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    <item>
      <title>Messung beim Schwimmen auf die Extremitäten wirkender unsteter Fließkräfte mittels eines Roboterarms und ihre Modellierung mittels des Swimming Human Simulation Model "SWUM"</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021547</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021547</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, M.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Thrust generated by the limbs is one of the most important issues in the biomechanics of swimming. Many studies to date have been conducted in order to investigate the fluid force acting on the limbs, especially for the hand, by experiments and numerical simulations. However, most of them were confined to the steady condition although the swimming motion is completely unsteady. Some recent studies have conducted experiments and simulations for unsteady motion. However, such studies have investigated the unsteady motion only in one or two degrees-of-freedom (DOF), which are still far away from the real swimming motion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the unsteady fluid force during swimming in more realistic situation. For this objective, a robot arm which can perform 5DOF motion, and can represent both the upper and lower limb motions during swimming was developed. METHODS: The joint torques and the resultant thrust acting on the robot arm were measured by the force sensors attached to the robot. In a circulating water tank, an experiment to measure the fluid force was conducted for four swimming strokes of the upper and lower limbs. In order to model the unsteady fluid forces, the swimming human simulation model "SWUM", which has been developed by the authors (Nakashima et al., 2007), was employed. RESULTS: AND DISCUSSION: From the experiment, it was found that even the slight difference of the fluid forces between slightly different swimming motions can be quantified by the developed experimental system. The measured thrust of the crawl stroke reached the maximum value of 50N. With respect to the modeling, fluid force coefficients, which are the parameters in the fluid force model, were identified using optimizing calculation, so that the discrepancy of the forces and moments between the experiment and simulation was minimized.  Good agreement between the experiment and simulation with the determined fluid force model indicated validity of the determined model. The averaged discrepancy between the simulation and experiment was 11%. The identified fluid model will be useful for mechanical analyses of various swimming motions by SWUM in the future studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen neuer Hightec-Schwimmanzüge auf den passiven Widerstand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021546</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021546</guid>
      <author>Keul, S.</author>
      <author>Bieder, A.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keul, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bieder, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Which influence do Hightech-Swim-Suits have on swimming performance was the main question during the Olympic Games 2008 and World Championships 2009. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of new generation Hightech-Swim-Suits compared to conventional swimwear on passive drag. METHODS: Eight national league swimmers (4 male, 4 female) participated on repeated gliding-tests with a Semi Tethered Machine (STM). The participators wore either conventional swimwear, shoulderto- ankle Speedo LZR Racer, bluesenventy nero comp or Arena R-Evolution. For each condition athletes were towed in a 50m pool three times at water surface (s) and 0,5m deep (uw) in randomised order. Thereby velocity was measured. After smoothing the velocity-curves the means of steady state velocity were compared with ANOVA repeated measures with Fisher post-hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Under both conditions (s and uw) swimsuits reached higher velocities compared to conventional swimwear. Thereby Speedo LZR always reached the highest velocities (s: 1,95ms-1 ± 0,01; uw: 2,14 ms-1± 0,01), followed by blueseventy (s: 1,91 ms-1 ± 0,01; uw: 2,10 ms-1 ± 0,01) and Arena (s: 1,91 ms-1± 0,01; 2,09 ms-1± 0,01). The lowest speeds were reached with conventional swimwear (1,87 ms-1± 0,01; 2,02 ms-1± 0,01). Significantly higher velocities at the surface were found for Speedo LZR compared to normal swimwear and Arena R-Evolution. Under water blueseventy and Speedo achieved significantly higher velocities compared to normal swimwear. DISCUSSION: Drag is an important phenomenon, because its reduction improves swimming speed. Passive drag is smaller than active drag. Anyway measuring passive drag allows exposing the effects of swimsuits without any influence of swimmers skills. Former studies measured the effects of "previous" swimsuits on active and passive drag and found different results. The present study showed advantages in wearing one of the tested suits while gliding through water. Even if the results cannot be transferred to a real situation of swimming, it can be expected, that long gliding phases under water after turns and wearing a swimsuit might improve swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen der Eintauchfertigkeit und der 15-m-Zeit beim Start im Wettkampfschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021545</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021545</guid>
      <author>Kazumasa, O.</author>
      <author>Shinji, S.</author>
      <author>Masahiro, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kazumasa, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shinji, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Masahiro, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between skill in entry phase and the glide speed. METHODS: Fourteen collegiate elite male swimmers performed maximal efforts competitiv swimming start followed by 25m freestyle swim. The mean value of the swimmer elapsed time at 15m was 6.81±0.17 sec. The motions above and under water were recorded by synchronized two high speed video cameras (250 fps), and two CCD video cameras (60fps), respectively. The two-dimensional analysis was used to calculate the kinematic variables, such as entry speed, angle of projection, attitude angle and angle of attack. These angles were calculated about entry and glide phase. And, also acceleration in glide phase and angular variation about angle of projection, attitude angle and angle of attack during entry phase were calculated. A correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between performance of start phase (15m time) and the kinematic variables. RESULTS: About kinematic variables in entry phase, angle of projection was 34.4±2.9deg. Attitude angle was 39.5±4.9deg. Angle of attack was -4.6±6.5deg. About kinematic variables in glide phase, angle of projection was 31.0±3.0deg Attitude angle was 11.1±5.8deg. Angle of attack was 19.9±3.8deg.There was a  significant negative correlation between 0-15m time and angle of attack (p<0.05; r=-0.534). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between 15m time and acceleration in entry phase (p<0.05 r=0.593). Also, there was a significant negative correlation between angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase (p<0.05 r=-0.599). There was no correlation between angular variation about angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase (p=0.158 r=-0.277). DISCUSSION: The result of this study showed that the angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase influence 15m time. From these result, it is consider that the entry skill explained by angle of attack influence acceleration in entry phase, and therefore 15m time is shorten. But there was no correlation between angular variation about angle of attack and acceleration in entry phase. These results suggest that angular variation about angle of attack do not influence deceleration during entry phase in expert competitive swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der Kraftaufwendung der unteren Extremitäten bei Collegeschwimmern beim Vertikalsprung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021544</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021544</guid>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Shimoyama, Y.</author>
      <author>Endo, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoyama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Endo, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The injuries such as muscle strain or ankle sprain of swimmers often occurred during activities on the ground. It suggests that the injuries may be caused by their hyper mobility of the ankle joint or the reduction of the performance with the antigravity movement, but the real causes have not been elucidated yet. The measurement of jumping performance is widely used to evaluate the physical condition and trainability of athletes, but not so much of swimmers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the vertical jumping performance between Swimmers (SW) and Track and Field athletes (TF) in order to elucidate their properties of power output of lower limbs and to prevent the injuries of swimmers. METHODS: 12 male SW and 9 male TF in N university were participated. All subjects performed counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) on the portable force plate. The changes in jumping height, displacement and velocity of center of mass (COM) were derived from the time series of the ground reaction force (GRF) collected with sampling frequency at 400 Hz. The same measurements were performed before (Pre) and after (Post) 6 months routine training. RESULTS: For SW, a significant increase in jumping height was observed in SJ (Pre;0.36±0.04m)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relativer Beitrag der Widerstands- und Auftriebskräfte in den einzelnen Phasen beim Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021543</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021543</guid>
      <author>Gourgoulis, V.</author>
      <author>Boli, A.</author>
      <author>Aggeloussis, N.</author>
      <author>Toubekis, A. G.</author>
      <author>Vezos, N.</author>
      <author>Kasimatis, P.</author>
      <author>Mavrommatis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gourgoulis, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggeloussis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toubekis, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vezos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasimatis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavrommatis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The resultant force produced by a swimmer`s hand is a combination of drag and lift forces. The optimal combination of these forces is important, in order as much as possible of the resultant force to be aimed in the swimming direction (Schleihauf, 2004). Although both drag and lift forces are important for the swimming propulsion, it is suggested that, it is more effective when swimmers rely more on drag, rather than on lift forces (Maglischo, 2003). However, there is a lack of data regarding the relative contribution of drag and lift forces in the separate phases of the underwater stroke in front crawl swimming, which was the purpose of the present study. METHODS: Ten female swimmers swam 25 m front crawl with maximal intensity, with pull-buoy and without breathing in the middle of the pool. Four camcorders (60 Hz) were used to record the underwater motion of the right hand, and the digitizing of selected points was undertaken using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. The underwater stroke was divided in three phases: a) entry and catch b) pull and c) push. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the methodology described by Sanders (1999) were used to estimate the propulsive forces of the hand. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for the statistical treatment of the data. RESULTS: During the pull phase the mean drag force (7.27 ± 1.89 Í) was significantly (F1,9= 7.590; p < 0.05) greater than lift force (5.37 ± 1.33 Í), while during the push phase no significant (F1,9= 3.829; p= 0.082) differences were found between drag (7.85 ± 1.16 N) and lift forces (8.81 ± 1.84 N). Furthermore, the drag force was not significantly different (F1,9= 0.591; p= 0.355) between the pull and push phases, while the lift force was significantly higher (F1,9= 29.142; p< 0.05) during the push vs. the pull phase. DISCUSSION: Both drag and lift forces are important for appropriate propulsion. However, the drag force is decisive for the propulsion in both propulsive phases of the underwater motion of the hand, while the contribution of lift force was increased during the push phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Angriffswinkel, resultierende Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung der Hand und vertikale Beschleunigung des großen Trochanter bei der Scullbewegung: Eine Falluntersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021542</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021542</guid>
      <author>Gomes, L. E.</author>
      <author>Loss, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loss, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Synchronised swimmers need to be able to maintain a steady height in the water by performing controlled sculling motion, in which constant vertical resultant force (VRF) is applied. This study aimed to analyse the attack angle, the resultant speed and acceleration of the hand during sculling motion in order to relate these variables with the vertical acceleration of the greater trochanter (VAGT), which is proportional to the VRF. METHODS: One synchronised swimmer was asked to perform sculling motion in a stationary, vertical position (head above the water surface and with the water at chin level). Three-dimensional kinematic data from underwater video analysis was used to calculate the VAGT, the average attack angle and the hand`s average resultant speed and acceleration during 11 consecutive cycles of sculling motion. Each cycle was divided into four phases: in-sweep, transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep, out-sweep and transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (Arellano et al., 2006). Each variable was compared between the phases through a series of  paired t-tests ( =0.05). RESULTS: Greater attack angles were found during the transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (51.8±6.8°). This phase also presented higher average resultant acceleration of the hand (27.4±4.8 m/s2). Higher average resultant speeds of the hand were found during the in-sweep and out-sweep (1.8±0.2 m/s). The lowest average attack angle (1.2±9°) and resultant speed of the hand (1.4±0.1 m/s) occurred during the out-sweep and transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep respectively. The highest positive values of the VAGT occurred during 
the transition phase from out-sweep to in-sweep (0.8±0.2 m/s2), while the highest absolute negative values occurred during the other transition phase (-0.7±0.2 m/s2) and the lowest absolute average occurred during the in-sweep (-0.1±0.2 m/s2). DISCUSSION: Comparing insweep and out-sweep, greater VRF was applied during the out-sweep, which also showed the lower attack angle. Greater negative VRF was found during the transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep, which may be explained by the lower average attack angle, while greater positive VRF was found during the other transition phase in which average attack angle was higher.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erlernen und Verbesserung einer Schwimmtechnik innerhalb einer interdiziplinären und erfahrungsbasierten Lehrmethode mit Schülern der 7. Klasse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021489</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021489</guid>
