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study examined the blood lactate responses of female swimmers at intensity corresponding to critical velocity (CV). Eight children (C), eleven youth (Y) and seven adults (A) were timed in distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 m for the CV calculation. On a following day the C performed 5x300 m and the Y and A 5x400 m repetitions with 30-40 s interval, at CV. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was similar between groups and maintained steady within a range of 3.5±1.2 to 5.1±1.6 mmol·L-1 (p>0.05). RPE and RPE/[La] ratio were no different between groups (p>0.05) and increased after the second and third repetition respectively in all groups (p<0.05). During 28-31 min intermittent swimming, children, youth and adult female swimmers are able to sustain CV with a steady [La] despite an increased subjective perception of fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Angebundenes Schwimmen als Mittel zur Evaluierung von Armkraftungleichgewicht</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020110</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020110</guid>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eight competitive swimmers performed a series of maximum intensity tethered swimming tests using full-stroke, arms only, right and left arm only. In all tests, the force of each arm-stroke was determined. The validity of each arm-stroke separation was tested in advance using overwater and underwater video recordings (ICC=0.939, and 0.974, p<0.05). The reliability of force measurement for each arm-stroke was tested in a separate group of swimmers (ICC=0.985, and 0.975, p<0.05). Swimming force was not different between right and left arm-stroke in all tests (p>0.05). Right and left, single arm-stroke forces were correlated between tests (r=0.79 to r=0.92, p<0.05). Specific force of each armstroke can be reliably measured during tethered swimming using a valid separation of each arm-stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifikation einer Entwicklungstendenz in der natürlichen Progression der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020109</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020109</guid>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <author>Brammer, C. L.</author>
      <author>Tanner, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2008</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanner, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The longitudinal progression of athletic records has been described by best fit curves which can be used to extrapolate future athletic  erformances. Any subsequent significant deviations from these curves would suggest compelling evidence of cataclysmic changes introduced into the sport. We evaluated recent elite swim performances to determine if bias can be identified within competitive swimming. Predictions of the 2008 Olympic swimming competition were calculated for each event and compared to actual performances. 17/26 events in 2008 were significantly faster than predicted (p<0.05). A bias existed during the 2008 Olympic Games such that performances were faster than predicted. Speculation of the causes of this observation include but are not limited to new swim suits, ergogenic aids, better training, and improved technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Krafterzeugung und der Ermüdung mittels eines anaeroben Tests unterschiedlich entwickelter Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020108</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020108</guid>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Silva, R.</author>
      <author>Aleixo, I.</author>
      <author>Machado, L.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Maia, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleixo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to characterize fatigue determining thresholds in force-to-time curves produced during 30 second tethered swimming efforts. Ninety swimmers of three maturational groups took part in the study. Values of maximal, mean, and minimum force were determined, as well as the variation coefficient of the mean force. The anaerobic fatigue thresholds were determined on the individual force-totime curves, and typical stroke cycles were determined before and after the fatigue occurrence. Typical force cycles were quantitatively analysed. It was possible to conclude that force tends to increase with maturation in males. In females, tethered force seems to stabilize after puberty.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Repräsentiert der y-Achsenabschnitt einer Regressionslinie im Konzept der kritischen Geschwindigkeit den Index zur Bewertung der anaeroben Kapazität?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020107</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020107</guid>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Okita, K.</author>
      <author>Baba, Y.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regression</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the yintercept of a regression line in the critical velocity concept could be utilized as an index for evaluating anaerobic capacity. Twenty-one welltrained college swimmers performed a maximum effort swim over 50, 100, 200 and 400m for modeling the distance-time (D-T) relationship and measuring peak blood lactate concentration ([La]), and a 30-s  allout Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) performed with arms and legs. The y-intercept was significantly related to highest [La], the mean and the peak power of the WAnT performed with both arms and legs. These results suggest that the y-intercept is a valuable index for evaluating anaerobic capacity using a non-invasive method in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der mentalen Belastung bei maximaler Schwimmintensität mittels des NASA-TLX-Fragebogens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020106</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020106</guid>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychischer Prozess</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Syrien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The NASA-TLX questionnaire [1] assesses six independent dimensions (mental, physical and temporal demand, own performance, effort, frustration) composing mental workload. Its sensitivity was tested according to the magnitude of effort, gender, age expertise and progress. METHODS: Fifty subjects divided according to gender (27 men, 23 women), expertise (33 experts, 17 recreational), and age (34 adults, 16 youths) performed a maximal 400-m front crawl. Experts also performed 100-, 200- and 300-m trials at the velocity of the previous 400-m, and retested on the maximal 400-m after three months of aerobic training. ANOVAs examined age, gender, expertise, distance and training effects on total workload (TWL) and other dimensions of the NASA-TLX. RESULTS: Women had lower TWL (48±9 vs. 54±2, p<.05) and effort (59±13 vs. 70±21, p<.05) level than men. No difference based on expertise was observed for any dimension of the TLX. Youth had lower TWL (47±6 vs. 53±10, p<.05) and temporal demand (36±20 vs. 57±20, p<.05) than adults. From 100- to 400-m, a significant increase was recorded in TWL (32±28 vs. 50±28, p<.05), physical demand (21±22 vs. 65±29, p<.05) and effort (32±16 vs. 63±19, p<.05). After three months of training, no significant difference in TWL was noted, although swimmers with improved performance exhibited lower scores in frustration (50±25vs30±15, p<.05) and own performance (64±22 vs. 35±19, p<.05) and higher scores in effort (46±25 vs. 64±16, p<.05). DISCUSSION: The TLX-NASA questionnaire is sensitive to the objective task demand rather than to the participant`s level, although some variations were seen in gender and age groups. The retest condition indicated its overall reliability, and analysis of its dimensions allows subtle changes to be highlighted. It thus seems to be an interesting tool for coaches and scientists alike.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung kognitionsbasierten Techniktrainings auf die Zuglänge bei Nachwuchsschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020105</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020105</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, A. C.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Buss, W.</author>
