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    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der "zusätzlichen Masse" eines Schwimmers als ein Teil von Studien zu ungleichförmigen Fließmustern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032640</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032640</guid>
      <author>Klauck, J.</author>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Klauck, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimmers displace mass of water because there cannot be two bodies which share the same space. Due to the cyclic interaction of body and water mass there are flow effects on the body beyond common consideration of thrust and drag known from steady flow mechanics which was developed for ship construction. A ship, with given shape, should not sink and not produce too much drag to keep the energy costs low. Concerning ships the 'hull' is separated from the propulsive propellers and flow effects are sufficiently described by using steady flow mechanics. In contrast, biological organisms produce thrust and resistance simultaneously during cyclic self-produced propulsion of bodies changing their body form. The cyclic actions prevent flow phenomena from being constant and changes of velocity (acceleration) influence the interaction effects profoundly. These time-space effects are better explained using non-steady flow physics which is not a synonym for turbulent flow of any boundary layer due to viscosity (Lighthill1969). Scarcely any publication on sport swimming or various activities in aquatic space is touching the flow effects of unsteady water mass. Change of motion of water mass cause momentum change which give raise to effects either in or against swimming direction (Matsuuchi et al. 2006); the saying 'push off from water' cannot be supported, even not for didactical purpose because 'giving way' is elementary for a fluid. Interest of non-steady flow phenomena can be extended to all activities in aquatic space and is not limited to sport swimming. Also when dealing with health related activities it is necessary to understand which momentum changes are involved when e.g. swinging the leg to and fro below waterline which is also accompanied by change of motion of water mass. In this text the aspects of non-steady flow physics will exemplified by a general situation of locomotion in water: the gliding after start and pushoff from a wall. lt seems as if everything is clear what happens: the speed of a swimmer will slow down according to the effect of drag. However, studies reveal that the data of gliding distance based on calculation using steady flow mechanics laws do not match with the data gained experimentally; swimmers glide further than calculated (Kiauck 1976). Consequently the drag of the gliding swimmer was modified by acceleration, called reaction-acceleration-force (AR). The surrounding water is also set in motion by the body movement relatively to the water which requires imparting momentum to displace the water in the body's path (Ungerechts 2003). The momentum change ofthe water masses can be observed as sloshing water if a swimmer has touched the wall at the end of a race and a little bit later waters sloshes on the wall. The water masses which were moved once by the body by frictional effects develop an independent way of motion ifthe bodies are slowing down e.g. due to gliding phase. Due to inertia ofthese moved water masses act as flywheel masses and continues to accelerate the body. lt is to be expected that a gliding person glides by effect of the ostensible additional masses differently compared to the easy acceptance that a steady and constant speed works. The purpose of this paper is to show a means to estimate AR by quantifying 'added mass'.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interindividuelle Variabilität von Körperwinkeln während des Schwimmstarts: Analyse der bevorzugten und nicht-bevorzugten Technik von Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032639</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032639</guid>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernades, R. J.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernades, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most of the biomechanical studies of start time have used kinetic and kinematical analyses to compare the two main start techniques used in competition: the grab and the track starts. Using a track start, swimmers tend to leave the block quicker (Ayalon, Van Gheluwe & Kanitz 1975) and to make a flatter flight trajectory due to higher horizontal velocity (Costill, Maglischo & Richardson 1992). With the grab start, swimmers spend more time on the block (lssurin & Verbitsky 2003). The above-referred studies, as many other studies, tried to observe which is the best starting technique to increase performance. Indeed, studies that compared the two start techniques showed the comparison between grab starters and track starters, each swimmer in his preferential technique. These studies were particularly interested in the starting technique effect. However, studies that analyzed differences between start techniques and that take in consideration the swimmers start preference are scarce as Vilas-Boas et al. showed us (2003) or more recently with Vantorre et al. (2011) on angular momentum. Knowing that the use of preferential technique may induce better performance to 1Sm, as well as other differences like a higher variability in some parts of the movement. Indeed, some studies showed that expert swimmers were able to exploit movement variability to achieve the dual-task goal of the swimming start: dive as far as possible to minimise resistances and to make a forward rotation to enter into the water properly (Seifert et al. 2010; Vantorre, Seifert, Fernandes, Vilas Boas & Chollet 2010; Vantorre, Seifert, Fernandes, Vilas-Boas & Chollet 2010). Consequently, it is challenging to investigate the impact of the non-preferential technique in comparison to the preference one. The aim of this study was to analyse inter-individual variability on body angles and velocity between preferential and non-preferential start techniques during aerial phase of swim start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mehrdimensionale Verbindung zwischen der körperlichen Fitness an Land und im Wasser bei Wasserballspielern bis 14 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032638</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032638</guid>
      <author>Zoran, B.</author>
      <author>Milivoj, D.</author>
      <author>Milenkovic, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allg. athlet. Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoran, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milivoj, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milenkovic, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Water polo players realise their process in water, as basic training, and as dry-land exercises, as additional training. As both training forms must be functionally and logically connected whales, this paper is aimed at determining the relation of dry-land and in-water physical fitness in water polo players aged up to 14 years. The quantitative type of research included a sample of respondents consisting of 42 randomly chosen water polo players from the Republic of Serbia (average age 13.2±0.5 years, BH = 171. 77±7.98 cm, BM = 63.51±8.04 kg, and length of training 4.36±1.43 years). The players were tested for general dry-land physical fitness (long jump; 10s push-ups; 30s sit-ups; flexibility sit and reach test) and test battery indicating general physical fitness in pool (15m crawl; 25m crawl; SOm crawl; 200m crawl; 25m legs crawl kick; 25m breaststroke kick; 25m egg beater kick; 25m with head up; 25m swimming with the ball). The results are analysed by descriptive analysis, followed by multidimensional scoring transformation into the scores of general fitness of players in water and dry. By applying linear regression analysis the level of connection between the observed variables of general dry-land and in-water physical fitness was established. The results have shown that the connection of general scores of dry-land and in-water physical fitness in water polo players aged up to 14 years is on the level of 20.4% (AdjR 2 = 0.204) and is statistically significant on the level F=11.56, p=0.002. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that it is of utmost importance that the training process of water polo players aged 14 years is performed parallel both in water and out of the pool because this way more efficient positive transfer of mutual physical fitness of the
players is in focus.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein einfacher Feldtest zur Bestimmung der aeroben schwimmerischen Fitness: Ein mehrdimensionaler Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032637</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032637</guid>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Di Nino, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Nino, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[From the viewpoint of kinematics, swimming is a cyclical sport, while in terms of energy system loads, it predominantly belongs to endurance sports (Maglischo 2003). The aerobic energy system is basic for the support of a wide range of endurance effort in sport. Both in training and competition, swimmers will benefit from a well-developed aerobic energy system regardless ofthe type of performance required in sprint, middle distance or long distance swimming (Oibrecht 2000). The training process involves many years of continuous and systematic work, which comprises a time cycle with different training methods and goals at which training regimes are aimed. However, during a given period of the training cycle, the coach must have a method or methods that are objective and easy to apply in order to control the competitive level of important physical abilities of swimmers, including the capacity of the aerobic energy system, i.e. of endurance fitness. lt is well known that blood lactate concentrations are the best indicators of the achieved swimming intensity (Oibrecht 2000). Also, lactate testing has already been used in the process of training optimisation, as increasing the concentration of lactate in the blood is the main metabolic mechanism responsible for the appearance of fatigue in swimmers during the training sessions or in the race. As the process of training is aimed to improve the swimmer's results, that is, to increase the swimming velocity in the race, this implies that the ratio between swimming velocity and the achieved lactate concentrations can provide a basic two dimensional (2D) model useful for the coach in the objective control of the training process and the assessment of actual adaptation levels in swimmers. The aim of this research was to define the generic model for a simple, valid and user-friendly field test for the coach to assess the levels of actual general aerobic fitness independent of the type of the swimmer (sprint, middle or long distance), which would be conducted by using only two variables: the swimming velocity and the lactate concentration levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsanalyse der Mannschaften bei der Frauenweltmeisterschaft im Wasserball 2013</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032636</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032636</guid>
      <author>Enomoto, I.</author>
      <author>Kobayashi, D.</author>
      <author>Suga, M.</author>