      <author>Esser-Noethlichs, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Didaktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Esser-Noethlichs, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to investigate in how far the school subjects swimming and physics can benefit from each other when teaching them together in an inter-disciplinary and experience based context. It was expected that a  comprehensive background knowledge about the biomechanics of swimming help improving a swimming technique. On the other hand, teaching physics in the context swimming was supposed to be an advantage regarding improving interest in physics as school subject. Gained experiences in the context of swimming should make it easier for the students to deal theoretically with the respective topics as well. METHODS: Two parallel school classes (7th grade) of a German Gymnasium were taught separately over six weeks. In the experimental group (N=25), physics and swimming were taught as a unit in the context of "moving efficiently through the water". In the control group (N=26), physics and swimming were taught separately. Besides the different arrangement and teaching method, it was tried to keep the aims and contents similar in both groups. Standardized tests were conducted in order to evaluate different factors such as knowledge, interest in physics, and swimming technique (Noethlichs and Schulz 2007). RESULTS: Results showed that both groups improved their breast stroke technique significantly but with an advantage for the experimental group. The knowledge test indicated a significant increase of the experimental group in comparison to the control group. DISCUSSION: Within the experimental group, learning the physics of swimming were directly linked to personal experiences and experiments in the water. The students experienced for instance different forces in the water with their own body and they tried to investigate how they could take advantage of those forces regarding an efficient movement through the water. Subsequent theoretical reflections gained an experience- based background knowledge, which seemed to enable improving their breast stroke technique autonomously. The control group students depended more on the teacher`s instructions and feedback. In addition, the experience-based method supported the understanding of the physics of swimming significantly which can reasonably be related to the specific teaching design.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen respiratorischen Symptomen und bronchialer Ansprechbarkeit bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021488</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021488</guid>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <author>Stadelmann, K.</author>
      <author>Carlsen, K.-H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stadelmann, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carlsen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of exercise induced asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is reported high among elite endurance athletes. Of the summer sports, swimmers show a high incidence of BHR and respiratory symptoms. From the winter Olympic Games 2002 and later the international Olympic Committee-Medical Commission (IOC-MC) required objective measurements of BHR or reversibility to bronchodilators to obtain approval for the use of  2-gonists in sports. The aims of the study were therefore to evaluate the relationship between respiratory symptoms in young elite swimmers and two different tests of BHR; Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) and the dose of inhaled methacholine causing 20% decrease in FEV1 (PD20 methacholine). Secondly we aimed to define the repeatability of the EVH test. METHODS: 15 male and 9 female adolescent elite swimmers, 15 to 25 years old, performed one measurement of PD20 methacholine and two EVH tests in randomised order. Dry air containing 5% CO2 was inhaled with a target ventilation  of .85% MVV (minimum 65%) for 6 min. PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol and EVH . 10% decrease in FEV1 were considered positive according to the limits given by IOC-MC. The athletes reported their respiratory symptoms and medication use in the modified AQUA2008 questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty swimmers (83%) reported respiratory symptoms, 15 of these (75%) had a positive provocation test. Fourteen (58%) of the 24 swimmers had at least one positive test result to either one EVH test or to PD20 methacholine. The sensitivity for PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol in relation to respiratory symptoms was 50% versus 60% and 47.37% for the two EVH tests, respectiveley and 75% for PD20 methacholine . 4 ƒÊmol. Bland-Altman plot of the two EVH tests showed a consistent distribution with only one subject outside the limits of agreement CI (-5.5, 6.8). DISCUSSION: The prevalences of BHR and respiratory symptoms among adolescent elite swimmers are very high. PD20 methacholine . 2 ƒÊmol and EVH . 10% agree but PD20 methacholine . 4 ƒÊmol shows the best sensitivity in relation to respiratory symptoms.  This may infer that the symptoms occurring in swimmers may to some extent be unspecific and not always related to BHR, alternatively that the requirements set up by IOC-MC may be too strict. The EVH test has a high repeatability, but is very expensive and uncomfortable to perform.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erhöhte bronchiale Ansprechbarkeit, physiologische und psychologische Wiederherstellung bei jugendlichen Schwimmern: Eine vorläufige Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021487</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021487</guid>
      <author>Kristiansen, E.</author>
      <author>Stensrud, T.</author>
      <author>Stadelmann, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kristiansen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stensrud, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stadelmann, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Many endurance sports require a hard training regime, and swimming is one of the most physically and mentally demanding of all sports as they have a hard in-water and out-of-water training program. For many swimmers  breathing problems cause additional stress in the recovery process. The prevalence of exercise induced asthma (EIA) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is especially high amongst elite endurance athletes and has markedly increased over the last three decades. In addition for swimmers, the inhalation of chlorine is thought to be an airway provoking factor during training and competitions (Drobnic et al., 1996). The aim of this preliminary investigation is to test if there are any links between breathing problems, physiological and psychological recovery for swimmers. METHODS: 15 male and 9 female adolescent swimmers performed one Methacholine challenge and two Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) tests. In addition, the swimmers also filled in a questionnaire package that consisted of scales measuring perfectionism, burnout,  recovery and motivational climate. RESULTS: 15 of 24 swimmers had at least one positive test result to either one of the EVH tests or to the methacholine challenge (PD20 .2 ƒÊmol). When coding the swimmers as responsive or not responsive, we were able to correlate BHR with psychological variables which gave some significant and meaningful results even though low number of participants. BHR correlated negatively with accomplished recovery (-.44, p<.05), and positively with perfectionism (parental criticism: .48, p<.05). DISCUSSION: This preliminary investigation emphasize that the prevalence of bronchial hyper responsiveness (BHR) among elite adolescent swimmers is alarmingly high. Breathing problems may lead to underperformance, though; BHR is rarely mentioned as a physiological marker for e.g. overtraining (Richardson et al., 2008). Hence, parental pressure, massive training load, unsuccessful recovery is vital issues with applied consequences both for training and competition. In conclusion, there is evidence that we need more research about this possible (breathing) stress-recovery imbalance in order to identify underrecovery]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Querschnitts auf der Basis von Computeranimation im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021486</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021486</guid>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R. H.</author>
      <author>Kulpa, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aerodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Animation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kulpa, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Reducing cross sectional area (CSA) during starts and turns is a key part of performance optimisation. Different methods have been used to obtain this parameter without any standard: total human body volume to the power 2/3, wetted area or frontal area based on planimetry technique (PT) (Toussaint, 1990). These different methods can lead to discrepancies in drag values (Cappaert, 1994). Recently, Nicolas et al. (2009) used two synchronized camcorders to evaluate drag parameters during the different phases of an undulatory stroke cycle. However, such a technique needs accurate synchronization and calibration of the different camcorders views. The aim of this study is to provide a new method based on animation of virtual characters to obtain instantaneous cross-sectional area in an undulatory stroke cycle. Its main advantage is to obtain cross-sectional area as well as biomechanical analysis with a single camcorder in a sagittal plan and without space calibration. METHOD: A camcorder placed side-on to the swimmer recorded the undulatory movements in the sagittal plane of eight swimmers. This information provided the angles between limbs. These data were then used by our animation engine to animate a virtual swimmer whose anthropometric data came from the real swimmer. A specific algorithm has been developed to automatically obtain the CSA using body outlines. In order to validate our method, we also calculated the CSA using PT with a frontal camcorder view of the same undulatory movements. RESULTS/ DISCUSSION: Our results show similar values of maximum CSA using PT and the frontal camcorder view (0.012±0.003m²) and our algorithm based on 3D animation (0,014±0.004m²). The mean coefficient of variation between the results obtained from the two methods is 7.3%. This difference could be related to the level of details of the mesh used to model the avatar. One prospect to this work is to take resistive and propulsive body segments into account in CSA calculation. From this method, we intend to better understand swimming hydrodynamics and the way CSA influences active drag. More generally, this approach has been designed to provide new practical insights into swimming analysis protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Höhenprojekt: Ein internationales Gemeinschaftsforschungsprojekt zum Höhentraining bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021485</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021485</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Live High - Train Low</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: : Altitude training (AT) is a common practice among swimmers although scientific evidence of its benefits is scarce and controversial, particularly in elite athletes. The Altitude Project aims to: 1) determine the effectiveness of AT using the Hi-Hi (living and training at moderate altitude), or the Hi-Lo (high intensity training performed at lower altitude) models, in comparison with sea level training; 2) establish the physiological mechanisms involved; 3) ascertain whether altitude training affects swimming technique; 4) uncover any negative impact on athletes` health and performance; and 5) identify markers of individual response and adaptation to AT. METHODS: An international group of researchers belonging to universities and sports organizations of different nations, supported by the IOC and FINA among others, will develop a major international study starting at October, 2010. About 40 male and female elite swimmers from various countries and their coaches will participate in a controlled, matchedpaired, balanced experiment with three interventions: Hi-Hi (2320 m), Hi-Lo (high intensity training at 690 m, Granada), and Lo-Lo (sea level, Barcelona). After the first set of tests, subjects will be   tched by gender, competitive level, and VO2max, and to one of the three groups. Initial and repeated measurements along the study will include: 1) performance testing, 2) swimming economy and metabolic testing (including VO2max and MAOD), 3) swimming technique and kinematics, 4) hematology (including flux cytometry and total Hb mass), 5) prooxidant/ antioxidant balance, 6) immunological status, 7) heart rate and arterial blood pressure variability, 8) echocardiography, and 9) clinical]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Markerlose Analyse des Freistilschwimmens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021484</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021484</guid>
      <author>Ceseracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Ceccon, S.</author>
      <author>Donà, G.</author>
      <author>Corazza, S.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <author>Cobelli, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ceseracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceccon, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donà, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corazza, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Although underwater swimmers video recordings are widely diffused, swimmers` kinematics is usually reconstructed only on a single sagittal view, relying on manual digitization of specific features` position. In this study, 3D kinematics of the right arm in front crawl swimming is analyzed employing a markerless, automatic and repeatable method [1], based on multi-view video recordings of the subject. METHODS: An elite swimmer performing front crawl was acquired employing 5 subaqueous CCTV colour cameras and Canopus ADVC-55 A/D converters (PAL interlaced video, 25frames/sec). Cameras were synchronized automatically by means of an ad-hoc application, and calibrated with Bouguet method. Silhouette extraction was performed employing a Gaussian mixture algorithm (Intel OpenCV library), which creates an adaptive model of the background; a priori information, in terms of an extra "white" Gaussian component of the model, was included in order to deal with the presence of the foam. From the intersection of these silhouettes` back-projections in space, a visual hull of the subject was obtained at each frame. The joints` position was reconstructed by means of matching the visual hull with a subjectspecific mesh model (obtained from a dry and static visual hull of the subject), based on rigid-segments, employing the articulated-ICP algorithm. Only a manual initialization step is required, in which the initial position of the wrist is determined by digitizing its positions on all the views, and triangulating them. Correlation coefficients were evaluated for the three components of shoulder, elbow and wrist joints among three trials. RESULTS: The 3D joint trajectories repeatability analysis reported intra-method correlation coefficients between trials ranging from 0.948 to 0.997 for the antero-posterior component, from 0.751 to 0.998 for medio-lateral and from 0.2578 to 0.9975 for vertical. In the latter case, poor correlation was found for the elbow joint, while wrist and shoulder showed a good correlation (mean: 0.91±0.1SD). DISCUSSION: The application of a fully automatic markerless technique for analysis of swimmers` kinematics has been investigated. Good results were achieved in terms of intra-method repeatability of joint trajectories. Although this method has not been validated yet due to the lack of a gold standard, it is very promising for quantitative, wide-scale studies on swimmers` motion]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen maximaler dynamischer Kraft spezifischer Muskelgruppen und der Wurfgeschwindigkeit bei Hochleistungs-Wasserballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021483</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021483</guid>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Focke, T.