      <author>Schack, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zuglänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buss, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schack, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study deals with a specific and innovative aspect of long-term performance-planning in swimming: cognition-based technique training. Based on the studies of Thomas Schack on the cognitive architecture of movements, the cognition-based technique training method was developed and proved the first time in swimming. The study applies the program `Split`, which has already been successfully used in other sports. Split uses distance scaling between the elements of a system of concepts to measure conceptual structures. To evaluate the potential introduction of cognition-based technique training in long-term performanceplanning of swimmers, biomechanical criteria were used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wurfgenauigkeit bei Wasserballspielern unterschiedlichen Trainingsalters und Fitnesszustands in statischer Position und nach vorangegangenem Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020104</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020104</guid>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to compare throwing accuracy in a static position to after previous swimming in relation to training age and fitness level. Fifty (50) water polo players (aged: 11-17 yrs) were tested. Significant differences were observed in throwing accuracy between the static position and after previous swimming (F=58.05, P<0.001) by training age (F=21.8, P<0.001) and byfitness level (F=44.73, P<0.001). Moreover, throwing accuracy was greater in a static position than after previous swimming. Players with greater training age and better swimming performance had higher throwing accuracy than younger players and than those of with lower swimming performance. No significant differences were observed between Ä values in throwing accuracy in a static position or after previous swimming in relation to training age and fitness level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Markovkettenmodell für Wettkämpfe im Spitzen-Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020085</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020085</guid>
      <author>Pfeiffer, M.</author>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Siegel, A.</author>
      <author>Boehnlein, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pfeiffer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siegel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boehnlein, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In performance analysis in game sports, it is important to respect the the interactive process between the two teams or players. So, in game analysis problems mostly occur in adequate modelling of the competition. The concept of match-play analysis through mathematical simulation by means of the Markov-chain model was established in several sports games (Lames, 1991; McGarry & Franks, 1994), and in this study used to analyse the performances of the German and Serbian Water Polo team at the World League Final 2007 in Berlin. METHODS: The starting point of our state-transition-model was the possession of the ball. The offensive play was modelled on the basis of offensive attempts, which were characterized by 28 different states. The states represent the different player positions in man-even (6-6) and man-up offense (6-5) as well as specific game situations (e.g. goal). The transitions from one state of the match to another represent the tactical behaviour of the teams and can be quantified in a transition matrix of the states with the transition probabilities. We formalized this matrix by means of a finite Markov-chain (stochastic modelling) to determine the performance relevance of each tactical behavior by mathematical simulation. In this study, 11 games with participation of the two teams were analyzed. RESULTS: The objectivity was determined with two observers in three games. The Cohens-Kappa values of 0.80 to 0.86 can be classified as excellent (Robson, 2002). For both teams the tactical transitions "Win of ball-Counter attack", "Back player-Man-up (6-5)" und "Back player-Center forward" showed the highest performance relevance. Significant differences between the two teams could only be found for the tactical pattern "Flanker player-Driving in". DISCUSSION: Our results confirm the possibility to model a water polo match by means of a Markov-chains. The simulative calculation of the performance relevance of tactical behavior underlines the importance of the fast break
and of intense activities of the back players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelle für die Bewertung der allgemeinen horizontalen Schwimmfähigkeiten von Junioren-Wasserballspielern entsprechend ihrer Spielposition</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020083</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020083</guid>
      <author>Özkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Bratusa, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to identify general level of horizontal swimabilities of junior water polo players according to playing position. The subjects were 71 players, members of national junior teams. The players were divided in three main playing position groups; peripherals (P), center defenders (CD) and center players (C). The following six swimming tests were performed, crawl; 15m, 25m, 50m, 200m, 25m crawl with head up and 25m crawl with ball. The results of these tests were analyzed using a confirmative model of factor analysis for the determination of the factor scores and mathematical multidimensional procedures were determined for creating models. There were no statistical differences (p>0.05) between general level of basic horizontal swim abilities according to position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der subjektiven Belastung auf das Zyklustiming im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020082</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020082</guid>
      <author>Ohba, M.</author>