      <author>Minami, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2013</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Enomoto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kobayashi, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minami, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study compares the performance characteristics of the high- and low-ranking teams in the female water polo tournament at the 2013 FINA World Championships. Data on 2,500 shots and 682 exclusion fouls were obtained from official score sheets, which were provided by the organising committee of the FINA World Championships. Performance variables were defined as follows: number of shots and goals by style (center, action, 5-m, counter-attack, exclusion, or penalty), shot results (goal scored or goal saved by goalkeeper [GK)), exclusion fouls (in field or in center}, goal percentages, and percentage of GK saves for each style of shot. The frequency of the performance variables, both in offense and defense, were calculated per match. The sixteen participating teams were divided into four groups based on their final ran kings in the championships as follows: 1st- to 4th-place teams {Gl}, 5th- to 8th-place teams {G2}, 9th- to 12th-place teams (G3), and 13th- to 16thplace teams (G4}. In terms of offense, Gl had significantly higher frequencies, compared to the other groups, of counter-attack shots and counter-attack goals. G4 had significantly lower frequencies, compared to the other groups, of total shots and action goals. As for defense characteristics, Gl showed significantly lower frequencies of action shots, total shots, and GK saves in counter attacks. G4 showed significantly higher frequencies of counter-attack shots, action goals, center goals, and GK saves.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen bewussten Trainings auf die Technik von Schwimmern der nationalen Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032635</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032635</guid>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewußtheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA['Deliberate practice' strategies are essential to develop expert skill performance (Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Romer 1993). Deliberate practice components include: clear instructions, appropriate task difficulty, a sufficient number of skill repetitions, immediate feedback, individualised supervision, a variety of learning strategies, tasks designed to maintain focus in the cognitive and associative learning stages, and replication of superior performance. In contrast, traditional practice in swimming, particularly for older and more competitive teenagers, often emphasises training distance (quantity) over skill instruction (quality). A previous study found that teenage competitive swimmers did not improve their technique (as measured by the active drag coefficient, Cd) when training with traditional practice strategies (Havriluk 2003). In another study (Marinho, Barbosa, Costa, Figueiredo, Reis, Silva & Marques 2010), an eight week training program included only 'practicing technical drills' (consistent with typical traditional practice) and concluded that there was no significant improvement in the Cd. In comparison, two deliberate practice studies reported impressive technique improvements. A study with young teenage swimmers showed that a one-week intervention using deliberate practice produced a significant improvement in the Cd (Havriluk 2006). In another study, swimmers practiced deliberately during a two hour intervention that included real-time video and hand force feedback and had a 22% increase in average hand force (Jefferies, Jefferies & Donohue 2012). A general lack of emphasis on technique for (particularly more competitive) teenagers may be related to concern for interfering with success, a misperception about the potential impact on performance, and/or an emphasis on increased training distance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a deliberate practice intervention on the technique of older teenagers (national caliber swimmers) where in comparison to younger teenagers; the habit strength would likely be more resistant to change.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Leistung während Tapering und Wettkampf von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032634</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032634</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Savin, C.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tapering</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to assess changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during a 3-week intensive training period, followed by 3 weeks of taper and one week of competition, and correlate changes in HRV with changes in performance (LlP). In thirteen elite swimmers (6 female, 7 male Their mean age, body weight and height at inclusion in the study was 18,3 ± 1,2 years, 55± 3 kg, and 167 ± 5 cm for females and 19,2 ± 1,7 years, 74 ± 2 kg and 181 ± 5 cm for males. All subjects had a history of more than 5 years of practice at national and international level. Diurnal standard indices of HRV were assessed by time domain and spectral analysis at the end of each period in supine (SU), supine control breathing (CB) and standing position (ST), and compared to a control age-and sex-matched sedentary group. The weekly training volume performed in dry-land workout (DL) and for swimming, under and above the individual anaerobic threshold (respectively Ll and HI) was recorded. During the taper the swimming training load decreased substantially as well as the parasympathetic indices in standing position SD1ST (28.7 ± 18.8 vs. 18.8 ± 14.3 ms); RMSSDST (40.6 ± 41.3 vs. 26.5 ± 20.2 ms); HFST, (1141.9 ± 2733.6 vs. 400.7 ± 608.8 ms^2) (P<0.05). Conversely, during the competition period, several HRV indices increased pNN50SU, (0.19 ± 0.08 vs. 0.22 ± 0.09%); RMSSDSU, (68.4 ± 32.7 vs. 82.2 ± 35.9 ms); LFSU, (2301.7 ± 1699.5 vs. 2491 ± 1690 ms^2); SD1CB, (55.7 ± 22.7 vs. 70.1 ± 38.1 ms); RMSSDCB, (78.4 ± 31.9 vs. 98.3 ± 53.3 ms); HFCB, (3694.2 ± 2482.5 vs. 5342.9 ± 4403.4 ms^2); (P<0.05). Improvement in LlP was positively correlated with an increase in HFcs and a decrease in LFcs expressed in normalised units (r2 =0.64, r 2 =-0.64, P<O.OS). The decrease in low intensity training during the competition was correlated to the increase in LF/HFCB (r 2 = 0.64, P<0.05). Heart rate variability decreased during taper and increased during competition. During the competition week, low intensity training was associated with a higher maintenance of parasympathetic modulation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Entwicklung des Schwimmtrainings durch die Überprüfung der Trainingsaufzeichungen von Dr. Counsilman</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032633</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032633</guid>
      <author>Ishimatsu, M.</author>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Tanner, D. A.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ishimatsu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanner, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes, coaches, and sport scientists endeavor to maximise sport performance through optimal, preplanned training regimes. In the history of competitive swimming, Or James 'Doe' Counsilman is considered legendary and credited with introducing innovative and pioneering training methods. He strove to produce a more effective training paradigm for elite competitive swimmers, which emphasised the specificity of training for each athlete. Under Counsilman's leadership and guidance, Indiana University's men's swim team won six consecutive National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship titles (1968 to 1973) and 23 Big Ten conference titles (including 20 consecutive team championships from 1961 to 1980). Forty-eight of Counsilman's Indiana swimmers competed in the Olympic Games, representing ten nations, and winning 46 medals (including 26 gold). His most celebrated pupil was Mark Spitz, who won seven gold medals in the 1972 Olympics, all in worldrecord time, and consequently, he was accredited for coaching the most dominant Olympic swimming campaign by any country after the USA men's swim performances at the 1976 Games.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biophysik des Langstreckenschwimmers des Hochleistungsbereichs: Eine Fallstudie während der Bestimmung der aroben Leistungsfähigkeit mittels verschiedener Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032632</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032632</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: In swimming research, the characterisation of various parameters are generally accomplished by its reduction to the mean and standard deviation. This procedure allows analyzing the tendencies and/or the variability of a group. However, in doing so, individual characteristics of an elite swimmer may be hidden by the group tendency. Thereby, the purpose of this case study was to analyze one elite endurance swimmer comparing biomechanical and physiological parameters among the main methods used for aerobic capacity evaluation. 
Methods: The elite female endurance swimmer (18 yrs, 1.64 m, 56 kg, 91.% 400m freestyle WR) performed in different days: 1) an intermittent incremental protocol until voluntary exhaustion to determine the velocity (v) associated at the individual lactate threshold (I LT), the ventilatory threshold (VT), the heart rate threshold (HRT), the lactate threshold of fixed 3.5mmoi.L-1 (L T3.5), maximal oxygen uptake (VOzmax), and minimal v that elicits V02max (vV02maxl; 2) three 30min sub-maximal continuous tests to determine the v and oxygen uptake (VQ 2) kinetics associated at the maximal lactate steady state test (100%MLSS), above (102.5%MLSS) and below (97.5%MLSS) this intensity. Blood lactate collection (Bla), v, ventilatory, energetic and biomechanical parameters were controlled in all tests.
Results: The results showed a close relationship among the 100%MLSS, ILT and VT regarding the v, ventilatory, energetic and biomechanical parameters. Meanwhile, LT3.5 and vV02 max presented higher values in all these parameters. Key points were noticed: 1) the oxygen uptake efficiency values (QUE) presented an uncommon stability and linear relationship with the v until VQ 2max• while the remaining swimmers showed decreased values of QUE, largely determined by metabolic acidosis and pulmonary dead space (Sun, Hansen & Stringer 2012). Thus, this maintenance of QUE may be explained by the low Bla observed in swimmer's vVQ 2 max (4.4mmolr\ 2) V02 slow component was not observed in both intensities of 100%MLSS and 102.5%MLSS; 3) the 100%MLSS v was very high (92.6% vVQ2 maxl implying low \ioz values (77.5% VOzmaxl·
Conclusion: Thereby, the analysis of individual characteristics of specific athletes, particularly elite swimmers, rather than rely upon mean sample values, may be decisive to understand the specific intervention required and to improve performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Können Schwimmer mit Down-Syndrom einer visuellen Tempovorgabe während eines Stufentests folgen?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032631</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032631</guid>
      <author>Querido, A.</author>
      <author>Corredeira, R.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Querido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredeira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability (1). This condition occurs when there is an extra copy of the 21st chromosome. This gene over-expression leads to a highly complex and variable phenotype, in which physical and cognitive development are significantly altered (2). In total, there are over 80 clinical features occurring more frequently among individuals with Down syndrome than the population at large (3). Despite this, there is a very pronounced lack of knowledge on factors leading to sport success in these individuals, particularly in swimming. The well known positive relationship between physical activity and health may be even more important for individuals with disabilities. For these individuals physical activity can help them to improve ability to perform daily life activities, a critical factor in maintaining independence (4, 5, 6). Nevertheless, few investigations report findings in trained individuals with intellectual disabilities (7), even more in the case of a specific disability, such as Down syndrome. Furthermore, too often, one is left with the belief that the nature of the intellectual disability renders it impossible for a person to engage in the level of training or mental preparation required for high level competition (7). The ability to follow a race strategy might be a potential problem for persons with an intellectual disability. This is important to optimal performance. Little is known about this ability. In a previous study on race analysis for swimmers with Down syndrome (8), it was observed that for the 100 m freestyle these swimmers presented significant differences in speed and stroke rate from the 1st to the 2nd laps, and from the 2nd to the 3rd laps. Especially for stroke rate, there was a marked decrease on the 2nd lap, and a little less decrease on the 3rd lap. This could mean that swimmers with Down syndrome have trouble on pacing well in the race. The aim of this study was to verify if swimmers with DS are able to follow a visual pacer, and maintain velocity when swimming without the pacer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Trainingsbelastung bei hochintenisvem Widerstandsintervalltraining mit verschiedener Belastungsdauer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032630</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032630</guid>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Kobayashi, K.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Training for competitive swimmers is characterised by its high volume swimming mileage, compared to other individual sport events. However, several studies investigated whether this high volume training is actually necessary for high performance achievement compared to high intensity training (Faude et al. 2008; Sperlich et al. 2010). These results suggested that high intensity (low volume) training could also enhance endurance capacity and race performance by the same amount as the traditional high volume (low intensity) training. Therefore, new training program introducing high intensity workouts is a matter of concern nowadays. An epoch-making training procedure of High Intensity Interval Training (HilT) had been introduced by Tabata et al. (1996), a training regimen of 20 sec exercise at 170%V02max intensity with 10 sec interval repeated by 8 sets, so-called 'Tabata Protocol'. This training protocol was suggested to enhance not only maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (anaerobic capacity) but also V02max (aerobic capacity). Furthermore, Ogita et al. (2010) reported an even shorter training set, 5 sec supra-maximal swim with 10 sec rest repeated by 5 sets, which indicated to have a potential to increase V0 2max as well as the glycolytic system. Even with these clear evidences of the HilT to enhance the swimmer's physiological capacity, it is hard to introduce this concept to the actual training field, because these training effects have been tested in swimming flume condition. To realise the HilT in actual training situation we attempt to combine HilT with a traditional Sprint Resisted Training, which is a common training method for sprint training utilising elastic rubber tube (Maglischo 2003). The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the training load during this new High Intensity Interval Resisted Training (HIIRT) programed by different exercise duration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderung der kritischen Geschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern im Alter von 10-11 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032629</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032629</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Hatzilla, E.