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Focke, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The power shot is the main throwing technique in water polo reaching the highest ball velocities. Several muscle groups are involved in this motion. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation of maximal dynamic strength of the upper bodies and legs muscles on throwing velocity. METHODS: 15 male German elite water polo players and junior national squad members participated in the present study (age: 16.4 ± 3.0 years; height: 184.5 ± 9.2 cm; weight: 84.0 ± 12.5 kg). All subjects were right-handed. Each subject performed 3 power shots in the pool with a distance of 5 meters to the goal to assess maximal throwing velocity, measured by the Speedtrac X sports radar gun. Maximal dynamic muscle strength (FtPmax [N]) was measured using a pull-over machine (left and right hand), twister for lateral abdominal muscles (left and right direction of movement) and ab- and adductor machine for the legs. Relationships between muscle strength and throwing speed variables were evaluated using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The following results for FtPmax [N] were measured: Pull-over (left hand): 438.9 ± 127.1 N; Pull-over (right hand): 462.5 ± 116.9 N; Twister (to the left): 666.3 ± 146.7 N; Twister (to the right): 707.1 ± 136.7 N; Abductor: 749.9 ± 232.0 N; Adductor: 790.2 ± 200.3 N. Maximal throwing velocity was 68.5 ± 4.8 km/h. The following correlations were calculated between throwing velocity and maximal dynamic muscle strength: Pull-over left (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and right hand (r = 0.52, p < 0.01); abductor (r = 0.57, p = 0.03),]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der standardmäßigen mittleren Muskelaktivierung bei Verwendung eines Schnorchels und ohne Schnorchel im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021482</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021482</guid>
      <author>Conceicao, A.</author>
      <author>Gamboa, H.</author>
      <author>Palma, S.</author>
      <author>Araújo, T.</author>
      <author>Nunes, N.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D.</author>
      <author>Costa, A.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Conceicao, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gamboa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nunes, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In swimming the snorkel (K4b2, Italy, Rome), which consists of a valve train Aquatrainer (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) is often used for analysis of various physiological and biomechanical aspects has allowed researchers to analyze its feability and reliability, as the mechanical constraints caused by this system. Electromyography (EMG) evaluates the neuromuscular activity by plotting the electrical activity of muscle and thus displaying patterns of muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to compare the average pattern of muscle activation in two situations, with and without the use of a snorkel in the breakstroke technique. METHODS: Five male subjects (Mean ± SD: age 19 ± 3,67 years; weight 76.1 ± 6.58 kg; height 178 ± 0.05 cm; fat mass percentage 14,68 ± 1.96; IMC 24 ± 1,66), were subjected to a test consisting of a protocol of 2 x 25m breakstroke, in the first part of the test the swimmers used a snorkel; in the second part they swam without snorkel at 95% of transit time for 200m crawl. Using a wireless signal acquisition system (bioPLUX research, Portugal) and EMG sensors (emgPLUX, Portugal), muscle activity of Biceps Brachii (BB) and Triceps Brachii (TB) of the right arm was recorded throughout the test and synchronized with the video images. The raw EMG was processed offline using Python (version 2.4) routines to compare morphology of the pattern of EMG signal recorded form BB and TB during both test conditions. The signals were subsampled to a frequence of 200Hz, then low-pass filtered with a smoothing window of 50 samples and full-wave rectified. We selected the (middle-700_middle+2300) samples of the raw signal on all identical pathways (15m). For each subject, muscle and test condition, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values of EMG were determined. In order to compare the pattern EMG wave of the swimming movement with and without snorkel, the mean EMG wave was computed for each subject, muscle and test condition. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the mean activation (EMG) of the BB and TB are higher with the use of snorkel. With respect to the maximal values, higher values in BB were observed both in the muscles recorded as well as in the condition with use of a snorkel. DISCUSSION: We observed in both muscles higher EMG values when using the snorkel. Since BB higher values mean higher activation in both situations. The curve of the EMG signal pattern of the cycle for each muscle group is different from subject to subject, and was different between each situation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beitrag der Arme und Beine zur Gesamtleistung bei Verwendung eines neuen Ganzkörper-Schwimmtrainingsgeräts</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021481</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021481</guid>
      <author>Swaine, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Swaine, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A new whole-body swimming training machine can be used to determine the power generated by each limb. The contribution made by each limb to the total power output can be calculated (%) in relation to exercise intensity. 12 swimmers with a mean age of 23.2 * 1.2 (yrs), stature 1.75 * 0.02 (m) and body mass of 73.8 * 2.9 (kg) gave informed consent and performed an incremental whole-body exercise test to exhaustion on the computer-interfaced whole-body swimming training machine. Exercise intensity commenced at 100W and was increased by 50W per minute. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and peak power output (Wpeak) were determined. The mean values of VO2peak and Wpeak were; 3.7 * 0.8 l/min and 366.7 * 52.6 W respectively. At various exercise intensities the relative contribution of the legs to total power output was as follows: At 20%VO2peak it was 29.7 %, at 40%VO2peak it was 35.8%, at 60%VO2peak it was 41.7% and at 80%VO2peak it was 48.2%. At VO2peak itself, the contribution was 53.5%. These results show that the contribution of the legs (to total power output) can be as much as the contribution from the arms, during high intensity exercise in swimmers. Of course, the extent to which these results can be applied to swimming is limited by the specificity of the exercise, but the results suggest that swimmers can perhaps produce as much power with their legs as they can with their arms, when they exercise with their arms and legs simultaneously.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines Trainingsprogramms der kompensatorischen Kraft der Schulter auf die Kraft der Rotatorenmanschette bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021480</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021480</guid>
      <author>Batalha, N.</author>
      <author>Raimundo, A.</author>
      <author>Tomás-Carús, P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, O.</author>
      <author>Sousa, J. P.</author>
      <author>Costa, A. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Batalha, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raimundo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomás-Carús, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate de effects of 16 week compensatory strength training program in shoulder strength and respective conventional ratios (concentric ER/IR). METHODS: A total of 40 national level male swimmers were assessed and randomly divided in two groups - experimental group (N=20)-(age:14.65±0.67 years old, height:173.48±6.87 cm, body mass:63.15±5.68 kg) and control group (N=20)-(age:14.60±0.60 years old, height: 170.79±6.48 cm, body mass:61.73±4.68 kg). Experimental subjects participated in a 16 week shoulder strength program with Thera-Band® elastic bands (3 times a week). The peak-torque of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotators (ER) was measured in both groups at baseline and after 16 weeks. Concentric action at 60º/s (3 rep) and 180º/s (20 rep) were measured, in a seated position, with the shoulder at 90º of abduction and the elbow flexed to 90º, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 - Biodex Corp., Shirley, USA). Anova with repeated measures was used to determine significant main effects in shoulder rotators strength and unilateral ER/IR ratios. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in all variables that measure the ER shoulder strength at 60º/s in dominant(DT) (P=0.031) and non-dominant(NDT) shoulder (P=0.001). Meanwhile concentric action at 180º/s, only showed significant differences on DT shoulder (P=0.032). In respect of ER/IR ratio, a compensatory strength training programme induces significant differences in both shoulders at 60º/s (DT: P=0.001; NDT: P=0.001). At 180º/s we just found significant effects on the DT ER/IR ratio (P=0.002). DISCUSSION: The results of this study support earlier research [1] that showed that the unilateral shoulder strength ratios increases substantially after a period of a strength training program. Since the ratios describe the quality of muscular balance/imbalance [1], we can conclude that a 16 week compensatory shoulder strength training program using Thera-Band® elastic bands, reduces muscular imbalances in rotator cuff of  mpetitive young swimmers. These results highlight the useful of this kind of compensatory program to prevent shoulder injuries]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Nachteilige Auswirkung von einer Erhöhung der Belastungsintensität und einer Reduzierung des Umfangs über 12 Wochen auf die VO2max bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021479</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021479</guid>
      <author>Pedersen, M. T.</author>
      <author>Kilen, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, T. H.</author>
      <author>Jørgensen, M</author>
      <author>Rocha, B.</author>
      <author>Nordsborg, N. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kilen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jørgensen, M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The training volume of elite swimmers often reaches 40-50 km per week. Recent reports suggest that an increased amount of supra-maximal interval exercise, carried out as 6-12 times 30 s all-out exercise separated by 3 min of rest, can improve the performance of trained non-elite runners, despite a 25-80 % reduction in training volume. The reduction in volume resulted in an improved running economy but no change in maximal aerobic power. METHODS: A group of male (N=20; 19±3 yrs, mean±SD) and female (N=11; 18±3 yrs) elite swimmers were randomly allocated to an intensity training
group (IG, N=16) and a control group (CG, N=15). For 12 weeks, CG carried out their normal training of 25-50 km pr week including supra- maximal high intensity bouts 1-2 times per week. IG swimmers reduced their training volume 50% relative to CG and performed at least 4 sets per week of supra-maximal interval training. Before and after the training period, oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured during swimming at two different sub maximal speeds, followed by a test of VO2-max using stepwise increases in swimming speed until exhaustion. In addition swimmers performed a set of 5x200 m starting every 5 min (1-3 being easy sub-maximal swims; the 4th a hard effort and the 5th an all out effort). RESULTS: VO2 was unchanged during submaximal swimming. In IG Figures for VO2 at the highest submaximal velocity before the training period was 2.56 ± 0.78 l/min and after the training period 2.53 ± 0.94 l/min. For CG the same figures were 2.65±0.64 and 2.59±0.54 l/min respectively. For VO2-max there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in IG from before (3.93±0.81 l/min) to after the training
period (3.78±0.94 l/min). There were no changes in VO2- max in CG (Before: 3.85 ±0.71; after 3.84±0.66 l/min). There were no significant changes in 200 m performance. In IG the mean velocity of the 5th 200 m was 1.50±0.08 m/s before the training period and 1.51±0.08 m/s after the training period. For CG the same figures were 1.53±0.09 DISCUSSION: The major findings in this study were that and 1.51±0.08 m/s. reduced training, despite more than a doubling of supra-maximal interval bouts, had a detrimental effect on VO2-max but not on swimming economy or performance in 200 m swimming in this group of elite swimmers. Apparently, a high training volume is required to maintain VO2-max in athletes that depend on their upper body musculature and possibly VO2-max is not a good predictor of 200 m freestyle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen aeroben und anaeroben Trainings auf den Stickoxidgehalt im Blut und die Rolle der Geschlechter</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021174</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021174</guid>
      <author>Özkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turgay, F.</author>
      <author>Varol, S. R.</author>
      <author>Özcaldyran, B.</author>
      <author>Vural, F.</author>
      <author>Akpit, T</author>
      <author>Nalcakan, G. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Özkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turgay, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varol, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özcaldyran, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vural, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akpit, T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nalcakan, G. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The positive effects of aerobic exercise on the nitric oxide is known, but the effects of nitric oxide on anaerobic training and on the role of gender is not clear. Therefore, in this study, aerobic (swimming group) and anaerobic (volleyball group) training effects on blood nitric oxide levels and the role of gender in this effect were investigated. In this study; participants between the ages of 20-25 and have similar physical characteristics, from swimming as a aerobic group; 8 female and 11 male athlete, from volleyball as a anaerobic group; 8 female and 11 male athlete and as a control group that does not do regular exercise have 8 female and 11 male were included to the study. Wingate test and the lactate minimum speed (LMS) test was applied the volunteers. For the nitric oxide analysis from venous blood, cadmium is used as the reductor to `Griess method` has been identified with. Lactic acid analysis was determined by electro-enzymatic method for lactate minimum speed. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.0 statistical program, significance as p value <0.05 were used. Basal serum nitric oxide levels in male aerobic group was higher from control group (p <0.05) and anaerobic group (%11.4). Basal serum nitric oxide levels for females; no significant differences were found between the aerobic, anaerobic and control group (p> 0.05). But aerobic group`s basal serum nitric oxide level was bigger from the other two groups. There were no significant differences found between male and female groups at basal serum nitric oxide levels and there were no significant relationship between basal serum nitric oxide levels and lactate minimum speed in all group. In male and female`s; aerobic group lactate minimum speed were higher than control group (p<0.05), peak power and mean power of anaerobic group were higher than aerobic group (p<0.05). As a result; positive effect has been found on the blood serum nitric oxide levels with regular aerobic exercise training at significant  level in males, these effect not the same for females. There were no significant effects of anaerobic training on blood nitric oxide levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang des Armzugindex zu einigen physiologischen Parametern und der Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021171</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021171</guid>