      <author>Sato, S.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Timing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungszyklus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ohba, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Competitive swimmers require the capacity to change swimming speed to control their output. Nevertheless, controlling their own motion is difficult for athletes. They attempt to control their own motion depending on subjective sensations. This study examined the relation between stroke motion and subjective efforts during breaststroke swimming (BR) in comparison with front crawl swimming (FC). METHODS: In this study, 22 well-trained college swimmers participated after giving their consent. Eight 25-m swim trials were conducted, consisting of two styles (FC and BR) and four levels of subjective effort. The levels were four steps from 70-100% effort with the same clearance for one fs maximal effort. The swimming velocity (SV, m/s) was calculated with each swimming record. The stroke rates (SR, strokes/min) were calculated from videotaped data of the swimmers. A second camcorder was placed underwater to record the swimmers for at least one complete stroke cycle, supporting analyses of the stroke phases (divided into three phases). Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). A stroke × grading level (2 × 4) repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the significance of changes with grading level between strokes. Tukey fs post hoc test was used. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: A significant positive correlation was found between subjective effort and SV. The regression equations of FC and BR were, respectively, Y=0.67X+0.335 (r=0.99, p<0.01) and Y=0.42 X+0.587 (r=0.97, p<0.01). Increasing and decreasing the swimming velocity depends remarkably upon SR, not only for FC but also for BR. However, a significant interaction (p = 0.011) was found for SV. No significant interaction (p = 0.821) was found for SR. Both strokes have the same ratio of SR increase as stepping up the subjective effort, but not the same ratio of SV increase. Results show that the degree of SV increase by SR increase in BR is less than in FC, which might be attributed to technical characteristics: the difference between the alternate arm stroke in FC and in the simultaneous arm stroke in BR. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, increasing and decreasing the swimming velocity depends remarkably upon SR, not only in FC but also in BR. However, the degree of the SV increase by the SR increase in BR is expected to be less than in FC. These results suggest that changing SV with subjective effort in race and training is available as a difference of style.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilität und Vorhersage der 100-m-Brustschwimmleistung im Verlauf einer Karriere von Eliteschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020081</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020081</guid>
      <author>Costa, M. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Reis, V. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bragada, J. A.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bragada, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to track and analyze the 100-m Breaststroke performance stability throughout elite swimmers` careers. 35 Portuguese male top-50 swimmers were analyzed for seven consecutive seasons between the ages of 12 and 18 years old. Best performances were collected from ranking tables. Longitudinal assessment was performed based on two approaches: (i) mean stability was analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA repeated measures for each season followed by a post-hoc test (Bonferroni test), (ii) normative stability was analyzed with self-correlation (Malina, 2001) and the Cohen`s Kappa tracking index (Landis and Koch, 1977). There was a 100-m Breaststroke performance enhancement from child to adult age. The overall career performance prediction was low. The change from 13 to 14 years can be a milestone, where the ability to predict the final swimmer`s performance level strongly increases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfsystematisierung bei Nachwuchsschwimmern: Eine Evaluierung der Leistungen, Reifebetrachtungen und internationale Paradigmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020080</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020080</guid>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Altersklasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The most appropriate method for grouping youth swimmers to assure fair competition has been debated for decades with little progress being made. The goals of this study were to evaluate the appropriateness of the age-groups at the 2nd FINA World Youth Swimming Championships and to discuss age-grouping systems used by swimming federations in the world as a means of gaining a better insight into the most appropriate age-group stratification paradigm. METHODS: All data were acquired from the official website of FINA (http://www.fina.org). The single age-grouping for each sex was composed of four CAs (ages 14-17 years for girls and ages 15-18 for boys). A relative frequency distribution of all competitors and the top 8 finishers in all 17 individual events as well as that of the relay finalists were examined for each of the four CAs. Chi-square tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukeyâ€™s post-hoc test, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were performed to test the research hypothesis that older swimmers within the multi-age-groups represent a greater proportion of participants and finalists. RESULTS: In girls, there were 66, 148, 218, and 322 swims by 14, 15, 16, and 17 year olds, respectively. In boys, there were 46, 152, 259, and 486 swims by 15, 16, 17, and 18 year olds, respectively. A significant difference was found between the observed and expected values in both sexes (p < 0.01). The mean relative frequencies (%) of the top 8 swimmers over 17 events were also significantly different among CAs in both sexes. The oldest CA in both sexes (age 17 for girls and age 18 for boys) had a significantly greater proportion compared with all other age categories (p < 0.05). The age-related differences were more evident in boys. DISCUSSION: Age classification systems clearly influence participation and competition outcomes in competitive youth swimming. The number of swimmers qualifying for competitive events and qualifying for finals at the Youth Championships is significantly greater for swimmers who are the oldest in their age-groups. Grouping swimmers by the use of broad CAs is not the optimal way to encourage younger competitors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der Laktatschwelle mittels vier verschiedener Analysemethoden für Tests im Becken bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020079</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020079</guid>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, O. P.</author>