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <author>Lampadari, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatzilla, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lampadari, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this research was to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic training in critical swimming speed during the second training cycle after five months of training in swimmers aged 10 to 11 years. The method of critical speed is used as an alternative method because it is simple, inexpensive and non-intrusive. Many distance combinations are used to determine critical speed of swimming. The research involved 16 active pre-pubertal swimmers. Seven of them (n == 7) were boys, age: 10.9 ± 0.9 years, and 9 of them (n == 9) were girls, age: 11.0 ± 0. 7 years. Their basic technique was freestyle swimming and all of them were swimmers of short and middle distance. The mathematical model calculates the value of critical speed distances, 50m, 100m, 200m and 400m. Subjects underwent a series of tests carried out on three different periods. The results showed that there is no statistical significant difference between the two genders and the three different measurements {Sig .651 and Sig .259 respectively). In individual level, boys and girls had a statistical significant improvement in critical speed over the different measurements (Sig .000 and Sig .000 respectively). From the findings of this research it appears that critical speed obtained with mathematical determination, can be used as an alternative to determine the appropriate speed for endurance training in children and young swimmers. The results of the research can lead to the following conclusion: The critical speed varies from period to period studying individually boys and girls.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation der Auswirkung individueller Höhentrainingsprogramme von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs auf metabolische und biomechanische Merkmale</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032628</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032628</guid>
      <author>Kolmogorov, S.</author>
      <author>Vorontsov, A. R.</author>
      <author>Rumyantseva, O. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kolmogorov, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vorontsov, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rumyantseva, O. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Current technology for preparing elite swimmers suggests simultaneous development of dominant energy systems and efficient biomechanical patterns (swimming technique). In the case of nonstationary movements of a swimmer in the water medium, at the 1st stage metabolic energy with some loss is transferred into mechanical energy, then at the 2nd stage with additional loss mechanical energy is transformed into useful result- swimming velocity. The metabolic energy necessary to perform muscular work is submitted by both aerobic and anaerobic energy delivering systems [1, 2]. Fig. 1 illustrates the relative contributions of oxidative (Eai(a.s.)), phospogenic (Eai(fs.)) and lactacid (Eai(t.s.)) energy systems to the overall active energy metabolism (fail in athletes in relation to the duration of the performed work. The figure clearly shows a substantial contribution of the oxidative (aerobic) system to the active metabolism during exercises of different duration. Altitude training over a duration of 21-28 days at altitudes 2100±200 m above sea level is widely used in swimming in order to increase aerobic capacity, power and efficiency within definite periods of training macro cycles, including periods of preparation for major events. The content of individual training programs at altitude depends on the timing of altitude training within the macro cycle. Most frequently one of two variants of altitude training is used: 1) 1intensive'-with descent to sea level after altitude training 21-25 days before the major competitions and 2) 1extensive'-with descent 40-42 days before the major event. lt should be mentioned here that both variants of altitude training have been used efficiently to maximise sport performance. Nevertheless, the 2nd variant is considered by many swimming specialists as much more safe/ because training at altitude is predominantly aerobic and a block of high intensity race specific training is performed after descent to sea level instead. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of individual training programs on the dynamics of swimming velocity at the anaerobic threshold, vO (AT), and the efficiency of swimming technique during a 21-day altitude training camp (altitude 1960 m, descent to sea level, 40-42 days before a major swimming event). All of the swimmers who took part in the study specialised in 100 and 200 m events (Russian distance swimmers use a different training strategy).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variabilität in der Beurteilung der Freistilsprinttechnik durch den Trainer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032650</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032650</guid>
      <author>Sacilotto, G. B.</author>
      <author>Clothier, P. J.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Ball, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clothier, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swim performance is assessed by total race time and can be analysed to comprise of three components. The first is the start time, the second is the time spent free swimming and the third is the turn performance time. In competitive swimming, free swimming occupies the most time during an event. Improvements in free swimming performance can therefore have considerable influence on overall race time. The front crawl technique has evolved into the fastest of the four competitive styles of swimming and is made up of a right and left arm-stroke cycles with a varying number of kicks (Maglischo 2003). Seifert, Chollet and Chatard (2007) suggest that there are four main phases of an arm-stroke cycle which include: 1) entry and catch, 2) pull, 3) push, and 4) exit and recovery. Chollet, Chalis and Chatard (2000) also outlined that the phases which generate propulsion during the stroke are the pull and push phases. There has been much debate amongst scientists on what is the most correct or efficient technique in front crawl swimming (Rushall, Holt, Sprigings & Cappaert 1994). For instance, what path the hand should take through the water or how wide the hand should be relative to the shoulder during the pull and recovery phases. Most coaches have different views on what is considered good and poor front crawl technique. Furthermore, notable variations exist in front crawl swimmingtechnique between competitors at the elite level. For example, different styles of front crawl swimming include a smooth and consistent stroke, a slight catch-up stroke pattern or a straighter arm pull technique. A search of the literature found no investigations which assessed the variability between elite coaches regarding their perception of good and poor front crawl swimming technique. In the absence of such data, a comparative study seemed warranted. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to compare coach ratings of front crawl sprint swimmers to examine the degree of variability between their assessments of front crawl technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie steigern Wettkampfteilnehmer ihr Geschwindigkeit: Untersuchung der räumlich-zeitlichen, koordinativen und kinetischen Parameter</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032649</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032649</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, H. M.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We aimed to examine how swimmers modify their velocities as a function of swim pace using spatiatemporal and kinetic data. In a group of 12 competitive swimmers, swim speed (v), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), Index of coordination (ldC) and propulsive phase duration (PrP) were determined using four underwater cameras. Force impulse per stroke (I+/stroke) and average force (Faverage) were determined using eight force sensors attached to both sides of the dominant hand. Results show that to swim faster, participants increased SR, ldC, PrP and Faverage (p<0.05). Movement coordination patterns were reorganised while hand forces were scaled, enabling swimmers to keep ,./stroke constant despite propulsive time decreasing across stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie passen Schwimmer ihre Koordination der Extremitäten an Widerstandstörungen an</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032648</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032648</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Schnitzler, C.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Dovgalecs, V.</author>
      <author>Button, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnitzler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dovgalecs, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Button, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the adaptability of the limbs movements and arm-leg coordination pattern in expert breaststroke swimmers when a drag perturbation is artificially applied. Six competitive swimmers performed an intermittent flume test composed of three randomised stages (60, 70, 80% of their maximal speed). Each stage consists of swimming 15 cycles at the given speed, then the swimmer was towed with a cable 1m backward from his initial place. Immediately after, the swimmer had to return as fast as possible to his initial place, before continuing to swim for 15 further cycles. Four inertial measurement units assessed elbow and knee angles, in order to calculate elbow-knee relative phase. The results suggest that there was a similar effect of the perturbation on the task-goal outcome and the behaviour outcome as the swimmer took similar number of cycle to recover the 1m and initial coordination pattern. However, large inter-individual variability was observed at 80% of maximal speed supporting that high active drag led to individual adaptation strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung von Trägheitsmessgeräten zur Ermittlung und Betrachtung von Koordinationsmustern im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032647</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032647</guid>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Herault, R.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trägheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herault, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to propose a method using inertial measurement units (I MU) for capturing elbow and knee angles in breaststroke in order to assess arm-leg coordination. Four IMUs were located on the forearm and the arm to assess elbow angle, and on the thigh and the leg to assess knee angle The main challenge was the angle normalisation in order to correct the drift due to gyroscope measurement. To correct that drift, we proposed to compute wrapping lines around the angle signal, and to normalise the signal with the support of these reference lines. Even if the proposed method did not allow the definition of real joint positions, measurements allowed the definition of patterns of joint angles and the calculation of inter-limb coordination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilotstudie zur mehrfachen Analyse der Leistung von 13- bis 15-jährigen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032646</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032646</guid>
      <author>Silva, A. S.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Sousa, M.</author>
