<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/bms/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Ergebnis für </title>
    <description>Treffer 451 - 500 von 1434</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=10&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>1434</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>450</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur ersten Seite springen" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur vorherigen Seite" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=9&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur nächsten Seite" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=11&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur letzten Seite springen" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=29&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=10&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Wettkampfparameter während und zwischen den Wettkämpfen von Schwimmern mit geistiger Behinderung</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2008 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041334</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041334</guid>
      <author>Einarsson, I. P.</author>
      <author>Jóhannsson, E.</author>
      <author>Daly, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Einarsson, I. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jóhannsson, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daly, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine the variability of diverse aspects of freestyle race performance in swimmers with intellectual disability (ID). Sixteen competitors (8 ID and 8 without ID) swam three 200-m freestyle races in competition over a 4 month period. Both groups had similar training background and competitive experience. ID swimmers showed a greater between race variability than the control group in end result (9.9% vs. 6.3% for WID) and mid-pool swimming speed. They also showed a greater variation in the relationship between change in Stroke Rate and change in swimming speed. ID swimmers swam slower and had not only a shorter Stroke Length but also lower Stroke Rate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserkompetenz: neue Einblicke in das Schwimmen und Ertrinken</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041543</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041543</guid>
      <author>Langendorfer, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Langendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Langendorfer and Bruya (1995) originally proposed 'water competence' as a gender-inclusive alternative to 'watermanship', to describe aquatic expertise broadly conceived. Other authors (e.g., Stallman, et al. 2008; Moran, et al. 2011) have suggested water competence as minimum performance required to reduce drowning risk. I propose that contemporary science requires envisioning human aquatic performance, learning, and instruction uniquely by associating water competence with five key principles: 1) dynamic; 2) individual; 3) task-related; 4) contextualprobabilistic; and 5) developmental. lt is critical to view water competence dynamically, specifically using Newell's (1986) constraints model, rather than from static 'ability' conceptions. Water competence views efficient and effective control and coordination of aquatic tasks as resultant of interactive relationships among individuals' personal characteristics, specific aquatic environments in which persons find themselves, and unique task demands required. The dynamic developmental view argues against a unitary approach to swimming instruction or to drowning prevention efforts. lt should embrace the notion that individual capabilities emerge in semi-predictable orders across the lifespan as well as moment to moment and from one aquatic situation to the next. Because it recognises the complexity of water competence, I argue for engaging lines of scientific 'strong inference' (Piatt 1964) to explore how persons, aquatic environments, and task demands interact, while searching for the existence of lawful, yet heuristic, principles by which to guide our clinical and professional behaviors in swimming and aquatics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Herzfrequenz beim Kopfstand im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041544</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041544</guid>
      <author>Onodera, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, A.</author>
      <author>Hayashi, S.</author>
      <author>Saito, T.</author>
      <author>Wada, T.</author>
      <author>Murata, M.</author>
      <author>Tsuchida, Y.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, V.</author>
      <author>Goto, M.</author>
      <author>Takagi, Y.</author>
      <author>Nose, Y.</author>
      <author>Takahara, T.</author>
      <author>Kawano, H.</author>
      <author>Nishimura, K.</author>
      <author>Kremenik, M. J.</author>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Handstand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Onodera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hayashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuchida, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nose, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahara, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawano, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremenik, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A previous study showed that heart rate (HR) significantly decreased during standing while in water, and that the phenomenon depended on the depth of immersion. A headstand posture is often assumed during synchronised swimming. However, it is uncertain whether changes in HR during a headstand position in water are the same as those while in a standing position. In this study, we determined the changes in HR during a headstand posture in water. Ten healthy Japanese males volunteered for this study and provided their informed consent prior to their participation. Measurements were conducted under two conditions, on land and in water, in a random order. Each subject maintained a headstand position on land or in a swimming pool for one min. While in water, the subjects breathed through a compressed gas cylinder used for scuba diving. Water depth was set at a subject's waist level. Water and room temperatures were maintained at 30°C and 28°C, respectively. HR was continuously measured using a waterproof HR monitor. HR rapidly decreased within 18 seconds from the beginning of a headstand posture while in water and was subsequently maintained at a steady state. The changes in HR while in the water were statistically significant interaction (by Repeated two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). By comparison, HR responses while on land decreased until18 seconds and then showed a minimal increase. HR when in water (55± 5 bpm) was significantly lower than when on land (68 ± 7 bp m; p < 0.05). Our results showed that HR decreased during a headstand while in water, which could be attributed to the diving reflex and an increase in venous return.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jan Swammerdam. Duchenne de Boulogne .. Leon Levillie ...  oder Wie die Bewegungswissenschaft zu einer multidisziplinären Wissenschaft wurde</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041545</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041545</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorwort</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041546</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041546</guid>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Marques, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marques, A.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterwasser-Wellenbewegung: Untersuchung von Frequenz, Amplitude und Phasenmerkmalen der "Körperwelle"</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041547</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041547</guid>
      <author>Gavihin, A.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gavihin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to analyze wave motions of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) and to compare these whip-like actions with previous studies developed in butterfly and breaststroke. UUS is characterized by vertical displacements of the body parts such that a wave progresses along the body with most of its power contained in a single sinusoidal harmonic (Hl). Progression of the H1 wave from hip to ankle raises the possibility that energy is transmitted along the whole body in butterfly swimming and from the hips in USS. In UUS
upper body segment movements were not part of the body wave and would be used to stabilize position. Increasing values of vertical velocities caudally from hip to knees to ankles appears to be related to maximising horizontal velocity of the CM in UUS. A future analysis of the wake structure generated by UUS and its relationship to wave characteristics seems a logical step for further understanding propulsive mechanisms in UUS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematik der Atmung im Freistilschwimmen und direkte Auswirkungen auf das Tempo</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041548</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041548</guid>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <author>Guimaräes, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guimaräes, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselparametern und Armzugtechnik im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 1996 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041553</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4041553</guid>
      <author>Wakayoshi, K.</author>
      <author>D'Acquiato, J.</author>
      <author>Cappaert, J. M.</author>
      <author>Troup, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wakayoshi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>D'Acquiato, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cappaert, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Troup, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physiological parameters and stroking technique characteristics in front crawl. Subjects performed a swimming economy test for determination of steady-state oxygen uptake (V02) and an incremental swim test to volitional exhaustion for determination of peak aerobic power . (V02peak). Two additional swim efforts were performed at velocities corresponding to 80 and 1000/oV02peak (V80%V02peak and V100%V02peak). Stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (VOBLA) were determined to assess stroking technique and endurance ability. For each sub-maximal effort, SL and SR remained unchanged throughout the six minute swim, and V02 was found to reach steady-state levels. During the 80 and 1 000/o V02peak swims, SL and SR showed significant decreases and increases, respectively. V02 increased significantly throughout the 80 and 100% V02peak swims. Lactate threshold (LT) corresponded to an average velocity of 1.3 m/sand a mean VOBLA of 1.423±0.017 m/s. These results suggest that stroking technique remained unchanged during swimming activities corresponding to aerobic intensities, but changes in swimming mechanics occurred in order to maintain pace at anaerobic workloads.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genesis von Seitenunterschieden bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4038646</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4038646</guid>
      <author>Witt, M.</author>
      <author>Hermsdorf, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Witt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermsdorf, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION
In swimming evenly distributed movements are performed by the limbs. Nevertheless differences in the motion of the left and right body side are to be observed frequently. These effects are strongly related with breathing and lead to necessary correction movements, without a propulsion effect. A goal of the investigation was to quantify the energetic causes of these side differences.

METHODS
For the evaluation of the side differences we analyzed specific power tests for upper limbs of 1 or 2 min duration (freestyle/butterfly stroke) on a rope pulling ergometer. 82 tests (43 male and 39 female subjects) were included into our investigation.In addition 22 of the freestyle swimmers also participated in a three-dimensional trunk force test (Pegasus, BfMC Leipzig).