      <author>Ozcaldiran, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozcaldiran, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of the arm-stroke index (ASI) to some physical characteristics and performance in swimming. METHODS: The study was conducted on 36 (17 male age of; 14.6±2.1, height(cm); 167.7±11.4, weight(kg); 59.2±10.5 and 19 female age of; 14.8±1.9 height(cm); 159±7.5, weight(kg); 52.2±7.4) competitive swimmers. The subjects swam four different styles (Freestyle [FR], backstroke [BA], butterfly [FY], breaststroke [BR]) for 100 meters at their best speeds, with 15 minutes in between. for each style, the ASI was calculated by dividing the number of arm strokes by the swimming velocity in m/s. The relationship between the variables was studied through correlation analyses (Spearman). The Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare male and female swimmers. The Friedman test was used for differences between different swimming styles and Wilcoxon was used for the post-hoc evaluation. RESULTS: The hand length (cm), arm length (cm) and the hand grip (kg/f ) values of male and female swimmers were found 18.6±1.3 and 18.2±1, 66.6±4.9 and 64.9±3.6, 32.8±10.2 and 24.8±5.6 respectively. Important significant correlations of varying degrees between ASI and the physical characteristics of height (in males; r(FR)= -0.83, r(BA)= -0.84, r(BR)= -0.89; [p<0.001]), weight (in males; r(FR)= -0.96, r(FY)= -0.84, r(BR)= -0.84, in females; r(FY)= -0.78; [p<0.001]), the lengths of the arm (in males; r(BA)= -0.81, r(BR)= -0.83; [p<0.001]), hand grip (in males; r(BR)= -0.80, in females; r(BA)= -0.79; [p<0.001]). A significant decrease in ASI with age in both sexes was observed (p<0.01). Similar relationship was observed between ASI and swiming velocity (in males; r(BA)= -0.88, r(FY)= -0.86, in females; r(FR)= -0.82, r(FY)= -0.87, r(BR)= -0.86; [p<0.001]). DISCUSSION: This study shows that certain physical characteristics effect ASI, and that development of ASI is reflected in swimming velocity. It is important to note here that the mechanical effect of leg kicking must not be overlooked. Attention paid to these points in designing the training programs of competitive swimmers will play a positive role and help increase their performance levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technische und physiologische Veränderungen beim kontinuierlichen vs. intermittierten Schwimmen an und oberhalb des maximalen Steady Staes</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021166</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021166</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, M. F.</author>
      <author>Caputo, F.</author>
      <author>Dekerle, J.</author>
      <author>Denadai, B. S.</author>
      <author>Greco, C. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caputo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dekerle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denadai, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Greco, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Most endurance training sessions are prescribed using intermittent exercise, which allow maintaining higher intensities with the same metabolic condition. In swimming, stroke technique (i.e., stroke rate - SR and stroke length - SL) and physiological potential may equally contribute to performance. When exercising above maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), a significant reduction in SL (Dekerle et al., 2005) has been found. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether MLSS determined using continuous (MLSSc) or intermittent (MLSSi) protocols represent a boundary above which not only physiological but also technical changes occur. METHODS: Thirteen endurance swimmers (23 ± 9 yr) performed four to eight 30-min sub-maximal tests, to determine the MLSSc and MLSSi (12 x 150 s with 30 s of passive recovery). The time to complete 5 stroke cycles was used to calculate one SR value per 100 m. SL was calculated as the ratio between speed and SR. The blood lactate, SR, and SL were analyzed at minute 10 and 30 of each test. RESULTS: The speed at MLSSi (1.17±0.09 m/s) and MLSSc (1.13±0.08 m/s) were significantly different (3.2%) while the blood lactate concentration was similar (4.3±1.1 and 4.4±1.5 mmol/L, respectively). SR increased during MLSSi (32.5±3.2 and 33.8±3.2 cycles/min, 3.9%), 102.5% MLSSc (32.0±3.7 and 34.2±3.6]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von den männlichen Top-Schwimmern bei den 13. FINA-Schwimmweltmeisterschaften getragene Schwimmanzüge: Analyse der Freistildisziplinen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021165</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021165</guid>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several world records have been broken in recent years. Swimming community speculates this fact is partly related due to the changes in swimsuits characteristics. To swim faster one need to increase the thrust and reduce drag, which can be achieved wearing the new polyurethane swimsuits (Marinho et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to verify the distribution of different swimsuits used by male swimmers during all the freestyle finals, according to the different distances swum, at the last world championships being held at Rome in 2009. METHODS: Results databases from the 13th FINA World Championships, in Rome 2009 were used. Only the male swimmers participating in the freestyle finals were observed and analyzed, for a total number of six individual swimming events (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m). The wearing swimsuits were observed from video recorded of the television broadcast. RESULTS: In freestyle swimming events most of the male swimmers participating in the finals choose to wear full body swimsuits. Three different swimsuits brands were used by the swimmers: Powerskin X-Glide Full® (56.25%), Jaked01 Full® (29.17%) and LZR Racer Full® (10.42%). Only 2.08% of the sample used pants. In the shortest event, 50 m, Jaked01 Full® was predominant with 62.50% of the swimmers choices. This value decreases to 25.00% analyzing the 100 m swimming event, and remained similar over the longer distances events. Contrarily, the Powerskin X-Glide Full® was used for 37.50% of the swimmers in 50 m swimming event, and it increased to 62.50% in the 100 m freestyle. This value remained similar over distances up to 1500 m. The maximum value of wearing reached by the LZR Racer Full® was 25.00% in the 400 m, being less used in the other swimming events, even reaching zero values in the 50 m and in the 1500 m events. DISCUSSION: The distribution of swimsuits wearing found in this study leads us to speculate that the Jaked01 Full® was preferred for the shorter distances and Powerskin X-Glide Full® was the choice for longer distances. The LZR Racer Full® was the least suit used and thus it seems it is not a preference for freestyle swimming events at this specific competition. These results seem to demonstrate that swimmers have some preferences regarding swimsuit type according to the distance of the swimming event.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>13. FINA-Schwimmweltmeisterschaften: Analyse von Schwimmanzügen der Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021164</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021164</guid>
      <author>Neiva, H. P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Neiva, H. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The polyurethane swimsuits has become the notice around the pools in the past couple years. A better body position and the reducing of drag are believed to be some of the reasons that allow the swimmers wearing these swimsuits to go faster (Kainuma et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to verify the distribution of different swimsuits used by male swimmers during the finals at the last world championships being held at Rome in 2009. METHODS: Results databases from the 13th FINA World Championships, in Rome 2009 were used. Only the male swimmers participating in the finals were analyzed, for a total number of 24 individual swimming events. The wearing swimsuits were observed from video recorded of the television broadcast. RESULTS: Male swimmers participating in the finals limited their choice to seven types of swimsuits, of four different brands. Jaked01 Full® was the most used (47%), followed by the Powerskin X-Glide Full® (35%), the Powerskin X-Glide Pants® (7%) and the LZR Racer Full® (5%). Less used were the Jaked01 Pants® (3%), the Hydrofoil Full® (1%) and the LZR Racer Pants® (1%). Powerskin X-Glide Full® was the most used in freestyle events (56%), followed by Jaked01 Full® (29%). In backstroke, male swimmers share a preference between Powerskin X-Glide Pants® and Jaked01 Full® (33% each). All the swimsuits used in the breaststroke finals were distributed by the Jaked01 Full® (79%) and the Powerskin X-Glide Full® (21%). In medley finals, the Jaked01 Full® remained in the preferences (56%) followed by Powerskin X-Glide Full® (25%). We also could verify that 41% of the swimmers wearing Powerskin X-Glide Full® reached the podium, as well as 29% with Jaked01 Full®. DISCUSSION: Male swimmers preferentially used full swimsuits, covering both the torso and legs, probably contributing for a higher drag decrease. We can observe a clear preference for two swimsuits types: the Powerskin X-Glide Full® and the Jaked01 Full®. It seems these swimsuits had greater success rate for achieving podium places. One can speculate that in backstroke swimmers used more swimming pants because they are in a dorsal position, where a full swimsuit could not allow much benefits of the torso cover. The existence of selected preferences by the swimmers highlights the importance of the swimsuits until the inclusion of the new swimsuit rule and might have on performances in the near future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur in den verschiedenen Schwimmarten bei Nachwuchsschwimmern nationalen Leistungsniveaus</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021163</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021163</guid>
      <author>Lomax, M</author>
      <author>Iggleden, C</author>
      <author>Tourell, A</author>
      <author>Castle, S</author>
      <author>Honey, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lomax, M</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iggleden, C</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tourell, A</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castle, S</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Honey, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) has been reported following 200 m front crawl (F/C) swimming in national and international standard masters` swimmers (Lomax & McConnell, 2003). Whether the magnitude of IMF varies between strokes and whether expiratory muscle fatigue (EMF) occurs in highly trained age-group swimmers was addressed in this study. METHODS: Following institutional ethical clearance, 11 national standard British age-group swimmers were recruited (mean ± SD: age 14 ± 1.4 years; body mass 55.9 ± 7 kg; stature 151.5 cm ± 5.1 cm) to undertake four ((1 x: F/C, back stroke (B/K), breast stroke (B/R) and butterfly (fly)) maximal 200 m swims from a push start. Each swim was undertaken on a separate occasion, at the same time of day, in the same swimming pool and followed a standardised 600 m warm-up. Inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressure (MIP and MEP, respectively; RPM Micro Medical, UK) were recorded pre and post each 200 m swim. In addition, breathing frequency (fr) and stroke count (SC) were recorded per swim. RESULTS: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed similar MIP values (p = 0.590) between strokes pre- (F/C 110 ± 21 cmH2O; B/K 112 ± 18 cmH2O; B/R 112 ± 24 cmH2O; Fly 110 ± 17 cmH2O) and post- (F/C 88 ± 22 cmH2O; B/K 93 ± 23 cmH2O; B/R 86 ± 19 cmH2O; Fly 96 ± 23 cmH2O) swim, although MIP did decline (p < 0.001) following each 200 m swim. No differences were observed in MEP either pre- (F/C 99 ± 31 cmH2O; B/K 98 ± 31 cmH2O; B/R 95 ± 27 cmH2O; Fly 99 ± 31 cmH2O) or post- (F/C 100 ± 39 cmH2O; B/K 99 ± 35 cmH2O; B/R 96 ± 35 cmH2O; fly 90 ± 28 cmH2O) swim at any time point (p = 0.727) or between strokes (p = 0.744). No relationship (p > 0.05) was observed between fr and the percentage change in MIP (F/C r = -.456; B/K r = .218; B/R r = .218; Fly r = .312) or between SC and the percentage change in MIP (F/C r = .458; B/K r = .496; B/R r = .520; Fly r = -.161). DISCUSSION: IMF occurs in response to maximal 200 m swimming in each of the four strokes but EMF does not. Although the magnitude of IMF was not significantly different between strokes, there was a trend for IMF to be higher in F/C and B/R (~20-23%) compared to Fly and B/K (13-17%). Furthermore, the magnitude of fatigue was not related to breathing frequency and had no effect on stroke count.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kann hochintensive Belastung bei mittlerer Intensität durch reduzierte Atemfrequenz simuliert werden?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021162</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021162</guid>
      <author>Kapus, J.</author>
      <author>Kapus, V.</author>
      <author>Usaj, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kapus, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Usaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Reduced breathing frequency (RBF) is often used during regular swimming training. Due to athlete's distress reported after the exercise with RBF, it has been speculated that high intensity workloads can be simulated at moderate intensities by RBF (West et al., 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare some respiratory and metabolic responses during constant load exercises with different breathing conditions (spontaneous and RBF), performed at different absolute intensity. METHODS: Eight healthy male subjects performed an incremental cycling test twice: first, with spontaneous breathing and second, with RBF at 10 breaths per minute. A constant load test with RBF (B10) was then performed to exhaustion at the peak power output obtained during the incremental test with RBF. Finally, the subjects performed constant load test with the spontaneous breathing (SB). This test was performed to exhaustion at peak power output obtained during the incremental test with spontaneous breathing. Respiratory parameters (VE, PETO2, PETCO2), metabolic parameters (VO2, VCO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured during both constant load tests. Capillary blood samples were taken before and every minute during both constant load tests for measuring lactate concentration ([LA]) and parameters of blood acid-base status (pH, Pco2,). RESULTS: Regardless of the type of comparison (the data obtained at the defined time or maximum and minimum values during the exercise), there were significant differences between SB and B10 in all respiratory parameters, metabolic parameters and SaO2 (p . 0.01 and 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant lower [LA-] and Pco2 during B10, when compared to SB (p.0.01). However, there were no significant differences in pH during the exercise between different breathing conditions. DISCUSSION: Due to obtained results it could be concluded that RBF during exercise at lower absolute intensity did not produce similar conditions as they were during the exercise with spontaneous breathing at higher absolute intensity]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Schnorchelatmung beim Freistilschwimmen auf die Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021161</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4021161</guid>