      <author>Pöyhönen, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, O. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pöyhönen, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Pool testing using blood lactate (BLa) versus swimming velocity (V) relationship is a standard in performance diagnostics of swimmers. We determined lactate threshold (LT) using common analysis techniques hypothesizing that the results will repeat with acceptable accuracy in both test-retest and analysis-to-analysis comparisons. METHODS: The subjects were 30 male and female swimmers. Mean±SD for age was 16.7±3.3 y, stature 1.70±0.08 m and body mass 61.8±6.6 kg. They performed n*100-m swims twice in three days. Four different approaches were applied to define the LT and analyzed from BLa / v curves by two experienced analysts. RESULTS: Linear regressions (R2), Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) connected with two-way ANOVA, and t-test showed that both test-retest reliability and comparability between Dmax and Linear Estimation modes was very high (R2 = 0.85-0.96; ICC = 0.96-0.99; t-tests = N.S.). Differences existed when comparisons were made between modes with fixed BLa. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the test-retest reliability of the n*100-m swimming test was high indicating that the method itself was repeatable and is a useful means of monitoring changes in indicators of physical fitness in swimming. Also the analysis methods were noticed to offer reliable results to be used for prescription of training. In analysisto-analysis comparisons some significant differences existed pointing out the necessity to understand their specific characters. The original speed at which the LT and or the LTind appear depends specifically on the pool test protocol being used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Talentprognose bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020078</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020078</guid>
      <author>Hohmann, A.</author>
      <author>Seidel, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hohmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seidel, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Neural networks are able to predict the future success of talents by revealing distinct patterns in the individual setup of the sport specific disposition (Philippaerts, Coutts & Vaeyans, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to compare linear and nonlinear talent prognoses in the crawl sprint. METHODS: The Magdeburg Talent Study on Elite Sport Schools (MATASS) is a six year longitudinal study. The data were collected from 1997 to 2001 from a total of 729 male (age: M = 171.2 months, SD = 42.5) and female swimmers (age: M = 159.3 months, SD = 39.0). The final competition performance data were recorded in 2006 for all male (n = 130) and female swimmers (n = 113). RESULTS: 33 performance prerequisites were measured at three different time points, and reduced by factor analyses: (1) body stature, (2) maximum and explosive strength, (3) general and (4) sport specific speed strength, (5) technique and coordination, and (6) elementary speed. In a second step, the factor values of the six juvenile talent criteria, together with the (7) speed of performance development, (8) utilization of performance prerequisites, and (9) psychological stress stability were used to predict three final talent groups at adult age. For the cross-validated prognosis two methods were used: a linear discriminant analysis (DA), and a nonlinear operating Self-organizing Kohonen Feature Map (SOFM). The comparison of the real adult performance groups with the modeled outcome led to far better predictions in the SOFM. The percentages of correctly predicted cases (females = 87.9 percent; males = 68.3 percent) are much higher than those delivered by the DA (females = 69.0 percent; males = 50.0 percent). DISCUSSION: The quality of the predictions of the linear DA was comparably lower than that of the nonlinear SOFM. Thus, the results of the study show that neural networks are excellent tools to model and to predict future competitive performances on the basis of juvenile talent makeup. Besides that, the better results of the neural network modeling support the interpretation that the development of talented young athletes is a nonlinear complex problem that should be addressed by a dynamic systems approach.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der ventilatorischen und biomechanischen Reaktionen auf Trainingseinheiten mit kurzen vs. langen Intervallen bei Elite-Langstreckenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020077</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020077</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Nesi, X.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Houel, N.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langzeitausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nesi, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Houel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: It is known that continuous exercises performed at the lactate threshold have the greatest effect upon the body`s oxygen transport system (Billat, 2001). This type of training enables swimmers to attain max by restoring the slow component of and by reducing the amplitude of the slow component after a period of training (Carter et al., 2000). Restoration of the slow component of appears to be more frequent among athletes having a high fractional at the lactate threshold (Billat, 2001) which is typical of ultra-endurance athletes (Billat et al., 2001). We hypothesized that in high-level long-distance swimmers, long interval training at LT, induce a large slow component of . METHODS: Seven elite male long-distance swimmers (Mean ± SD, age 21.4 ± 3.5 yrs; weight 71 ± 5 kg ; height 180 ± 5 cm) performed in a 6x300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion in order to determine lactate threshold (LT = 3.1 ± 1.2 mmols/l), and the velocity.  Secondly, the parameters of kinetics were calculated for the first 500m of one interval training set: 6 x 500-m using a double exponential model. RESULTS: The fit for the two-term exponential model was (r²= 0.62 ± 0.18). All seven subjects displayed a slow component of during the first 500m of IT6*500 with values measured at 401.7 ± 129.9  lO2/mn
and 5.69 ± 1.96 ml/mn.kg. DISCUSSION: Elite Long-distance swimmers exhibit exceptionally high levels of peak oxygen uptake and peak swimming velocity at the lactate threshold. All of the swimmers tested exhibited a large amplitude slow component of oxygen uptake.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Empfundene Belastung bei unterschiedlichen Prozenten der kritischen Geschwinidgkeit im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020075</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020075</guid>
      <author>Castro, F. A. S.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Diefenthaeler, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diefenthaeler, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to compare and correlate the perceived exertion (PE) behaviour at different percents of the critical velocity (CV) in front crawl. Ten trained male swimmers (19.4 ± 2.2 years) performed five trials of 200 m at different percents of the CV (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%), in random order, 90 s of passive rest. PE presented significant differences (p<0.05) among percents of the CV in front crawl. Significant correlation between PE with percents of the CV was observed (rho=0.785, p<0.01). Results suggest that PE increases as percent of the CV increase, but in a non-linear relationship.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Wettkampfleistung, der Trainingsbelastung und der Kraft am Seil während des Taperings bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020074</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020074</guid>
      <author>Drosou, E.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Thomaidis, S.</author>