RESULTS
We found significant side differences in the dynamic parameters power, strength and maximum speed of both strokes.While the side differences in the butterfly stroke were generatedby differing stroke length, different stroke duration was the reason for the differences in freestyle stroke. The results of a trunk force test with the freestyle swimmers proved a significant correlation between the results on the rope pulling ergometer and the trunk strength in the frontal direction
DISCUSSION
The results show the relation of the higher dynamic parameters in the cyclic movement with a better stabilization of the trunk on the contra lateral side. This result stresses the importance of trunk muscles for the transmission of the generated momentums from the limbs to the overall system especially for freestyle sprinters. The conclusions for training practice of these results are a high-quality trunk muscle training as well as the control of an effective breathing technology in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des passiven Wellenwiderstands eines Schwimmers mittels experimentellen Daten und computergestützter Simulation der numerischen Strömungsmechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032625</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032625</guid>
      <author>Banks, J.</author>
      <author>James, M.</author>
      <author>Hudson, D.</author>
      <author>Taunton, D.</author>
      <author>Turnock, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Banks, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hudson, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taunton, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turnock, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The passive resistance of a swimmer on the free surface has previously been researched experimentally. The contribution of wave resistance to total drag for a swimmer with a velocity around 2.0 m.s- 1 was found to vary from 5% for Vorontsov and Rumyantsev (2000), to 21% for Toussaint et al. (2002) and up to 60% according to Vennell et al. (2006). The exact resistance breakdown of a swimmer remains unknown due to difficulties in the direct measurement of wave resistance. As noted by Sato and Hino (2010), this lack of experimental data makes it difficult to validate numerical simulations of swimmers on the free surface. This study is therefore aimed at presenting direct measurements of a swimmer's total drag and wave resistance, along with the longitudinal wave cuts which may be used to validate numerical simulations. In this paper, experimental data of a swimmer's resistance are presented at two different velocities (case 1 = 1.7 m/s and case 2 = 2.1 m/s ). Total drag was measured using force block dynamometers mounted on a custom-built tow rig (Webb et al. 2011). Moreover, a longitudinal wave cut method was used to directly evaluate wave resistance (Eggers 1955). The two conditions tested were simulated using the open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code Open FOAM (Open FOAM® (2013)). The body geometry is a generic human form, morphed into the correct attitude and depth using the above- and under-water video footage recorded during the experiment. 3D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations were performed using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to solve the air-water interface. A similar numerical technique was used by Banks (2013a) to assess the passive resistance of a swimmer. Two cases were simulated and the error in total drag compared to the experimental data was found to be 1% and 22% respectively. In this paper, the resistance components over a swimmer's typical range of speeds are investigated and compared with the experimental data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerische Strömungsmechanik des stromlinienförmigen Gleitens und des Freistil-Beinschlags in verschiedenen Wassertiefen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032624</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032624</guid>
      <author>Lyttle, A.</author>
      <author>Keys, M.</author>
      <author>Cheng, L.</author>
      <author>Blanksby, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lyttle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keys, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanksby, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows simulation of complex fluid flow regimes and geometry to overcome limitations with current empirical testing techniques. The CFD model can predict net propulsion or net drag of each body segment when gliding and kicking. Thus, one can determine the differences between the forces on body components at depth and the surface. This study aimed to predict how and where changes in net forces of a swimmer gliding and kicking at the water surface compared with being fully submerged. These analyses increased our technical understanding regarding net forces produced during gliding and freestyle kicking; and reported large differences in forces on various body components when fully submerged and at the air-water interface.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Sprungzeitpunkts auf die erreichte Höhe bei Hebefiguren im Synchronschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032623</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032623</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Hatakeyama, G.</author>
      <author>Homma, Mi.</author>
      <author>Ito, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hatakeyama, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Homma, Mi.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of jumping timing on resultant height for lift in synchronised swimming by means of the computer simulation. The lift by four swimmers, which consists of one upper, one middle and two lower swimmers in the formation was analyzed in the present study. The body geometries and joint motions of the swimmers were put into the simulation model. The equations of motion for the translational movements of the four swimmers were solved computationally, and the jumping height of the upper swimmer was obtained. By virtually changing the timing of motion among swimmers in the simulation, a parameter study about the effect of jumping timing on resultant height was carried out. From the parameter study, following findings were obtained: lt is important to synchronise the jumping motions of the upper and middle swimmers. Both the earlier and later jumps by the upper swimmer result lower jumping height. The gain due to the synchronisation is 0.5-0.7 m. The synchronised motion causes significant increase in the hip joint torque of the upper swimmer. This increase, however, can be reduced by taking an appropriate position during jumping motion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unregelmäßige hydrodynamische Kräfte auf einen Roboterarm und dessen Strömungsfeld während des Kraulenschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032622</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032622</guid>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Ozaki, T.</author>
      <author>Matsuuchi, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozaki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsuuchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The importance of unsteady phenomena in human swimming has been emphasised in previous studies (Sanders 1999; Toussaint et al. 2002), hence we know that quasi-steady hydrodynamic theory is insufficient to describe the mechanisms by which humans propel themselves through water. To address such problems, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), including the effects of unsteady fluid flow, has been making a major contribution to understanding hydrodynamic phenomenon when the swimmer was moving actively either on the surface or underwater (Von Loebbecke et al. 2009; Dabnichki 2011). Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has also proven to be a powerful tool for measuring the actual flow fields around human swimmers. Based on PIV measurements, Matsuuchi et al. (2009) have reported that a pair of counter-rotating vortices might play an important role in generating unsteady fluid forces, and Hochstein and Blickhan (2011) have found that vortices generated in the region of strongly flexing joints are suitable to enhance propulsion; this process is known as vortex recapturing. Combining the results from CFD and PIV should help in visually and theoretically understanding complicated hydrodynamic mechanisms. However, actual experiment data, such as for forces and pressures, are also valuable for verifying CFD results and interpreting PIV images. Therefore, in a previous study, we conducted experiments in which we directly measured hydrodynamic forces, pressure distributions, and flow fields around a hand attached to a robotic arm (Takagi et al. 2013). In that work, simple 2D hand motions were the subject for study; nevertheless, a significant unsteady hydrodynamic phenomenon was observed that reveals the behavior of certain kinds of vortices play an essential role in generating substantial unsteady hydrodynamic forces. In this study, we used a robotic arm and PIV to clarify the mechanisms by which unsteady forces are generated during 3D crawl-stroke-motions. By analyzing the 3D motions, it is expected that actual propelling mechanisms can be elucidated and the findings will contribute to an improvement of swimmers' technique.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ventilationsdynamik während des Schwimmens mit Wettkampfgeschwindigkeit bei Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032621</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032621</guid>
      <author>Päivinen, M. K.</author>
      <author>Keskinen, K. L.</author>
      <author>Tikkanen, H. O.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Päivinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keskinen, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tikkanen, H. O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Respiratory symptoms are common among competitive swimmers. The most respiratory symptoms have been reported during very hard, race pace swimming. lt has been suggested that extreme strain with high pulmonary load would have an effect on development of sthmatic symptoms among athletes. The aim of the study was to examine pulmonary ventilation during very hard intensity, race pace swimming in elite competitive swimmers. 
Methods: Fourteen healthy elite swimmers, 7 females and 7 males, 18 years old, with training history of 9 years on the average were studied. Maximal ventilation (VEmax) was measured breath-by-breath during race-pace swimming. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) was measured on land (L) and in water (W) in prone swimming body position. MVV was also estimated (cMVV) by calculating 35·FEV 1 on Land W. Measurements were performed by portable Cosmed K4b 2 analyzer. Snorkel build for swimming testing was attached to the breathing valve. 
Results: During the swim, VEmax was 106 (4) l·min-1in females and 136 (14) l·min-1in males. Breathing reserve (Br) was 27% in females and 25% in males when LcMVV. However with WcMVV, Br decreased to 24% in females and 20% in males in comparison to LcMVV. When pooled data on LMVV, WMVV, LcMVV and WcMVV were examined, WMVV correlated the most with VEmax. During the race pace
swim VEmax reached 76% in females and 80% in males of the calculated maximal voluntary ventilation in water.
Discussion: Results indicate that during the race pace intensity swimming, the extremely high load on the pulmonary function induces asthmatic respiratory symptoms in elite competitive swimmers. The observation that the VEmax was 76-80% of the WcMVV, was higher than the target ventilations used to detect respiratory symptoms in physical exercise at 60% of LcMVV. Therefore, we suggest that the special effects of swimming and water environment on pulmonary function should be taken into account when analyzing respiratory hazards in elite swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Schwimmbelastung bis zur Erschöpfung auf das maximale isometrische Drehmoment und die Zyklusparameter</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032620</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032620</guid>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Bassan, N. M.</author>
      <author>César, T. E. A. S.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungszyklus</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zyklusfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zykluslänge</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ellbogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bassan, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>César, T. E. A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, biomechanical aspects, such as drag and the level of application of propulsive force as well as physiological aspects associated to the energy production are important for performance (Hollander et al. 1986). Some technical parameters such the stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) have shown significant changes throughout competitive races (Craig et al. 1985) as well as constantspeed tests (Dekerle et al. 2005; Alberty et al. 2009; Pelarigo et al. 2011; Oliveira et al. 2012), which have been attributed to the compromised capacity to generate force to overcome drag (Craig et al. 1985). Thus, the changes in swim technique have been attributed to fatigue (i.e., the reduced capacity to produce force) (Gandevia 2001). Indeed, decrements on power, speed and SR have been demonstrated during swim exhaustive tests (Toussaint et al. 2006). Moreover, Aujouannet et al. {2006) have shown significant changes in SR and SL throughout an exhaustive test and maximal isometric force, performed in a swim bench. At similar swim conditions, lkuta et al. (2012) verified significant reduction of electromyographic activity of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles during the test. However, no studies have determined the relationship between changes in musce strength and the changes in swim technique in exhaustive swim tests. In front-crawl swimming, the propulsion is produced mainly by arm movements (Hollander et al. 1987). Among the main muscles utilised for propulsion are the triceps brachii and biceps brachii, which are essential during the underwater phase of the stroke (Ciarys 1983). Indeed, Figueiredo et al. (2013) have demonstrated significant changes in the amplitude (triceps brachii and biceps brachii) and frequency (triceps brachii) electromyography parameters throughout a maximal 200-m front crawl swim test. Thus, the objective of this study was to correlate the changes in the isometric peak torque (IPT) of elbow flexors (EF) and elbow extensors (EE) and the stroke parameters (i.e., SR and SL) induced by an exhaustive swim. it was hypothesised that a direct relationship might exist between the changes in swim technique and force.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in der Knochenmineraldichte zwischen Schwimmern und Fußballspielern verschiedener Altersgruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032619</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032619</guid>
      <author>Colantonio, E.</author>
      <author>Juzwiak, C. R.</author>
      <author>Scorine, C.</author>
      <author>Madureira, F.</author>