      <author>Iggleden, C.</author>
      <author>Lomax, M.</author>
      <author>Fricker, R.</author>
      <author>Jones, O.</author>
      <author>Moffatt, S.</author>
      <author>Poole, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iggleden, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lomax, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fricker, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moffatt, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poole, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The use of snorkels has become a popular training aid for competitive swimmers. However, the narrowed external airflow path associated with snorkel breathing (SB) presents an inspiratory and expiratory flow limitation, which has the potential to induce respiratory muscle fatigue (Rohrbach et al., 2003). The aim of the current study was to explore the influence of SB on inspiratory and expiratory muscle fatigue (IMF and EMF, respectively) during front crawl (F/C) swimming. METHODS: Following institutional ethical clearance, 6 competitive University swimmers were recruited (mean ± SD: age 20 ± 1.0 years; body mass 74.6 ± 8.6 kg; stature 175.2 ± 10.5 cm) to undertake 3 x 200m F/C swims of different breathing conditions in a swimming flume: 1x: ad libitum (ALB), controlled frequency breathing (CFB) and SB. The order of the swims was randomised, and following a standardised 500m warm-up, were completed at a swimming velocity equivalent to 90% of each swimmer`s season best time. Inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressure (MIP and MEP, respectively, RPM, Micro Medial, UK) were recorded pre and post each 200m swim. RESULTS: Two way repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in MIP between conditions (p = 0.265), although baseline MIP (149 ± 36 cmH2O for ALB, 153 ± 30 cmH2O for CFB and 160 ± 32 cmH2O for SB) was significantly higher (p = 0.014) than post swim MIP (124 ± 33 cmH2O for ALB, 126 ± 39 cmH2O for CFB and 138 ± 27 cmH2O for SB). Similarly, baseline MEP (173 ± 50 cmH2O for ALB, 157 ± 38 cm- H2O for CFB and 177 ± 33 cmH2O for SB) was significantly higher (p = 0.045) than post swim MEP (150 ± 49 cmH2O for ALB, 146 ± 37 cmH2O for CFB and 163 ± 40 cmH2O for SB) but not different between conditions (p = 0.294). DISCUSSION: IMF and EMF both occur in response to sub-maximal 200m F/C swimming, but the magnitude of IMF and EMF is similar between SB, ALB and CFB in trained University swimmers. Whether SB creates a respiratory muscle training stimulus remains to be seen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfspezifische Diagnostik und Ergebnisse für Wasserballspieler im Hochleistungsbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020700</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020700</guid>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Focke, T.</author>
      <author>Sperlich, B.</author>
      <author>Krueger, M.</author>
      <author>Mester, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Focke, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sperlich, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krueger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mester, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In elite water polo there are certain special abilities, which are very important to achieve success during a match. Increasing importance is given to some game-related parameters such as the maximal throwing velocity, the maximal vertical jump height and the cyclical and noncyclical movements of the legs. For screening these abilities a water polo specific test battery was carried out with German elite and junior national squad members. METHODS: 15 male water polo players of the German elite and junior national squad (MW: 16.4 ± 3.0 yrs; 184.5 ± 9.2 cm; 84.0 ± 12.5 kg) participated in the study. The athletes performed four water polo specific test procedures. For measuring the cyclical movements of the legs (CM) the athletes had to carry 1/8 of their body weight above the water surface as long as possible, performing only the "Eggbeater Kick". For testing the noncyclical movements of the legs (nCM) two balls were installed in the upper two corners of a water polo goal and the athletes had to touch both balls alternately as often as possible within 60 seconds (s). Maximal throwing velocity (TV) was measured during a power shot with 5m distance to the goal with a sports radar gun. For determining the maximal vertical jump ( J) ability a modified jump-and-reach test was conducted. The athletes started in a horizontal position on the water surface and tried to reach the highest possible point on a scale. RESULTS: The results of the testing procedures were: CM 23.80 ± 7.13 s; nCM 75.87 ± 11.26 jumps/60 s; TV 68.53 ± 4.82 km/h; J 155.87 ± 8.61 cm. Positive correlations between the results of the tests were only found between the jump height and the cyclical and the noncyclical movements of the legs ( J:CM r = 0.65, p < 0.01; J:nCM r = 0.86, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: It could be shown that there exists no correlation between maximal throwing velocity and maximal jump height. Our results are in accordance with the literature (Feltner 1994) indicating that a high ball velocity not only depends on a high vertical reach. The throwing velocity during a water polo match is affected by many more factors. However, the individual results are compared to the collected mean values and specific training recommendations are given to the coaches too increase these abilities to achieve greater success.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsprognose mittels kritischer Schwimmgeschwindigkeit bei jungen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020699</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020699</guid>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Castro, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castro, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Predicting performance by a two-parameter model has been applied to marathon runners, rowers and cyclists, but there is still a gap on research in swimming. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the actual performances in 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m with the performance predicted by critical swimming speed (CSS) of a two-parameter mathematical model with different distances combinations in young swimmers. METHODS: Eleven young swimmers (Age: 14.3 ± 0.5 years) of national competitive level have joined the study. Maximal free-style swimming trials were conducted for the distances of 200, 400, 800 and 1500 meters (randomized order). Each distance was predicted by all the possible combinations of two distances to compose the linear regression equation between distance and time values. The level of agreement between the actual performance and the predicted performance obtained by three possible combinations for each distance was identified using Bland and Altman analysis. RESULTS: Predict performance in young swimmers through CSS by a two-parameter model in training condition lead to inaccurate values despite the good level of agreement of some combinations of distance, since any difference in the performance value may represent a victory or a defeat in swimming events. (best level of agreement for 200m = bias 9.9s, limits -10.4 to 30.3s (400-1500m); 400m = bias 7.1s; limits -22 to 7.8s 200-800m); 800m = bias 1.9s, limits -27 to 30.9s (400-1500m); 1500m bias 7.5s; limits -64.6 to 79.7s (200-800m)). DISCUSSION: Interesting results were obtained with adults engaged in competition situation. However, predicting performance by CSS in training situation does not seem to be accurate for young swimmers, probably because it is not possible to provide motivation similar to the competition situation. Competitive experience may also have influenced this result. Despite the limitations related to predict the CSS from the mathematical model of two parameters, as used in the present study, we can observed that this is still the easiest way to predict the CSS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schussanalyse entsprechend der Spielposition im Wasserball bei den B-Europameisterschaften 2009 in Lugano</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020698</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020698</guid>
      <author>Ozkol, Z.</author>
      <author>Turunc, S.</author>
      <author>Dopsaj, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2009</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozkol, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turunc, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dopsaj, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to analysis the shoots according to set playing (6-6) position in waterpolo matches at 2009 European Waterpolo B Championships in Lugano. METHODS: Therefore totaly 14 waterpolo matches including 10 teams shoots analyzed with Waterpolo Match Analysis Program (WP_Pro_Analiz, Izmir-Turkiye, 2009), PC using statistic software program SPSS for Win, release 11.0.0 - Standart Version (Copyright© SPSS Inc., 1989- 2001) and excel program. The following parameters analyzed for the shoots; the ending point of the shoots in the goal, fake number of achieved shoots, preliminary position of the shoots and the shoots distance achieved from the goal. RESULTS: From the important findings of the analysis, the % 34.1 (157 shoot) of the total 460 shoot ending at the left down side in the goal, the % 30.4 (140 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from the position 3 (P3) but only % 19.3 (27 shoot) scored of the total 140 shoot from this position (P3), the % 41.5 (191 shoot) and % 33.9 (156 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved with no fake and one fake respectively, the % 50.7 (233 shoot) and % 21.5 (99 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from set (6-6) position shoot and fast break shoot respectively, the % 10 (46 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from the center position, the % 9.6 (44 shoot) and % 8.3 (38 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved with cross-pass shoot and faul shoot respectively and the last important finding the % 59.1 (271 shoot) of the total 460 shoot achieved from 5-7m away from the goal. DISCUSSION: The present study provided effective information on the achieved shoots in the waterpolo games and also the findings is usefull to the coaches for different game strategies, usefull for the goalie and the field players for whom specialization for the shoot.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Unterschied der roten Blutzellparameter zwischen Elite-Langstrecken- und -sprintschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020697</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020697</guid>
      <author>Guo, H.</author>
      <author>Lu, Y.</author>
      <author>Stager, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hämatokrit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hämoglobin</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stager, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Previous investigations suggest that training intensity and duration can affect the hematology of athletes. As differences exist between distance and sprint swimmers in regards to training methods and metabolic demands, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there were differences in red blood cell indices when comparing elite female distance and sprint swimmers. METHODS: Twenty-two elite female swimmers were classified into two groups: a distance group (Dis) (n=11) whose primary events were 400m or 800m and a sprint group (Spt) (n=11) whose primary events were 100m or 200m. All swimmers were trained at the same facility. Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW), were measured weekly, every Monday morning, before the first training session over a one-year period from August, 2007 until July, 2008. Due to the objective limits (such as subjects unavailable or technical error of instruments), the number of samples obtained was 477 in Dis and 459 in Spt. RESULTS: Compared to Spt, Dis had higher values of HCT (0.40¡À0.04L/L vs. 0.38¡À0.03L/L), HGB (132.41¡À10.10L/L vs. 128.66¡À9.31L/L), MCV (87.70¡À5.66 fl vs. 84.75¡À6.20fl), and MCH (29.06¡À1.35pg vs. 28.54¡À1.88pg)(P<0.05), but lower val ues of MCHC (331.97¡À15.31g/L vs. 338.19¡À17.06g/L) and RDW (13.67¡À0.94% vs. 14.25¡À0.97%)(P<0.05). No differences in RBC between Dis and Spt (4.57¡À0.34¡Á1012/L vs. 4.52¡À0.41¡Á1012/L) (P>0.05) were observed. DISCUSSION: RBC values in both groups were at an advantageous level for oxygen transportation in blood. Higher values of HCT, HGB and MCH in Dis indicate a potential for greater oxygen flow to meet the presumably greater use of oxygen in active skeletal muscles during distance swimming. Higher values of MCV in Dis were indicative of a larger proportion of young red blood cells, which had more deformability for red blood cells to pass through capillaries. Higher value of MCHC demonstrated that a larger proportion of red blood cells in Spt were aging and atrophic. Besides, atrophy varied the shapes of red blood cells; as a result, Spt had a higher value of RDW.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technologie und Schwimmen: 3 Schritte hinter der Physiologie</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020696</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020696</guid>
      <author>Berthelot, G.</author>
      <author>Hellard, P.</author>
      <author>Len, S.</author>
      <author>Tafflet, M.</author>