      <author>Willig, R.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willig, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance is a multi-factorial phenomenon depending on several factors such as energetics, biomechanics, hydrodynamics, anthropometries and strength parameters (Poujade et al. 2002; Barbosa et al. 2009). Considering that heavy training loads start at relatively young ages, it seems important to assess which parameters best predict swimming performance. In a longitudinal study, Tella et al. (2002) reported that the improvement observed in young swimmers performance results from an increase in stroke length (SL), which reflects, in part, the increase of anthropometrical characteristics (arm span, height and hands and feet length). Similarly, Chatard et al. (1990) stated that performance is related to passive drag, which depends on anthropometric factors. More recently, in a swimming performance's multivariate analysis, it was found that higher height and arm span, characterised the best male swimmers (Saavedra et al. 2010). Other studies found similar results (e.g. Uitt et al. 2010; Geladas et al. 2005), allowing researchers to conclude that usually higher height and arm span benefits swimming efficiency (i.e. higher SL) (Saavedra et al. 2010) and a better glide (Geladas et al. 2005; Toussaint and Hollander 1994). However, this larger SL could be also related to a hyperflexibility presented by swimmers, which benefit the glide and create less resistance (they could streamline their body to a greater extent). This contributes to a more laminar and less turbulent flow around the pressure points, such as the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, where most of the changes in body shape occur (Chatard et al. 1990). Many sports depend mainly upon muscular strength and aerobic enhancement especially at a competitive level (Leverittet al. 2000), as in swimming. In fact, studies showed positive effect of dryland upper limb strength training, varying the gains in sprint performance between 1.3 and 4.4% (Strass 1988; Costill1999). Regarding young swimmers, it was noticed that the significant increase in velocity between 12 to 14 years old is coincided with a significant increase in the mean force production (Taylor et al. 2003). Moreover, strength training could allow the enhancement in coordinative profile, helping the swimmer to improve his/her technique (Maglischo 2003). In fact, when competitive young swimmers are involved in strength training, to take full benefit of an increase in muscle strength, coordination needs to be adapted (Newton et al. 2002). The swimmer has to modify the control of the neuromuscular system, commonly referred as coordination, timing or technique, to actually produce an increased in-water performance (Faigenbaum 2000). Unfortunately, results that try to support this idea remain inconclusive (Girold et al. 2007; Aspenes et al. 2009). Nevertheless, it was found positive associations between in-water and dry-land tests (Morow;:o et al. 2011a), as well as strong relationship between mean absolute force and the time at 50 m for the four swimming techniques (Morow;o et al. 2011b). The aim of this study was to determine which parameters are predominant to achieve better performances in age group swimmers. it was hypothesised that faster swimmers are taller and achieve higher values of mean (Fmean) and maximal force (Fmax). Moreover, it was hypothesised that faster swimmers present a more continuous arm coordination movement pattern, reflected through higher index of coordination (ldC) values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivität während des Schwimmens in einem körperbasierten Computerspiel (Exergame)</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032645</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032645</guid>
      <author>Soltani, P.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Fonseca, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Soltani, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming exergames may provide low-cost opportunities for teaching and practicing real swimming. The purpose of this study was to characterise the muscle activation during a swimming exergame. Ten healthy subjects played four swimming techniques using 'Michael Phelps: Push the Limit' exergame by standing in front of Xbox360 and Kinect. Muscle activation for Biceps Brachia/is (Bi), Triceps Brachia/is (Tri), Latissimus Dorsi (LD), Upper Trapezius (UT) and Erector Spinae (ES) was recorded on dominant upper limb using a wireless EMG Trigno system (Delsys lnc, USA) at sampling rate of 2000Hz, and was normalised to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. EMG recordings were divided into a low intensity phase and a second phase of fast swimming. Both phases were evaluated in terms of EMG morphology (average peak value). Preliminary results show high contributions of UT. Particularly high activation values were obtained for back crawl, where more expressive shoulder flexion is required. Lower contributions of other muscles might be related to lack of sufficient mechanical resistance. Prevalence of the activity of the Tri relatively to the Bi was also observed, as expected, considering the final acceleration of the lower part of the arm in all swimming techniques. Due to great activity of UT, proper warm up and the use of strategies to transfer the muscle activity are advisable. More results of this ongoing project will be available in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kannst du schwimmen? Lehrern Wissen vermitteln zur Sicherheit beim Schwimmen und Baden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037483</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037483</guid>
      <author>Blitvich, J.</author>
      <author>Petrass, L.</author>
      <author>McElroy, G. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blitvich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrass, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McElroy, G. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[University of Ballarat Exercise and Sport Science degree students must complete a swimming and water safety unit in first year. Their entry level skills vary widely from very limited to national-level competitive swimming. This paper, part of the wider `Can you swim` project, describes a swimming and water safety intervention embedded within their course, designed to enable students to enhance their understanding of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that contribute to drowning risk; develop personal swimming and survival skills; and establish teaching strategies and sequences for enhancing aquatic skills of others.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung von Vorstellungen zum Schwimmen bei Kindern und Pflegekräften: eine qualitative Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037484</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037484</guid>
      <author>Kjendlie, P. L.</author>
      <author>Pedersen, T.</author>
      <author>Thoresen, T.</author>
      <author>Setlo, T.</author>
      <author>Moran, K.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kjendlie, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thoresen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Setlo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Beliefs about what swimming really is may influence expectations in the learning situation. There may be disparity between the `providers` and the `clients`. This suggests a need to inform children and caregivers about why specific competencies are important.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Räumlich-zeitliche Charakteristika des Gehens an Land und im Wasser: Zuverlässigkeit der Messwerte und Analyse der Unterschiede</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037485</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037485</guid>
      <author>Cadenas, C.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Lopez-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>Taladriz, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cadenas, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taladriz, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gait is a major sign of independence, quality of life and participation1 and is frequently impaired by a variety of musculoskeletal and neurological conditions or diseases (for example, stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis or osteoarthritis)2. To improve the locomotion system, exercises are mainly carried out on dry land although now numerous activities have been proposed in the water environment. Specifically, forward walking (FW) may be one of the most common motor tasks in both environments because it can be practiced by any age-group and with most medical conditions3,4. The purpose of this study was to compare the spatial and temporal characteristics in FW walking on land and in water using 3D kinematics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Konzepte "schwimmen können" und "Wasserwettkampf" und deren Beziehung zueinander: ein konzeptionelles Modell</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037486</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037486</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
A concise definition of what swimming really is has yet to be broadly adopted. Such a definition is necessary to advise teachers, instructors and program planners. Appropriate content has protective value in a drowning prevention context.
Methods:
Four sources of data have been used to construct a definition of `CAN SWIM`: 1) a review of content of 25 well known organisations, 2) in depth interviews with drowning survivors, 3) observation of simulated drowning episodes, 4) theoretical movement analysis. Skill alone is often not enough to prevent drowning. Water competence which includes skill, was defined by polling expert opinion. The relationship between swimming skill and water competence was devised as a conceptual model.
Results:
The resulting definition of swimming skill focuses on essential protective skill elements in an all-around aquatic skill development. Each of these has a protective value of its own as well as collective value when integrated with each other. Water competence is defined to include skill plus the cognitive and affective competencies which provide additional protection, i.e. attitudes, knowledge, judgement, values and behaviour. The conceptual model of the relationship between swimming skill and water competence places skill as the core of water competence with the affective and cognitive qualities as added protective value.
Conclusions:
Swimming skill is the core of water competence. To the core is then added all cognitive and affective competencies which increase the protective value on, in and around the water. The minimal teaching package which we should deliver, is a water competence package.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewogener Fortschritt: optimaler Schutz in einer Überlebensituation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037487</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037487</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
In any drowning episode, there is usually some factor, some weak or missing skill, which triggers the emergency. At any given stage of aquatic skill development, the optimal level of protection is achieved when all essential elements are evenly developed. Elsewhere, the principles of such development have been described as a) equally proficient on front and back, b) equally proficient underwater and at the surface, c) possession of a well balanced and all around aquatic skill base. A common example of persons without balanced development are those who are moderately skilful on the front but very weak on the back (or vice versa).
Methods:
A conceptual model is presented on the premise that the weakest element in a person`s skill profile is most likely to trigger an emergency situation in the water, i.e. a potential drowning. The chain is only as strong as the weakest link. From a previous study, in depth interviews with drowning survivors have uncovered typical weaknesses in skill development.
Results:
When skill development is uneven, weak spots or holes are left in the foundation. Because foundational skills are weak or missing, the next row of bricks (skills) is weaker. Pressure grows as the wall gets higher. One missing brick leads to another. A fault line develops. Finally, the wall collapses. A weak or missing essential survival element has triggered a drowning episode.
Conclusions:
Water safety education must strive for balanced development of essential protective skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Effizienz  verschiedener Beinschlagtechniken im Sporttauchen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037488</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037488</guid>
      <author>Rejman, M.</author>
      <author>Siermonstowski, P.</author>
      <author>Ogrodnik, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rejman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siermonstowski, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogrodnik, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse the various techniques of the underwater leg-kicking in terms of their efficiency, defined as an effective and economical use of their surfaces to achieve maximal speed. We hypothesised that identification of the factors determining the efficiency of various leg-kicking provides basis for choosing the optimal techniques adequate to the utilitarian aims undertaken by scuba divers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der "Aufbau" der Wissenschaft im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037489</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037489</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The BMS movement emerged from the Steering Group Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming of the World Commission on Science and Sport (International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education—ICSSPE—UNESCO), aiming to promote the production, spreading and recognition of science within the sports community, particularly in swimming. Over the last 30 years, the University of Porto, Portugal, has been fighting for this goal, despite initiating and evolving this purpose in a particularly adverse context, as follows:
• a small peripheral country
• little expression of the swimming sport
• far from leading other sport sciences on a global scale
• low confidence on scientific and theoretical `external` contributions to the field of swimming practice
• limited budget and staff.