      <author>Clemente, J.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Knochenmineraldichte</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colantonio, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Juzwiak, C. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scorine, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madureira, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During childhood and adolescence, bone mineral density (BMD) increases until the peak bone mass is reached in adulthood. Physical activity has been proposed as a major determinant of BMD. The osteogenic effect of exercise can be attributed mainly to the impact and mechanical loads applied to the bone; however, not all physical activities have the same effects on bone. Duration and intensity are factors which will affect the osteogenic stimulus produced [1, 2, 3]. Recent literature reviews have shown that high impact sports seem to be more osteogenic than non impact sports such as swimming or cycling, in children [4], young adults [4, 5] or older adults [6]. Some studies showed that athletes from other sports presented BMD values much higher than swimmers [7, 8]. A lot of investigations have been produced approaching this theme; nevertheless, results among studies remain disparate [7-12]. Therefore, further investigations in this area are needed in order to elucidate the effect of swimming on BMD.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermüdung der internen Schulterrotatoren nach einer maximalen 200-m-Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032618</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032618</guid>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>King, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high prevalence of shoulder pain has been reported for competitive swimmers with severe cases potentially leading to functional impairments and termination of participation (Tate et al. 2012). Greater swimming exposure defined by distance or time spent swimming, characterises symptomatic groups (Tate et al. 2012; Sein et al. 2010) who present, among other physical impairments, weakness of the internal and external rotation strength (Tate et al. 2012; Beach et al. 1992; Se in et al. 2010). Pain vs pain-free swimmers, and within the pain group, symptomatic vs non symptomatic shoulders, are characterised by reduced concentric and eccentric internal rotational torques leading to greater external-to-internal rotational strength ratios (Bak and Magnusson 1997). Muscle fatigue of the internal rotators and the pectoralis major in particular, affects dynamic stabilisation of the humeral head which may lead to microtrauma (Wanivenhaus et al. 2012). During the arm stroke in freestyle, the overhead arm action is produced by the scapular and rotator cuff muscles. These muscles work in synergy to deliver movement whilst establishing stability (McMaster 1999). Shoulders are internally rotated during the hand entry, late pull-through phase (90° flexion to hand exit) and recovery phase, i.e. all but one phase of the stroke [early pull-through phase (Wanivenhaus et al. 2012)]. Studies measuring electromyographic responses during all-out front crawl swimming have reported increases in activities of upper-limb muscles including internal rotators such as the pectoralis major as fatigue developed (Rouard 2010; lkuta et al. 2012; Figueiredo et al. 2013). This was suggested to reflect the recruitment of additional motor units in an attempt to maintain the swimming speed (Rouard 2010). Most investigations on muscular strength and endurance report the use of isokinetic dynamometers to ensure validity and reliability in torque measurement (Baltzopoulos and Brodie 1989). Torque can be measured during short voluntary contractions performed (a) maximally (MVC) and {b) at different, set (isometric), joint angles. Pre- and post-exercise measurements allow for the maximal torquejoint angle relationship to be assessed in both fresh and fatigued states of muscle groups [human elbow flexors, (Philippou et al. 2004; Prasartwuth et al. 2006)1. Fatigue has been shown to alter the inverse-U shape of this relationship with a shift to the right of the optimal joint angle alongside a fatigue-reduced peak torque (Philippou et al. 2004; Prasartwuth et al. 2006). Decrements in force production have been observed during or following all-out swimming (Aujouannet al. 2006; Rouard 2010). To our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of a fatiguing swim on the ability for a muscle group, the internal rotators in the present study, to generate force across a range of joint angles. A significant decline would ascertain the presence of fatigue (Taylor & Gandevia 2008). Muscular fatigue has often been put forward as the main explanatory mechanism underpinning the changes in the stroking parameters observed during a 200-m all-out swim (Aiberty et al. 2005; Figueiredo et al. 2013). The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the loss of isometric torque during MVCs performed prior and following a 200-m all-out swim. Three different joint angles for the internal rotators were tested. Changes in swimming speed, stroke rate and stroke length were also quantified throughout the 200-m all-out swim. lt was hypothesised that maximal isometric torque would be reduced post-exercise. This evidence of fatigue should be concomitant with a reduction in speed, stroke length and stroke rate during the 200-m swim.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der langsamen Komponenten der Sauerstoffaufnahme während einer ansteigenden Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032617</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032617</guid>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study analysed the oxygen uptake slow component (V02sc) of front crawl swimming along an incremental swimming protocol, using a multi-exponential function. Eleven well-trained swimmers (20.4±2.5 yrs, 1.80±0.06 m and 74.1±4.12 kg) performed a front crawl incremental protocol of 7x300 m until exhaustion (with increments of 0,05m/s and 30s rest intervals between steps). V02 was collected bxb using a portable gas analyzer {K4b2) connected to the new Aqua Trainer respiratory snorkel {both from Cosmed, Italy). V02sc was assessed using a double exponential regression model with exponential terms amplitudes, time delays and time constants representing the V02 kinetics fast (1) and slow (2) components. In addition, the calculation of the V02sc values through the fixed interval method was also conducted by subtracting the average V02 observed in the last 40s of each step by the average V02 observed in the 3rd m in of exercise. A paired T-test was used to compare both methods along the incremental test (p ~ 0.05). The multi-exponential model showed that the vo2SC was above 200 ml/min from the 5th until the 7th step of the incremental protocol, i.e., intensitiesabove the anaerobic threshold. Differences were observed in mean values of V02sc obtained by the mathematical modelling and the fixed interval method in every step of the protocol (P 5 0.05, d > 0. 76). lt was concluded that in well-trained front crawl swimmers V025c exists in a significant faction at exercise intensities above the anaerobic threshold. This means that at heavy and severe swimming intensities the higher work rates implied the recruitment of faster but more easily fatigable fibers, which could lead to less efficient processes, and consequently, to higher V025c mean values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Benötigt Rükenschwimmen einen größeren Energieverbrauch als Kraulschwimmen bei äquivalenter sub-anaerober Schwellengeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032616</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032616</guid>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <author>Coleman, S.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coleman, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-individual differences of energy expenditure between front crawl and back crawl at the same speed below the anaerobic threshold. Seven male swimmers performed 300m front crawl and back crawl at 95 percent of back crawl anaerobic threshold speed. During the trial each swimmer's respiratory gas was analysed using a portable gas analysis system. The speed of each swimmer was controlled by a visual light pacer, and each trial was recorded by a digital video camera. Energy expenditure during the trial was assumed to be equal to the swimmer's oxygen consumption. Stroke frequency and stroke length of the swimmer were calculated from the video image. Energy expenditure in back crawl was significantly higher than front crawl (mlO2/kg/min, front crawl: 38.91±3.13, back crawl: 48.20±5.31). However, there was no difference in stroke frequency (cycle/sec, front crawl: 0.43±0.04, back crawl: 0.43±0.04) and stroke length (m/cycle, front crawl: 2.53±0.17, back crawl: 2.53±0.22) between the two. The results suggested that the superiority of front crawl over back crawl at aerobic intensity is due to the difference of the economy between them, rather than the differences between stroke parameters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ventilatorische, metabolische und kinematische Reaktionen beim Sprint- vs. Langstreckenschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032615</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032615</guid>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hausswirth, C.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hausswirth, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare the speed, oxygen uptake ( V02 consumption), blood lactate concentration ([La]b), and stroke rate (SR) in sprint and middle-distance swimmers. Seven male elite middle-distance swimmers (performance level=89% of the world record) and seven male sprint swimmers (performance level=88% of the world record) were recruited. Ventilatory, metabolic and kinematic parameters were obtained during a 6 x 300-m incremental swimming exercise to exhaustion. VO2 kinetics were compared between groups using a 500-m interval training set (IT-500) swum at the lactate threshold (LT). Speed at VO2max was faster for the middle-distance swimmers (1.51 ± 0.02 m/s) than the sprinters (1.34 ± 0.07 m/s). Speed at LT was also faster for the middledistance swimmers (3.1 ± 1.2 mmol/L; v LT= 1.46 ± 0.01 m/s, equivalent to 96.7 ± 0.5% of vVO2maxl than the sprinters (4.5 ± 1.5 mmol.r1; v LT= 1.22 ± 0.06 m/s, 91 ± 1.9% of vVO2max; P < 0.01). The middle-distance swimmers had a higher stroke rate at LT (36.7 ± 4.5 vs. 30.3 ± 0.7 s/min) and consumed a larger VO2max fraction (95 ± 2 vs. 84 ± 5% of VO2max; P < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was observed between dVE and dSR (r^2= 0.93, P < 0.01) in the middle-distance swimmers during the IT-500, whereas a negative relationship was observed with llstroke length (r= 0.81, P < 0.01). The middle-distance swimmers were typically 10-15% faster at the lactate threshold and at the maximal oxygen uptake. In contrast, the blood lactate concentration was 40% higher in the sprint swimmers but the stroke rate was 15% lower at the lactate threshold.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung des Gaumensegels während des Atmens bei einer simulierten Schwimmbelastung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032614</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032614</guid>
      <author>Hara, H.</author>
      <author>Hanaoka, Y.</author>
      <author>Tonogi, M.</author>
      <author>Nakajima, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hara, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tonogi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakajima, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[How to control breathing is one of the most difficult things for beginner swimmers. This breathing means to change the airway which may be carried out by the soft palate. Controlling the soft palate is difficult because it is controlled by the autonomic nerves. The purpose of this research is to try to find the intentional way of soft palate control. We observed the motion of the soft palate with an endoscope and at the same time measured oral pressure. In order to change the exhaling route from the nose to the mouth, we found that to pronounce the sound 'Mnn' and 'Pah' is best way to control the soft palate spontaneously.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verschiebung des bioelektrischen Impedanzvektors durch Training bei jungen Synchronschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032613</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032613</guid>
      <author>Irurtia, A.</author>
      <author>Carrasco, M.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez-Zamora, L.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Brotons, D.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>bioelektrische Impedanz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Irurtia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrasco, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez-Zamora, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brotons, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: A synchronised swimming (SS) training session typically includes specific drills, choreographies, and physical conditioning exercises, imposing complex physiological demands (Rodriguez-Zamora et al. 2012). Training volume and intensity differs depending on the age and competitive level ofthe swimmers. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a non-invasive and safe technique for assessing hydration and body composition changes (Lukaski & Piccoli 2012). This study applied BIVA to the assessment of hydration changes evoked by SS during a typical training session in swimmers of different age and competitive level. 
Method: 59 swimmers were divided into 1) juniors (JR) (16.7±0.9 years) and pre-juniors (pre-JR) (13.9±0.9 years). Body height (h) and mass (BM) were assessed following the norms and procedures of the ISAK. BIVA was conducted PRE and POST a typical training session (pre-JR 2.5±0.1 h; JR 4.0±0.2 h). A multi-frequency wrist-to-ankle BIA meter device (Z-Metrix", BioparHom, France) was used and 50kHz whole-body BIA vectors were analysed by the resistance (R)- reactance (Xc) graphic method, and Z mean values plotted (Piccoli et al. 1994). PRE-POST differences were tested by paired t-test. Hotelling's T2 test determined differences in the complex localised vector through the 95% confidence and tolerance intervals. 
Results: Significant differences were found in whole-body BIA vector in both pre-JR (T2=25.6, p=0.003) and JR (T2-=25.8, p=0.001). Changes were observed between PRE and POST in BM (pre-JR: 47.0±7.2 kg vs. 46.7±7.3 kg, P<0.001); JR: 53.7±4.9 kg vs. 53.4±4.9 kg, P<0.001), R (pre-JR: 530±46 Q vs. 548±45 Q, P<0.001); JR: 503±33 Q vs. 524 ±45 Q, P=0.004), and Xc (pre-JR: 64.4±5.4 Q vs. 66.6±4.8 0, P=0.002); JR: 66.0±2.9 Q vs. 70.3±4.3 Q, P<0.001). BIVA showed significant vector migration from PRE to POST (T2=8.99; p<0.05) in JR, whereas no changes were noted in pre-JR (T2=l.92; P>0.05).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Widerstandssprintschwimmtraining im Wasser für Nachwuchsschwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032612</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032612</guid>
      <author>Kojima, K.</author>
      <author>Brammer, C. L.</author>
      <author>Sossong, T. D.</author>
      <author>Abe, T.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kojima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sossong, T. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abe, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Worldwide, coaches employ training paradigms in an effort to maximise the performances of their athletes. In competitive swimming, a variety of methods have evolved as a means to improve swim performance, all of which focus on increasing swimmers' abilities to develop propulsive force, decrease drag forces, or some combination of these factors. One accepted method used to improve propulsive force is an increase muscle size and function. There is some support that land-based resistive exercise increases muscle size, improves muscle function, and enhances motor skills with children and adolescents (Behringer et al. 2010; Harries et al. 2012). However, whether or not landbased resistive training enhances sport performance remains inconclusive in young athletes, due primarily to methodological and logistical discrepancies among previous studies. Further, land exercise does not commonly replicate actual swim movements, thus the extent to which it is useful in improving swim performance may be limited. Specific training methods would, at least theoretically, increase the likelihood of improving performance outcomes. Swim power or 'in-water' resisted sprint swim training (IWRST) has been acknowledged by scientists and coaches to enhance sprint swim performance due to the specificity of training. Typical IWRST requires a cable connected to a spring balance scale (Julian & Coltune 1958), a rack-pulley system (Hopper 1975), or an elastic cord (Girold et al. 2007) whereby a swimmer is attached via a waist belt to the resistive load while swimming. IWRST has been previously suggested to invoke positive effects on adult swimmers (Aspenes & Karlsen 2012; Tanaka & Swensen 1998). Only one study has reported the use of IWRST in late adolescents (Girold et al. 2007). Studies using similar training paradigms with pre- or peri-adolescent (age-group) swimmers do not appear to exist. The limited prevalence of research regarding IWRST in age-group swimmers may be attributable to the limited availability of training devices and/or other specialised equipment. More importantly, the lack of information regarding practical use and the efficacy of such training with age-group swimmers is likely an added deterrent. Whether or not IWRST, specific to age-group swimmers who are already actively training, is effective and advisable is currently dependent upon speculation. Therefore, data describing the benefits, or lack thereof, of IWRST in the adolescent population are needed. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of IWRST on sprint swim performance and muscle mass in age-group swimmers when compared with traditional non-resisted sprint swim training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbessert ein vierwöchiges Training der Einfachreaktionszeit die Startleistung im Schwimmenr?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032611</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032611</guid>
      <author>Lepretre, P.-M.</author>
      <author>Kazarine, L.</author>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Chollet, D.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lepretre, P.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kazarine, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chollet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Start performance, as defined by time to 15-m, has been used as an indicator of overall performance in sprint swimming. However, there is limited information regarding the key time to response to start (RT) that influence swimming start performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RT training on start performance in sprint swimming trials. 