      <author>Toussaint, J. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berthelot, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hellard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Len, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tafflet, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Toussaint, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In 2008, the polyurethane made its first appearance in swimming with the use of a new generation of swimsuits. The result was a sudden improvement of performances, repelling the imminent physiological limits (Berthelot et al., 2008). The aim of this study is to quantify the gain provided by the 3 different swimsuits generations introduced in 1999, 2008 and 2009 respectively. METHODS: We collected the best performance of the first 10 world swimmers every year in 34 swimming events from 1990 to 2009. The number of significant values (ANOVA test, p < 0.05) was then summed each year for both sexes. The relative improvement or "gain" between the mean m of the 10 best from one year to the next was computed for all years and all events. RESULTS: Three variation peaks are observed in 2000, 2008 and 2009 corresponding to the year of INTRODUCTION: of each swimsuit. The 1st peak has a higher number of significant variations recorded for women vs. men (13 vs. 9). The 2nd peak presents the highest number of variations, with an equal repartition of significant progressions between men and women (13). The 3rd peak shows a high number of variations for men (9) and fewer variations for women (3). The mean gain values are: 0.74% ±0.26% (2000); 1.16% ±0.48% (2008); 0.68% ±0.55% (2009) for men events and 1.00% ±0.37% (2000); 0.97% ±0.57% (2008); 0.27% ±0.70% (2009) for women events. DISCUSSION: Body shape is one the factors altering drag resistance (Vorontsov and Rumyantsev, 2000). The large impact of the first generation swimsuit on women events suggests that compression of women`s body may have been a major factor reducing hydrodynamical resistance as soon as 2000. This may be the first innovative parameter explaining recent women`s swimming performances. The second generation swimsuit introduced in 2008 provided large gains in both men and women, while the third generation impact is less homogeneous: women showed a lower performance progression, while men experienced a relative improvement. With a period of prohibited swimsuits, we expect a rapid return to physiological thresholds in 2010, which will be partially limited by the allowance of new technology such as starting blocks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Untersuchung  des Eintauchverhaltens beim Schwimmstart vom Block</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020695</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020695</guid>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: While dive-in performance after swim start from the block is considered to be essential for swim start performance in general (e.g. Bonnar, 2001; Guimaeres & Hay, 1985), there are only few studies in the literature related to an examination of underwater kinematic profiles in elite swimmers. This deficit might be due to apparent methodological problems involved when detecting body landmarks as air particles swept along the body surface distorting a clear vision. A new procedure was developed to identify body landmarks despite visual restrictions during the dive-in phase. A study was conducted to examine the kinematic differences in elite swimmers. METHOD: Sixteen male elite swimmers participated in the study. Starting performance was studied in the course of a 50m speed test and measured by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. Three video cameras were used for data acquisition. While block performance and head passage at 7,5 m were analyzed by two above water cameras, an under water video system was used to examine the dive-in behaviour. Since body landmarks are hard to be identified because of air particles carried along the body surface during dive-in, segment mid-lines were evaluated by a linear regression model (Fischer & Kibele, 2007). Traditional body landmarks (segment end-points) were identified as intersections of two adjacent segment mid-lines. RESULTS: Significant statistical correlations were found between the starting performance and the hip angle at water entry of the centre of mass (r=-0.72**), the mean horizontal velocity during the dive-in phase (r=-0.72**), and the maximal dive-in depth (r=-0.69**). Accordingly, significant differences in these parameters were found between good starters and poor starters. No differences were found in the mean horizontal velocity between starting signal and water entry, angle of the centre of mass trajectory at first water contact. There are indications that good starters minimize their loss in horizontal velocity during dive-in by the use of a dolphinkick. Moreover, good starters perform deeper dives during the transition to the horizontal body position. Our results indicate, that good starters also show higher angular impulses about the transverse body axis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse des Schmetterlingsschlags: Vergleich von drei Geschwindigkeitsvarianten</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020694</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020694</guid>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>de Jesus, K.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, P. A.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, P.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jesus, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Stroke mechanics are continuously emphasized on competitive swimming in order to minimize intracyclic velocity variation (IVV). However, nonetheless butterfly specific training series are conducted in different intensity zones, few is known about the behavior of biomechanical parameters, and their implications on IVV, at different training regimens. We aimed to compare the butterfly kinematical changes during 100m (between the 1st and 4th laps) at 3 swimming velocities and in-between these intensities. It was hypothesized that higher IVV is observed at the 4th lap of each 100m, and, when comparing the 100m performed at different intensities, lower IVV will occur at higher velocities. METHODS: Seven female swimmers performed a protocol of 3x100m butterfly at sub-maximal (60 and 80%, v60 and v80, respectively) and at maximal velocities (v100), with a 30min interval. Two above and below water cameras, positioned in the sagittal plane, were used for movement analysis. APASystem was used to calculate and analyze the velocity (v), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and IVV of the centre of mass. Kinematic analysis was conducted at the first (1st) and fourth (4th) lap of each 100m test. Significance was considered for p<0,05. RESULTS: Comparing swimming v between the 1st and 4th lap of each 100m, differences were only observed at v100 (with higher v values in the 1st 50 m split: 1.47±0.13 vs 1.23±0.08). When comparing the v60, v80 and v100, differences were found in the 1st lap between all the trials (1.47±0.13, 1.30±0.21 and 1.27±0.06, respectively for v100, v80 and v60). Considering SR, higher values were observed for the 1st lap comparing with the 4th lap in v60 (48.0±1.22 vs 46.8±3.03) and v100 (57.0±7.20 vs 52.8±2.40). When comparing swimming intensities, SR in the 1st and 4th step was always lower in v60 than in v100. SL tends to follow an inverse behaviour than SR, but without statistical significance. Regarding the IVV parameter, no differences were observed. However, a tendency for higher values at v60 comparing to v100 in the 1st lap (24.9±11.60 vs 16.40±8.50) and in the total 100m effort (17.5±5.00 vs 14.8±7.00) was perceived. DISCUSSION: The behavior of the v and stroking parameters observed followed the traditionally described when comparing different front crawl intensities. The non existence of differences regarding the IVV seems to evidence that the lower v and SR values observed in the v60 were not of sufficient magnitude to affect it.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welche Dauer wird für den Schwimmtest am Gummiseil empfohlen?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020607</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020607</guid>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Cesaracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>angebundenes Schwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cesaracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The tethered test is one of the most widely used methods for estimating the swimming force. (Dopsaj, 2003). However, tethered test results were debatable for the low correlation with the swimming performance and for the test`s duration. In this work we investigate which is the duration of the tethered test that allows to obtain results highly correlated with the swimming performances. METHODS: We defined four types of tethered test that differ only for them duration (15s for T15, 30s for T30, 45s for T45, 60s for T60). Six female national ranked swimmers (age 16±0; 1.64±0,02 m; 58.0±5kg.) performed 4 tethered tests with maximum intensity for T15, T30, T45, T60. The force was recorded with a load-cell (Globus, Italia). Blood lactate measurements were performed 1 m after the end of each trial (L15 for T15, L30 for T30, L45 for T45, L60 for T60). We investigated the correlation between the value of strength (N) recorded by the load-cell and the best-time performance of the athletes for each type of tethered test. These performances result from the official competitions in distances of 50m (V50), 100m (V100) and 200m (V200) crawl. RESULTS: The significant correlations between the best-time of swimmers and the load cell measurements were: V50/T15= 0.95 (<0.05), V50/T30= 0.95 (<0.05), V100/T15= 0.87 (<0.025), V100/T30= 0.96 (<0.05), V100/ T45= 0.79 (<0.05). The average blood lactate produced increased linearly with increasing duration of the test (5.15 mml/l for L15, 7.13 mml/l for L30, 8.72 mml/l for L45, 9.65 mml/l for L60). DISCUSSION: This study shows a good correlation between the best-time performance on the distances of 50 m and 100 m and the values of force measured using the tethered test with duration 15 s and 30 s. Data are less related in the test of longer duration and distance of 200 m. These findings, in part yet submitted by other authors, seem to confirm the link between the tests with short time duration and the performances with greater use of power and predominance of anaerobic energy. T15 and T30 tethered test are probably the best to highlight capacities of the young sprinters in swimming. REFERENCES: Dopsaj M., Matkovic I., Thanopoulos V., Okicic T., (2003) Realibility and validity of basic kinematics and mechanical characteristics of pulling force in swimmers measured by the method of tethered swimming with maximum intensity of 60 seconds. Facta Universitatis, 1(10), 11-22.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der CAST-Technik auf die 3D-Bewegungsanalyse im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020606</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020606</guid>
      <author>Ceseracciu, E.</author>
      <author>Ceccon, S.</author>
      <author>Sawacha, Z.</author>
      <author>Fantozzi, S.</author>
      <author>Cortesi, M.</author>
      <author>Cobelli, C.</author>
      <author>Gatta, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ceseracciu, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceccon, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawacha, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fantozzi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatta, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Although underwater swimmers video recordings are widely diffused, swimmers kinematics is usually reconstructed only on a single sagittal view. Some authors performed a 2D kinematics analysis of the front crawl by means of multi-cameras underwater acquisition systems, relying on manual digitization of specific features` position. Thus in this study an automatic and repeatable method to assess 3D kinematics of front crawl swimming is presented. This combines both the Calibrated Anatomical Systems Techniques technique (CAST) [1] and a semi-automatic feature tracking technology. METHODS: 4 out of several front crawl trials performed by an elite swimmer and recorded by means of 5 underwater color analog cameras were selected. The latter were synchronized automatically by means of an ad-hoc application, and calibrated with Bouguet method. A set of 25 features was drawn on the body, to reconstruct the 3D kinematics of the right trunk and arm. The 3D trajectories of the following 4 anatomical landmarks were reconstructed by applying CAST: the incisura jugularis (IJ), the acromion (ACR), the center of the elbow joint (EJ) and of the wrist joint (WJ). The features were tracked in each video sequence by using an application based upon the registration technique proposed by Lucas and Kanade [2]. A comparison with the manual tracking technique, assessed by two trained experts, was also performed. RESULTS: The 3D joint trajectories repeatability analysis for CAST reported intra-method correlation coefficients between trials ranging from 0.936 to 0.999 and from 0.801 to 0.996 for EJ and WJ, respectively, along the 3 axes. A good correlation was found also for the IJ and the ACR (0.947 to 0.999 and 0.766 to 0.999) between trials along medio-lateral and antero-posterior axis, however along the vertical axis a poor correlation was found, especially for the ACR. Without applying CAST, the trajectories of the IJ and the ACR were determined during 10% of the acquired motion, reaching the 80% when CAST was applied. Further, the comparison with manual tracking showed good consistence of the proposed technique in terms of variability. DISCUSSION: The use of a combined methodology which employs both the semi-automatic tracking and CAST provides more objective and consistent results than direct manual video digitization. REFERENCES: 1. A. Cappozzo et al. Clinical Biomech, 4 171-178, 1995 2. B.Lucas,]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kinematische Analyse der Startleistung bei Schwimmern: Neuer OSB11 vs. traditioneller Startblock</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020605</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020605</guid>
      <author>Biel, K.</author>
      <author>Fischer, S.</author>
      <author>Kibele, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Biel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kibele, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Recently, a new starting block (OSB 11 from Omega Swiss Timing, Ltd.) was introduced to FINA international swimming competitions. While the distributor of this new block advertises its product to result in shorter race times studies to examine the kinematic changes associated with the new construction are scarce. A study was conducted to compare the kinematic take-off profiles of german elite swimmers from the new starting block (surface area 74x50 cm, 9° surface angle to the ground) and from the traditional starting block (surface area 50x50 cm, 5° surface angle to the ground). METHOD: Seven male swimmers (3 grab starters and 4 track starters) participated in the study. Their take-off performances were videotaped and later on examined for selected kinematic parameters. The last ten frames during the block phase and the first five frames in the flight phase were analyzed (take-off angle and take-off velocity related to the centre of mass trajectory). A second video camera was used to measure the starting performance by the time elapsed between the starting signal and the passage of the head at 7,5 m. Each subject performed three track starts on the new OSB 11, three track starts on the traditional starting block, and three grab starts on the new OSB 11. The best two trials for each condition were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: For the track starts, starting performance was significantly reduced by 0,2 s in the new OSB 11. In addition, a shorter block time and a higher horizontal takeoff velocity were found for the new block. For the comparison between the two starting techniques on the new block, track starters showed significantly shorter starting times and block times as well as a significantly higher horizontal take-off velocity. While significantly a better starting performance was found for the new OSB 11, our results also indicate that a modification of the dive-in behaviour may be necessary to fully utilize the possibilities of the new starting block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kräfte beim Schwimmen: Ein Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020604</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020604</guid>