      <author>Douda, H.1</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Drosou, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomaidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.1</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During a four-week training period closing with a two-week taper before a National competition (NC) the training load (TL) of twelve young swimmers (age: 14.2±1.3 yrs) was calculated by the product of the session-RPE score with the training duration. Tethered swimming force (TF), hand-grip strength (HG) and body fat (BF) evaluated 34, 20 and 6 days before the NC were unchanged (p>0.05). The TL difference of week 4 vs. week 1 before the NC was related to percent performance change (0.11±1.6%, p>0.05; r=0.63, p<0.05). The TF, HG and BF changes were not related to performance changes (p>0.05). The TL changes alone accounted for 40% (r2=0.4, SEE=1.37%, p<0.05) of the variation of percentage performance changes. The session-RPE training load calculation may be useful for effective taper planning.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsanzeiger bei Schwimmerinnen und Schwimmern vor und in der Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020047</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020047</guid>
      <author>Douda, H.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A.</author>
      <author>Georgiou, C.</author>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Tokmakidis, S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Douda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgiou, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokmakidis, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers should be in a good body shape and need muscular force in order to achieve a successful performance. For example, arm-span appear to be important determinant of front-crawl swimming performance in young swimmers1 and swimming force is related to sprint swimming velocity2. The purpose of this study was to identify the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and strength as predictors of performance of the 50 m front-crawl swimming in pre-pubertal and pubertal male and female swimmers. METHODS: Seventy-two swimmers (n=72), were divided into two groups, pre-pubertal (n=30) aged 10.5±0.5yrs and pubertal (n=42) aged 13.7±1.5yrs. They underwent a battery of anthropometric, body composition and muscle strength measurements. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) extracted three components, Component-1: Anthropometric-Tethered Swimming Force (TSF), Component-2: Body Composition and Component-3: Body Dimension. These components were then used in a simultaneous multiple regression procedure to determine which components best explain the variance in swimming performance. RESULTS: Based on the PCA, the Component-1 explained 65.1% of the total variance, Component-2 the 14.6% and Component-3 the 8.2% respectively. In total sample, the anthropometric and TSF were significantly correlated with performance (r=-0.71, p<0.001). When the multiple regression models were applied to the pre-pubertal swimmers (y=27.242-0.420*TSF+1.01*c-arm), 90.9% of the variation was explained by the average TSF (83.7%) and arm circumference (7.2%) while in pubertal swimmers (y=-38.661-0.111*TSF), the 70.4% of the variation was explained only by the average TSF. CONCLUSION: Selected anthropometric characteristics and strength are important determinants of successful performance. Although morphological characteristics composed one dimension of successful performance, muscle strength may be useful in explaining differences in swimming score. These findings may have practical implication for both training and talent identification in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung spezifischen Trainings auf die Schwimmstartleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020046</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020046</guid>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The swimming start is a significant performance component for success in competitive swimming, especially in short events. The purpose of the study was to determine how the swimmers start improvement could be related to a specific training providing accurate information about the start duration at different distances (10 and 15m). METHODS: Differences between manual timing and times obtained through video analysis were previously set. Results highlighted the importance of an accurate evaluation. The system developed allowed swimmers and coaches to know the starting times as they know in competitions. The system consisted in an electronic touchpad placed on the pool`s lateral lane. A group (n=42) of regional swimmers and P. E. students participated on the study. The group was divided equally into experimental and control groups. Each group practiced during 10 sessions. The experimental group (EG) received accurate information about their starting times (Terminal Knowledge of Results [TKR]). Meanwhile, control group (CG) did not receive any information after each trial. RESULTS: We did not find statistical differences in start times measured at 10 and 15m, between groups. Nevertheless, both groups significantly improved their starting times. However, greater improvements were produced within the EG (more than 5% vs less than 2% at the CG). To check the significance of the improvement within each group, a related samples t-Test was performed. Results showed greater significance levels in the EG than in the CG (p<0.001 vs p<0.005). In addition, when an individual intra-subject analysis was applied, performance tended to be more consistent within the EG (differences between best trial and average time were reduced up to 0.05s in some subjects). DISCUSSION: Due to the short start times, accurate evaluation must be performed, to avoid false improvements due to erroneous measurements. Results suggested that the systematic and controlled repetition of the swimming starts, leads to performance improvement. This should be taken into account to increase the start practicing time within a whole year`s planning. In addition giving the swimmers accurate KR produces greater performance improvements than only systematic repetition with manual timing (not accurate enough). Moreover, the system seems to be individually more effective, making the start performance more consistent. This is important when considering the anticipated performance at
important competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Korrelation zwischen Kraftmessungen an Land und der Krafterzeugung im Wasser bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020045</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020045</guid>
      <author>Carl, D. L.</author>
      <author>Leslie, N</author>
      <author>Dickerson, T</author>
      <author>Griffin, B</author>