Methods: Eight male French national sprint swimmers (17.5±0.9years, 174.0±0.1cm, 65.6±10.4kg) performed, before and after 4 weeks of training, 3 repetitions of squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and start on swimming start block on a Microgate Optojump optical measurement system. Short-term training session consisted to plyometric session associated to 3 days a week, a swimming start training based on simple reaction time with different stimuli: visual, auditory, combined (visual and auditory). 
Results: Pearson correlation revealed time to perform 15-m was inversely related with height performance in SJ (r=-0.82, p=0.013) and CMJ (r=-0.85, p=0.007) after but not before training (SJ: r=- 0.61, p=0.111; CMJ: r=-0.60, p=0.113). Time to perform 15-m was significantly related toRT measured on the block during auditory swimming start before (r=0.89, p=0.019) and after training session (r=0.83, p=0.022). No significant relationship was found between the change in RT and the difference in the time to perform 15-m with training (r=0.61, p=0.109). Finally, there was no significant change in 15-m swimming start (before training: 6.81±0.56s vs. after training: 6. 74±0.50s) with a small Effect size (Cohen's d: 0.13). 
Conclusion: This study provides start training with stimuli associated to plyometric training induced neuromuscular adaptations rather than strength improvement, which was directly transferable in swimming start condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenspiel der kritischen Geschwindigkeit und der anerboen Leistungsfähigkeit und deren Beziehung zur Wettkampfleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032610</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032610</guid>
      <author>Mitchell, L. J.</author>
      <author>Rattray, B.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P. U.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rattray, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P. U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: While critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic distance capacity (ADC) have been measured in swimming for many years, the relationship between these two measures of performance capacity, as well as their relationship to competition performance, has not been thoroughly detailed. 
Methods: National level junior swimmers (22 males, 26 females, age= 15.8 ± 1.2 y; mean± SD) completed a 400 m, 200 m and 100 m freestyle maximal effort time trial on consecutive days. A subgroup of 22 athletes (8 males, 14 females) also completed four 25 m maximal freestyle efforts, from which the fastest effort was recorded. Critical velocity was measured as the slope of the regression line for the three maximal effort time trials, and the ADC was established as the intercept of this line and they-axis. Competition performance within 3 months prior to CV testing was compiled and expressed relative to the world record (WR). The swimmers' best event was the race for which they were closest to WR. 
Results: Critical velocity and ADC were negatively correlated (p < 0.001) for both male (r = -0.75, -0.88
to -0.54; r-value, 90% confidence interval) and female (r = -0.72,-0.52 to -0.85) swimmers. In the freestyle sub-group, the ADC and fastest 25m performance were also highly negatively correlated (p < 0.01) for both males (r = -0.96, -0.82 to -0.99) and females (r = -0.72, -0.38 to -0.89). Across both male and female athletes a 5 m higher ADC corresponded to a decrease in CV of 0.05 m/s . Female swimmers whose preference was a 400 m event had 6.1 to 8.5% faster CV values when compared to all other distances, the same was found for male 1500 m swimmers compared to male 100 m swimmers, 7.1% faster. Critical velocity was also significantly correlated with competition performance regardless of stroke or distance for males (r = -0.59, -0.79 to -0.29), and for performance in 200 m events regardless of stroke for females (Spearman's rho= -0.49,-0.75 to -0.07, p < 0.05, n =20). Female swimmers also had a significant negative correlation between ADC and 100 m performance regardless of stroke (r = -0.50, -0.73 to -0.16, p < 0.05, n = 21). 
Conclusions: The moderate negative relationship between CV and ADC fits well with the conventional notion that swimmers often exhibit either an aerobic or anaerobic orientation. While both systems can be improved with training, different swimmers often focus on one system, potentially to the detriment of the development of the other. The CV-ADC relationship may provide insight into the potential effects of having an excessive focus on one energy system in training. lt appears junior male freestyle swimmers exploit their anaerobic capacity to a greater degree than junior female swimmers over 25 m. Critical velocity and ADC are also related to 100 m competition performance, further strengthening the case for their use in the monitoring of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilotstudie zum Beitrag von Armzug und Beinschlag an der Freistilschwimmgeschwindigkeit sowie der Steuerung der Armzug- und Beinschlagfrequenz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032609</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032609</guid>
      <author>Morris, K. S.</author>
      <author>Skinner, T. L.</author>
      <author>Jenkins, D. G.</author>
      <author>Osborne, M.</author>
      <author>Shephard, M. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morris, K. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner, T. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jenkins, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[During maximal freestyle swimming it is generally accepted within the literature that the arms contribute approximately 90% to the total swimming velocity in elite swimmers [1, 2]. This contribution has also been shown to be valid irrespective of swimming ability [3]. While some authors have taken this finding to imply that the leg kick contributes to only 10% of the velocity [4, 5], others have found that, when swimming with the leg kick only, swimmers can achieve approximately 60-65% of the velocity attained during whole body swimming [3]. Thus, when the reported contribution of the arms (~90%) is summed with the contribution of the legs (~60%), the result far exceeds the velocity achieved during whole body swimming (100%). Previous research has also investigated the contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick to whole body energy expenditure. In studies where the anaerobic and aerobic capacities of arm stroke, leg kick and whole body freestyle swimming have been measured, the summation of arm stroke and leg kick energy expenditure have exceeded the total energy expenditure observed in whole body swimming [6-8]. Authors have suggested that synergistic stabilising muscles (e.g. trunk muscles) could be active in both the arms only and legs only trials. As a result, these muscles require 0 2 in both instances and this energy overlap when summing the VO2 values from arms only and legs only trials is not accounted for in whole body swimming. While this may be true, the difference between whole body swimming VO2 and the sum of the VO2 of arms only and legs only swimming is too great to be solely attributed to the double-up of the VO2 requirements of the synergistic stabilising muscle groups [6]. Possible reasons for the discrepancy in previous findings could relate to the lack of measurement and control over stroke and kick rate across trials, as these parameters can influence swimming velocity as well as metabolic cost [5, 9]. If a swimmer's stroke rate in the arms only trial exceeds that attained in the whole stroke trial, the swimmer is likely to achieve a higher velocity with higher energy expenditure compared to what would be observed if the stroke rate of the arms only trial matched that of the whole stroke trial. Allowing participants to swim the whole stroke trial, and the arms only and legs only trials with varying stroke and kick rate means that the internal mechanical power and metabolic demands are bound to exceed 100% when summed together. The contribution of the arm stroke and leg kick to swimming velocity, and the associated energy expenditure, while controlling for stroke and kick rate, is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine the contribution of the legs and arms to velocity in submaximal, steady-state freestyle swimming while controlling stroke and kick rate, and 2) determine the metabolic cost associated with whole stroke, arm stroke only and kick only freestyle swimming. A comprehensive understanding of the contribution of the upper and lower limbs to swimming velocity and metabolic cost will inform training prescription, with the aim of decreasing the metabolic costs associated with these movements while increasing the velocity contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einen Sprintintervalltrainings auf die metabolischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032608</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032608</guid>
      <author>Ogita, F.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Kurobe, K.</author>
      <author>Ozawa, G.</author>
      <author>Nagira, A.</author>
      <author>Yotani, K.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, N.</author>
      <author>Tamaki, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogita, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurobe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozawa, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nagira, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yotani, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of very high-intensity, low-volume, sprint interval training (SIT) on metabolic, mechanical characteristics and swimming performance. Eleven well-trained college swimmers (male n=6; female n=5; age 20±1 yrs) performed SIT twice/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks in swimming flume. The SIT consisted of five 5 s bouts at an intensity which cause exhaustion in around 10 s (~250%VO2max) with a 10 s rest between each bout. Before and after the training period, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), swimming economy, drag-swimming speed relationship and maximal propulsive power (MPP) were determined. Furthermore, a swimming record on 50m freestyle event was determined. No significant changes were found in swimming economy and drag-swimming speed relationship. On the other hand, VO2max, MAOD, and MPP increased significantly (P<0.05). Consequently, the swimming record on 50m freestyle event was significantly improved (P<0.01). These results revealed that the SIT used in this study can enhance MPP as well as VO2max and MAOD, and consequently improve sprint swimming performance even in well-trained swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Führen verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung der aeroben Leistungsfähigkeit zu einheitlichen biomechanischen Parametern?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032607</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032607</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Pimenta, R. A.</author>
      <author>Leao, H. F. P.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pimenta, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leao, H. F. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Monitoring the swimming training process requires reliable methods for aerobic capacity evaluation. There are different methods available in literature, eventually providing similar feedback regarding swimming velocity and blood [La-]. Nevertheless, a given swimming velocity can be achieved through different stroke rate and stroke length relationship. Indeed, different adjustments in the biomechanical parameters can interfere with swimming efficiency, which is a major determining factor of swimming performance. Thus, for training prescription, it is important to determine the best individual swimming velocity for aerobic capacity potentiation, but also the biomechanical determining factors characteristic of that particular intensity. Therefore, this study aimed to compare swimming biomechanical parameters and velocity (v) obtained by the goldstandard method, i.e. the maximal lactate steady state test (MLSS), and those obtained from the main and most common methods employed to evaluate aerobic capacity in swimming training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen dem Plateau der Sauerstoffaufnahme und der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle bei Ausdauerschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032606</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032606</guid>
      <author>Pelarigo, J. G.</author>
      <author>Dalamitros, A.</author>
      <author>Sousa, A. C.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dalamitros, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) has been proposed as a valid index for the objective estimation of cardiopulmonary function during submaximallaboratory testing (Baba et al. 1996). OUES is strongly correlated with maximal oxygen uptake (V0 2max) and has been observed to reach its highest and leveling off values (plateau-OUEP) near the anaerobic threshold (AT) in patients with cardiorespiratory disease and normal subjects (Sun, Hansen & Stringer 2012). However, OUES and OUEP have never been studied in highly trained athletes, particularly swimmers. The purpose of this study was to compare the velocity and oxygen uptake efficiency (QUE) values obtained during OUEP and individual anaerobic threshold (!AnT) in well trained swimmers. 