      <author>Avramidis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Avramidis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Several studies have investigated the drag force (Zamparo et al, 1996; Sheenan & Laughrin, 1992) in various forms, while others researched the lift force as another variable of producing propulsion in swimming. Aim: To review research based on the forces in swimming in an attempt to better understand the desirability of generating maximum forward lift force and minimum forward drag force on the body segments as the most efficient combination to be used for propelling the body. METHOD: A review of literature was employed for identifying the role of the `forces` in swimming. The terms "forces" and "swimming" were used as key words. More than 72 journal articles provided by electronic libraries (e.g., Sport Discus) and textbooks were available in the literature libraries. The selection process of references was based on the following criteria: articles referring to the influence of forces in swimming, review articles and other publi-cations, focusing on literature having origin from countries where swimming is well researched (e.g. USA, Australia). DISCUSSION: The internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects produced by these forces (Hay, 1978), that were examined are described in figure 1. CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlations exist between selected anthropometric variables and drag of the ac-tively propelling swimmer. Future examination of the active drag needs to appreciate the individual biomechanical technique and the size of the examined sample. Body position changes influence resistance. Re-search needs to report to whom those results refer to (e.g. elite, non swimmers, etc), the estimated errors in their hydrodynamic data and the procedures used to reduce them. Computational Fluid Dynamics, can work as database of drag and lift coefficients for use in unsteady flow conditions for the evaluation and the im-provement of the technique. Swimming propulsion is the result of subtle and changing combinations of lifts and drag forces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Extrakt auf der Basis des Brasilianischen Mandelegerlings könnte hilfreich für Athleten sein, da er gegen Entzündungen, Infekte und Allergie schützt</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020603</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020603</guid>
      <author>Hetland, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pharmaka</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Infektion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Allergie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Asthma</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hetland, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Strenuous exercise suppresses cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to infections (1). In elite swimmers also the frequency of allergy, asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness is increased (2). This is explained by lower type-1/type-2 cytokine ratio in athletes (1) because type-1 protect against cancer and infect cytokines like IFNions whereas type-2 like IL-4 promote allergy and asthma. Agaricus bM (AbM) is an edible medicinal Basidiomycetes mushroom of Brazilian origin used in traditional medicine and cultivated commercially for its positive health effects. AbM is a known immunomodulator and has antitumor effects in mouse models (3). Recently, we have examined the effect of the AbM-based extract, AndoSanTM, on bacterial sepsis (3) and allergy (4) in mouse models, and inflammation in humans (5, 6). METHODS: AndoSanTM (www.immunopharma.org), a Japanese GMP-certified mushroom extract contaning 82% AbM, or saline was given orally (0.2 ml) to mice either sensitized s.c. with allergen ovalbumin (OVA), or challenged i.p. with lethal pneumococci or fecal bacteria. End points were serum IgE to OVA and cytokines in cultures of spleen cells from the mice, and bacteremia and survival, respectively. Plasma cytokines were measured in healthy volunteers and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who drank 60 ml AndoSanTM daily for 12d. RESULTS: In OVA-sensitized mice given AndoSanTM, serum IgE to OVA was lower and type-1/type-2 cytokine ratio higher in spleen cell cultures. AndoSanTM reduced bacteremia and increased survival compared with saline control; 50 vs 13% and 34 vs 0%, in the two models. In healthy volunteers and IBD patients AndoSanTM reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines like MIP-1, TNF and IL-1 in plasma. DISCUSSION: The positive effects obtained with AndoSanTM on infection, allergy and inflammation indicates that this AbM-based mushroom extract may improve health and training-related inflammation in elite swimmers and other athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spitzenathleten im  Kinderbereich sind unsere Zukunft. Kardiale Anpassung an das Training mit der Monoflosse bei Kindern vor der Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020602</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020602</guid>
      <author>Abouzeid, M. M.</author>
      <author>Abouzeid, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abouzeid, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abouzeid, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The elite children athletes are one who has superior athletic talent. Monofin (a single surface swim fin) swimming already proved to be the most efficient method of swimming for human being (1). Little is known about the influence of child monofin training on cardiac adaptation following long - term monofin training (LTMT). METHODS: 14 elite monofin children aged 11.95 years (± 1.09 yr) , height (Ht) (153.07 ± 4.2 cm ) , weight (wt) ( 52.4 ± 3.7 kg ), took part in ( LTMT ) for 36 weeks , 6 session per week , 90 min per session . All subjects under went two-dimension, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography before and after (LTMT) to evaluate cardiac dimensions and function; septal and posterior wall thickness. Statistical methods of SPSS, means ± SD and paired t test, percentage of improvement were used. RESULTS: There was significant difference (P<0.01) and percentage improvement for all echocardiographyparameter after (LTMT). Inter ventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) and in systole (Ivss) increased by 27.9 % and 42.75 %. Left ventricular end systolic dimension (lvesd) and diastole (lvedd) increased by 16.81 % and 42.7 % respectively. Posterior wall thickness in systole (pwts) increased very highly by 283.3 %, and in diastole (pwtd) increased by 51.78 %. Left ventricular mass in diastole (Lvd mass) and in systole (Lvs mass) increased by 44.8 % and 40.1 % respectively. Stroke volume (sv)increased by 25% and resting heart rate (HR)improved and decreased by 14.7%. DISCUSSION: Monofin training is an effective sport to enhance "Heart athletes" for children, because the unique swim fin tool creates propulsion and over come resistance. Further researches are needed to determine the effects of monofin training on right ventricular in children athletes . Key Words: Monofin Training; Heart athlete`s, Elite child athlete, Echocardiography REFERENCE 1. Abouzeid Magdy (2008). Cardiopulmonary Adaptation in Elite children following long-term Monofin training. Bulletin No. 54, sep. 2008 ICSSPE, Berlin, Germany.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedlicher Körperbau bei Schwimmerinnen und Synchronschwimmerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020583</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020583</guid>
      <author>Martinez, M. A.</author>
      <author>Hernández, S.</author>
      <author>Esteban, P.</author>
      <author>Diaz, G.</author>
      <author>Labrado, S.</author>
      <author>Muñoz, V.</author>
      <author>Jimenez, F.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hernández, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esteban, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Labrado, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muñoz, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jimenez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rave, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: From the literature, have been shown that a variety of factors influence in performance exercise. Apart from the physiological parameters, anthropometric parameters, such as body mass, body fat, height, length of limbs, total skinfold have been shown to influence performance in athletes (Maldonado, Mujika and Padilla, 2002). In swimmers, fat mass, upper extremity length and height seem to influence performance (Tuuri, Loftin and Oescher, 2002; Geladas, Nassis and Pavlicevic, 2005; Jagomägi and Jürimäe, 2005). In female swimmers, height, body weight, percent body fat and fat-free weight have an effect on swimming performance (Siders, Lukaski and Bolonchuk, 1993). From the literature haven`t shown this influence in synchronized swimmers. The purpose of this research was to know the differences between female swimmers and synchronized swimmers in body composition. METHODS: 23 female swimmers from Spanish team and 49 female synchronized swimmers participants in Spanish Championship (15,53±0,99 years, 56,12±6,63 kg; 164,28±6,21cm). Body composition was measured by Inbody 230 (Biospace Co., Ltd. Gangnam-gu. Seoul. Korea) the following measurements were taken: body mass, height, BMI, total body water, skeletal muscle mass (SM), percentage body fat (%BF) and body fat (BF). SPSS for Windows 17.0 was used for all statistical, Independent sample T test was used to analyze the differences for each exercises in parametric variables, and Two-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test in non-parametric variables (body mass). The significant level was p<0.01. RESULTS: The results show significant differences between swimmers and synchronized swimmers in height, total body water, skeletal muscle mass and per centage body fat (p<0.01). Swimmers (168,11±5,36 cm) are significant taller than synchronized swimmers (162,48±5,79 cm). Synchronized swimmers describe low level of total body water (31,24±3,10 kg), SM (23,33±2,56 kg) and %BF (21,3429±5,69) than swimmers (35,80±2,94 kg; 27,20±2,45 kg and 17,84±4,00 respectively). DISCUSSION: It was concluded that significant different exist between female swimmers from two different exercise, synchronized swimming and swimming. So, swimmers require specific anthropometric characteristics different than synchronized swimmers. There seems to be insufficient literature on body composition in both exercises.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Atemwegs-Überreaktion bei Synchronschwimmerinnen internationaler Klasse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020582</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020582</guid>
      <author>Bougault, V.</author>
      <author>Turmel, J.</author>
      <author>Boulet, L. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Synchronschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bougault, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turmel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boulet, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Swimmers show the highest prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) among elite athletes. Synchronised swimmers are usually exposed for prolonged time periods to chlorinated swimming pools environment. Our aim was to document the presence of criteria for asthma and AHR in synchronised swimmers in comparison with other swimmers. METHODS: International level swimming competitors were recruited in 2008. Athletes had allergy skin prick tests, a baseline spirometry, Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea (EVH) and methacholine challenges. A swimmer was considered as having AHR if the FEV1 fall (EVHf) reached 10% or more post-EVH or if the methacholine PC20 was 4 mg/ml or less, in keeping with the IOC-MC criteria. For athletes taking inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for at least one month, a response is considered positive 3 years; 11W)+/-if PC20 is .16 mg/ml. RESULTS: Eleven synchronised swimmers (22 2 years; 8W;6M) were included. One synchronised swimmer was +/- and 14 swimmers (20 6 h/week in synchronised+/-taking ICS. Duration of training hours per week was 37 5 h/week in swimmers (p+/-swimmers compared with 28 <0.005). Synchronised 2 years (p=0.51). No+/-4 years and swimmers for 12 +/-swimmers trained for 13 significant difference was observed in prevalence of atopy, forced vital 3.4 +/-capacity or FEV1 between the two groups. Mean methacholine PC20 was 4.3 9.1 mg/ml in swimmers (p=0.77). Mean+/-mg/ml in synchronised swimmers and 7.5 7 in+/-6 % in synchronised swimmers and 12 +/-maximum fall in FEV1 post-EVH was 12 swimmers (p=0.98). There were no significant differences in maximal ventilation, sustained during the 6-min EVH between the two groups (p=0.95). The prevalences of positive diagnostic of AHR to methacholine or EVH challenge were not significantly different between the two groups. Seventy-three percent of synchronised swimmers and 54% of swimmers had AHR to methacholine, and 45% of synchronised swimmers and 46% of swimmers reached a EVHf of at least 10%. Globally, 91% of synchronised swimmers and 77% of swimmers had a positive bronchoprovocation test that could suggest the presence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. CONCLUSION: According to IOC-MC criteria, the majority of swimmers, and more even so elite synchronised swimmers have current criteria for asthma, suggesting that assessment of AHR should be more frequently done in swimmers, especially in synchronised swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkung des Schwimmens am Gummiband auf die externe Leistung bei gut trainierten Behindertenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020566</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020566</guid>
      <author>Lee, C. J</author>
      <author>Payton, C. J</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, C. J</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C. J</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:Measuring propulsive force (Fp) and external power output (Pext) during swimming is exceptionally difficult due to the continual displacement of water. Tethered swimming is a highly reliable method of measuring Fp and presents a strong relationship with swimming performance. Due to advances in technology, tethered swimming can be adapted so that tether force is recorded as the swimmer progresses down the pool, allowing for the further calculation of power. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of tether speed on Pext and to identify the speed at which swimmers with a disability produce their peak power output (PPext). METHODS: Eight male and thirteen female swimmers with an IPC physical impairment classification ranging from S5 to S10, participated in the study. External power output was measured using a semi-tethered device which restricted the swimmer to a pre-set constant speed, whilst simultaneously measuring the tether force produced. Swimmers performed six maximal effort, short duration (<10 s) front crawl swims at tether speeds ranging from 30 - 80% of their maximal swimming speed (SSmax). RESULTS: As tether speed increased, the tether force decreased. External power output (mean tether force × tether speed) increased to a maximum (PPext) at either 50% or 60% of SSmax, after which power then decreased. A significant correlation was found between PPext and SSmax (r =0.85; p<0.01). The less physically impaired swimmers (S8-S10) produced higher power scores (48.6 ± 24.0 W) than the more physically impaired S5-S7 swimmers (31.4 ± 13.3 W). The highest and lowest PPext scores were 19.0 W and 96.9 W, respectively. There was a significant relationship between IPC classification and PPext in both the male (r =0.89; p<0.01) and female(r =0.75; p<0.01) groups. DISCUSSION: As the external power Pext is the product of the tether force and the speed of the swimmer, it does not account for the power required to overcome drag or the power loss to the water. Nevertheless, an improvement in Pext, at any given test speed, indicates that a swimmer has increased their propulsive force production or decreased their drag. The six-speed test identifies the PPext for each individual swimmer and appears to discriminate between impairment classes. It is believed that this test may be a useful tool for monitoring power development in swimmers and may also have future applications in the IPC classification process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>O2-Aufnahmekinetik und Leistung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020565</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020565</guid>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Alves, F. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breath-by-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml/min beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml·min-1), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP. 1Paulista State University, Brazil 2Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal The purpose of this study was to describe VO2 kinetics throughout the heavy and severe domains during swimming. Nine swimmers completed two swimming tests to measure the conditioning indexes (ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max) and VO2 kinetics (two trials intensities set at 2.5% below and above the crawl velocity at RCP, lasting 420s). In both cases, a portable breath-by-breath system connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve was used. The trial below RCP elicited only a sub-maximal rate (91.6±5.7%VO2max), with a slow component of 391ml·min-1 beginning after 154s. The trial above RCP showed a time delay of 188s for the slow component (399ml/min), eliciting a rate of 104.6±9.5%VO2max. Thus, expected VO2 kinetics for heavy and severe domains was characterized around RCP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Beinschlags mit gestreckten Knien auf die Wettkampfleistung im Schmetterlings-Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020564</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020564</guid>