      <author>Marksteiner, A</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carl, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leslie, N</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dickerson, T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Griffin, B</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marksteiner, A</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: USA-Swimming supports the use of a specific dry land force measurement (Vasa Trainer) relative to in-water force generation. Imbalances between the measurements indicate the need to increase strength or enhance efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine if two standard measurements of dry land strength would correlate with the ability to generate force in water as measured by a timed 22.9m swim or tethered swimming. METHODS: Subjects: N=25 (10 M, 16.6 y; 15 F, 16.3 y). Resistance Training: Bench Press - Subjects completed a barbell chest press with light weight for 10 repetitions. Following a 2 minute rest period, the weight was increased 10 % and another set of 10 repetitions completed. Subjects continued until they were unable to complete ten repetitions. 1RM was estimated using the following equation: Body weight/(1.0278-(.0278 x #reps)). Leg Press - Subjects completed a bilateral seated leg press following the same protocol as the BP. Swim Training: 22.9m Swim - Subjects completed two, 22.9m maximal swims from the starting block. Each swim was separated by 2 minutes. Times were recorded to the 100th of a second and averaged for best time. Tethered swim - Subjects completed two in-water tethered maximal swims (Digital Force Gauge, IMADA, Inc). Each trial was separated by1 minute. Force was recorded in N`s and the trials averaged for best effort. Statistics Analysis: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (R > 0.80). RESULTS: A significant correlation existed between BP strength and both the 22.9m swim and TeS for both sessions tested (R = -0.85 & -0.87; R = 0.82 & 0.80). A minor correlation existed between LP and 25 yard swim time (R = -0.70 & -0.77). No significant correlation existed between LP and TeS force generated. DISCUSSION: BP strength significantly correlated with both in-water force measurements. In addition, LP strength was significantly correlated with 25y swim time. Although LP was not  correlated with TeS there was a significant difference when males were separated from females. For all measurements taken, males demonstrated a higher level of correlation. The differences observed between males and femalescould be due to the amount of muscle mass in males. Also, within this age range, males may have had more dry land weight training experience than females. In conclusion, BP strength may be an appropriate alternative to the Vasa Trainer as an indicator of discrepancy between strength and in water force generation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Allgemeine Indizes der Geschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen bei Junioren-Wasserballspielern in einem Spiel</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020007</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020007</guid>
      <author>Bratusa, F. Z.</author>
      <author>Perisic, S. M.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bratusa, F. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perisic, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to define crawl swimming velocity realized by junior water polo players during a match. Over a four year period, 35 water polo players have been observed at the age of 16 years. It was established that there is no statistically significant difference of crawl technique swimming velocity between the quarters of a match (F=1.903, p =0.127). It was also determined that there are no differences of swimming velocity distribution with regard to quarters (F=5.269, p = 0.153). The given fact can be a consequence of adaptation to the applied training load of dominantly aerobic type, but also to the tactical choices during play. The obtained results should not be generalized and it does not mean that the same results would be obtained if this category were to be observed on the international level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Reaktionen und Leistungsmerkmale bei 200 m kontinuierlichem Schwimmen und 4x50 m "unterbrochenem" Schwimmen mit unterschiedlichen Intervallen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020006</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020006</guid>
      <author>Beidaris, N.</author>
      <author>Botonis, P.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dauermethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Beidaris, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botonis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses and performance characteristics of ``broken`` swimming (4x50m) with different rest intervals (5, 10 and 20s) compared with those of continuous swimming (200m) during maximum intensity free-style swimming. Twelve voluntary swimmers of competitive level (aged: 14-17 years) were tested. Significant differences were observed in performance time and heart rate between continuous and «broken» swimming with resting interval of 20s (F=4.27, P=0.009 and F=3.31, P=0.03, respectively). However, no differences were found in blood lactate and oxygen consumption. In conclusion, it seems that even if the physiological responses were similar between conditions, the performance characteristics were higher in the condition of broken swimming
with 20s resting interval.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedliche Methoden der Bestimmung der anaeroben Schwelle bei Triathleten im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020005</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020005</guid>
      <author>Zoretic, D.</author>
      <author>Wertheimer, V.</author>
      <author>Leko, G.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoretic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wertheimer, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leko, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The goal of this research is to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between three various methods for determining the anaerobic threshold, i.e. differences in heart frequencies with regard to the anaerobic threshold (FSanp-1, FSanp-2, FSanp-3) pertaining to a swimmers` progressive test. The variable sample consisted of basic anthropometric variables, as well as a set of variables for the evaluation of functional abilities in 13 Croatian triathletes: maximum heart frequency, maximum speed, maximum lactates, anaerobic threshold FS (intersection method "4mmol/l", "D-max method"), anaerobic threshold lactates (intersection method "4mmol/l""D-max method").The subjects swam a progressive discontinuous test of 7 x 200 meters, the same being used to measure cardiovascular and metabolic responses to swimming speed increase applying the front crawl technique. In order to determine statistically significant differences between various methods used to establish the anaerobic threshold of the subjects, the t-test was used for dependent samples. In the course of this research, the "Intersection" method and the "D-max method" have proven to be a reliable means in assessing the anaerobic threshold.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung und Validität der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Freistilschwimmen und beim Arme- und Beineschwimmen als Index der Ausdauerleistung bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020004</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020004</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Kitajima, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kitajima, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to determine critical velocity (Vcri) in swim, pull and kick tests, and also to examine whether Vcri correspond to the exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) for each stroke. Fourteen male trained college swimmers volunteered for this study. A regression analysis of swimming distance on time calculated for each swimmer showed linear relationships (r2=0.998, p<0.010) for all strokes. In MLSS test, all subjects could maintain the Vcri for 20 min in the respective strokes. In addition, no significant differences were found in BL measured among swim, pull and kick. These data suggest that Vcri can be determined by the relationship between distance and time, not only in swimming but also in pull and kick, and Vcri obtained by each stroke would correspond