Methods: Eight female endurance swimmers (17.5 ± 1.9 yrs, 1.71 ± 0.06 m, 62.1 ± 6.2 kg) performed an intermittent incremental swimming step test (7 x 200 m, with increments of 0.05 m/s and 30 s intervals). OUES was calculated by the ratio of oxygen uptake and minute ventilation. The IAnT was determined by the velocity vs. lactate curve modeling method. ANOVA for repeated measures and regression analysis were performed to test differences between methods {p<0.05). 
Results: Similar velocity (1.20 ± 0.05 vs. 1.22 ± 0.05 m/s ) and OUE values (43.9 ± 5.83 vs. 42.9 ± 5.8
ml V02.L VE- 1) were obtained during OUEP and IAnT calculated intensities, respectively. Regarding the Passing & Bablok regression analysis and the Pearson's coefficient of determination, velocity (Intercept A= -0.096, Slope B= 1.071, R2= 0.638, p<0.017) and OUE values (Intercept A= -5.360, Slope B= 1.154, R2= 0.875, p<0.001) obtained both at the OUEP and at the IAnT were highly correlated. 
Conclusion: These findings suggest that OUEP has a practical application in swimming as a noninvasive submaximal index closely related to the IAnT in well-trained female endurance swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanisches Profil des Armzugs und Schwimmökonomie während eines progessiven Tests der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032605</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032605</guid>
      <author>Filho, D. M. P.</author>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filho, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: The relationshipsofdistance per stroke (Os) and stroke rate (SR) with velocity (v)progression,over a range of swimming intensities within aerobic energy supply, did not evidence how Ds and SR slopes (Ds51ope and SRslope' as well as, the crossing point (Cp) between them)change their profiles during maximal aerobic test, and what is the parameter of endurance capacity (among gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen uptake (V0 2 max), and economy (e)) that correlates better to these changes.
Purpose: the aimed was to highlight the physiological responses associated to Ds and SR changes as swimming velocity increases. Even, analyze if Ds and SR are reliable indices to the control of training and/or improvements in aerobic pace.
Methods: Nine subjects performed a continuous incremental test (300m per stage) until volitional exhaustion. Eachstagewas designed by percentages of the maximal crawl velocity in 400m (%v400). VO2max, GET and RCP were examined. The velocities corresponding to VO2 max (vVO2 max), GET (vGET) and RCP (vRCP) were identified. SR was determined from the time taking to complete three strokes. Ds was calculated from equation v = Ds x SR. A second order polynomial function was applied to adjust Ds (y) and SR (y) to v and VO2 (x). The slopes were determined in x (-b/2a) and y (-D/4a, where D = b2-4ac) given vDsslope' vSRslope' VO2DSslope' and VO2SR, slope· The v and VO2 at Cp (vCp and VO2Cp) were determined from the intersection point of the adjusted algorithms. VO2 (y) and v (x) was adjusted from a power function (f(y) = xn). Economy was quantified at vDs,slope, vSR, 1ope' and vCp by means of VO2 and the caloric coefficient for VO2 (20.1kJ).
Results: Taking values of VO2max (4458 ± 645 ml/min ) as reference of maximal aerobic rate pace, GET and RCP were locating at 63 and 77% of VO2max, and VO2Cp, VO2 Ds, slope and VO2SR, 1opewere observed to be located at 122%, 68% and 49% of VO2 max, respectively. These results mean that swimming intensity paced by V=2Cp would require great anaerobic demand, since it was located above aerobic maximal rate pace, and that VO2 Ds,1opeand VO2SR, 1ope are reliable indexes of aerobic pace, but they could not be used interchangeable. VO2Ds,1opeseems to be appropriated to develop endurance capacity, since it located swimming intensity in heavy domain of exercise, while VO2SRslopeparameterises the moderate domains of exercise, which is better applied between high intensity sections of training or to pace active rest. The economy from expected VO2 at vDs, slope (0.84 ± 0.18kJ/m
) and vSRslope (0.68 ± 0.16kJ/m ) evidenced correlations with GET (r = 0.76 and 0.70, respectively), but at vCp (1.13 ± 0.19kJ/m
) none correlations were observed. 
Conclusions: Thus, Ds and SR showed an independent turn point profile for VO2 response, as swimming velocity increases. Moreover, Ds and SR influenced better the swimming velocity at GET than at RCP, showing that GET is the metabolic reference beyond which stroke profile could not ensure an economic pace.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostik der spezifischen Belastbarkeit und Bestimmung der Anpassung an Trainingsbelastungen während der Saison von Freiwasserschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032604</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032604</guid>
      <author>Petriaev, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petriaev, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Regular evaluation of functional diagnostics tests is needed in order to increase the efficiency of active control in the process of monitoring of functional state of the swimmer, and the tests must be conducted in circumstances specific for the precise type of sport. At the same time the specifics of muscular activity and the orientation of the training process are defining the features of the diagnostics of functional state of the swimmers, which is, in turn, oriented to control the adaptation processes of those systems and functions of the swimmer's body that are principal for swimming in open water. The bio-energetic potential is a key factor for achieving high results for swimmers who compete on long and very long distances. E. Maglischo's 'Swimming fastest' is going through the issue of evaluation the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of swimmers in detail. Around 10 methods are given to individually estimate the aerobic and anaerobic threshold using the invasive procedure of measuring the blood lactate and it is pointed out that each of them we can use for the gathered data correlates well with aerobic efficiency of swimmers [1]. Nevertheless, the static values of lactate are also used in training practice as they allow to trace the dynamics of the bio-energetic potential of the swimmer via standard protocol which allows us to evaluate the quality of work objectively over the year. The aim of this study was to design a method for diagnostics of specific working capability of swimmers in open water with a specific competitive activities]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validierung eines Messgeräts zur Bestimmung der horizontalen Geschwindigkeit von Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032603</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032603</guid>
      <author>Puel, F.</author>
      <author>Seifert, L.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puel, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seifert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, the athlete's performance is reflected by swimming speed. Unfortunately, this measurement remains difficult due to the specific constraints of testing in an aquatic environment. Either the method constrains the task that can be analysed (only one length can be swum when using speedometers; Craig, Term in & Pendergast 2006; Schnitzler et al. 2010) or the method, that offers greater flexibility, is complex, time-consuming and/or can not guarantee acquisition of all desirable data (such as bubbles around the swimmer's body and line-of-sight difficulties in the case of video based systems; Callaway, Cobb & Jones 2009; Puel et al. 2012). Technological advances however, that overcome these concerns are beginning to change the way we measure (and in turn perceive) athletic performance. The past twenty years has seen the increasing use of inertial measurement units in the study of human movements (Cuesta-Vargas, Galan-Mercant & Williams 2010) and sports biomechanics, including swimming (Ohgi 2002; Dadashi et al. 2011; Stamm et al. 2011), especially as these systems becoming more financially feasible (Mayagoitia, Nene, Neltink 2002). The aim of this study was to validate an inertial measurement unit prototype specifically designed for swimmer movement analysis (CIREN, Actris, Brest, France; Figure 1), against current gold standards for estimating rotational spees, translational accelerations and longitudinal speed of the swimmer relative to a global reference frame.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Höhentraining erhöht die Leistung von Schwimmern: Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Untersuchung mit vier parallelen Gruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032602</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032602</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <author>Calderon, C.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Barrero, A.</author>
      <author>Wachsmuth, N. B.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calderon, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wachsmuth, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Based on available scientific literature, training at natural altitude has failed so far to prove useful for the enhancement of sea level performance in swimmers 1, 2. This controlled nonrandomised four parallel groups trial examined the effects on performance, oxygen transport and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmassl of four training interventions: terrestrial living high-training high for 3 or 4 weeks (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high-training high/low (Hi-Hilo), and living and training at sea level for 4 weeks (Lo-Lo). 
Methods: From 65 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed sea-level time trials over 50 and 400 m front crawl (TTSO, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (non-sprinters) at best personal stroke (TT100/TT200). VO2max was measured on an incremental 4x200-m front crawl test. Training load was estimated using TRIMP and session RPE assessment. Initial performance and measures (PRE) were repeated immediately after the camp (POST) and once weekly on return to SL during 4 weeks. tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once a week during the camp. Intervention effects were analysed using mixed linear modelling. 
Results: TI100 or TT200 improved by ~3.5% regardless of living or training at sea level or at altitude, but Hi-Hilo improved more two (5.3±1.6%) and four weeks (6.3±1.9%) after the intervention as compared to the other groups. Hi-Hilo and Hi-Hi improved more in TI400 (4.6±1.4% and 3.3±1.4%, respectively). There were no changes in VO2max in any of the groups after the intervention. tHbmass increased in Hi-Hi (6.2±2.6%) and Hi-Hi3 (3.8±5.6%), whereas no significant changes were noted in HiHila (1.3±4.3%). 
Conclusions: Hi-Hilo is an effective strategy to enhance performance in elite swimmers over a range of distances, clearly exceeding the smallest worthwhile enhancement effect for Olympic-standard swimmers (0.8-1%) 3 . This substantial performance improvement was not linked to changes in VO2max or tHbmass, hence could not be attributed to enhanced oxygen transport capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer subakuten moderaten Hypoxie auf die Leistung, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme und Zugkinematik in 50- bis 400-m-Rennen bei Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032601</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032601</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Mercade, J. J.</author>
      <author>Argüelles, J.</author>
      <author>Morales, E.</author>
      <author>De La Fuente, B.</author>
      <author>Feriche, B.</author>
      <author>Calderon, C.</author>
      <author>Barrero, A.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercade, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Argüelles, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De La Fuente, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feriche, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calderon, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Exposure to moderate hypoxia negatively impacts many physiological responses to maximal exercise (e.g. decreased cardiac output and muscle recruitment, increased cost of ventilation) and impairs aerobic performance, whereas short duration, anaerobic exercise is not much affected. The effect of acute hypoxia on physiological and technical performance in swimmers has been investigated during submaximal 1 but not during maximal swimming exercise. We analysed the effects of subacute exposure to moderate altitude within a range of distances on maximal swimming performance, peak V02 and stroke kinematics in elite swimmers.