      <author>Ide, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ide, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Butterfly swimmers should keep their body as horizontal as possible during the propulsive phases of the arm stroke (Maglischo, 2003). Since 2006, I`ve coached Kawamoto to change his butterfly technique, employing the straight leg kick, which results in a more horizontal stroke. METHODS: This study compared Kawamoto`s performance 2009 and 2005. Each subject performed 25 meter butterfly, from a push start to 15 meter under water butterfly kick. After the 15 meter point, Kawamoto swam all out butterfly stroke until completing a full 25 meters. Swimming Speed Mater (Vine, VMS-003, AC100V, 1/500sec, 0.2mm/pulse) generated the data by an attached wire with movement place. The wire then exports the analogue signals and RS232C signals. These signals calculated are then examined using Microsoft Windows Excel and a Wicoxon Signed Ranked Test.  While swimming, the subjects were monitored from the side using an underwater video camera at a sampling frequency of 60Hz (Underwater monitor system 2, YAMAHA, Shizuoka, Japan). The subjects strokes angle of degree was analyzed with DartTrainer in regards to the bending of the knee and upper body movement. RESULTS: Swimming Speed Mater shows the 2009 and 2005 max speed was 2.5m/sec to 2.7m/sec at the second kick phase. The distance pre stroke (DPS) results were different resulting in a, 2.204m±0.131 for 2009 and 1.894m±0.062 for 2005 (DPS (m) Wicoxon.: p=0.006061, 1 stroke (velocity) Wicoxon.: p=0.7748) and DartTrainer showed the upper body movement increased from 61% to 69%. Straight knee considered when the knee bend is 170 degrees to 180degrees (+170 degree), 55% use of straight knee kick for 2009 and 39% for 2005, in the one stroke. DISCUSSION: Based on the above evidence it is clear the most preferre butterfly technique is to use a straight knee kick and to maintain a horizontal body position. Since 2006, we employed the four step training plan in practice and swim meet. First step, we imagined straight kick on the land, second step was to utilize the straight leg fly kick in the pool, third step was to test the technique in a small meet, and fourth step was to utilize the technique in the taper meet.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Apnoewende, einer neuen Unterwasserwendemethode für das Schmetterlings- und Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020563</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020563</guid>
      <author>Taichi, K.</author>
      <author>Tsuyoshi, T.</author>
      <author>Hideki, T.</author>
      <author>Shozo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taichi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsuyoshi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hideki, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shozo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The present study designed the Apnea turn that carried on the whole body under water to pivot operation and push the wall. This turning method has possibility because it decreased of the wave drag to pivot at under water previously. In addition, the research paper concerning the development of a new turning method like current the Apnea turn is not found. The purpose of this study was to clarify a characteristic of the Apnea turn and to consider about possibility a new turning method for competitive swimmers. METHODS: The subjects were elite competitive swimmers, whose specialties were butterfly and breast stroke. This study calculated that each phase time (turn-in, pivot, glide, turn-out) in the turn phase, push off velocity from the wall, the distance from the wall and the center of gravity, the distance from the water surface to the center of gravity when the wall contact by foot. After the experiment, we implemented subjectively evaluated about the Apnea turn. RESULTS: Average of 5m-RTT was 5.62±0.33s at open turn, 5.55±0.27s at the Apnea turn. The push off velocity from the wall was 2.92±0.06m/s at open turn, 3.02±0.11m/s (p<0.01). Then, nine in ten subjects whose distance of the wall and the center of gravity in the Apnea turn neared than open turn (p<0.01). All subjects whose the water surface and the center of gravity in the Apnea turn was depth than the Open turn (p<0.01). DISCUSSION: The results suggest that the Apnea turn will be able to contribute to improve the swimming performance and then it may become prospective a new turning method. In addition, the Apnea turn has issue to more improve the swimming performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachbelastungs-Hypotension und Blutlipoprotein-Veränderungen nach Schwimmtraining</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020562</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020562</guid>
      <author>Tanaka, H.</author>
      <author>Sommerlad. S. M.</author>
      <author>Renzi, C. P.</author>
      <author>Barnes, J. N.</author>
      <author>Nualnim, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sommerlad. S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Renzi, C. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barnes, J. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nualnim, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is not known whether an acute bout of swimming exercise results in similar changes in risk factors for coronary heart disease. To address this question, a total of 20 apparently healthy subjects were studied. Each subject performed 3 experimental sessions (time control, running exercise, and swimming exercise) separated by at least one week. Brachial blood pressure did not change after the 3 sessions. However, both running and swimming produced significant decreases in ankle blood pressure compared with the time control (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in cholesterol or triglycerides after the swimming or running sessions. We concluded that postexercise responses in blood pressure and blood cholesterol do not appear to be different between running and swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsökonomie im Brustschwimmen: Betrachtung unter dem Aspekt der Lebensrettung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020561</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020561</guid>
      <author>Stallman, R. K.</author>
      <author>Major, J.</author>
      <author>Hemmer, S.</author>
      <author>Haavaag, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stallman, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Major, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hemmer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haavaag, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[When adopting a head up position in breaststroke the center of gravity is displaced backward, farther from the center of buoyancy. This causes a tendency for the legs to sink, increasing the angle of the body with the horizontal plane and concurrently, resistance. Increased resistance theoretically reduces survival possibilities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the difference in energy expenditure for breaststroke with the head held constantly above the surface and for breaststroke performed with normal breathing. Classic Douglas bag respirometry was used. During submaximal swimming, the volume of oxygen uptake was significantly higher when swimming with the face constantly above the surface than with normal breathing. Both pulse rate and blood lactate levels were also significantly higher when swimming "head up".]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen von Immunstatus und Infektionen der oberen Atemwege in den ersten sieben Wochen einer Wintertrainingssaison portugiesischer Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020560</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020560</guid>
      <author>Rama, L. M.</author>
      <author>Alves, F.</author>
      <author>Rosado, F.</author>
      <author>Azevedo, S.</author>
      <author>Matos, A.</author>
      <author>Henriques, A.</author>
      <author>Paiva, A.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rama, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alves, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rosado, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azevedo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henriques, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paiva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[increase of training load in the first mesocycle of the season. Swimmers often come back from off training periods unfit, so this option could result in a maladaptation condition with impact on the work capacity and health of the athletes. This study focused on the variation of hormonal and immune markers, and in the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (URTIS) registered during the first mesocyce of preparation, of a winter season, in a group of male swimmers. Results show that the higher rate of URTIS of the training season occurred in this period. At rest, an increase in leukocyte counts and a decrease in CD4+, CD8+ and NK cell counts were found. The increased serum cortisol levels and the decrease in the testosterone/cortisol ratio, could lead to a diminished immune competence observed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungsmethode des Energieverbrauchs durch die Beschleunigung des Kopfs beim Aquajogging</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020520</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020520</guid>
      <author>Kaneda, K.</author>
      <author>Ohgi, Y.</author>
      <author>Tanaka, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Aquajogging</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaneda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohgi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanaka, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed at estimating energy expenditure (EE) by accelerations of human head during water walking (WW). Fifty Japanese males (n = 29, age: 27 to 73) and females (n = 21, age: 33 to 70) participated in this study. They conducted WW at three walking speeds of 25 m/min, 30 m/ min and 35 m/min. During the WW, an accelerometer was attached to the occipital region of the subjects and recorded three-dimensional accelerations at 100 Hz. We developed estimation equation for EE (kcal/ min/kg) including three components of the resting metabolic rate, internal energy expenditure for moving his/her body and energy expenditure against for water drag force. The correlation coefficients were high in both males (r = 0.79) and females (r = 0.77). theoretical estimation equations for EE during WW was developed]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportliche Wiederherstellung eines Wasserspringers für die Rückkehr in den Wettkampfsport nach Schulterdislokation</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020519</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020519</guid>
      <author>Fujinawa, O.</author>
      <author>Kondo, Y.</author>
      <author>Tachikawa, K.</author>
      <author>Jigami, H.</author>
      <author>Hirose, K.</author>
      <author>Matsunaga, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fujinawa, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kondo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tachikawa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jigami, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirose, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matsunaga, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A high-school male diver was diagnosed with tendinitis of the left supraspinatus secondary to shoulder dislocation during the water-entry stage of a 10-m dive. Land-based athletic rehabilitation consisting of 15 sessions was initiated at a hospital on the 5th day after the injury.  After treatment with anti-inflammatory medication and immobilization by using a chest band, the patient performed stabilizing exercise of the glenohumeral joint and scapula abduction-adduction exercises from the 13th to the 22nd day. Aquatic rehabilitation (total, 6 times) was started on the 17th day; joint mobilization of the glenohumeral joint and mobilization with movements and motor control exercises were applied until just before competition. He started diving practice on the 21st day; then, he returned to the National Sports Festival competition and won the 2nd prize for the 10-m platform dive on the 26th day after injury.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der aeroben/anaeroben Leistung funktionell behinderter Schwimmer: Niedrige Klassen vs. hohe Klassen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 08:52:02 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020518</link>
      <guid>https://bms.sport-iat.de/bms/Record/4020518</guid>
      <author>de Aymerich, J.</author>
      <author>de Aymerich, J.</author>
      <author>Benavent, J.</author>
      <author>Tella, V.</author>
      <author>Colado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, L. M.</author>
      <author>Garcia Masso, X.</author>
      <author>Madera, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Aymerich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Aymerich, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benavent, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tella, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia Masso, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madera, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The main aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in the LA accumulation in disabled swimmers belonging to the lower classes, higher classes and those without functional disability. The sample was made up of 38 swimmers, 10 disabled swimmers from classes 1 to 5 (G1), 9 swimmers from classes 6 to 10 (G2) and 10 swimmers without functional disability (G3). The swimmers performed two bouts of swimming: one anaerobic and the other aerobic-anaerobic. The Anova showed significant differences between the groups (p<0.005). Finally, in anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic intensities, the swimmers of the lower classes have a lower LA accumulation than the swimmers from higher classes and the swimmers without any functional impairment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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