Sport and science `entrepreneurs`, like Leon Lewillie (and also Jean-Peter Clarys), and the BMS family, catalyse that fight over time, through their example and the opportunity and motivations they have made possible. Nowadays, the University of Porto, the Faculty of Sport, the Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, and especially the Swimming Science Portuguese family, may be proud of a raised building. This text explores the story behind this `locally based struggle for the BMS spirit`, concluding that projects like this one are feasible, and may also be a word of motivation for the sake of their proliferation throughout the world.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen in der Urinmenge und subjektives Urinieren beim Sitzen im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037490</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037490</guid>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Kremenik, M. J.</author>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Urin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremenik, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the urine volume, subjective micturition, reported thermal sensation, heart rate, blood pressure and rectal temperature during sitting posture in water.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung der Gesundheit von Mastersschwimmern am Beispiel der französischen nationalen Meisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037491</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4037491</guid>
      <author>Potdevin, F.</author>
      <author>Vanlerberghe, G.</author>
      <author>Zuinquin, G.</author>
      <author>Pezze, T.</author>
      <author>Theuninck, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Masterssport</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Potdevin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanlerberghe, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zuinquin, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pezze, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Theuninck, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Among physical activity exercises, swimming is often recommended to increase physical activity and gain health benefits by various authoritative groups and researchers (European society of hypertension, 2003). According to World Health Organization, the health concept has to be defined as `a complete state of mental, physical and social well being` and considered as `a resource for every day life` suggesting a multi-physical-psychological and social parameters analyses in order to study health benefits. `Competitive master swimmers` appeared to be interesting subjects in the study of health benefits by swimming because they spend more time training in comparison with the average sedentary person and allowed a long term effect of this practice. The aim of this study was therefore to assess global health benefits of practice swimming in master population involved in a national level of practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Geschwindigkeits- und Ermüdungsindex verschiedener Beinschläge beim Schleppschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032679</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032679</guid>
      <author>Abraldes, J. A.</author>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Soares, S.</author>
      <author>Queiroga, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Queiroga, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A drowning episode can occur under many different conditions and unfold in many variable ways (1). The condition (active, passive, unconscious, etc.) and size of the victim, the distance from safety (shore, pool deck, pier, etc), the water conditions (waves, temperature, currents, visibility, wind, etc), the experience, knowledge, skill and fitness of the rescuer, availability of rescue equipment, and other variables, make a swimming rescue a very dangerous enterprise indeed. In fact, a growing number of agencies have removed direct contact swimming rescues from their programs of teaching lifesaving to the general public (possible future bystanders) and relegated them to the training of professional lifeguards (2). Possible future bystanders are thus trained to use only swimming rescue towing techniques involving equipment-either specifically designed rescue equipment or more likely, randomly available objects at hand. The motive of course, is to increase the distance between the rescuer and victim, avoiding direct physical contact. The optimal situation in rescue towing is for the rescuer to be versatile enough to be able to select the most appropriate technique relative to the variables named above. This allows the rescuer to make choices but it also demands a broad spectrum of rescue skills. The inexperienced and less versatile rescuer may have no choice except to attempt the rescue or not to attempt the rescue. The need to use perhaps the only technique which this rescuer has mastered, though inappropriate, may jeopardise the rescue and reduce the chances of success. The needs in real rescue, as described here, are many and varied, and usuallyunpredictable. Appropriate training of the general public includes a variety of techniques and the concomitant knowledge to use them, allowing the rescuer some choice, according to the conditions. Lifesaving competition also involves a variety of techniques. Well over a century old, this form of competition has a history of attempting to simulate real rescue situations. As competition has developed, and among other things, has also created an indoor variation, the competition has become more formal. Complex rules have been established (attempting both fair competition and simulated real rescue). The rules of each event are sufficiently rigid to not allow much choice to the rescuer. The distance is fixed, whether or not fins are to be used, whether or not the simulated victim (mannequin) is submerged, whether a rescue device is to be used, and more, are both specified and known in advance (3). We see immediately that the needs of real rescue and competition rescue are not quite the same (4). They have, however, so much in common that research can help us better understand both. Research will also help us identify both similarities and differences between real rescue and simulated rescue in competition. Given that only a few studies have been conducted on rescue towing there is urgent need for further research (2). Several studies have compared towing with the flutter and dolphin kicks, with and without fins (5,6, 7,8). Some have compared different types of fins (9). Still others have examined towing, including both arm and leg strokes (10,11,12,13,14). While performance with fins has been shown to be superior, the most common situation in real rescue is that fins are not available, and also in competition, some events are specified to be performed without fins. To the best of our knowledge, no study has yet compared the scissors kick to other kicks using the legs only without fins, and while performed in the side lying position.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Abdruckzeit auf die Leistung bei einer flachen Wende</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032678</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032678</guid>
      <author>Alcock, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alcock, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming races, between 20 and 40% of the total event time is spent turning (Thayer & Hay 1984; Blanksby et al. 1998). Therefore turns are an important consideration for performance because an improvement in turning technique could improve event time and placing. Of the four competitive swimming strokes, breaststroke turn times are the slowest and most variable, and Newble (1982) suggested that this was likely a result of the greater technical expertise required. Breaststroke turns also involve longer breakout distances and breakout times compared with the other strokes (Chow et al. 1984). According to the international swimming federation rules for breaststroke, 'After each turn, the swimmer may take one arm stroke completely back to the legs during which the swimmer may be submerged. A single butterfly kick is permitted during the first arm stroke, followed by a breaststroke kick. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands turn inward at the widest part of the second stroke' (FINA 2012, p. 167). The timing and execution of these aspects of the turn could all
affect the final race time. During a breaststroke turn, swimmers push off the wall with both feet which allows them to travel at a higher velocity than they can actually swim the breaststroke. Following the push-off, they adopt their most streamlined position to minimise their drag and rate of deceleration, and thus maintain this higher velocity for as long as possible. Theoretically, the optimal breaststroke pullout is one in which the swimmer maximises the amount of time they travel above the velocity at which they can swim, and minimises the time spent below the velocity at which they can swim breaststroke. This is because if they travel for too long below their average free-swimming velocity, it would be faster for them to be actually swimming. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of the breaststroke pullout on overall turn performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Armzugvortriebs auf die Körperkinematik  während der Fortbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032677</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032677</guid>
      <author>Arelano, R.</author>
      <author>Lopez-Contreras, G.</author>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>Taladriz, S.</author>
      <author>Gomes, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arelano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez-Contreras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taladriz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming propulsion and its effect on body kinematics (displacement, velocity and acceleration) have been studied in different swimming phases (such as pull and push in freestyle) and the resultant changes in the swimmer's body velocity (CM or hip). Sculling is a basic propulsive action with four hand movements: outsweep, supination, insweep and pronation. 3D analysis showed a zigzag path, where hand displacement is mostly forward, with strong hand rotations during the change of direction (Arellano 2011). The in-depth study of this propulsive action includes kinematics of the and, flow visualisation and PIV in the typical situations: hovering and displacement (Arellano & Pardillo 2007). To understand the full effect of propulsion- quasisteady and unsteady (Arellano et al. 2006) we can measure the body displacement produced and its acceleration. This can provide a link between propulsive mechanisms and their effect on the body in a basic and experimentally controlled sculling action, easier to perform than full stroke propulsion. Considering the full body static during the performance of trials (as can be seen in Figure 1), body drag can be obtained, in a similar situation to previous studies on gliding, body drag after the second gliding position of the breaststroke underwater stroke applying inverse dynamics (Vilas-Boas et al. 2010). lt is possible to calculate the resultant force applying the equation P-D=ma (Vogel1994), knowing body acceleration and mass. The aim of the study was to know the effect of sculling propulsion on body kinematics in displacement and hence the resulting force in each propulsive phase of the sculling action.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bedeutung der Schlagasymmetry in sagitaller Ebene für die Delphinbeinschlagleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032676</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032676</guid>
      <author>Atkison, R. R.</author>
      <author>Dickey, J. P.</author>
      <author>Dragunas, A.</author>
      <author>Nolte, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Atkison, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dickey, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dragunas, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nolte, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The underwater dolphin kick is a cyclic motion where the toes oscillate in a regular fashion with one spatial maximum (up-peak) and one spatial minimum (down-peak) in the vertical direction occurring over the course of one cycle. Underwater dolphin kick can be broken down into two phases; the down kick (DK) and upkick (UK). In a ventral body position, the DK is characterised by hip flexion and knee extension and occurs from the up-peak position and ends in the down-peak position; the UK is characterised by hip extension and knee flexion and occurs from the down-peak position and ends in the up-peak position. Kicking symmetry in the UDK is defined as the ability to produce equivalent propulsion during the DK and UK phases. This is accomplished through similar kinematics between the DK and UK phases. Theoretically, symmetry between DK and UK phases should result in more consistent centre of mass (CM) velocity as there are two equivalently propulsive phases, compared with one propulsive and one resistive phase in an asymmetrical kick cycle. In swimming, vortices represent the transfer of momentum from water to body and vice versa, resulting in body acceleration (Ungerechts, Persyn & Col man 1999). Previous studies have demonstrated that efficient swimmers create a large static vortex at the end of the downward kick and a small vortex at the end of the upward kick, whereas inefficient swimmers create small translating vortices at the end of the downward kick and no vortices at the end of upward kick (Arellano 1999; Arellano et al. 2000). Previous studies have compared the kinematics of human undulatory propulsion to the kinematics of dolphins/cetaceans (Ungerechts 1983; Von Loebbecke, Mittal, Fish & Mark 2009a; Von Loebbecke, Mittal, Fish & Mark 2009b). Ungerechts (1983) compared the kinematics of the butterfly stroke with dolphins and found that the primary difference between the human swimmers and dolphins was that dolphins were able to perform symmetrical DK and UK phases; in contrast, the human swimmers were relatively less effective at the UK phase, and he concluded that only swimmers who were able to hyperextend their knees would be able to perform the UK phase effectively. Von Loebbecke et al. (2009a, 2009b) compared the kinematics of the UDK in humans with odontocete cetaceans, finding that humans were less propulsively efficient and slower than cetaceans over the range of kicking frequencies and kicking amplitudes selected by the human swimmers. The differences between humans and cetaceans were attributed to the disadvantageous anatomy and musculature of humans, such as narrow feet and less-flexible joints, which especially limit the performance of the UK phase. Given their anatomical differences, symmetry between the DK and UK phases is an obvious limitation for human swimmers when compared with cetaceans; however, the relationship between kicking symmetry and performance has not been adequately studied in human swimmers. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the kinematics of DK and UK phases and how symmetry between OK and UK is related to performance. Symmetry in this experiment was evaluated by comparing joint marker paths, joint angles, horizontal displacement of the CM, horizontal velocity of the CM, and vertical toe velocities during the DK and UK phases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Atmung auf die Hüftrollasymmetrie im Wettkampfkraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032675</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032675</guid>