Method: Nine elite swimmers (8 M, 1 F) performed an incremental 4x200 m front crawl test (T4x200) for VO2max· On separate days, they performed time trials in a 50-m indoor pool: 50 and 400 m front crawl (TT50, TT400) and 200 m at best personal stroke (TT200). They were tested both under normoxic (NORM) and hypoxic conditions (HYPO) -72 h after arrival to an altitude of 2,320 m (CAR Sierra Nevada, Spain). Respiratory gases were collected breath-by-breath for 1 to 3 min during the immediate recovery. Peak V02 was taken as the first post-exercise 20-s average. Swim trials were video recorded with 3 lateral cameras (50Hz), 2 placed underwater and 1 outside the water. Final time (t) and 3-cycle stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) were assessed on each trial. Differences in peak V02 measured in the different tests were assessed using AN OVA for repeated measures. Differences between NORM and HYPO were assessed using the two-tailed paired t-test (P<0.05 for significance).
Results: Under NORM conditions, there were no significant differences between VO2max (3,555 ± 827 ml/min) and VO2peak measured at TT50 (3,246 ± 732 ml/min) TT200 (3,341 ± 766), or TT400 (3,331 ±648) (P=0.25). Under HYPO conditions, there were no differences in V02peak measured at TT50 (2,955± 501 ml/min), TT200 (2,921 ± 524), or TT400 (2,856 ± 476) (P=0.59). When comparing measurements under NORM and HYPO conditions, there were not differences in TT50 in any of the parameters. In contrast, in TT200 and TT400 there was a decrease in performance (2.9 ± 1.6% and 1.2± 1.2%, respectively, mean ± SD), peak V02 (12 ± 6% and 14 ± 10%), and SI (4.1 ± 3.8% and 5.8 ± 3.0%). 
Conclusions: Acute exposure to moderate altitude (2,320 m) does not affect sprinting ability (-30 s), whereas it impairs middle-distance performance (-2-5 min), VO2peakl and stroking efficiency, likely as a consequence of early fatigue caused by centrally-limited 0 2 delivery to the exercising muscles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laktatwerte und Ergebnisse in 100-m-Freistilwettkämpfen von jugendlichen Schwimmern und Schwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032600</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032600</guid>
      <author>Thanopoulos, V.</author>
      <author>Rozi, G.</author>
      <author>Lampadari, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thanopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozi, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lampadari, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was: a) the correlation between lactate parameters and lOOm freestyle results and b) differences between blood lactate recovery parameters between genders in youth swimmers. The sample of this study consisted of 20 swimmers, of them 10 were male of age=16±1 y, height 180±5 cm and mass70±8 kg and 10 were female of Age=16±0.5 y, height=168±7 cm and mass=59±5 kg. Subjects performed lOOm freestyle with maximum intensity (100VEL). Performance time was recorded and heart rate (HR) recorded after the test. For the determination of maximum accumulation of lactic acid (laMAX), blood capillary samples were taken in 3rd, 5th and 7th m in postexercise. The results of this study showed that there is statistical significant relationship between 100vEL and timecourse of blood lactate recovery parameters as predictor variables at R2 adi = 0.97, Standard Error = 0.68, p = 0.000. Statistically significant differences between male and female swimmers was only found at: t_laMAX- t=1.982, p=0.039 (347.4±72.4 vs 261.8±87.2 sec for male and female swimmers to reach Mac lactate, respectively).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übereinstimmende Validität eines neuen Models zur Abschätzung der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme auf Grundlage von Messungen der Herzfrequenzkinetik nach Belastungen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032599</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032599</guid>
      <author>Schuller, T.</author>
      <author>Hoffmann, U.</author>
      <author>Iglesias, X.</author>
      <author>Chaverri, D.</author>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schuller, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmann, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaverri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: We aimed to assess the validity of a mathematical model based on heart rate (HR) and post-exercise VOz measurements for estimating peak VO2 at the end of a swimming exercise. Its physiological rationale relies on the assumption that during the immediate recovery the systolic volume and the arterio-venous O2 difference remain practically constant for a certain period. According to Fick's principle, this leaves HR as the main parameter for changes in VO2. 
Method: 34 elite swimmers performed 3x200 m at increasing sub-maximal speeds, followed by a maximal 200 m swim. VO2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyser (K4 b2, Cosmed) connected to the swimmer by a respiratory snorkel. HR was measured from RR intervals (CardioSwim, Freelap). Data were time aligned and 1-s interpolated. Exercise V02 was the average of the last 20 s during the swim [VO2(end)L and recovery VO2 was the post-exercise first 20 s average [VO2(0-20)]. The model calculates a virtual VOz at time (t) of recovery [vV02(t)t using the quotient between the peak HR during the last 10 s of the swim [HR(O)] and the 1-s interpolated value at (t) [(HR(tn multiplied by the 1-s interpolated VO2value at (t) [VO2(t)], resulting in: vVOz(t) = HR(O) I HR(t) · VO2(t). Average vV02 values were calculated for different time intervals and compared to measured exercise VO2 values (RM-ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, *p< 0.05). Mean differences (mean~) and Pearson's coefficient of determination (R2 ) were also calculated. 
Results: Peak VO2 at the last 20 s during exercise (3547± SD 692 ml/min) was different from VO2(0- 20) (3431 ± 685) (mean diff. -116, 3.3%, p= 0.001). All virtual VO2 values were highly correlated with (R 2 = 0.86 to 0.96, p<O.oon and not different from VO2 (end). Best estimates (mean diff.<0.5%} were • 2 • 2 delivered by vVO2(0-20) (3564 ± 698, R = 0.96, SEE= 120) and vVO2(5-20) (3559 ± 705, R = 0.94, SEE=121). 
Conclusions: The difference between peak VO2 at the end of the exercise and during the immediate recovery pinpoints the inaccuracy of the 20-s recovery method of estimation and supports the need for the model. The lack of significant differences and high correlation between measured peak VO2 and estimated post-exercise vVO2 support its basic physiologica I assumption. In conclusion, the proposed mathematical model for estimating peakVO2, which couples and takes into account both HR and VO2 off-kinetics, provides valid and accurate results, while allowing the subjects to swim completely unimpeded and avoiding the uncertainty of the backward extrapolation method.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Methoden zur Zusammenfassung der Trainingsbelastung in Prognosemodellen der Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032598</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032598</guid>
      <author>Scordia, C.</author>
      <author>Avalos, M.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scordia, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avalos, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Training quantifications are valuable for monitoring and prescribing elite swimmers' training and are indispensable in mathematical models that attempt to accurately predict performance. Modelling the association of training with performance raises an important issue: how should we account for volumes at different training intensities? Mujika et al. (1996) constructed a training load by adding weighted (by a priori constants representing energetic intensities) volumes from each intensity. Avalos et al. (2003) computed a training load as the sum of normalised training intensities. Here we compared the predictive accuracy of these methods to others based on: a/ alternative normalisations, b/ summary scores derived from data, and c/ machine learning techniques, with recognised predictive qualities, such as PLS. 
Methods: Training volumes at eight intensity levels (in kilometres and minutes per week, for in-water and dry-land workouts, respectively) and performances in competition of 138 professional French swimmers were collected during 20 seasons. Training intensities were determined using measurements of blood lactate concentrations. We assumed that swimmers may react differently to the same training and over time, thus we used mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, age, swimming distance and event specialty. The comparison criterion was the cross-validated prediction error.
Results: Summary scores for three training loads (low-intensity/high-intensity/dry-land workouts) with data derived weights showed the best results (mean cross-validated prediction error± SD were 0.60±0.89, 0.50±0.62 and 0.10±0.19 for sprint, mid- and long-distances, respectively). However, crossvalidated prediction errors were close relative to their variances, which were high. 