approximately to the exercise intensity at MLSS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einflussfaktoren auf Blutlaktatakkumulation und -abbau bei Spitzenschwimmern im Wettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020003</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020003</guid>
      <author>Wells, G. D.</author>
      <author>Falenchuk, O.</author>
      <author>Gannon, G.</author>
      <author>Vescovi, J. D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wells, G. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falenchuk, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gannon, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vescovi, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Blood lactate accumulation [BLa] occurs during competitive swimming events and may be influenced by demographic features as well as the characteristics of the swim race. Active recovery after high intensity exercise enhances blood lactate removal, which is beneficial for sports like swimming where multiple events are commonly performed on a single day. The objectives of this field-based observational study were 1) to examine how sex, age, race distance, and swim stroke influenced [BLa] after competitive swimming events and 2) to develop a practical model based on recovery swim distance to help optimize blood lactate disappearance. One hundred swimmers (n=50 males and females) competing in the Canadian National Swim Championships participated in this study. Post-race [BLa] was determined after completing the finals race. Blood lactate concentration was also assessed repeatedly during the warm-down. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between post-race [BLa] with age and sex of the swimmers as well as the swim stroke and race distance. To evaluate the influence of warm-down distance on blood lactate disappearance an exploratory model building approach was used. The highest postrace [BLa] were observed following 100 and 200 metre events, the lowest after 50 and 1500 metre races. A sex effect for post-race [BLa] was observed for freestyle events, but not for any other swim strokes. There was a negligible effect of age on post-race [BLa]. The following model was developed to estimate an expected change in [BLa] during warm-down: [BLa] change after warm-down = -3.374+1.162(male=0; female=1)+0.789*post-race [BLa]+0.003*warm-down distance. These findings indicate that elite male and female swimmers competing at an elite level (approximately 900 FINA points) display similar post-race [BLa] and that there is little effect of age on post-race [BLa] in competitive swimmers 14-29 years old. Additionally, 50 metre events, regardless of swim stroke, appear to place less emphasis on anaerobic glycolysis compared to 100-400 metre events. Finally, a convenient equation was developed that can help coaches individualize warm-down protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Laktatkonzentration beim 100-m-Freistilschwimmen und beim angebundenen Schwimmen gleicher Dauer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019994</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019994</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Platanou, T.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platanou, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Maximum capacity of anaerobic lactic mechanism is proportional to the production of lactic acid. One of the most common test is the 100 meters freestyle. Many researchers have used tethered swimming to measure aerobic and anaerobic capacity (Maglischo, 2003). The question created is with which test of 100m freestyle or the tethered swimming, both at the same time, can achieve maximum accumulation of lactic acid in blood. The aim of this research is to compare lactic acid production in both tests of maximum effort and equal time: a) in 100 meters freestyle and b) in tethered swimming. METHODS: In this study participated 12 swimmers of national level (age=21.5±0.67 years, Body stature =181.8±7.24 cm and Body mass=80.75±7.99 ). At the beginning, they swam 100 meters freestyle with maximum intensity and time performance and blood lactate accumulation were measured. Afterwards, in two days time the same athletes were tested in tethered swimming, in equal time to that they achieved in 100 meters (Bonen et al.,1980). In order to determine maximum concentration of lactic acid in the two different tests, samples of blood were taken in 3rd, 5th, and 7th minute of recovery time. RESULTS: The average maximum accumulation of lactic acid in 100 meters freestyle was 11.09 ±4.22 mmol/l, while in tethered swimming 10.27 ±3.29 mmol/l. The average time performance in 100 meters freestyle as well as in tethered swimming was 58.74 ±2.33sec. There was statistical significant correlation between performance time of 100m freestyle and mean strength in tethered swimming (r= -0.63, p< 0.05), while no significant correlation was found between performance time in 100m freestyle, mean strength in tethered swimming and maximum accumulation of lactic acid. DISCUSSION: From the results it is obvious that both tests are adequate for the evaluation of maximum capacity of anaerobic lactic mechanism, with a difference as far as it concern the maximum accumulation of lactic acid. The tethered swimming test comes behind the 100 meters freestyle test in lactic acid production, probably because it influences the technique of legs in freestyle and as a result the rhythm and the intensity of the effort are reduced.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einige Faktoren, die die Energieversorgung im 200-m-Freistilschwimmen begrenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019993</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019993</guid>
      <author>Strumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <author>Kapus, N.</author>
      <author>Bednarik, J.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bednarik, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this research was to establish whether any measured factors could limit energy supply on 200 m front crawl swimming. Twelve male swimmers performed 4 swims of 200 m crawl at intensities of 80%, 90%, 100% and 110% (until exhaustion) on separate days with a  swimming snorkel. Respiratory parameters (VE, Vo2), blood parameters (pH, [LA-]) and heart rate (HR) were measured. The results demonstrate that limitations in VE, Vo2 and HR during swimming occur during supramaximal swims (no further increase of measured maximal parameters and time constant parameters) in comparison to maximal swims. Limitations in obtained maximal [LA-] and minimal pH values were found. It is possible to conclude that individual limitations in VE, Vo2, HR and consequently acidosis could be limiting factors of individual performance on 200 m front crawl because of energy supply limitations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eins Gummi-Schwimmanzugs auf den Schwimmer - gemessen mittels eines Laktatkurventests</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019992</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019992</guid>