      <author>Barber, M. V.</author>
      <author>Barden, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barber, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barden, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Front crawl swimming is a cyclic activity in which swimmers alternate arm and leg movements to create propulsive forces while the body rotates about its longitudinal axis. This motion is referred to as the body roll of the trunk. lt has been suggested that breathing increases body rotation and potentially disrupts the symmetry of the stroke (Psycharakis & Sanders 2008). Inertial sensors are an emerging and accessible technology for quantifying movement in aquatic environments (Bachlin & Troster 2011). Previous studies have suggested that accelerometer derived data for stroke parameters can be as good as or better than data derived from video (Davey, Anderson & James 2008). This study quantified the effect of breathing on hip roll angle using a body-fixed tri-axial accelerometer. Recent studies have shown that velocity and breathing are important factors affecting the degree of body roll during front crawl swimming. These studies have shown that as velocity increases, body roll of the trunk as a single segment decreases (Yanai 2003; Castro, Vilas-Boas & Guimaraes 2005) and that body roll, when the trunk is measured as a single segment (Payton, Bartlett, Baltzopolous & Coombs 1999) and when it is measured separately as hip and shoulder roll (Psycharakis & Sanders 2008), is greater when breathing than when not breathing. A further study by Psycharakis and McCabe (2011) suggested that whilst swimmers roll their shoulders and hips significantly more to the breathing side when breathing than when not breathing, the total body roll angle was not significantly different between breathing and non-breathing trials. The authors suggested that a compensatory strategy exists on non-breathing stroke cycles to maintain a similar total body roll angle to the breathing cycles. One might assume that other cyclic locomotor activities such as walking, running and cycling would display symmetric movement patterns. However, research has shown that a degree of bilateral asymmetry is present in the propulsive forces of running and cycling (Sadeghi, Allard, Prince & La belle 2000; Carpes et al. 2011). In front crawl, a unilateral breathing pattern is inherently asymmetric, as the swimmer will rotate more to the breathing side. In theory, a bilateral breathing pattern should prevent bilateral asymmetry; however, no previous studies have quantified the degree of body roll angle in bilateral and unilateral breathing conditions together. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breathing on body roll angle, specifically hip roll, in elite competitive front crawl swimmers. More specifically, the extent to which hip roll angle and hip roll asymmetry differed between unilateral and bilateral breathing conditions was investigated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung des Wasserfassens im Kraulschwimmen auf die Schulterbelastung, Krafterzeugung und Armsynchronisation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032674</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032674</guid>
      <author>Becker, T.</author>
      <author>Havriluk, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Havriluk, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A previous study showed that immediately after the arm entry, female butterfly swimmers were not efficient in 30% of the stroke cycle because their arms were in a biomechanically disadvantageous position (Becker & Havriluk 2010). The swimmers completed their arm entry with their hands closer to the surface than their shoulders in a position that stressed their shoulders. They generated minimal force until the hands submerged below the level of the shoulders. In a subsequent study on male and female freestyle swimmers (Havriluk & Becker 2011), over half of the swimmers (mostly females) completed the arm entry with their hand closer to the surface than their shoulder in a stressful position similar to butterfly. Given the prevalence of shoulder injuries from butterfly and freestyle (e.g. Hupenthal2006; Rodeo 2011), further examination of the arm entry is appropriate. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of an ineffective arm entry in freestyle and the impact on shoulder stress and force generation. Because of the wasted time from an ineffective arm entry position, the effect on arm synchronisation was also calculated. Due to the previously found gender difference in arm entry, the variables were stratified by gender.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluierung von Wettkampfjammerhosen bei männlichen Kraulschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032673</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032673</guid>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Ramos, R.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Louvet, B.</author>
      <author>Komar, J.</author>
      <author>Chavallard, F.</author>
      <author>Vantorre, J.</author>
      <author>Morio, C.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louvet, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavallard, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vantorre, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morio, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The evolution of rules about competitive swimsuits requires updating current scientific data: for example, the biomechanical and physiological consequences of garments with compressive properties show mixed results (Benjanuvatra et al. 2002; Chollet et al. 2010; Marinho et al. 2012; Tomikawa & Nomura 2009). Indeed, the studies concerning swimsuits are often contradictory and some clarification is needed. Some authors showed no significant reduction in drag and no increase in buoyancy with a Fastskin swimsuit (Roberts et al. 2003; Toussaint et al. 2002) while Chatard and Wilson (2008), comparing a traditional suit, a full-body suit and a waist-to-ankle suit, found significant reduction in passive drag in the latter two. They also showed that Fastskin suits increased distance per stroke, whereas there was no significant difference in stroke rate. Mollendorf et al. (2004) tested several swimsuits and noted some small but significant differences in total drag between these suits. At low speed, pressure drag seemed to be the most important component. At high speed, skin friction drag was increased and pressure drag and wave drag were reduced for two different suits. According to Benjavunatra et al. (2002), Fastskin suits did not increase buoyancy. However, they seemed to significantly decrease active and passive drag forces when towing. In swimming, five criteria can help to define the use of appropriate swimsuits, namely 1) the discipline (e.g. triathlon, long distance, sprintt 2) the gender, 3) the morphological properties of the swimmer, 4) the physical properties of the swimmer (e.g. glide quality, buoyancyL and 5) the evolution of rules regarding these swimsuits (today limited, for men, to jammers). The logic behind using special swimsuits is to improve buoyancy what was argued in the context of triathlon (Hue, Benevante & Chollet 2003). For the same swimming speed, the improvement allowed by these suits effectively reduces the propulsive phases and increases gliding, relationship that is measured by the coordination index (ldC; Chollet, Chalies & Chatard 2000). For the distance of BOOm, this improves swimming coordination of those triathletes wearing the swimsuit (versus triathletes not wearing the swimsuit) by spending more time in non-propulsive glide during the catch phase. Besides, it was shown in a study comprising 9 females and 9 males at 100-m distance race pace (Chollet et al. 2010L that the use of Fastskin swimsuits showed no significant difference in buoyancy, glide or passive hydrostatic torque, but significantly influenced the ldC and resulted in more efficient propulsive actions for the same given speed. Indeed, the Fastskin suit significantly affected the values describing the propulsive phases: the glide phases increased and consequently propulsive phases were reduced. In accordance with previous studies, our analysis confirmed that, at increased speeds, the ldC increases (Chollet et al. 2010). The reduction in ldC with the Fastskin suits was significant for the global analysis, but a closer examination revealed that this was only significant for the 100-m velocity. lt thus appears that, besides the claims of improved buoyancy, the improvements of those new generation suits are greater for high rather than low velocities. One possible interpretation is that the compressive effect of these new suits, by reducing body volume and thus lowering buoyancy, is offset by an improvement of the drag coefficient due to this compression. The effects measured in the older generation suits, which were more useful for long distances and triathlons (Chatard et al. 1995; Hue, Benavente and Chollet 2003; Toussaint et al. 2002), no longer hold for this newest generation. The compression of body volume is thus more useful for high speeds than for slower speeds. After more than 100 world records were broken in 2008, FINA has decided to significantly modify the rules, namely that the swimmers are not allowed anymore to wear full-body, full-legs or polyurethane suits. Moreover, all accredited jammers do not have the same characteristics and their impacts on performance could be different. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare four different competitive jammers relative to the personal usual training swimsuit in well-trained swimmers, based on a large set of different tests.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zweifelhafte Nutzung oder Missbrauch von wissenschaftlichen Informationen im Handel und Strategieplanung am Beispiel des Schwimmanzugs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032672</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032672</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Scafoglieri, A.</author>
      <author>Tesignie, J.</author>
      <author>Cattrysse, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kommerzialisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marketing</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scafoglieri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tesignie, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cattrysse, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regardless the active resistance data acquisition variance between the Marine Test Station (BrusselsWageningen) data, the Swimming Flume (Stockholm) findings, the Measuring Active Drag (MAOAmsterdam), the device for measuring active drag (DAD-Beijing) or the Velocity Perturbation Method (VPM), these approaches do not interfere with the direct obtained values of passive drag e.g. Ds versus Dp and with our laminar and turbulent flow knowledge. The aim of this project is to reevaluate resistance data of the end of previous century in combination with interpretations of the High-Technology swimwear studies (2000-2010). Commercial justifications of Drag-versus morphology data versus the non-dimensional form relation, have been ignored. The continuous body shape deformations at Ds level are subject of a violation of basic hydrodynamic reasoning. The impressive quantity of records with the High-Tech swimwear was probably a sufficient argumenteven misleading-to accept all quality issues claimed by the manufacturer. But why ban High-Tech swimwear which facilitates movement only e.g. the fascia theory. In cycling the aerodynamic outfit and bike design improve performance at a level of seconds and minutes over distance. Nor the High-Tech swimwear, nor the aerodynamics hardware in cycling do overrule the individuals training and performance effort. Dubious argument acceptance or discriminating morality?]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Stellung des Fußes während des Kontaktes mit der Wand auf die Wende im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032671</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032671</guid>
      <author>Cossor, J.</author>
      <author>Slawson, S.</author>
      <author>Conway, P.</author>