Conclusions: The use of complex machine learning techniques did not lead to more accuracy in predicting performance. Although data derived scores showed the lowest prediction error, the statistical variability was too high for being conclusive. A possible explanation is that the lactate sensitivity to extraneous factors (mode of exercise, technique quality of training, diet or sleep quality prior to test) and the subject-specific variations in lactate thresholds introduce not negligible measurement error. As practical recommendation, we suggest completing lactate measurements with athlete/coach questionnaires to better assess the physiological stress associated with the training load. Also, errors-in-variables models might be more appropriated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen Körperzusammensetzung und Wettkampfleistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032597</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032597</guid>
      <author>Shephard, M. E.</author>
      <author>Pritchard-Peschek, K. R.</author>
      <author>Skinner T. L.</author>
      <author>Bolam, K. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shephard, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pritchard-Peschek, K. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skinner T. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolam, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, a multitude of physical, physiological, biomechanical and psychological parameters influence performance. While body composition is believed to be an important contributor to performance in swimming, with some coaches placing a strong emphasis on it during the training preparation phase, previous research is limited and inconclusive (Stager 1984; Siders et al. 1993; Carter & Ackland 1994; Anderson et al. 2008). Anthropometrical data of swimmers competing in the 1991 World Championships reported the best swimmers in all strokes were taller and had longer limb lengths (Carter & Ackland 1994). In that study the best performers in most strokes also had lower proportional skinfold thicknesses (Carter & Ackland 1994). In comparison to elite athletic groups in other sports such as running however, swimmers appear to have higher levels of body fat (Thorland et al. 1983). A study of adolescent female swimmers reported that while the faster swimmers had greater fat-free mass, there was no difference in body fat measurements compared with the slower swimmers (Stager et al. 1984). lt has been previously suggested that a certain level of body fat may be useful for swimmers, enhancing buoyancy and body position in the water, or by providing rounded body surfaces which are more favourable for streamlining with less drag characteristics (Stager et al. 1984; Bixler 2005).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinetik der Sauerstoffaufnahme und biomechanisches Verhalten bei verschiedenen Prozentanteilen der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032596</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032596</guid>
      <author>Sousa, A.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Cascais, C.</author>
      <author>Pelarigo, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cascais, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pelarigo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sustaining exercise beyond a few seconds depends upon the appropriate supply and utilisation of oxygen (Jones and Poole 2005). However, the kinetics of oxygen uptake (V02 ) response to exercise depends on its intensity, being described three main exercise intensities- moderate, heavy and severe (Gaesser and Poole 1996)-and more recently, a fourth much less studied one- extreme (Hill et al. 2002). The V02kinetics at moderate and heavy exercise intensities is well documented in the literature, namely in treadmill running and cycle ergometer exercise (Sousa et al. 2011b; Burnley and Jones 2007). To date, the investigation of V02 kinetics in swimming has been limited either by the use of specific competitive distances (Rodriguez et al. 2003; Sousa et al. 2011b; Sousa et al. 2011a) or by presenting the V02 slow component as the only kinetic parameter of the V02 response (Demarie et al. 2001; Fernandes et al. 2003). The purpose of this study was to compare the V02kinetics and biomechanical responses in three time to exhaustion exercises from rest to different percentages of maximal oxygen uptake (V02max) intensity- 95, 100 and 105%.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Sauerstoffaufnahme mittels rückwärts gerichteter Extrapolation in 200, 400, 800 und 1500 m Kraulschwimmen jugendlicher Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032595</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032595</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Lopes, A. L.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>Engelmann, L.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engelmann, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare oxygen consumption (V0 2 ) responses assessed by backward extrapolation after 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m in youth swimmers. V02 in the 400 m was greater than all other distances, with enough time and intensity for the swimmers to achieve V02max at the end of the 400 m maximal effort. Although less accurate and precise, backward extrapolation technique was confirmed to be attractive and able to identify similar V02 values to those obtained during swimming with direct assessment methods.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale Laktatwerte von jugendlichen Schwimmern: Umfang und Zeitintervall zur Messung nach 50-1500 m maximaler Belastung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032594</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032594</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Lopes, A. L.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, B. C.</author>
      <author>da Silva, L. M.</author>
      <author>de Matos, C. C.</author>
      <author>de Souza Castro, F. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Silva, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Matos, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza Castro, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to compare lactate peak and area under the curve lactate-time (AUC) values at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m maximal efforts in youth swimmers performing front crawl. Twelve {eight males and four females) youth swimmers {15.6 ± 0.9 years old, 63.0 ± 7.2 kg body mass, 1.75 ± 0.08 m height, and 1.81 ± 0.10 m arm span) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol involved the performance in a randomised order of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500 m allout effort (24h interval). Capillary blood samples (~25 ~I) for blood lactate concentration ((La]) analysis were collected after 10 min rest (Rest), after warm-up (Pre) and during the recovery period (1, 3, 5 and 7 min, [La]peakl after each event (50-1500 m) using Accutrend Plus (Roche®). AUC of [La] was calculated by the trapezoidal mathematical method, i.e., the sum of trapezoid areas AUC of [La] was expressed as percentage difference between each distance, with 50 being 100%. The highest [La] observed in 100 and 200 m indicates the high glycolitic contribution between 50-1500 events. Factorial AN OVA found no difference between [La]peak of 100 and 200 m, but AUC showed difference of+ 3% between 100 and 200m. Area under the curve (AUC) of [La] may be applied in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der konditionellen Komponenten der Schwimmmanschaften bei der japanischen Universiade</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032593</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032593</guid>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Kato, T.</author>
      <author>Koizumi, K.</author>
      <author>Kaneoka, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>konditionelle Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koizumi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaneoka, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Most injuries occurring in competitive swimmers are caused by overuse. Some studies have reported injuries in competitive swimmers. In Japan, Muto et al. conducted medical checkups for national team swimmers who participated in the 1990 Asian games. They reported that 68.8% of swimmers had injuries and that the low back region was the most frequently affected body part (1992, Written in Japanese). In addition, 56.1% of swimmers who participated in the 2008 Olympic games had injuries, with the low back region being the most frequently affected. In contrast, injury survey reports for the national swimming team of the United States have mentioned that approximately 70% of national team swimmers had shoulder girdle injury and that 57% of swimmers who participated in the world championship games had shoulder girdle injurll2 l. Thus, the prevalence of injury and the injured parts are different even among top swimmers. This discrepancy may be caused by the differences in the support system of each country. The Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS) and the National Training Center (NTC) were established as centers for sports sciences, sports medicine, and information. The JISS promotes research activities and provides support for athletes and sports instructors, in cooperation with the Japanese Olympic Committee, sports federations, universities, and sports research institutions and organisations. The NTC is also a base for strengthening the performance of top-level athletes, enabling them to undergo intensive continuous training. The national swimming team also uses the facilities and support systems of JISS and NTC. Since 2001, the national swimming team has performed training camps at the JISS and NTC to improve competitive level and conditioning. These efforts help to not only improve competitive level but also prevent injury in swimmers. Because of these support activities, the incidence and locations of injuries have changed; however, these details have not been reported. In addition, it is important to longitudinally analyze conditioning components and the number of conditioning techniques used while developing injury prevention programs for swimmers. Because most previous studies among swimmers were cross-sectional surveys, data verifying the effects of injury prevention programs and the conditioning components for swimmers are insufficient. The present study aimed to verify the longitudinal changes in the type and number of conditioning components for high-level Japanese swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Bahn auf die Leistung bei der Schwimmweltmeisterschaft 2013</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032592</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032592</guid>
      <author>Brammer, C.</author>
      <author>Cornett, A.</author>
      <author>Stager, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2013</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brammer, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cornett, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Olympic Games and World Championships are the pinnacle of international sporting competitions where athletes compete in a wide variety of competitive events while representing their respective nations. However, as we watch these competitions, we do so under the assumption that each competitor's success is determined solely by hard work, commitment, discipline, and talent, and not influenced by external variables or biases. To ensure that this is so, international governing bodies, such as FINA, IAAF, FIFA, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), exist to 'provide fair and drug free sport'. lt is unfortunate, however, that there are circumstances when external biases unfairly influence sporting outcomes, and can only be identified ex post facto when it's too late to protect the integrity of the competition. The most obvious and evident of these external biases involves the competitors' use of ergogenic substances to enhance their performance. Considerable effort and funding have been devoted specifically to curtail performance enhancing drug (PED) use, but the means to enforce the rules always seems to lag behind those used to disregard them (Botre 2008). Sport governing bodies must also consider advances in technology (e.g, equipment, uniforms, timekeeping) that sometimes challenge the inherent nature of the sport by unduly influencing competitive outcomes. For example, since the early 21st century, swimsuit manufacturers have experimented with different fabrics, shapes, and stitching techniques in an effort to provide competitive swimmers with the fastest swimwear. However, it was not until 2008 that a swimsuit innovation drastically biased Olympic competition in favor of those with access to them (Brammer et al. 2012). like PEDs, the suits facilitated a swimmer's intrinsic and natural ability to perform, and were subsequently banned in 2010. In 2010, design limitations were imposed by the sport's international governing body, the Federation lnternationale de Natation (FINA), to constrain competitive suit manufacturers as a means to re-establish competitive fairness. This example is particularly important because it demonstrates that performance data can be described using analytical techniques, which can then be used to identify the existence (or lack) of competition bias. Further, this empirical evidence can prompt sportgoverning bodies to act to remove the bias. This, the use of analytics to identify and remove competition bias, is the focus of this paper. A recent scenario at the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships in Barcelona presents another opportunity to use analytics to identify variables potentially influencing competitive outcomes. According to observers and participants, a current was present in the pool such that when swimmingaway from the finishing end swimmers were at a competitive disadvantage on one side of the pool but at an advantage on the opposite side. If there was, in fact, a current in the pool during competition, it would have violated FIN A regulations which state that water flowing into and out of the pool is {permissible as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created' (FINA, 2013, p. 392). Because the competitive venue was temporary, it is no longer possible to directly measure the flow characteristics of the pool. However, quantitative analysis of existing performance data might allow appropriate conclusions to be drawn. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use an analytical approach to assess the performance data from the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships. This was done in order to determine whether or not evidence exists in support of the hypothesis that swimmers' competitive performances (and thus the race outcomes) were affected by lane assignment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines kostengünstigen Prototyps sowie Bestimmung des Schwimmgeschwindigkeitsprofils mithilfe eines neuralen Netzwerks in Verbindung mit allgemeinen externen Optimierungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032591</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032591</guid>
      <author>Ferreira da Cruz, L.</author>
      <author>Freire, R. Z.</author>
      <author>dos Santos Coelho, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira da Cruz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freire, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos Coelho, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Velocity analyses are supportive for coaches in order to improve swimmers' technique and have been widely studied in order to improve the athletes' performance. This work presents a low- cost prototype development to measure swim velocity encompassing noise reduction by using a microcontroller associated with an incremental encoder. Swim velocity profile identifications have been performed by using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) improved by the stochastic Generalised Extremal Optimisation (GEO) method to provide a fast convergence. The proposed RBF- NN training is aimed at adjusting Gaussian basic function centres using GEO, which has just one free parameter to be se. lt does not make use of derivatives and can be applied to non-convex or disjoint problems. Finally, the velocity data from a Brazilian elite male swimmer performing the crawl stroke have been obtained in a 25 meters test by using the prototype presented in this work. In this experiment, the pseudo-inverse was employed in the RBF-NN output layer. The proposed RBF-NN provided a multiple correlation coefficient R2 equal to 0.84.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im visuellen Suchverhalten und der Informationsentnahme zwischen Schwimmtrainern des Hochleistungsbereichs und Trainern in der Ausbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032627</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032627</guid>
      <author>Waters, A.</author>
      <author>Brendan, L.</author>
      <author>Tidman, S.</author>