      <author>Shiraki, T.</author>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>Hata, H.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Tomikawa, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Neopren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shiraki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hata, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The rubber swimsuit was one of the causes of the record rush in 2009. Similar to wetsuit, the rubber swimsuit was made from Neoprene rubber. The effects of wearing a wetsuit on swimmers were widely reported. Tomikawa et al. suggested that the benefits of wearing a wet suit were not only the improvement in swimming propulsion efficiency, but the reduction in energy consumption. This study verified the influence of wearing the rubber swimsuit on the swimmer`s exercise load by using a lactic acid curve test. METHODS: Eight female university swimmers participated in this study. They performed the lactic acid curve tests with four different suits. They wore three types of rubber swimsuits and a cloth swim suit with water-repellent. All swimsuits were full-length type covering from shoulder to ankle. The lactic acid curve test consisted of 4 times 200m swimming. The speed of four stages in the test was set from the best record of each 200m freestyle race (80%V200, 85% V200, 90% V200, 95% V200). The speed was controlled by pace maker. Blood from the fingertip was taken 0 min and 3 min (5min) after each trial and the blood lactate was determined. RESULTS: The blood lactate concentration after 90% V200 and 95% V200 trials with rubber swimsuits tended to be lower than those with a cloth swimsuit (90% V200; rubber swimsuits 3.01±1.42 mmol/L, cloth swimsuit 3.89±1.37 mmol/L, 95% V200; rubber swimsuits 8.73±2.57 mmol/L, cloth swimsuit 10.46±2.57 mmol/L), but not significant. An examination of the trials revealed that the number of arm strokes decreased due to the use of the rubber swimsuits. DISCUSSION: It is suggested that the rubber swim suits improved propulsion efficiency and decreased swimmer exercise load same as wearing wetsuit, indicating that the rubber swimsuit may improve the race performance of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kann die Blutglukoseschwelle bei Schwimmern früh in der Saison bestimmt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019991</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019991</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, K.</author>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Nabekura, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Glukose</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nabekura, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A recent study reported that blood glucose threshold (GT) could be observed during an incremental exercise test and that GT was correlated with blood lactate threshold (LT) (1). The relationship between GT and LT during a running exercise was discussed, however, no study has investigated GT during swimming. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether GT could be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season. METHODS: Seven university swimmers participated in this study and performed an incremental swimming test in a swimming flume. The test was conducted at 4-5 weeks after the beginning of the winter swimming season. Swimming velocity was increased incrementally from 55% to 85% of the individual`s 400 m freestyle average swimming speed. Each stage included swimming for three minutes with two minutes rest for blood sampling. Blood glucose (Glu) and blood lactate (Bla) was measured after each swimming stage, and the velocity corresponding to GT and LT was analyzed. The subjects were instructed to finish their last meal 3 h before testing. RESULTS: LT was determined in all swimmers (1.24±0.05 m/sec). Glu did not increase during the high intensity stage and GT was not determined. DISCUSSION: The present study investigated whether GT could be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season. Our results showed that GT could not be determined during an incremental swimming test. GT is thought to occur by the elevation of catecholamine and glucagon activity during running, thus, a difference in hormonal response during swimming may explain the present result. Flynn et al. (2) reported that Glu and Glucagon:Insulin ratio reacted differently between continuous 45 min (75%VO2max) swimming and running. The low Glu observed during high intensities may be due to high glucose uptake by the working muscle. However, since the experiment was conducted early in the swimming season, the low endurance capacity of the swimmer may also affect the Glu response in this study. Further study investigating the hormonal responses and carbohydrate oxidation rate during an incremental swimming test is warranted.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Blutlaktatkonzentration nach zwei spezifischen Tests im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019990</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4019990</guid>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Lactic acid constitutes a useful tool for the determination of anaerobic capacity for researchers and trainers. The highest lactate levels have been recorded following the swimming distances of 100 and 200 meters (Avlonitou 1996). The rate of lactic acid production in muscle fibres depends on swimming speed, rate of oxygen consumption and type of muscle fiber (Maglischo 2003). There is no much information for the comparison of different maximum events in order to determine the most adequate training method for maximal accumulation and tolerance of lactic acid. METHODS: In this study participated 8 swimmers (4 males and 4 female). The following variables were examined: Age (in years), Body Stature (BS in cm) , Body Mass (BM in kg), At the beginning, they swam 2x100 meters freestyle with maximum intensity and 10 sec stop. Afterwards, in two days time the same athletes were tested in 4x50m and 10 sec stop. Time performance and blood lactate accumulation were measured in both tests. In order to determine maximum concentration of lactic acid, samples of blood were taken in 3rd, 5th and 7th minute of recovery time and analysed using the the Lactate Scout. RESULTS: The average time performance of swimmers in 2x100 meters freestyle was 120,79±5,67sec and 146,32±5,26sec while in 4x50m was 120,43±5,96sec and 139,64±5,44sec in male and female respectively. Maximum accumulation of lactic acid in 2x100 meters freestyle was 11,3±2,6 and 10,3±2,1 mmol/l, in relation to the test of 4x50 that was 12,1±2,3 and 12,5±3,9 mmol/l in male and female respectively. Significant correlation was found between the two tests only in female (r=0.871; p<0.05). DISCUSSION: The main finding of the present study was that the blood lactate values measured in 3rd, 5th and 7th min post-exercise demonstrated significantly greater correlation between the two tests in female in 4x50m. From this occurs a definition of a test for the swimmers at 4x50m free-style, which will be further used to improve the technology of swimmers` sport training (Avlonitou 1996). The results obtained showed that the tested female swimmers swam at 4x50m more efficiently than their male counterparts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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