      <author>West, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cossor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slawson, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conway, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A waterproofed pressure mat was used to analyse the wall contact phase of freestyle turns by 34 university swimmers to determine the variables on the wall that effect turning performance. Data was analysed as a group of athletes and then divided by gender to see if males and females used the same approach to turning technique with different anthropometry. Foot position and orientation with relation to the surface of the water, wall contact time and maximum depth were related to the criterion measure of Sm Round Trip Time (RTI). Within the group that was tested the only significant correlation (p=O.OS) with turn performance during the wall contact phase was the tuck index (0.330). When the sample was divided by the gender of the swimmer the foot width and orientation were significantly related to the Sm RTI for the males while the Wall Contact Time (WCT). foot height, foot width and tuck index were related to female turn performance. Rotation time, height, mass and tuck index were related with successful turning while future testing should investigate the turning performance freestyle specialist swimmers to determine the impact of foot placement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sollte die Gleitphase bei der Analyse des Rückenstarts berücksichtigt werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032670</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032670</guid>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Morais, S. T.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, S. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to characterise the underwater phase of the backstroke start. Nine highly trained backstroke swimmers performed a maximal 3x15 m of the starting variant with feet parallel and partially emerged and the highest horizontal handgrip. The best 15 m trial was selected for each swimmer. Motion capture system tracked right side markers. Each individual velocity curve was normalised from the immersion until the beginning of the upper limbs propulsion. The velocity at full immersion and at five critical instants of the 1st undulatory underwater cycle was assessed. After the full immersion, swimmers performed a downward kick with lower horizontal and resultant velocity than those displayed at full immersion (1.15±0.18 vs. 2.09±0.26 and 1.62±0.36 vs. 2.39±0.33 m/s, respectively). The transition to the 1st upward kick generated greater horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity than those noted at 1st downward kick (1.79±0.18 vs. 1.15±0.18, -1.23±0.51 vs.-1.0±0.34, 2.14±0.23 vs. 1.62±.36 m/s, respectively). Compared to the 1st upward kick, swimmers displayed lower horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity at the 1st part of the transition from the 1st up to the 2nd downward kick {1.67±0.15 vs. 1.79±0.18, -0.29±0.21 vs. -1.23±.51, 1.73±0.13 vs. 2.14±0.23 m/s, respectively). Lower horizontal and resultant velocity was observed at the 2nd downward kick compared to the 2nd part of the transition from the 1st up to 2nd downward kick (0.96±0.22 vs. 1.68±0.14, 1.14±0.30 vs. 1.70±0.15 m/s, respectively). Subsequently to the full immersion, a downward kick was performed implying the swimmers' deceleration, which was minimised by continued undulatory underwater cycles. These findings highlighted the absence of the gliding phase during the backstroke start.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der langsamen Komponente der Sauerstoffaufnahme während eines ansteigenden Schwimmtests</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032669</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032669</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study analysed the oxygen uptake slow component (V02scl of front crawl swimming along an incremental swimming protocol, using a multi-exponential function. Eleven well-trained swimmers (20.4±2.5 yrs, 1.80±0.06 m and 74.1±4.12 kg) performed a front crawl incremental protocol of 7x300 m until exhaustion (with increments of O.OSm/s and 30s rest intervals between steps). V02 was collected breath by breath using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2) connected to the new AquaTrainer respiratory snorkel (both from Cosmed, Italy). V02sc was assessed using a double exponential regression model with exponential terms amplitudes, time delays and time constants representing the V02 kinetics fast (1) and slow (2) components. In addition, the calculation of the V02sc values through the fixed interval method was also conducted by subtracting the average V02 observed in the last 40s of each step by the average V02 observed in the 3rd m in of exercise. A paired T-test was used to compare both methods along the incremental test (p s; 0.05). The multi-exponential model showed that the V02sc was above 200 mL/min from the 5th until the 7th step of the incremental protocol, i.e., intensities above the anaerobic threshold. Differences were observed in mean values of V02sc obtained by the mathematical modelling and the fixed interval method in every step of the protocol (P 5 0.05, d > 0. 76). lt was concluded that in well-trained front crawl swimmers V02sc exists in a significant faction at exercise intensities above the anaerobic threshold. This means that at heavy and severe swimming intensities (i.e., above the anaerobic threshold and above the velocity that elicits the V02max, respectively) the higher work rates implied the recruitment of faster but easily fatigable fibres, which could lead to less efficient processes, and consequently, to higher V025c mean values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verändern sich die räumlich-zeitlichen und physiologischen Variablen bei Ausbelastungen im Freistilschwimmen mit Flossen?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032668</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032668</guid>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Franken, M.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franken, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Fins are used in swimming training sessions for different purposes. The aim of this study was to identify and to compare the spatiotemporal and physiological parameters obtained with and without fins of 488 cm 2 area in maximal intensities of front crawl swimming. Eleven male swimmers performed two 50 m all-out in front crawl stroke, with (WF) and without fins (WOF). Swimming velocity (SV), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), duration of stroke phases (A, B, C, D, propulsive and not propulsive on breathing side and opposite to breathing side) and index of coordination on both, breathing (ldC 1) and opposite of breathing side (ldC 2), number of kicks (NF), right feet deep (FRD) and left feet deep (FLD) were obtained by manuals time keepers and camcorders (60Hz). Lactate concentration [LA) and perceived exertion (PE) were assessed. Foots area were estimated. Fins increased 25% of the foot's area compared to WOF. An increase in SV was observed when compared WP to WOF. With the use of fins athletes can perform greater propulsive forces due greater contact area with the water in comparison to the area of the foot, increasing (1) propulsive momentum, (2) volume of water displacement and (3) body alignment. Fins with area of 488 cm 2 may cause limited alterations in spatia-temporal parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamische Qualitätsfaktoren als objektive und quantitative Merkmale der Bewertung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032667</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032667</guid>
      <author>Dyshko, B. A.</author>
      <author>Kochergin, A. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dyshko, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kochergin, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Stroke efficiency is determined by its compliance with solvable tasks and high final result, level of athlete's physical, tactical and psychological skills. Stroke efficiency is estimated and controlled in real training and competitive exercises using the methodology estimating the travel speed of the common center of mass of athlete's body (CCMAB) or the methodology of evaluation of the dynamics of closed cycle speed [1,2,5-7]. Closed cycle speed (CCS) of CCMAB travel is characterised by Vmax,m/s- maximal values of swimming CCS in one cycle, Vm;n, m/s- minimal value of swimming CCS in one cycle and alternation of acceleration and inhibitory phases (Fig. 1). CCS of CCMAB in swimming is known [2, 5-7] to change according to the quasiperiodic law, providing the opportunity to involve some conditions of mathematical apparatus of the vibration theory to estimate stroke efficiency in real movements (3]. The energy efficiency of the quasiperiodic process is estimated by the quality of the oscillating system Q. Quantitatively the quality Q is equal to the ratio of energy saved in the system and the value of energy lost in one period of oscillations, multiplied by 2n: [4]. The quality of the quasiperiodic process we study can be determined using the above mentioned definition of the quality of oscillating system as a ratio of energy saved in the system and energy used within one period of oscillations (without regard of the constant factor 2rr). Since energy is definitely related to the squared travel velocity, in our case quality is equal to K=Vmax^2/(Vmax^2-Vmin^2) where: Vmax, m/s-maximum CCS in one swimming cycle; Vmin, m/s-minimum CCS in one swimming cycle. We called the obtained characteristics 'hydrodynamic quality coefficient' (HQC) or hydrodynamic quality Q. lt is known [2, 6] that stroke is more efficient when the difference between Vmax and Vmin is smaller. So, the less different Vmax and V m in are, the higher HQC is, the less energy is required to maintain the high average speed of swimming, the more effective athlete's stroke is. The aim of research was the development and the approbation of the biomechanical characteristics for a quantitative assessment of swimming technique from of the energy efficiency position]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsverhalten während der Eintauchphase von Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032666</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032666</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For years, allusions to the particular importance of the entry and underwater phase for the swim start have been a topic of interest in the swimming literature (Guimaraes & Hay 1985; Bonnar 2001; Cossor & Mason 2001; Vilas-Boas et al. 2003). Based on Guimaraes and Hay (1985) the movement phases during the swim start can be structured by the block-, flight-, and water-phase. Maglischo (2003) additionally subdivided the water-phase into the entry, gliding, and emersion-phase. Guimaraes and Hay (1985) point out that 95% of the variance in the performance of the start can be explained by differences in the gliding phase (consisting of entry, gliding and emersion phase). In this regard, the gliding phase and the emersion phase have been investigated by several authors (Lyttle et al. 1999; Pereira et al. 2006; Elipot et al. 2009; Marinho et al. 2009; Elipot et al. 2010; Vantorre et al. 2010). In addition, there are various studies exhibiting that differences between starting techniques during the take-off phase do not necessarily result in different swim start times (Mclean et al. 2000; Vilas-Boas et al. 2003; Welcher et al. 2008; Vint et al. 2009; Biel et al. 2010). In these studies, none of the variables representing the take-off on the block, the flight phase, or the gliding phase could account completely for the variance found in the swim start times. Based on these findings, the special importance of the entry phase was derived. Similarly, Sanders and Byatt-Smith (2001) and Sanders and Bonnar (2004) argue that, concerning the overall start performance, a greater emphasis should be given to the entry phase when compared to the take-off phase. Remarkably, so far, no study has addressed the issue of the optimal movement behavior during the entry phase. However, speculations have been published on whether the pike or the flat dive would be more beneficial to the swim start performance (Maglischo 2003). For the entry phase, several variables have been investigated. These variables relate to the entry angle (Holthe & Mclean 2001;. Vilas-Boas et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2003; Gu, Tsai & Huang 2003; Kibele & Fischer 2009), the hip-angle at water entry (Kibele et al. 2007; Kibele & Fischer 2009), and the angle of attack (Gu et al. 2003). Studies that ascribe benefits to the flat dive (Counsilman et al. 1988; Kirner et al. 1989) contrast other studies showing advantages for a pike dive (Mills & Gehlsen 1996). Other studies did not find any differences between the two entry variants (Hobbie 1980; Holthe & Mclean 2001; Gu et al. 2003; Fischer & Kibele 2009). Due to the different methodological approaches used to assess the entry angle the studies published on the entry behavior cannot be properly compared (Guimaraes & Hay 1985; Gu et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2003; Kibele et al. 2007; Fischer & Kibele 2009). In addition to differences between methodological approaches, kinematic parameters representing the entry behavior are difficult to assess as air particles are swept along the body surface distorting visibility in the video analysis. Until recently, this problem remained unresolved. However, using a now analysis tool'algorithm for the determination of body segment coordinates under blurred visual conditions' the kinematic data of the movement behavior during entry can be analyzed (Kibele & Fischer 2009; Fischer 2013) The objectives of this study were (a) to derive key parameters for the analysis of the entry phase and (b) to identify different movement strategies for the entry phase based on these parameters. We hypothesised that, in addition to the previously known strategies for the entry behavior ('pike vs.flat'), further movement possibilities exist.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer neuen Technik zur Bestimmung des aktiven Widerstands</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032665</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032665</guid>
      <author>Hazrati, P.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, P. J.</author>
      <author>Sacilotto, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hazrati, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation aimed to develop a new technique for the estimation of active drag in front crawl swimming at the swimmer's maximum swim speed, while allowing for intra stroke velocity fluctuation. This new resisted technique was developed using similar assumptions to that of the Velocity Perturbation Method (VPM) of Kolmogorov & Duplishcheva (1992). The investigation included twelve national and international male swimmers who were asked to perform two maximum effort free swim trials, two passive and two active drag trials. The data required for the calculation of active drag were maximum swim speed, which was derived from the free swim trials, and a force set between 4 to 10 N and which was dependent upon the mean value of passive drag. Mean active drag ranged from 68 to 123.2 N in front crawl. The mean active drag values found in this investigation were in agreement with those previously reported by Kolmogorov & Duplishcheva (1992) and Wang et al. (2007). These three techniques using resisted swimming (VPM, Wang et al. and the current study) provided similar values for mean active drag to one another.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reduzierung des Widerstands durch wellenförmiges Schwimmen unter Wasser? Ein experimenteller und numerischer Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032664</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032664</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Pacholak, S.</author>
      <author>Brücker, C.</author>
      <author>Siebert, T.</author>