      <author>Benjanuvatra, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Waters, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brendan, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tidman, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benjanuvatra, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In swimming, where developing efficient technique is integral to achieving the main goal of swimming faster [1], a coach's ability to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of an athlete's performance is critical for optimal development of the athlete. This relies on having a high-level of perceptualcognitive skill that enables coaches to integrate visual information with existing knowledge ensuring the right decision concerning a swimmer's technique can be made. A critical element of this is knowing where and when to look while observing a performance [2). Despite this, information pertaining to the understanding of visual perceptual skills in swimming coaching is limited and it is unclear whether expert swimming coaches have developed visual search strategies that enable them to be more efficient at the way they extract and use visual information. While the visual perceptual skill of an athlete has been shown to be an indicator of expertise evidence supporting the idea of an expert coach also having superior visual perceptual skills is inconclusive. Recording of the coach's eye movements while watching a performance enables a direct evaluation of what aspects of the performance the coach is looking at. The location of a gaze fixation identifies an area of interest and the number and duration of fixations reflects the amount of information processed [3]. Of the limited research, however, the results are varied and a common visual search characteristic could not be established for expert coaches across a variety of sports. Some studies have found that expert coaches display a smaller number of fixations of longer duration [4, 5), while others have found no differences between expertise groups [6, 7). In swimming, Moreno, Saavedra, Sabido and Luis [8) found no differences in the number, location or duration of fixations between swimming coaches of high and low levels of experience. lt is important to recognise that the limitation associated with relying on visual fixation data alone. Essentially, the studies mentioned above only reported what the subjects were looking at, and not what information was extracted from the visual environment. Without this information, it is not possible to critically assess the significance of the visual search behaviours of the coaches. Given that accumulation and organisation of knowledge specific to their field is a component that underpins an expert's performance [9), and experts are able to represent problems in terms of their theoretical foundations whereas non-expert's only view a problem's surface aspects [10], it is logical that visual search behaviour would be influenced by the amount of knowledge and experience one has. How this relationship works, however, remains inconclusive and warrants further investigation. Therefore, this study sought to investigate whether expert coaches with greater than 10 years of experience would have a different visual search strategy that enable them to extract greater amount of technical information when viewing a short video clip of a swimmer performing a freestyle sprint. More specifically, this study hypothesised that expert coaches will be able to extract a larger amount of information of greater depth than their developing counterparts, and would be more accurate at predicting the swimmers' ability (swim time) than developing coaches. They would achieve this by relying on fewer gaze fixations that are of longer durations than that of developing counterparts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drehmoment und Kraft der Armgelenke während des Armzugs im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032626</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032626</guid>
      <author>Harrison, S. M.</author>
      <author>Cohen, R. C. Z.</author>
      <author>Clearly, P. W.</author>
      <author>Mason, B. R.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, R. C. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clearly, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mason, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Improvement of swimming performance involves changes to technique, endurance and strength, but the relationship between these factors cannot be predicted precisely for an individual athlete. Recent advances in computational models of swimming provide the opportunity to study these relationships in a virtual environment. Unlike in physical experimentation, the forces on individual body segments, torque about body joints and joint powers can be calculated in the model. These model outputs allow new insight into the loading on the body from the fluid along with the internal biomechanical forces that result. We use a coupled Biomechanicai-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (B-SPH) model to calculate joint torque and joint powers for the arms of a male elite athlete performing a freestyle stroke. Results show the large demand on the muscles of the arm, especially those spanning the shoulder. Future developments and applications of the model are discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation der Unterwasserbewegung beim Flossenschwimmen von Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032644</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032644</guid>
      <author>Tanigawa, T.</author>
      <author>Terada, M.</author>
      <author>Kataoka, H.</author>
      <author>Matsumoto, T.</author>
      <author>Kamiya, M.</author>
      <author>Taguchi, A.</author>
      <author>Kida, N.</author>
      <author>Nomura, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anfängertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanigawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terada, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kataoka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsumoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamiya, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taguchi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kida, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nomura, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to evaluate the relationships between horizontal velocity, kick rate, kick length, and the range of motion of each body part in apnea finswimming. Research was conducted on 81 male and 26 female high-school swimmers without monofin swimming experience. Each subject swam at their maximum performance during the test. Measurements for motion analysis were taken for the wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles and the tip of the monofin. We used the vertical displacement of each body part over time to approximate a sine wave (z=a1 *sin (b1 *t+c1) +d1 *t+e1). Using these figures, we observed the following three points. 1) For male subjects, no correlations were observed between horizontal velocity and the length of amplitudes of the wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips and knees. For females, no correlations were found between horizontal velocity and the length of amplitudes of the shoulders and hips.2) There was a negative correlation between kick rate and amplitudes for both males and females (Elbow r = -.660, p<.Ol) 3) There was a significant positive correlation between kick length and the amplitudes of the lower limbs. (Males: Ankle r=.888 p<.Ol, Females: Ankle r=.863 p<.01)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eigenschaften eines Schwimmstarts im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032643</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032643</guid>
      <author>Tor, E.</author>
      <author>Pease, D. L.</author>
      <author>Ball, K. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tor, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pease, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ball, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In competitive swimming, the start has been strongly linked to overall performance (Cossor & Mason 2001), The swimming start can contribute between 0.8-26.1% of total race time depending on the distance (Lyttle & Benjanuvatra 2005), with the percentage contribution increasing as the distance of the race becomes shorter (Hay 1986). The swimming start phase of a race is defined as the time from the starting signal to when the centre of the swimmer's head reaches 15 m (Cossor & Mason 2001). The start as a whole is typically broken into three sub-phases: the on-block, flight and underwater phases. The percentage time contribution of each sub-phase is approximately 11%, 5% and 84% respectively (Siawson, Conway, Cosser, Chakravorti & West 2013). The on-block phase is described as the time from the starting signal to when the swimmer leaves the block while the flight phase is the time from when the swimmer leaves the block to when the swimmer enters the water. The last and longest phase of the start is the underwater phase and is the time from when the swimmer enters the water to when the swimmer resurfaces to begin free swimming. The free-swimming time is defined as the time following the underwater phase from breakout to 15 m. Following the Beijing Olympics in 2008 a new starting block was introduced to international competition. The Omega OSB11 starting block has an adjustable kick plate, footrest or back plate fixed at 30° which can be moved to five different locations (35 mm intervals) along the length of the starting platform which is also angled at 10° to the horizontal. As a result of the introduction of these blocks a different starting techniquecalled the 'kick-start' has been developed and utilised by most elite swimmers during competition. Multiple research studies have found that swimmers can gain an added advantage using this new technique (Honda, Sinclair, Mason & Pease 2010; Takeda, Takagi & Tsubakimoto 2013). This is mainly due to an increase in horizontal velocity with the added contribution of the increased force that is able to be produced by the rear leg (Honda et al. 2010). There have been many previous start studies that have compared different start techniques (Bianksby, Nicholson & Elliott 2002), or evaluated different elements of the start such as foot placement (Takeda et al. 2013), entry angle (Groves & Roberts 1972) and starting position (Honda, Sinclair, Mason & Pease 2012). Although these studies have used elite/sub-elite subjects the groups they used were mixed and comparisons between genders were not made. Cesser and Mason (2001) did separate their analysis into male and female groups, however they did not make comparisons between gender. Furthermore, Seifert et al. (2010), Vantorre et al. (2010), Breed et al. (2000), Kirner et al. (1989) examined start performance based only on low-to moderate numbers of single gender subjects. There is obvious strength, performance and technical differences present for males compared to female swimmers so combining genders in the same analysis may not be appropriate, as differences might exist in how velocity is developed. The same observations can be made when comparing start performances for difference strokes. There are even fewer studies that have combined different strokes in their study design. Only two known studies have compared the differences between freestyle and butterfly starts. Strojnik et al. (1998) found small differences in the flight phase of the start, while Whitten (1997) found that butterfly swimmers travelled deeper during the underwater phase. However, these studies compared the differences between strokes using a grab start technique. Given that the grab start has been superseded by the kick-start, the findings from these studies may not be relevant to techniques currently used in competition. This study is the first to compare start performances and specific start parameters between male and female using elite swimmers and the new kick-start technique. The aims of this study were to characterise the swim start of elite swimmers using the new Omega OSB11 starting block and to make comparisons between gender and different strokes based on overall start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung der Beinschlagtechnik im Brustschwimmen mittels einer Druckverteilungsanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032642</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032642</guid>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Tsubakimoto, S.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubakimoto, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The propulsive force produced by limbs is a key contributor to the velocity attained during human swimming. However, the swimming motion in the aquatic environment is very complex, being difficult to evaluate the propulsive forces. Although many researchers have developed direct method to measure active drag during human swimming (Hollander et al. 1986; Formosa, Mason & Burkett 2011), the situation differs from that in free swimming. To circumvent these difficulties, a new method has been developed in which fluid forces are estimated from analysis of pressure distributions (Takagi & Wilson 1999; Kudo et al. 2008). This method has been used to successfully measure the force acting on a hand over time. As swimmers move their hand through the water, the pressure fluid drag forces act perpendicularly to the hand surface. Swimmers are propelled by the reaction force that matches the sum of these fluid forces. Estimating fluid forces by analyzing pressure distributions confers a distinct advantage over conventional measures: swimming technique is undisturbed and, provided that the pressure drag is measured directly, errors in the estimated fluid forces appear to be reduced. However, no methodology has been proposed for predicting the fluid forces acting on other parts of a swimmer's body. Especially in the breaststroke, the propulsive forces produced by lower limb motions are more important than those produced by upper limb motions. Therefore, while an improved kicking technique would seem to be essential to performance of the breaststroke. If the fluid forces produced by breaststroke kicking could be measured precisely, coaches and swimmers would be better equipped to evaluate their technical training. In addition, if the reliability of a methodology for estimating the fluid forces acting on a foot during breaststroke kicking could verified, then coaches and swimmers could apply this information. The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for evaluation of breaststroke kicking motion using a pressure distribution analysis around a foot.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Echtzeit-Sonifikation im Schwimmen - Von der Druckveränderung des verdrängten Wasser zum Geräusch</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2014 14:34:22 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032641</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4032641</guid>
      <author>Ungerechts, B. E.</author>
      <author>Cesarini, D.</author>
      <author>Hermann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sonifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ungerechts, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesarini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The communication about the swimmers' internal perception of flow and the movement control is hampered because of missing mutual information about effect of interaction of actions of limbs and invisible motion of displaced (clear) water. Interaction as part of the connectivity of a two-bodies energy sphere. According to Schack {2004) the sensory picture of a voluntary action is a template to organise motor commands and guide motor control. lt is widely known that elite swimmers have an excellent perception of water motion using somatosensory, proprioceptive or vestibular and visual cues. Swimming as a self-induced activity in aquatic space means displacing water mass at low energy costs while yielding high swimming speeds in reaction and this is what elite swimmers strive to reach using a right feel for water. Takagi & Wilson (1999) emphasised that without pressure no propulsion exists and a pressure differential method is potentially a useful means in stroke analysis of cyclic 3D hand action. Pressure-time recordings are 'essential complementary information' (Loetz et al. 1988) helping to detect wrong hand positions when unusual pressure graphs occur {Van Manen et al. 1975). Klauck & Ungerechts {1997) pointed out that the interaction goes with pressure changes and momentum-induced effects of displaced water mass while drag-even if it is repeated often-does not explain the interaction effects sufficiently. Hence, kinematics of limbs' actions is not necessarily a direct indicator of flow effects. Ungerechts & Klauck {2014) highlighted that interaction is a means to transfer metabolic energy via limb's action to a unit volume of water which changes the energydensity, known as 'pressure' which in liquids or currents differs from the term pressure solid body mechanics (although in both cases the physical unit is [Pa]). Hermann et al. {2012) pointed out the importance of change of pressure, as an 'intermediate level' (Fig. 1) in connection with momentuminduced locomotion in aquatic space, a level which lacks attention in most swimming literature.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