      <author>Blickhan, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pacholak, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brücker, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siebert, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blickhan, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[From fish locomotion we learned that low drag values can be achieved during active propulsion. Thereby a carefully adjusted traveling body wave pumps the fluid caudally. Similar to an active flapping plate (Taneda & Tomonari 1974) the usage of a sophisticated body movement reduces and partly prevents the flow separation along the body (e.g., Anderson et al. 2001). The fish use the tail fin to control the generated vortices (Anderson et al. 1998). Despite of the anatomical limitations of the human body (non-smooth and segmented body with limited flexibility) swimmers try to copy successful strategies such as undulatory swimming from fish locomotion. Moreover, it is still unclear whether and, if yes, to what extend the human swimmers are able to reduce drag values during the underwater phases after start and turn. One possibility to investigate this question is to compare passive drag (during gliding) and active drag (during active propulsion). Passive drag can be determined by measuring deceleration or by measuring the force by pulling a subject. Due to the intertwining of drag and propulsion in swimming there is no satisfactory method for a direct experimental determination of active drag. Only for front crawl swimming it is possible to judge active drag by the MAD-system (Measure Active Drag; Hollander et al. 1986). However, this method is not suitable for undulatory swimming. This requires the usage of more complex tools such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (e.g., Matsuuchi et al. 2009; Hochstein & Blickhan 2011) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD, e.g. von loebbecke et al. 2009; Cohen et al. 2012; Hochstein et al. 2012). The latter provides forces on the moving swimmer during a kick cycle (e.g., von loebbecke et al. 2009). Net forces on the undulating swimmer have been elegantly calculated using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (Cohen et al. 2012). There was no attempt to calculate the drag coefficient during undulatory swimming and the previous CFD studies are not validated. The main goal of this paper is to calculate the drag coefficient during gliding and during active undulatory swimming using numerical flow simulations of a scanned female swimmer and to check whether the swimmer is able to swim with drag coefficients comparable to those for gliding. The presented work only considers the local experimental flow fields with the aim to validate the numerical calculations. The used numerical simulations are the first which were partly validated by the qualitative comparison with the experimental flow field of the same swimmer with identical kinematics. With the local vortices, it is possible to estimate the amount and the loss of the transferred momentum.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Armzug- und Rolltechniken während der Abdruckbewegung im Synchronschwimmen auf der Grundlage dreidimensionaler Bewegungsanalysen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032663</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032663</guid>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Nakagawa, K.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakagawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The thrust movements both under and above water of nine top-level synchronised swimmers were analysed using 3D DL T method. Peak height, height of shoulder, elbow and wrist, unroll time, sculling time, maximum vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity, wrist velocity, hip and shoulder angle are analysed as kinematic parameters. Since the peak height index (peak height/body height) and the maximum vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity were related significantly, it is necessary to increase the vertical velocity of the body's centre of gravity in order to increase the peak height. Swimmers with a high peak height index demonstrated a shorter unroll time with a quick extension of the hips. Furthermore, in sculling, the arm's position was maintained near the surface of the water during the arms pull phase. The arm's position was closer to the water surface with a higher vertical velocity of the wrists during the arms turn. lt was found that important techniques to improve peak height in thrust movement, are to unroll with a shorter time, and to not lower the arms at the beginning of thrust movement and to turn arms rapidly and catch the water closer to the surface with horizontal forearms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede der hydrodynamischen Kraftwirkung auf den Fuß zwischen 6er- und Flatter-Beinschlag im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032662</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032662</guid>
      <author>Ichikawa, H.</author>
      <author>Kuriki, A.</author>
      <author>Taba, S.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuriki, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taba, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamic difference between six-beat kick in front crawl swimming and flutter kick without rolling of the whole body. The subject was a male college swimmer. Two pairs of small pressure sensors were attached on the dorsal and plantar sides of both of the swimmer's feet during trials, which involved flutter kick while holding a kickboard and six-beat crawl swimming. The motion of the swimmer's right leg and arm was recorded using an underwater video camera during the trials. In the six-beat trials, the positive and negative peak values of the difference of pressure between dorsal and plantar sides were not similar in the three downbeats and upbeats during one stroke cycle. lt was suggested that there were hydrodynamic differences between flutter kick and six-beat kick in front crawl swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der individuellen Startstellung beim Schwimmstart auf dem Startblock OSB11</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032661</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032661</guid>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <author>Biel, K.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Biel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate systematic variations of the preferred stance of elite swimmers in relation to their swim start performance on the OSB11. Variations of the preferred stance were examined regarding the front leg (left vs. right), the centre of mass height (low vs. high), the stance width (narrow vs. wide), and a rear vs. a front weighted stance. Two thirds of the subjects displayed either improvements or no changes in swim start performances through stance variations of their preferred stance configuration. For half of the subjects, at least one stance alternative provided a better swim start time than the preferred stance. The average improvements in the swim start performance were found to be 0,06s with extreme values as large as 0,14s. The majority of the swim start improvements were associated with a front weighted stance, a decreased foot distance and an elevated centre of mass position. For this stance configuration, shorter block times were observed. In this regard, it is assumed that short block times are essential for the swim start performance on the OSBll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der Zugtechnik von erfahrenen Schwimmern zur Erzeugung des Handvortriebs zwischen Kraul- und Schmetterlingsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032660</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032660</guid>
      <author>Kudo, S.</author>
      <author>Miwa, T.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kudo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miwa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The arm movement of the front crawl stroke consists of an entry, a down sweep, an in sweep, an upsweep, a release and a recovery while the arm movement of the butterfly consists of an entry, an outsweep, an insweep, an upsweep, a release and a recovery (Maglischo 1993). Both swimming strokes of the front crawl stroke and the butterfly have the insweep and the upsweep phases, which are the main the propulsive phases for both swimming strokes. The front crawl stroke is the fastest stroke among the four competitive strokes, and the butterfly is the second fastest stroke. The butterfly may be considered as the symmetrical stroke of the front crawl stroke in terms of the two stroke phases. Thus, a good front craw stroke swimmer seems to be a good butterfly swimmer. However, the stroke technique to exert hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke is different from the one for the butterfly because the butterfly involves the movement of trunk undulation. The dynamic pressure approach has been developed to quantify hand propulsion exerted by a swimmer, and the hand propulsive technique of skilled sprint-crawl swimmers was re-evaluated (Kudo & Lee 2010; Kudo, Miwa & Sakurai 2013). The dynamic pressure approach also provides information of the hand propulsive drag and lift. By quantifying hand propulsion due to drag and lift forces, hand displacement, velocity and acceleration, we can analyse the detail of hand propulsive technique. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate if the hand propulsive technique of the front crawl stroke was different from the one for the butterfly using the dynamic pressure approach.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drei verschiedene Berechnungen des unmittelbaren aktiven Widerstandsprofils eines Schwimmers und damit einhergehende Veränderungen der Parameterwerte</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032659</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032659</guid>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Sacilotto, G. B.</author>
      <author>Hazrati, P.</author>
      <author>Franco, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sacilotto, G. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hazrati, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franco, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Australian Institute of Sport has developed a free swim analysis system called the Assisted Towing Method (ATM), designed to estimate a swimmer's instantaneous whole body active drag force profile at the swimmer's maximum swim velocity. From the swimmer's active drag profile and acceleration profile, the propulsive force profile may also be computed (Mason et al. 2012). The resultant or net force profile for the swimmer may then be computed as the sum of both the predominantly negative active drag and the predominantly positive propulsive force profile. These three profiles may then be used to assist in the biomechanical assessment of the swimmer's free swimming technique. Two major research systems have previously investigated the active drag experience by a swimmer. The first of these was the Measurement of Active Drag (MAD) system in which the swimmer pulled on levers under the water to propel himself. The levers were mechanically linked to a force transducer (Toussaint et al. 2004). This provided a mean propulsive force value which automatically equated to a mean active drag force value. The second system developed was the velocity perturbation method (VPM) in which the swimmer swam twice at maximum speed, once towing and being resisted by a hydrodynamic body and then again without the hydrodynamic body attached (Kolmogorov et al. 1992). Through a computation using the two mean swim velocity values and the mean resistance force value of the hydrodynamic body, a mean active drag force value at the swimmer's maximum swim velocity was able to be computed. The ATM method involves towing the swimmer at a five to eight percent greater speed than the swimmer's maximum swimming velocity, utilising a tow which allows a swimmer's natural intra stroke velocity fluctuations to occur. The swimmer must apply equal mean maximum power and use a similar swimming technique in both the assisted swim with the tow and the unassisted swim, as well as maintain a mean constant speed throughout both conditions. The varying drag force as measured with the force platform and the two varying velocity profiles obtained from the dynamometer are used in the computation of active drag. The drag force and velocity parameters are sampled over four freestyle strokes, commencing with a right hand entry after the swimmer has attained the set mean tow velocity. A cubic function obtained by using the maximum swim velocity and the tow velocity is used to compute the swimmer's active drag parameter by multiplying the drag force profile by this cubic function (Mason et al. 2011). In this research project three different calculations were made. In the first calculation, just the two mean velocities (maximum swim velocity and tow velocity) are used in the cubic function. In the second calculation the two instantaneous variable velocities are used. In the third calculation an additional factor incorporating the acceleration profile is applied to the second calculation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnitt- und konfirmatorische Bewertung der Leistung von jungen Schwimmern und deren bestimmende Faktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032658</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032658</guid>
      <author>Morais, J. E.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längsschnittuntersuchung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morais, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Latent growth curve modeling is a structural equation modeling technique for longitudinal dataset. lt is a confirmatory data analysis procedure to learn about the variations of an endogenous variable over time. The technique is characterised by estimating intra- and inter-individual growth trajectories enabling researchers to predict future development. This modelling procedure has been applied in other scientific fields, such as Social Sciences but never attempted before in Sport Sciences or sports performance as much as we are aware of. Indeed, all structural equation models reported in the sports performance literature were developed from cross-sectional data (e.g. Morais et al. 2012; Barbosa et al. 2010). Swimming performance is a multi-factorial phenomenon, where the interactions between several exogenous variables determine the endogenous one. Young swimmers' performance is strongly related to the kinematics (e.g. Uitt et al. 2009; Morais et al. 2012) and hydrodynamics (e.g. Toussaint et al. 1990; Marinho et al. 2010; Saavedra et al. 2010). A few follow-up and tracking studies suggested that at different moments of a season, performance would be mostly dependent from different determinant factors (e.g. Mora is et al. 2013). Nevertheless, until now such relationship was never modeled. The aim of this research was to compute a latent growth curve model for young swimmers' performance and its biomechanical determinant factors. lt was hypothesised that different exogenous variables would have the main direct effect on the performance improvement (endogenous variable) over time.]]></content:encoded>
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